*4i?|@ U@L _i ai?t _i w@h4t MhiUiTt
EihcHf EtUitG U|?LT|ih)}G 5U@i?_@i
?@ Th@@ _i L?|@ _@ W*@cEW*@ _i W|@T@hU@c @@
Ohrqdugr Hydqjholvwd gh Prudhv
Hvshfldol}dfdr hp Rfhdqrjudd gd Xqlyhuvlgdgh Hvwdgxdo gh Vdqwd Fux}/ Lokhxv 0Edkld/ FHS 789930333
Sdxor Urehuwr Gxduwh Orshv h Mdlo}d Wdyduhv gh Rolyhlud0Vloyd
Oderudwrulr gh Lfwlrorjld/ Ghsduwdphqwr gh Flahqfldv Elrorjlfdv/
Xqlyhuvlgdgh Hvwdgxdo gh Ihlud gh Vdqwdqd/ Fdpsxv xqlyhuvlwdulr 0np 36 +EU0449,/ Ihlud gh Vdqwdqd/ Edkld/ FHS 773640793
+Uhfhelgr= 3: gh mxokr gh 5337,
Uhvxpr= Qd dolphqwdfdr gh mxyhqlv ghOdulpxv euhylfhsv+Fxylhu/ 4;63, +Dfwlqrswhu|0 jll= Vfldhqlgdh, qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd/ Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd/ Edkld irl h{dplqdgr r frqwhxgr jdvwur0lqwhvwlqdo gh 699 lqglygxrv gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv +Slvfhv= Dfwlqrswhu|jll= Vfldhqlgdh, frohwdgrv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd +Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd/ Hvwdgr gd Edkld/ olwrudo Qrughvwh gr Eudvlo/ fhufd gh 463:*V 0 6;78*Z, hqwuh vhwhpeur gh 4<<; d deulo gh 53331 Irudp lghqwlfdgdv 65 fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv1 Hp iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld/ dv sulqflsdlv fdwhjruldv irudp phwhuld rujadqlfd gljhulgd +PRG/<3/49(,/ Frshsrgd +8;/:7(, uhvwrv gh yhjhwdlv vxshulruhv +7</:5(,/ vhglphqwrv +6:/48(, h Ghqgureudqfkldwd +fdpdurhv/ 69/39(,1 Hp iuhtxahqfld qxphulfd/ suhgrplqdudp Frshsrgd +74/9:(,/ Ghfdsrgd +54/86(,/ Ghqgur0 eudqfkldwd +44/8<(,/ Dpsklsrgd +:/5(, h hvfdpdv gh Whohrvwhl +shl{hv/ 8/6:(,1 Frp edvh qrv uhvxowdgrv rewlgrv/ d dolphqwdfdr gh mxyhqlv ghO1 euhylfhsvqd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd h fduqyrud frp whqgahqfld d fduflqridjld1
Devwudfw= Wkh ihhglqj ri mxyhqlohv ri Odulpxv euhylfhsv +Fxylhu/ 4;63, +Dfwlqrswhu|jll= Vfldhqlgdh, lq wkh Srqwd gd Lokd ehdfk/ Lwdsdulfd Lvodqg/ Edkld1Wkh jxw frqwhqwv ri 699 vshflphv ri Odulpxv euhylfhsv +Slvfhv= Dfwlqrswhu|jll= Vfldhqlgdh, froohfwhg lq Srqwd gd Lokd Ehdfk +Lwdsdulfd Lvodqg/ Edkld vwdwh/ Qruwkhdvwhuq olwwrudo ri Eud}lo/ derxw ri 463:*V 0 6 ;78*Z, ehwzhhq Vhswhpehu/ 4<<; dqg Dsulo/ 5333 zhuh h{dplqhg1 Zhuh lghqwlhg 65 irrg fdwhjrulhv1 Lq iuhtxhqf| ri rffxuuhqfh/ wkh pdlq fdwhjrulhv zdv gljhvwhg rujdqlf pdw0 whu +GRP/ <3149(,/ Frshsrgd +8;1:7(,/ uhpdlqv ri xsshu yhjhwdov +7<1:5(,/ vhglphqwv +6:148(, dqg Ghqgureudqfkldwd +vkulpsv/ 69139(,1 Lq qxphulf iuhtxhqf|/ suhgrplqdwhg Frshsrgd +7419:(,/ Ghfdsrgd +54186(,/ Ghqgureudqfkldwd +4418<(,/ Dpsklsrgd +:15(, dqg vfdohv ri Whohrvwhl +vkhv/ 816:(,1 Dffruglqj wr wkhvh gdwd/ wkh ihhglqj ri mxyhqlohv ri O1 euhylfhsv lq Srqwd gd Lokd Ehdfk lv fduqlyrurxv zlwk whqghqfh wr fduflqridj|1
Nh| zrugv= ihhglqj> Odulpxv euhylfhsv> Edkld> Vfldhqlgdh
W?|hL_ U@L
Odulpxv euhylfhsv +Fxylhu/ 4;63,/ shuwhqfhqwh d idpold Vfldhqlgdh/ h frqkhflgr qr vxghvwh gr Eudvlo frpr ryhyd/ dwlqjh 683 pp gh frpsulphqwr h kdelwd/ jhudo0 phqwh/ vreuh ixqgrv odprvrv hp djxdv frvwhludv h hvwxdulrv dwh fhufd gh 93 p gh surixqglgdgh/ ghvgh dv Dqwlokdv h Frvwd Ulfd dwh r Hvwdgr gh Vdqwd Fdwdulqd/ Eudvlo +FKDR/ 4<:;> PHQH]HV ) ILJXHLUHGR/ 4<;3> OXFHQD ) OXFHQD/ 4<;5> FHUYLJ RQ hw do1/ 4<<5,1
Qr Eudvlo/ yduldv hvshflhv ghvwd idpold vdr frphufldophqwh lpsruwdqwhv/ frpr d fruylqd/ Plfursrjrqldv ixuqlhul +Ghvpduhvw/ 4;56, +PHQH]HV ) ILJXHLUHGR/ 4<;3,1 Rv pdlruhv h{hpsoduhv gh ryhyd vdr frphufldol}dgrv/ sulqflsdophqwh/ iuhvfrv/ hqtxdqwr rv gh phqru sruwh vdr xwlol}dgrv frpr lvfd sdud shvfd+FKDR/ 4<:;,1
R frqkhflphqwr vreuh d dolphqwdfdr qdwxudo grv shl{hv h hvvhqfldo sdud frp0 suhhqghu phokru rxwurv dvvxqwrv vreuh dolphqwdfdr/ frpr r gd _qxwulfdr%/ txh hv0 wxgd dv qhfhvvlgdghv h d dvvlplodfdr grv dolphqwrv/ rv _ohydqwdphqwrv idxqvwlfrv% txh srghp vhu rewlgrv xwlol}dqgr rv suhgdgruhv frpr vlpsohv phlrv gh frohwd/ hq0 txdqwr qd _hfrorjld wurfd% h qhfhvvduld d phvpd dwhqfdr wdqwr dr suhgdgru txdqwr d suhvd h wdpehp sdud hvwxgrv krovwlfrv gh _wudqvihuahqfld gh hqhujld%/ wdqwr qr _lq0 glygxr% txdqwr qr _hfrvvlvwhpd%+]DYDOD0FDPLQ/ 4<<9,1
Hvwh hvwxgr ylvd frqwulexlu sdud xp phokru frqkhflphqwr vreuh d lfwlridxqd rfruuhqwh qr olwrudo gr hvwdgr gd Edkld +r pdlru ghqwuh dv xqlgdghv ihghudwlydv eudvlohludv frp 44;; np gh h{whqvdr/ fruuhvsrqghqgr d 46/5( gr wrwdo, dr glvsrql0 elol}du lqirupdfrhv vreuh d elrorjld gh mxyhqlv gh O1 euhylfhsv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd +Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd/ Hvwdgr gd Edkld/ olwrudo qrughvwh gr Eudvlo, dwudyhv gr hvwxgr gh vxd dolphqwdfdr1
Ohrqdugr Hydqjholvwd gh Prudhv hw1 do 57:
2@|ih@* i 4i|L_Lt
D Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd/ orfdol}dgd qd hqwudgd gd Edd gh Wrgrv rv Vdqwrv/ h d pdlru lokd pduwlpd gr Eudvlo +56< np , h dsuhvhqwd judqgh glyhuvlgdgh gh dpelhqwhv frvwhlurv +pdqjxh}dlv/ sudldv duhqrvdv rx gh vxevwudwr urfkrvr h frudolqr,/ sruhp d rfxsdfdr ghvrughqdgd/ rfdvlrqdgd shod hvshfxodfdr lprelolduld/ yhp vh wruqdqgr xpd dphdfd sdud r pdqhmr h frqvhuydfdr gh vhxv hfrvvlvwhpdv1
Rv h{hpsoduhv irudp frohwdgrv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd/ Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd/ Hvwdgr gd Edkld/ hqwuh vhwhpeur gh 4<<; h deulo gh 5333/ h{fhwr pdlr h rxwxeur gh 4<<<1 Srqwd gd Lokd h xpd sudld h{srvwd/ frqvwlwxgd sru vxevwudwr duhqrvr h vh vlwxd qr Vxo gd Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd/ hp vhx odgr rulhqwdo +fhufd gh 463:*V 0 6;78*Z,1
Rv h{hpsoduhv/ dtxl dqdolvdgrv/ irudp frohwdgrv phqvdophqwh frp dx{olr gh xpd uhgh gh duudvwr pdqxdo qr shurgr frpsuhhqglgr hqwuh d edl{d0pdu h r lqflr gd suhdpdu1 Dsrv fdswxudgrv/ rv shl{hv irudp dfrqglflrqdgrv hp jhor h/ hp od0 erudwrulr/ pdqwlgrv hp iuhh}hu dwh vhuhp {dgrv hp irupro 43( h/ srvwhulruphqwh/ frqvhuydgrv hp dofrro :3( dwh r prphqwr gh vhuhp phglgrv sdud rewhqfdr gr frpsulphqwr wrwdo/ frp dx{olr gh lfwlarphwur h uhjxd frp suhflvdr gh 4/3 pp/ irudp glvvhfdgrv sdud uhwludgd gr wxer gljhvwlyr h sdud h{dph gr frqwhxgr/ vre plfurvfrslr hvwhuhrvfrslfr sdud fdudfwhul}dfdr h txdqwlfdfdr grv lwhqv dolphqwduhv1 D lghqwlfdfdr gr vh{r irl uhdol}dgd shor h{dph gdv jarqdgdv1
Qd dqdolvh grv uhvxowdgrv/ frqvlghurx0vh iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld r qxphur gh wxerv gljhvwlyrv hqfrqwudgrv hp gdgd fdwhjruld dolphqwdu/ glylglgr shor wrwdo gh wx0 erv gljhvwlyrv h{dplqdgrv/ h{suhvvr hp srufhqwdjhp h/ iuhtxahqfld qxphulfd r wrwdo gh lqglygxrv gh fdgd fdwhjruld dolphqwdu/ glylglgr shor wrwdo gh lqglygxrv gdv fd0 whjruldv dolphqwduhv lghqwlfdgdv/ h{suhvvr hp srufhqwdjhp/ frqiruph dv ghqlfrhv gh K|vors +4<;3,/ Irqwhohv Ilokr +4<;<, h ]dydod0Fdplq +4<<9,1
Rv lqglygxrv h{dplqdgrv irudp glylglgrv hp fodvvhv gh frpsulphqwr +Wdehod L, h sru hvwdfrhv gr dqr +Wdehod LL, ylvdqgr/ d sduwlu gd dqdolvh gdv iuhtxahqfldv qxphulfd h gh rfruuahqfld/ lghqwlfdu srvvyhlv glihuhqfdv gd glhwd dolphqwdu1 Qr txh vh uhihuh d dqdolvh sru hvwdfdr gr dqr/ qdr irl frqvlghudgd d hvwdfdr rxwrqr/ srlv dshqdv xp h{hpsodu irl frohwdgr qhvwh shurgr1 Sruhp/ shor idwr gh whu vlgr srvvyho lghqwlfdu 4< fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv qr wxer gljhvwlyr ghvwh lqglygxr/ d hvwdfdr rxwrqr irl frqvlghudgd qd dqdolvh gd iuhtxahqfld qxphulfd1
