❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❋✉s✐♦♥✿ ❆❜str❛çõ❡s ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ❏❛✈❛
♣❛r❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛
❝♦♠ ●P●P❯s✳
❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❇♦❡tt❣❡ P✐♥❤❡✐r♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❋✉s✐♦♥✿ ❆❜str❛çõ❡s ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ❏❛✈❛
♣❛r❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛
❝♦♠ ●P●P❯s
❆✉t♦r
❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❇♦❡tt❣❡ P✐♥❤❡✐r♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❍❡r♦♥ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará
Biblioteca de Ciências e Tecnologia
P718f Pinheiro, Anderson Boethge.
Abstrações linguísticas sobre Java para programação paralela heterogênea sobre GPGPUs. / Anderson Boethge. – 2013.
140f. : il. , color., enc. ; 30 cm.
Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Computação, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência da Computação, Fortaleza, 2013.
Área de Concentração: Engenharia de Software.
Orientação: Prof. Dr. Francisco Heron de Carvalho Junior.
1.Programação paralela (Computação). 2. Java (Linguagem de programa de computador). 3. Arquitetura de computador. I. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❞❡✐①❛r ❛q✉✐ ♠❡✉s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡st✐✈❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❍❡r♦♥✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳ ❆♦s s❡✉s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♠✐❣❛✱ ❡①✐❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ●✐❧♥❡✐ ❡ ❱❡r❛✱ q✉❡ s♦✉❜❡r❛♠ ❛♣♦✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ tã♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✜❧❤♦ s❛✐r ❞❡ ❝❛s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛r s❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ t♦r♥♦✉ t✉❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♠❛s ❤♦❥❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❝♦❧❤❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❢r✉t♦s ❞❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❛trás✱ ❡ ✐ss♦ ❣r❛ç❛s ❛ ✈♦❝ês q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r❛♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛✱ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛ ❋r❛♥❝✐♥✐③❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳ ❆ ❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦r s❡✉ ✐♥❝❛♥sá✈❡❧ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♣♦✐❛r ❛ ♠✐♠ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s q✉❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ t✐✈❡r❛♠ t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ✈♦❝ês✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡ ❡st❛r ❛✐ ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s✳
✏❖ s❛❜❡r ❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡str❡s ❡ ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s✳
❆ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✲s❡ é ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❤✉♠✐❧❞❡s✳✑
❈♦r❛ ❈♦r❛❧✐♥❛
✏❆♥❞♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❢❛③❡r✳
❙❛❜❡r ♥ã♦ é ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡✿ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r✳
❊st❛r ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ♥ã♦ é ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡✿ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠♦s ❢❛③❡r✳✑
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆❜str❛❝t
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ✲ ▼✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✴▼❛♥②❝♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✺ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✺✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✺✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✻ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✼ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ●rá✜❝♦ ✭●P❯✮ ✶✷ ✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✳✶ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ●rá✜❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✳✷ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷ ●P●P❯ ♦✉ ●P❯ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✹ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✺ ❈❯❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✺✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✻ P♦rt❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✻✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❑❡♣❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P●P❯ ✸✾
✸✳✶ ❤✐❈❯❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❖ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❤✐❈❯❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❤✐❈❯❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✷ ❈❯❉❆ ❋♦rtr❛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸ ❏❈✉❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❖ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❏❈✉❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✹ ♣②❈❯❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✺ ❈❤❡st♥✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✻ ❏❛❇❊❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✐✐
✸✳✼ ❘♦♦t❜❡❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✽ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹ ❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ✻✷
✹✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❯s✉ár✐♦s ❆❧✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✳✷ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✿ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❚r❛♥s♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❞❛ ●P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶✳✹ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t♦ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❆❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❙tr❡❛♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✷✳✺ ■♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❆❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✷✳✻ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✷✳✼ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✷✳✽ ❙✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✺ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✽✸
✺✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ▲▲❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✶✳✷ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❱▼❑✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❱❡rsã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✷ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦✿ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛tr✐③❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✸ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦✿ ❊♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✵✺
✻✳✶ ❈✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✶✺
❆ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✶✶✻
❆✳✶ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❏❛✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ❆✳✷ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❈❯❉❆ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❆✳✸ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❆✳✸✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛tr✐①▼✉❧t✐❯♥✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❆✳✸✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛tr✐①❆❝❝❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
