❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ ❈❊❆❘➪ ❈❊◆❚❘❖ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆❙
❉❊P❆❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❆▲▲❇❊❘❙❖◆ ❇❘❯◆❖ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆ ❉❆◆❚❆❙
❈❊❘❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❖◆❊◆❚❊❙ ❊▼ ❯▼❆ P▲❆❚❆❋❖❘▼❆ ❉❊ ◆❯❱❊◆❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙ P❆❘❆ ❙❊❘❱■➬❖❙ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❊ ❆▲❚❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖
❆▲▲❇❊❘❙❖◆ ❇❘❯◆❖ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆ ❉❆◆❚❆❙
❈❊❘❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❖◆❊◆❚❊❙ ❊▼ ❯▼❆ P▲❆❚❆❋❖❘▼❆ ❉❊ ◆❯❱❊◆❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙ P❆❘❆ ❙❊❘❱■➬❖❙ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆▲❚❖
❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❍❡r♦♥ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r✳
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará
Biblioteca Universitária
Gerada automaticamente pelo módulo Catalog, mediante os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a)
D21c Dantas, Allberson Bruno de Oliveira.
Certificação de Componentes em uma Plataforma de Nuvens Computacionais para Serviços de Computação de Alto Desempenho / Allberson Bruno de Oliveira Dantas. – 2017.
214 f. : il. color.
Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação , Fortaleza, 2017.
Orientação: Prof. Me. Francisco Heron de Carvalho Junior.
ALLBERSON BRUNO DE OLIVEIRA DANTAS
CERTIFICAÇÃO DE COMPONENTES EM UMA PLATAFORMA DE NUVENS COMPUTACIONAIS PARA SERVIÇOS DE COMPUTAÇÃO DE ALTO DESEMPENHO.
Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciência da Computação.
Aprovada em: 18/10/2017.
BANCA EXAMINADORA
________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco Heron de Carvalho Junior (Orientador)
Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)
_________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luís Manoel Dias Coelho Soares Barbosa
Universidade do Minho (UMinho)
_________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ricardo Massa Ferreira Lima Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE)
_________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lincoln Souza Rocha
Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)
✶
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❱♦✉ ❝♦♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✳ ■♠❛❣✐♥❡ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ♠á❣✐❝❛✱ ✉♠ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❢♦✐ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞❛ t❡rr❛ ✈❡st✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❧á ✈✐✈❡r ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❜r✐r ❡s♣❛ç♦ r✉♠♦ à s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❛ t❡rr❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝❛❧♦r ❡♠❛♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞❡rr❡t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧tíss✐♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❡♥①❡r❣❛r ❜❡❧❡③❛ ♥❛q✉✐❧♦ ❡ s❡♥t❡ ✈♦♥t❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❝❛r✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡t❛✐s ❧✐q✉✐❞♦s ♦ ❢❛s❝✐♥❛✈❛ ❡ ♦ ❢❛③✐❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥❛s ✐♥✜♥✐t❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❧❞❛r ❛q✉❡❧❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ q✉❡ q✉✐s❡ss❡✱ ❛r♠❛s✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣ré❞✐♦s✱ ❛✈✐õ❡s✱ ❡t❝✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ q✉❡r❡r ✜❝❛r✱ ❡❧❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ q✉❡ s✉❜✐r✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ s❛❧✈❛r s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❝♦✐s❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ tr❛❥❡t♦✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ❡❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ s✉❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r à ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ t❡rr❛✱ ♦ ♠❛♥t♦✱ ❣❛st❛♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ ♦ ♠❛♥t♦✱ ❛♦ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r r♦❝❤❛s ❞✉r❛s ❡ s✐❧❡♥❝✐♦s❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡✉ tã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ♠❡t❛✐s ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❛♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❜❡♠ ❛q✉❡❧❛s r♦❝❤❛s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❤á ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛♥♦s✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✉ t❡①t✉r❛s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s q✉❡ ❥❛♠❛✐s ✐♠❛❣✐♥♦✉ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s r♦❝❤❛s✳ ❆q✉❡❧❛ ❜❡❧❡③❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ s❛❧t♦✉✲❧❤❡ ♦s ♦❧❤♦s ❡ ❢❡③✲❧❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❛♥t♦ ✈❛❧❡r❛ ❛ ♣❡♥❛ t❡r ♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛❧✐✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♥s❛ç♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ à s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✱ t❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝r♦st❛✳ ◆❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦✱ ❛s r♦❝❤❛s ❞❛ ❝r♦st❛ ❡r❛♠ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❧❡✈❡s ❡ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛❞❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❞♦ ♠❛♥t♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡❧❡✱ ❛ t♦❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✈❛ s❡ ❡❧❛s ❡r❛♠ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ♠❛✐s ❧❡✈❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡ ❡r❛ ❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r s✉❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ♠á❣✐❝❛✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♠❛s ❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ é q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ s❡♠ t❛♥t♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡s ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❣r❛t✐✜❝❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❧❤❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ r❡✢❡t✐r s♦❜r❡ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛ ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❧❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞❛ ❝r♦st❛ ❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t✉❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♦ s❡✉ ♦❧❤❛r s♦❜r❡ t✉❞♦ ❤❛✈✐❛ ♠✉❞❛❞♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❝♦st✉♠❛ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ✐ss♦ ❢♦✐ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❞❛r s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ s♦✉ ❡✉✱ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ t❡rr❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❊♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ❍❡r♦♥ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ❯❋❈✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉✲ ♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▲✉ís ❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡♥t✐❧❡③❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐❛ ❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ P❛r●❖✴❈❆❉✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ q✉❡ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❡ ❛✈ó ▲✐❞✉✐♥❛✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✉ t✉❞♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♠❡ ❢❡③ s❡r t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ s♦✉ ❤♦❥❡✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ tã♦ ❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ❈❛♠②❧❧❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❢❛♥ç❛ ✐rr❡str✐t❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❆❧❜❛✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ é ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❆❧t❛♠✐r♦ ❡ ❲✐❧❧❞s♦♥ ✭✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♠✮✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♠ ✈✐❞❛ ❡①❡♠✲ ♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆♦s t✐♦s✱ ✐r♠ã♦s✱ s♦❜r✐♥❤♦s✱ ♣❛❞❛str♦s✱ s♦❣r♦s✱ ❛✈ós✱ ♣r✐♠♦s✱ ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♠✐✲ ❣♦s✱ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ t♦r❝❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠ ♥❡st❛ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❛❞❛✳
❆♦ ❙❡r♣r♦✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡✉ tã♦ ❜❡♠ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❈❆❉✮ ❝♦rr❡t❛s ❡ s❡❣✉r❛s é ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ t❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♠ ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✳ ❆ ❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♥✉✈❡♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡ss❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s✳
❉♦✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✲ ❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❡s❡✿ ❙❲❈✷ ✭❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❈❡rt✐✜❡r ❈♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t✮ ❡ ❈✹ ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❈❡rt✐✜❡r ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✮✳ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❙❲❈✷ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡♠ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ♥❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✳ ❏á ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥t❡s ❈✹ sã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s tát✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡①♣õ❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦rq✉❡str❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❚❈❖▲ ✭❚❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❖r❝❤❡str❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ♥♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣♦♥t♦s✿ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❉❀ ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ❞✐sr✉♣t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡✢❡①✐✈❛❀ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦rq✉❡str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s❀ ❡♠ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱ ❡①tr❛✐♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✈❡r✐✜❝á✈❡✐s ❞❡ss❡s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s❀ ❡ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ q✉❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠ ♥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❛♥❞ s❛❢❡ ❍✐❣❤ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✭❍P❈✮ ❛♣✲ ♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs✱ s✐♥❝❡ s✉❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ✉s❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ r✉♥ ♦♥ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ❉♦❝t♦r❛❧ ❚❤❡s✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✐s ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛✲ ♥✐s♠ ❢♦r ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ t❤✐s ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❡rt✐✜❡❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❢♦r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❡①♣❡rt ✉s❡rs✳
❚✇♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❝❡rt✐✜❡r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡✲ ❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❚❤❡s✐s✿ ❙❲❈✷ ✭❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❈❡rt✐✜❡r ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✮ ❡ ❈✹ ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❈❡rt✐✜❡r ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✮✳ ❙❲❈✷ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✈❡✲ r✐❢② ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ✐♥ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✳ ■♥ t✉r♥✱ ❈✹ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ t❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①♣♦s❡ t❤❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦r❝❤❡str❛t❡❞✱ ❜② ❝❡rt✐✜❡rs✱ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❈❖▲ ✭❚❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❖r❝❤❡str❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳
■t ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ st❛t❡✲♦❢✲t❤❡✲❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥ts✿ ✐♥ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ❜② ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❧♦✉❞ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦r✲ ♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s❀ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✱ ❜② ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ♥♦♥❞✐sr✉♣t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❝❡rt✐❢② ♦t❤❡rs ✐♥ ❛ r❡✢❡①✐✈❡ ✇❛②❀ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♦r❝❤❡str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦✈❡rs t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s❀ ✐♥ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s✱ ❜② ❡①tr❛❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✈❡r✐✜❛❜❧❡ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s❀ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜② ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ st✉❞② ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡✐r ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳
❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✶✳✶ ❖ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ◆✉✈❡♠ ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✶✺
✶✳✹ ❆ ◆✉✈❡♠ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✶✳✺ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✶✳✻ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✶✳✼ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ◆✉✈❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✶✳✽ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡✿ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✷✹
✶✳✽✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✶✳✽✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✶✳✽✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊s♣❡r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✶✳✾ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✶✳✶✵ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷ ❆ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✶ ❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❍❛s❤ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✷✳✷ ❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✸ ❆t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✸✳✶ ❯s✉ár✐♦ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✸✳✷ Pr♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✸✳✸ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✸✳✹ ▼❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✹ ❱✐sã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❞❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✹✳✶ ❋r♦♥t✲❊♥❞✿ ❖ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❙❆❋❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✹✳✶✳✶ ❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙❆❋❡❙❲▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✹✳✶✳✷ ❖ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖rq✉❡str❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✷✳✹✳✷ ❈♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✹✳✸ ❇❛❝❦✲❊♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✺ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✻ ❯♠ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍P❈
❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✷✳✻✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✷✳✻✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❚át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✳✻✳✷✳✶ P♦rt❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❚át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✳✻✳✸ P♦rt❛s ❡ ▲✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✷✳✻✳✹ ❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❖rq✉❡str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❚át✐❝♦s ✭❚❈❖▲✮ ✺✶
✷✳✻✳✺ ❆t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✷✳✻✳✺✳✶ ❯s✉ár✐♦ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✷✳✻✳✺✳✷ Pr♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✷✳✻✳✺✳✸ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✷✳✻✳✺✳✹ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✷✳✻✳✻ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❞❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✷✳✻✳✻✳✶ ❙❆❋❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✷✳✻✳✻✳✷ ❈♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✸ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✸✳✶ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❋♦r♠❛✐s ❡♠ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✸✳✶✳✶ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✸✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❊t✐q✉❡t❛❞❛s ✭▲❚❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✸✳✶✳✷ ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✸✳✶✳✷✳✶ ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ▼♦❞❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✸✳✶✳✷✳✷ µ✲❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s ▼♦❞❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✸✳✶✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✿ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✸✳✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✸✳✷✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✸✳✷✳✷ ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s✿ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❧♦②❞✲❍♦❛r❡ ✼✶
✸✳✷✳✷✳✶ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✸✳✷✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✿ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❉❡❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✸✳✷✳✸✳✶ ❋r♦♥t❡♥❞s ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✸✳✷✳✸✳✷ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸✳✷✳✸✳✸ Pr♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✸✳✷✳✸✳✹ Pr♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ■♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✸✳✷✳✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✿ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✸✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✹ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ✭❙❲❈✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✹✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❚át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❙❲❈✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✹✳✸ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✹✳✹ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❆❋❡❙❲▲ ♣❛r❛ ♠❈❘▲✷ ✭❙✷♠✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✹✳✹✳✶ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖rq✉❡str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❆✲
❋❡❙❲▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✹✳✹✳✶✳✶ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ■♥t❡r♥♦s ❞♦s ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