Fdwhjruldv +hp pp, Qxphur gh Lqglygxrv 63/3 0 9</3 84
:3/3 0 <</3 4<6 433/3 0 45</3 43< 463/3 0 49</3 46
Wrwdo 699
Wdehod L 0 Fodvvhv gh frpsulphqwr h uhvshfwlyr qxphur gh h{hpsoduhv gh O1 euhylfhsv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd hqwuh vhwhpeur gh 4<<; h deulo gh 53331
Hvwdfdr gr Dqr Phvhvlqfoxgrv Q gh phvhv dprvwudgrv Q gh lqglygxrv Frpsulphqwr Sulpdyhud Vhwhpeur dQryhpeur 8 46 [+VG,@ ;;/86pp@66/:<pp Yhudr Gh}hpeur d
Ihyhuhlur 9 666 [@+VG,<3/;:pp@4</43pp Rxwrqr Pdufr dPdlr 7 4 [ @ ;</33pp Lqyhuqr Mxqkr dDjrvwr 6 4< [+VG,@5;/85pp@ <</85pp Wdehod LL 0 Hvwdfrhv gr dqr hp txh irudp glylglgrv rv phvhv gh frohwd1
Wrgrv rv gdgrv gh iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld h qxphulfd revhuydgrv/ irudp vxe0 phwlgrv dr whvwh gh [ +txl0txdgudgr,/ sdud @ 8( h frp 6 judxv gh olehugdgh/ r txh srvvlelolwrx d dsuhvhqwdfdr gh jxud frp gdgrv vljqlfdwlydphqwh glihuhqwhv1
+it*|@_Lt i _tUtt@L
Irudp h{dplqdgrv 699 lqglygxrv gh O1 euhylfhsv fxmrv frpsulphqwrv wrwdlv yduldudp hqwuh 6</3 h 49</3 pp +Q @ 699> @ <4/5 pp h VG @ 53/67pp,1 Ghvwd dprvwudjhp/ d pdlruld grv h{hpsoduhv irudp frohwdgrv qrv phvhv gh mdqhlur h ihyhuhlur +Iljxud L,/ vhqgr/ hqwdr/ pdlv dexqgdqwhv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd qr yhudr/ frqiruph d wdehod LL +Iljxud LL,1 D ghwhuplqdfdr gr vh{r vr irl srvvyho sdud 5; lqglygxrv +48 pdfkrv h 46 iahphdv,/ vhqgr lghqwlfdgr xpd iahphd hp hvwdjlr F gh pdwxudfdr +<5/3 pp gh frpsulphqwr,1 Dshqdv 8 wxerv gljhvwlyrv hqfrqwudydp0vh yd}lrv1
Iljxud L 0 Glvwulexlfdr grv h{hpsoduhv gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv frohwdgrv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd +Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd 0 ED, qrv phvhv dprvwudgrv1
Ohrqdugr Hydqjholvwd gh Prudhv hw1 do 57<
Fdwhjruld Dolphqwdu IR+(, IQ+(, IR0y IQ0y Pdwhuld rujadqlfd gljhulgd <3/49 0 <3/3< 0 Fuxvwdfhd Frshsrgd 8;/:7 74/9: 93/39 73/57 Uhvwrv gh yhjhwdo vxshulru 7</:5 0 7;/97 0 Vhglphqwrv 6:/48 0 6</36 0 Fuxvwdfhd Ghfdsrgd Ghqgureudqfkldwd 69/39 44/8< 66/96 </9; Fuxvwdfhd Ghfdsrgd 57/8< 54/86 59/:5 55/73 Uhvwrv gh Fuxvwdfhd 4;/;8 0 4</;4 :/74 Fuxvwdfhd Dpsklsrgd 4;/8: :/53 4;/<4 0 Hvfdpdv gh Whohrvwhl 48/8: 8/6: 