❇ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✶✷✼
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✐✐✐
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ t❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♥❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s✱ t❛❜❧❡ts✱ ❧❛♣t♦♣s✱ ❞❡s❦t♦♣s✱ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❈❆❉✮✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ♠❛ss✐✈♦ ✭▼PPs ✲ ▼❛ss✐✈❡ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ Pr♦❝❡ss♦rs✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥✐❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❝♦♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♥✐❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♥♦tá✈❡❧ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❢r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡♠ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ à ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✱ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦s s❡✉s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❙✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ✭♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✮✱ ♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠❡r❣✐r❛♠ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐á✈❡❧✱ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❋P●❆s ✭❋✐❡❧❞✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❆rr❛②s✮ ❬❍❡r❜♦r❞t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ●P❯s ✭●r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐ts✮ ❬P❤❛rr ❡ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❡ ▼■❈s ✭▼❛♥② ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈♦r❡s✮ ❬❉✉r❛♥
✷
❡ ❑❧❡♠♠ ✷✵✶✷❪✳
❋P●❆s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞❡ ♣♦rt❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❡♠ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❬❍❡r❜♦r❞t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ●P❯s ❡ ▼■❈s✳
❯♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s é ♦ ✉s♦ ♠❛ss✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ●P❯s ❡ ▼■❈s✱ ✐ss♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♠❛♥②❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✲❧♦s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛♠ ♥❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✳
❈r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ▼■❈✱ s❡♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ♥♦ ❛♠♣❧♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ r❡❛❧ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ r❡str✐t♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ P♦r ❡ss❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ●P❯s sã♦ ♦❢❡rt❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛r ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❝♦r♣♦r❛çõ❡s✳
✶✳✶✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s ✸
✶✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s
❆s ●P❯s s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ s✉❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ●P❯s ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵ ❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✵✵ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r ✭r❡✮♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦s✱ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛♦ t❡r♠♦ ●P●P❯ ✭●❡♥❡r❛❧✲P✉r♣♦s❡ ●r❛♣❤✐❝s Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐ts✮✳
▲♦❣♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●P❯ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❇r♦♦❦●P❯ ❬❇✉❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❯t❛❤ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛s ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ●P❯ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ●P❯s ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✵✵✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈❯❉❆ ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✮ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ◆❱■❉■❆✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈❯❉❆ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ ❡①♣♦r ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ●P❯ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝♦✱ ❡①♣♦♥❞♦ ♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ✭❙▼✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❙tr❡❛♠ ▼✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss♦r✮ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❈❯❉❆ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✳
✶✳✷✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s ✹
❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ●P●P❯ ❙✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ●P❯s✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s❡✉s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❛ ✉♠ ♣❛t❛♠❛r ✐♥❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s✱ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✳
✶✳✷ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P❯s
❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ✈ár✐❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s às ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ é ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✉sá✲❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ●P❯s✳
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s t❡♠ ♣♦r ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ ❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❛❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ tr♦❝❛♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥✈♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❯♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛❜str❛✐ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛❞♦s s❡✉s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ t❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ♠❛s s✉♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ✈❛✐ r❡t♦r♥❛r ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♣❡❧♦s s❡✉s ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜str❛t❛ ❡ ❡✈✐t❛ ❛ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳
✶✳✸✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ✲ ▼✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✴▼❛♥②❝♦r❡ ✺
❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ✲ ▼✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✴▼❛♥②❝♦r❡