✹✳✹✳✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✹✳✺ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s µ✲❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s ▼♦❞❛❧ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✹✳✺✳✶ ❆✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❛❞❧♦❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✹✳✺✳✷ ❆✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▲♦♦♣s ■♥✜♥✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✹✳✺✳✸ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❆çõ❡s ❞❛ P♦rt❛
❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❱✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✹✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✺ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❈✹✮ ✾✽
✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❚át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✺✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❚át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❉❡❞✉t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✺✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❚át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✺✳✷ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✺✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❖r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❡t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵
✻ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✻✳✶ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✶✿ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✻✳✶✳✶ ❯♠ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡✿ ❈♦♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡ P❛✲
❧❛✈r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸
✻✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✻✳✶✳✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡
■t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
✻✳✶✳✺ ❈♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❘❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✶✷✵
✻✳✶✳✻ ❖rq✉❡str❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✻✳✶✳✼ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ■♥t❡r♥♦s ❞♦s ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷
✻✳✶✳✽ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✻✳✶✳✾ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✻✳✶✳✶✵ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❋♦r♠❛✐s ❆❞ ❍♦❝ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✶✷✹
✻✳✶✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛✲
♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻
✻✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✷✿ ▼♦♥t❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽
✻✳✷✳✶ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ❞♦ ▼♦♥t❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵
✻✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼♦♥t❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶
✻✳✷✳✸ ❖ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ P❧ê✐❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷
✻✳✷✳✹ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦♥t❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹
✻✳✷✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s P❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❞♦ ▼♦♥t❛❣❡ ✶✸✽
✻✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷
✼✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷
✼✳✶✳✶ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷
✼✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺
✼✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ✭❙❲❈✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺
✼✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❈✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻
✼✳✶✳✷✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼
✼✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛✶✺✸
❆♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✷
❆✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙✷♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✸
❆✳✶✳✶ ❆çõ❡s ❡ ❙✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♠❈❘▲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✸
❆✳✶✳✷ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦ ✭✭❬ ❪✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✺
❆✳✶✳✸ ❈❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙✷♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✻
❆✳✶✳✹ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈❛çã♦ ❙í♥❝r♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❆çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✽
❆✳✶✳✺ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✽
❆✳✶✳✻ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶
❆✳✶✳✼ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶
❆✳✶✳✽ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ■t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛✱ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛✲
r❡❢❛ ❡ ❋✐♠ ❞❡ ■t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹
❆✳✶✳✾ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❆t✐✈❛çã♦ ❆ssí♥❝r♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❆çã♦✱ ❊s♣❡r❛ ♣♦r ❆çã♦ ❆s✲
s✐♥❝r♦♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❆t✐✈❛❞❛ ❡ ❈❛♥❝❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈❛çã♦ ❆ssí♥❝r♦♥❛
❞❡ ❆çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✻
❆✳✶✳✶✵ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ■♥t❡r♥♦s ❞♦s ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽
❇✳✷ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s ❙❆❋❡❙❲▲ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✶✽✷
❇✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✷
✶✶
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❛ ❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉✈❡♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭✏♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✑✮✳ ❙♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❝✉❥♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ ❛ ❝❡rt❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ✈✐s❛♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐✲ ♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡t❛s ✭♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✮✱ s❡❣✉r❛s ✭♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✮ ❡ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ✭♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡✮✳ ❆ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ s❡ ❞á ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✉♠♣r❡♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ❛ ❢❛③❡r✳ ❏á ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ r❡❝❛✐ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ t❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♠ ❡st❛❞♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✲ ✈❡✐s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♥♦ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r✐r ❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês s❡❝✉r✐t② ❡ s❛❢❡t②✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② é ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡♥s❛❞♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦✳ ❙❛❢❡t②✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s s❛❢❡t②✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦✱ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♥ã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛✲ ❞❛s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ r❡❝❛✐ s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ s❛❢❡t②✱ ❞♦r❛✈❛♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐③❡r r❡s♣❡✐t♦ t❛♥t♦ ❛ tr❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r ❛té ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r s❛t✐s❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ♦❝♦rr❛♠✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❛ç♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ é s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦✳
✶✷
✶✳✶
❖ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦
◆♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ r❛♥q✉❡ ❞♦s ✺✵✵ s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦s ✭❚♦♣✺✵✵✶✮✱ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛♦
❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❚❡s❡ ✭❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✼✮✱ ♦ ✏s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✑ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❞❡✲
♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❙✉♥✇❛② ❚❛✐❤✉▲✐❣❤t✷✱ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✶✵✳✻✹✾✳✻✵✵ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❘❛r❛s sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ t♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞✉✲ r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ é r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ♣❡♥s❛r✱ ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ♥❡ss❡ r❛♥q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s t❛✐s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡st❛t❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ♦✉ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦✱ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✱ s✐♥❝r♦✲ ♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✳ ❉❛í s✉r❣❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❈❆❉✮✳
❈❆❉ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♣♦r ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r s❡✉s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡♥❝✉rt❛❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❆♣❡✲ s❛r ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ é ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛tástr♦❢❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❛çõ❡s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ✭❇❆❙■▲■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣r❡✲ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠✉✐t♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♦ ❞❡ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ é ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ▼P■ ✭▼❡ss❛❣❡ P❛ss✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮ ✭❉❖◆●❆❘❘❆❀ ❖❚❚❖❀ ❙◆■❘❀ ❲❆▲❑❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✱ ❡ ❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♠❛✐s ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛ é ♦ ❖♣❡♥▼P ✭❖P❊◆▼P✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❢❛③❡♠✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❧❤❡ ✐♥s❡r❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲ tr❛r ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❈✱ ❈✰✰ ❡ ❋♦rtr❛♥✱ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ▼P■ ❡ ❖♣❡♥▼P✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❳✽✻ ❡ P♦✇❡rP❈✱ ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ▲✐♥✉① ♦✉ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳
❈♦♠♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ss❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❧✐❛✲s❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ♦✉ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦✮ ❢r❡q✉❡♥✲ t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ♣♦r ❡st❛r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✭❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✮✳
✶❁❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳t♦♣✺✵✵✳♦r❣✴❃
✶✸
❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❛tr❛s♦s ♥♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❜str❛í❞❛ ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛✲ r❛❧❡❧❛ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r❛ ✭❙❚❊❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❏❯◆■❖❘❀ ▲■◆❙❀ ❈❖❘❘❊❆❀ ❆❘❆Ú❏❖✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❇❊❘◆❍❖▲❉❚❀ ◆■❊P▲❖❈❍❆❀ ❙❆❉❆❨❆PP❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ P❖❙❚❀ ❱❖❚❚❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ r❡❝❡♥✲ t❡♠❡♥t❡✳
➱ ♥♦tór✐❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ ♣♦r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ✏♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✑✳ ■st♦ é ❞❡❝♦r✲ r❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦✐s❛s✱ ❞♦ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ♠❛✐s ♥♦✈❛s ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❙♦♠❡✲s❡ ❛ ✐ss♦ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ♣♦r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛✲s❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ é ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❆❉✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝r✐❛r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❡♠ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ❛❜str❛✐♥❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛✳ ❚❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥❡❧❡s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳
✶✳✷
❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦
❆ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣ré✲❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ r❡✉sá✈❡✐s✱ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ❡ ❛✉t♦✲❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡✐s ✭❲❆◆●❀ ◗■❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡❣✉✐r ❝❡rt♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✱ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s✱ ✈❡rs✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❞❛r ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❛❣❡♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✉♥s ❛♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳
✶✹
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡✢❡t✐r ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♦s ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❛✉t♦♠♦t✐✈❛✳
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧♦❣♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♣r♦♣ôs ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s q✉❡ ✈❡rs❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❡ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡❧❡s ❡ ♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❈❈❆ ✭❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆r❝❤✐✲ t❡❝t✉r❡✮ ✭❆❘▼❙❚❘❖◆● ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❖❘❇❆✳ ❊❧❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡s❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦s ❊❯❆ ✭❉❖❊✮✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ s✉♣❡r❛r ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s à ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❈❈❆ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♥①❡r❣❛♠ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✱ ❙■❉▲ ✭❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ✭❈▲❊❆❘❨❀ ❑❖❍◆❀ ❙▼■❚❍❀ ❙▼❖▲■◆❙❑■✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥✲ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣♦rt❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✉s❡s✴♣r♦✈✐❞❡s✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❈❈❆ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❛çã♦✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❈❈❆ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞♦s ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❈❈❆✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s t♦♠♦✉ ♥♦t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❈❈❆✛❡✐♥❡ ✭❆▲✲ ▲❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❇❆❇❊▲✴❙■❉▲ ✭❊PP❊❘▲❨ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✭❝♦❤♦rt✮✱ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛✳
❏á ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❋r❛❝t❛❧ ✭❇❘❯◆❊❚❖◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✭❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦s✮✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✳ P❡r♠✐t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦ ♣♦ss❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦s♣❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ✏✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✑✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s s✉r❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡♣❛r❛r ♣❡❞❛✲ ç♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦✉ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛ ❝✉♠♣r✐r✱ ❝♦♠♦ t♦r♥❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧✱ s❡❣✉r❛ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✳
✶✺
❡♥tr❡ ♣♦rt❛s ✉s❡s ❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ ♣♦rt❛ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦rt❛s ✉s❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❡✱ ❜❛st❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♣♦r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛✲s❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❘❡ss❛❧t❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❍❛s❤ ✭❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❏❯◆■❖❘❀ ▲■◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥✲ t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ♦ ❍P❊ ✭❍❛s❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✮ ✭❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❏❯◆■❖❘❀ ▲■◆❙❀ ❈❖❘❘❊❆❀ ❆❘❆Ú❏❖✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❏❯◆■❖❘❀ ❘❊❩❊◆❉❊✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
❖ ❍P❊ é ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❈▲■ ✭❈♦♠♠♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡✮ ✭❊❈▼❆ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❝✉❥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s
sã♦ ▼♦♥♦✸ ❡ ✳◆❊❚✹✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✵✱ ♦ ❍P❊ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❈❈❆ ✭❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❏❯✲
◆■❖❘❀ ❈❖❘❘❊❆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ t♦r♥❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛t❛✲ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ t❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❍P❊ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ❋r❛❝t❛❧ ❡ ●❈▼✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❈❈❆✱ ❋r❛❝t❛❧ ❡ ●❈▼ ✭▼❆▲❆❲❙❑■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❊st❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛❢❡r✐r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥✲ ❝♦rr✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❍❛s❤✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❛♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❈❈❆✳ ❚❛✐s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛✲ ❧❡❧✐s♠♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❍P❊ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ♠♦♥♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ▼P■ ✭❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❏❯◆■❖❘❀ ❘❊❩❊◆❉❊✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ✈❛❧❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❍P❊ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡✲ ♦❝✉♣❛r ❝♦♠ q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡❞♦r ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✳
✶✳✸
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ◆✉✈❡♠ ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦
❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❙❖❆ ✭❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✮ é ✉♠ ❡st✐❧♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝✉❥♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ é q✉❡ ❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❇❘❖❲◆❀ ❍❆▼■▲❚❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ Pr❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s