49/;4 8/8< Fuxvwdfhd Rvwudfrgd 46/44 4/96 47/74 4/:3 Pdwhuldo qdr lghqwlfdgr </;6 0 43/;4 4/<6 Fuxvwdfhd Lvrsrgd </;6 4/;< 43/84 0 Fldqredfwhuld </5; 0 43/54 0 Irudplqlihud ;/79 4/8; </33 4/8< Fuxvwdfhd Ghfdsrgd Oxflihu 7/6: 4/8; 7/;3 4/97 Fuxvwdfhd qdr lghqwlfdgr 7/3< 0 7/53 3/75 Oduyd gh Fluulshgld 6/5: 3/:< 6/63 3/;5 Dojdh 6/33 0 6/33 0 Pdwhuld lqrujadqlfd 5/:6 0 5/73 3/5; Whohrvwhl 5/78 3/5: 5/73 0 Hvsfxod gh Srulihud 5/4; 3/5: 5/73 3/5; Dqqholgd Sro|fkdhwd 5/4; 3/43 5/43 3/4< Ryrv glyhuvrv 4/<4 5/34 4/83 3/47 Froarqld gh K|gur}rd 4/96 3/49 4/83 3/4: Oduyd ]rhd gh Fuxvwdfhd 4/3< 3/43 4/83 5/43 Wxer gh Dqqholgd Sro|fkdhwd 4/3< 3/43 4/53 3/44 Fuxvwdfhd Ghfdsrgd Eudfk|xud 4/69 3/46 4/53 3/44 Prooxvfd Jdvwursrgd 3/;4 3/43 3/<3 3/44 Oduyd Phjdorsd Eudfk|xud 3/;4 3/3; 3/93 3/38 Fuxvwdfhd Wdqdlgdfhd 3/87 3/38 3/93 3/3; Irupd mryhp gh Fuxvwdfhd Ghfdsrgd 3/5: 4/44 3/63 4/49 Prooxvfd Fhskdorsrgd 3/5: 3/38 3/63 3/38
Wrwdo 0 433 0 433
Wdehod LLL 0 iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld +IR, h qxphulfd +IQ, h iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld +IR0y, h qxphulfd +IQ0y, qd hvwdfdr gr yhudr grv lwhqv dolphqwduhv lghqwlfdgrv sdud O1 euhylfhsv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd +Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd 0 ED,1
Irudp lghqwlfdgdv 65 fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv1 Qr txh vh uhihuh d iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld/ krxyh xp suhgrpqlr gh pdwhuldo gljhulgr +PRG/ <3/49(,/ Frshsrgd +8;/:7(,/ uhvwrv gh yhjhwdlv vxshulruhv +7</:5(,/ vhglphqwrv +6:/48(, h Ghfdsrgd Ghqgureudqfkldwd +69/39(,1 Txdqwr d iuhtxahqfld qxphulfd/ suhgrplqdudp Frsh0 srgd +74/9:(,/ Ghfdsrgd +54/86(,/ Ghfdsrgd Ghqgureudqfkldwd +44/8<(,/ Dp0 sklsrgd +:/5(, h hvfdpdv gh Whohrvwhl +8/6:(, +Wdehod LLL,1
Iljxud LL 0 Glvwulexlfdr grv h{hpsoduhv gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv frohwdgrv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd +Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd 0 ED, dr orqjr gdv hvwdfrhv gr dqr1
Frpsdudqgr0vh dv fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv lghqwlfdgdv qdv txdwur fodvvhv gh frp0 sulphqwr sursrvwdv qd Wdehod L/ irudp revhuydgdv yduldfrhv qd glhwd gh O1 euhylfhsv qr txh vh uhihuh d iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld +Iljxud LLL,1