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ●P❯s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r tr❡❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ ❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❡ss❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ♠❛♥②❝♦r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ●P❯✱ é ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❚♦♣✺✵✵ ❬❚❖P ✺✵✵ ✷✵✶✸❪✱ ❞♦s ✺✵✵ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ s❡♠❡str❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❥á ❤á ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈❛❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ▼PP✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❚♦♣✺✵✵ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷✱ ✶✷✱✹✪ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ●P❯s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ❡ss❛ ❧✐st❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✶✵✱✻✪ ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ✭✺✸ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✮✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❜r✉t♦ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✱ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛s ●P❯s ❝❤❡❣❛ ✶✾✱✻✪✱ ♣♦r ❡q✉✐♣❛r❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♦ t♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❡ ▼PPs✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♠ ✼ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ r❡❝é♠✲❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ■♥t❡❧ ❳❡♦♥ P❤✐✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ▼■❈✳
❊♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿
◮ ▼P■ ❬❉♦♥❣❛rr❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✻❪ ♣❛r❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♥♦ ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦❀
◮ ❖♣❡♥▼P ❬❖♣❡♥▼P ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ❇♦❛r❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ♣❛r❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
t❤r❡❛❞s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦❀
◮ ❈❯❉❆✱ ♦✉ ❖♣❡♥❈▲✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱
s❡ ❡st❡ ❢♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ●P❯✳
✶✳✹✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✻
▼❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡s❦t♦♣ ♦✉ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s✱ ✈✐st♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ s❡ ❢❛③ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛ ♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛çã♦✱ ❥á ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛✱ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✱ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ✉♠❛ s✉♣♦s✐çã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❡❧❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ●P❯✳
❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ●P❯s✱ é ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s é ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♥❞♦ ♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥♦r✳ ❆s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ●P❯ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡♥❢át✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞✐ss♦ é ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❑❡♣❧❡r ❬❑❡♣❧❡r●❑✶✶✵ ✷✵✶✷❪✱ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ◆❱■❉■❆✳
❊♥✜♠✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ♦s ❝✉st♦s✱ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❡ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐❥❛♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♠❛ss✐✈♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❤á ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ♥❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❜t❡r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ●P❯✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❜❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❬P✐❧❧❛ ❡ ◆❛✈❛✉① ✷✵✶✵❪✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡stá ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛✱ ♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ❡ ❝♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛♥②❝♦r❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ●P❯✱ q✉❡ é ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡♠ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ●P❯s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛t✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✳
✶✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛
✶✳✹✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✼
❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♥♦s r❡str✐♥❣✐♠♦s ❛♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ❡ ❝♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛♥②❝♦r❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ●P❯✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠♦s ✉s✉❢r✉✐r ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳
❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ q✉❡stã♦ ❛ s❡r r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é✿
◆♦✈❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❥á ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ●P❯✱ s❡♠ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦s ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ❄
▼❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ●P❯✱ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛r ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥ã♦ é ❛❧❣♦ tr✐✈✐❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●P❯✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ sã♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✳
❆✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ●P❯s✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ t❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛❧✈♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
✶✳✺✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✽
❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❖ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ t❤r❡❛❞s✱ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✱ ♥♦s r❡♠❡t❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❍②♣❡r✲◗ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❤r❡❛❞s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐t❤r❡❛❞ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s sã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦r t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ s✉❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
✶✳✺ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✺✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛♥②❝♦r❡✳
✶✳✺✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
P❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿
✐✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ s♦❜r❡ ●P❯s❀
✐✐✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯s❀
✐✐✐✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❍②♣❡r✴◗ ❡ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝♦✳
✶✳✻ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
✶✳✻✳ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✾
✉s♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ s♦❜r❡ ●P❯s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉❢r✉t♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❡❜r✉ç❛r✲s❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈❛st❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵✱ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✳ P♦r ❡ss❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ s❡❥❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱ ❢♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❉✇❛r❢ ▼✐♥❡ ❬❆s❛♥♦✈✐❝ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦ ♥ã♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ s✉❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s s❡✉s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
■♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡ ❡♥tã♦ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P●P❯✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s✳ ❊ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯s✱ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❛❧✐❛r ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ●P●P❯✳
❆♣ós ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦❜t❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡r ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❞✉❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❝❛rát❡r ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❥á ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛✳
✶✳✼✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✶✵
❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❝❤❛♠♦✉✲s❡ ❞❡ ❋✉s✐♦♥✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯s✳
❆s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✏♣♦♥t❡✑ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ✭♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡✮ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ●P❯ ✭♠❛♥②❝♦r❡✮✳ ❯♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r t❡♠ ♣♦r ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ●P❯ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡s❝♦♥❞❡r s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❦❡r♥❡❧s✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❦❡r♥❡❧s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s s♦❜ ❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❞❛ t❤r❡❛❞ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ❛❜r❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ●P❯✱ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●P❯✳ ❊ss❛ é ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❋✉s✐♦♥✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❏❛✈❛ ♠✉❧t✐t❤r❡❛❞ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ●P❯✳
❆ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ●P❯ é ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ s❡r ♠❛♥t✐❞❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❞❡ss❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦s ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s s❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✱ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ▲♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ só ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❡♥tr❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❉✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✭❏❛✈❛✱ ❈❯❉❆ ❈ ❡ ❋✉s✐♦♥✮ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❋✉s✐♦♥✳
✶✳✼ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
❙❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦✉tr♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✶✳✼✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✶✶
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❜r❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈❯❉❆ ❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❑❡♣❧❡r ●❑✶✶✵✱ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ●P●P❯✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r s✉❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ q✉❛✐s ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●P●P❯✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❋✉s✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❛✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ s✉❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❛té ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ●P❯✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❋✉s✐♦♥✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡
Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ●rá✜❝♦ ✭●P❯✮
❆s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ✭●P❯✮ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✼✵ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❆té ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✵✵✱ ♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦ss✉í❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡ss❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❬◆❱■❉■❆ ✷✵✶✸❪✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✵✵✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ●P❯s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❙✉❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s s♦♠❜r❡❛❞♦r❡s ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ s❤❛❞❡rs✮✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ●P❯ ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧ s✉r❣✐✉ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❬◆❱■❉■❆ ✷✵✶✸❪✳
❊♠ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s♦♠❜r❡❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❛ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② s❤❛❞❡rs✮✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❝r✐❛r s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬◆❣✉②❡♥ ✷✵✵✼❪ ❬❇❧②t❤❡ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ■ss♦ t♦r♥♦✉ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❣rá✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ●P●P❯ ✭●❡♥❡r❛❧✲P✉r♣♦s❡ ●r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐ts✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦✴❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦
✷✳✶✳ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●P❯ ✶✸
❝rít✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●P❯
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ●P❯ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❙■▼❉ ✭❙✐♥❣❧❡ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❉❛t❛✮ ♦✉ str❡❛♠✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛✲♣❛r❛❧❡❧❧ ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ❙✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛✲s❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡s ❞✐s❥✉♥t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♦✉tr❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❆ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ●P❯s só ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ q✉❛rt❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❆P■s ❡ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s s♦♠❜r❡❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦str❛r❛♠✲s❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥❡ss❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♥♦ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❣rá✜❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ●P❯✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❣rá✜❝♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈❯❉❆ ❈ é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛✱ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ◆❱■❉■❆✳ ❊ss❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡①♣♦♥❞♦ ❛ ●P❯ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝♦✳ ◆♦s ♣r✐♠ór❞✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡①❡❝✉t❛✈❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♣ré✲❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❆P■s✳
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛❝❛s ●P❯ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ s♦❜r❡ ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s ❞✐s❥✉♥t❛s ❞❡ss❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✳
✷✳✶✳✶ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ●rá✜❝♦