Iljxud LLL 0 Iuhtxahqfldv gh rfruuahqfldv gdv fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv hp uhodfdr dv fodvvhv gh frpsulphqwr dv txdlv irudp vxephwlgdv rv h{hpsoduhv gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv1 H{fhwr Ghfdsrgd Ghqgureudqfkldwd/ dv rxwudv fdwhjruldv dsuhvhqwdudp yduldfrhv vljqlfdwlydphqwh glihuhqwhv +@ 8( h j1o1 @ 6,1
Ohrqdugr Hydqjholvwd gh Prudhv hw1 do 584
Dshvdu gd judqgh lpsruwadqfld gh Frshsrgd qd glhwd gh lqglygxrv dwh 463/3 pp/ hvwh lwhp qdr irl uhjlvwudgr hp lqglygxrv gh wdpdqkr lphgldwdphqwh vxshulru1 Dpsklsrgd/ Lvrsrgd h Whohrvwhl vdr pdlv lpsruwdqwhv qd glhwd gh h{hpsoduhv gh pdlru wdpdqkr1
Whohrvwhl/ dxvhqwh hp lqglygxrv gh wdpdqkr lqihulru d 9</3 pp/ h r txlqwr lwhp pdlv iuhtxhqwh qr txh vh uhihuh d iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld h r txduwr hp qxphur +Iljxud LY, hp lqglygxrv gh wdpdqkr vxshulru d 463/3 pp1 Hp xp wxer gljhvwlyr dqdolvdgr/ irudp hqfrqwudgrv grlv h{hpsoduhv gh O1 euhylfhsv gh wdpdqkr lqihulru d 63/3 pp/ fdudfwhul}dqgr fdqledolvpr qhvwd hvshflh h txh h dsuhvhqwdgr frp pdlv ghwdokhv sruPRUDHV hw do1 +5334,1
Iljxud LY 0 Iuhtxahqfld qxphulfd gd glhwd gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv gh frpsulphqwr vxshulru d 463/3 pp1
Ghqgureudqfkldwd/ frp xp phvpr sdgudr gh rfruuahqfld qdv fodvvhv gh frp0 sulphqwr frqvlghudgdv +jxud LLL,/ h qxphulfdphqwh pdlv iuhtxhqwh hp lqglygxrv dflpd gh 463/3 pp fkhjdqgr d vhu d sulqflsdo fdwhjruld dolphqwdu hp qxphur +::/3(, hp h{hpsoduhv qhvwd idl{d gh frpsulphqwr vhjxlgr sru Lvrsrgd +9/8(, h Dpsklsrgd +8/3(, +jxud LY,1
Qhpdwrgd h Fhvwrgd irudp lghqwlfdgrv sdudvlwdqgr fhufd gh 47/3( grv wxerv gljhvwlyrv dqdolvdgrv1 Dv yduldfrhv qd rfruuahqfld ghvvhv sdudvlwdv/ revhuydgdv qdv fodvvhv gh frpsulphqwr +Iljxud Y,/ qdr dsuhvhqwdp glihuhqfdv/ gh dfrugr frp r whvwh hvwdwvwlfr dr txdo irudp vxephwlgrv1 Dr djuxsdu d dprvwudjhp sru hvwdfdr gr dqr +Wdehod LL, shufheh0vh txh d lqihvwdfdr sru Fhvwrgd/ dr frqwudulr gh Qhpdwrgd/ hvwd suhvhqwh dshqdv qr lqyhuqr rqgh d iuhtxahqfld gh O1 euhylfhsv sdudvlwdgrv dwlqjh 9;/3(/ pdlv hvshflfdphqwh hp mxqkr gh 4<<< +Iljxudv YL h YLL,1
Iljxud Y 0 Iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld gh sdudvlwdv qrv wxerv gljhvwlyrv qdv glihuhqwhv fodvvhv gh frpsulphqwr gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv dqdolvdgdv1 Dv yduladqfldv dsuhvhqwdgdv shor judfr qdr vdr vljqlfdwlydphqwh glihuhqwhv +@ 8( h j1o1 @ 6,1
Iljxud YL 0 Iuhtxahqfld gh rfruuahqfld gdv fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv suhvhqwhv qd glhwd gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv hp uhodfdr dv hvwdfrhv gr dqr +h{fhwr rxwrqr,1 H{foxlqgr pdwhuldo lqru0 jadqlfr/ dv rxwudv fdwhjruldv dsuhvhqwdudp yduldfrhv vljqlfdwlydphqwh glihuhqwhv +@ 8(h j1o1 @ 61
Ohrqdugr Hydqjholvwd gh Prudhv hw1 do 586
Iljxud YLL 0 Iuhtxahqfld qxphulfd gdv fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv suhvhqwhv qd glhwd gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv hp uhodfdr dv hvwdfrhv gr dqr dv txdlv dsuhvhqwdudp yduldfrhv vljql0 fdwlydphqwh glihuhqwhv +@ 8(h j1o1 @ 6,1
Qd dqdolvh sru hvwdfrhv gr dqr +Wdehod LL,/ revhuyd0vh txh r yhudr h fdudfwhul0 }dgr sru xpd pdlru ydulhgdgh gh fdwhjruldv qd frpsrvlfdr dolphqwdu gh O1 euhylfhsv +Wdehod LLL, h shod rfruuahqfld gh pdwhuldo lqrujadqlfr1 H qhvwd hvwdfdr txh dv fdwhjr0 uldv Lvrsrgd/ Rvwudfrgd/ fldqredfwhuld h Dpsklsrgd irudp pdlv iuhtxhqwhv/ wdqwr hp rfruuahqfld txdqwr hp qxphur/ sulqflsdophqwh dv wuahv sulphludv fdwhjruldv txh vr irudp uhjlvwudgdv qr yhudr1
R lqyhuqr fdudfwhul}rx0vh/ dlqgd/ txdqwr d iuhtxahqfld qxphulfd/ shor suhgrpqlr gh Frshsrgd h Ghqgureudqfkldwd/ glihuhqwhphqwh gd sulpdyhud/ txdqgr rv fdpdurhv wruqdudp0vh xpd gdv fdwhjruldv pdlv lpsruwdqwhv qd glhwd/ h sru xp ghfoqlr grv Frshsrgd/ rv txdlv yrowdudp d vhu revhuydgrv hp judqgh qxphur qr yhudr +Iljxud YLL,1
VhjxqgrFkdr +4<:;,hPhqh}hv ) Iljxhluhgr +4<;3,/ O1 euhylfhsv dolphqwd0vh sulq0 flsdophqwh gh shtxhqrv fdpdurhv1
Orzh +PfFRQQHOO, +4<<<,/ hp hvwxgr gh uhodfrhv wurfdv gh Vfldhqlgdh qd Jxldqd/ glylglx dv hvshflhv ghvwd idpold hp wuahv juxsrv dolphqwduhv vhqgr O1 euhyl0 fhsv fodvvlfdgr qd fdwhjruld suhgdgru gh fdpdurhv shodjlfrv fdudfwhul}dqgr0vh shod erfd reotxd h lqfolqdgd sdud flpd/ rokrv judqghv/ frusr pdlv fxuwr h frpsulgr odwhudophqwh h frorudfdr sudwhdgd1
Urvv +4<;<,h{dplqrx/ qd Fdurolqd gr Qruwh +HXD,/ rv wxerv gljhvwlyrv gh 4357 lqglygxrv gh O1 idvfldwxv Kroeurrn/ 4;93 +frpsulphqwr yduldqgr hqwuh 4</3 pp h 4;5/3 pp, lghqwlfdqgr 75 fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv frp suhgrpqlr gh Fuxvwdfhd1
Srxfdv lqirupdfrhv hvwdr glvsrqlyhlv vreuh d dolphqwdfdr gh O1 euhylfhsv hp djxdv eudvlohludv1Orshv ) Rolyhlud0Vloyd +4<<<, lghqwlfdudp 48 fdwhjruldv dolphqwd0 uhv hp 4;8 wxerv gljhvwlyrv gh O1 euhylfhsv qd Sudld gh Mdjxduleh +Lokd gh Lwdpdudfd/ hvwdgr gh Shuqdpexfr, fxmrv frpsulphqwrv yduldudp hqwuh 7:/3 h 4<4/3 pp h re0 vhuydudp suhgrplqlr gh Fuxvwdfhd/ uhsuhvhqwdgrv sru juxsrv/ wdqwr dvvrfldgrv frp d froxqd g*djxd frpr frp r ehqwrv1 Dojxpdv vhphokdqfdv txdqwr d frpsrvlfdr gdv fdwhjruldv dolphqwduhv irudp revhuydgdv hqwuh rv gdgrv dsuhvhqwdgrv sruOrshv ) Rolyhlud0Vloyd +4<<<,h rv flwdgrv qhvwh hvwxgr1
D dowd iuhtxahqfld gh PRG/ frqiruph revhuydgr wdpehp sru Orshv ) Rolyhlud0 Vloyd +4<<<, sdud O1 euhylfhsv qd Sudld gh Mdjxduleh/ sduhfh hvwdu uhodflrqdgd frp xpd dolphqwdfdr sur{lpd dr sdgudr vhtxhqfldo/ txdqgr rfruuh xpd exvfd frqvwdqwh gh dolphqwr/ lqjhulgr hp shtxhqdv txdqwlgdghv+DJXLDU ) ILORPHQR/ 4<<8,1
Frpr wdpehp frqvlghudgr sruOrshv ) Rolyhlud0Vloyd +4<<<,/ d suhvhqfd gh vhgl0 phqwrv h frqvlghudgd frpr dflghqwdo/ surydyhophqwh lqjhulgrv mxqwdphqwh frp suh0 vdv gr lqwhuhvvh gh O1 euhylfhsv/ frqupdqgr txh mryhqv ghvwd hvshflh qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd dolphqwdp0vh wdpehp qr ehqwrv1
Qhvwh hvwxgr/ irudp uhjlvwudgrv uhvwrv gh dojdv/ sruhp hp edl{d iuhtxahqfld/ r txh sduhfh hylghqfldu fdudwhu dflghqwdo/ dr frqwudulr gr revhuydgr sru Orshv ) Rolyhlud0 Vloyd +4<<<, txdqgr/ ghylgr d vxd dowd iuhtxahqfld/ qdr irl srvvlyho ghwhuplqdu frp vhjxudqfd vh uhdophqwh hudp xp frqvwlwxlqwh gd glhwd gh O1 euhylfhsv rx vh whuldp vlgr lqjhulgdv dflghqwdophqwh1
Dshvdu gd suhvhqfd gh hvfdpdv gh Whohrvwhl whu vlgr wdpehp revhuydgd sruOrshv ) Rolyhlud0Vloyd +4<<<,/ dlqgd qdr h srvvlyho dupdu vh O1 euhylfhsv srvvxl kdelwr ohslgridjlfr/ srlv dv hvfdpdv srghp whu vlgr lqjhulgdv dflghqwdophqwh sru hvwduhp ghsrvlwdgdv qr vxevwudwr1 Qdr h{lvwhp uhjlvwurv gh ohslgridjld sdud hvwd hvshflh1
Rv Qhpdwrgd revhuydgrv/ frqvlghudgrv frpr sdudvlwdv sru qdr dsuhvhqwduhp judx gh gljhvwdr/ vdr flwdgrv/ wdpehp/ frpr hqgrsdudvlwdv hp wxerv gljhvwlyrv
+EDUQHV/ 4<;7,1 Txdqwr drv Fhvwrgd/ h{foxvlydphqwh hqgrsdudvlwdv hp wxerv gl0 jhvwlyrv+EDUQHV/ 4<;7,/ qdr irl srvvlyho h{solfdu vxd rfruuahqfld vrphqwh qd hvwdfdr gr lqyhuqr qd dprvwudjhp gr pahv gh mxqkr gh 4<<<1 Dv yduldfrhv revhuydgdv qdv glihuhqwhv fodvvhv gh frpsulphqwr srghuldp vhu h{solfdgdv shod idowd gh htxlydoahqfld qxphulfd gh h{hpsoduhv gh O1 euhylfhsv hp fdgd fodvvh1
R hqfrqwur gh pdwhuldo lqrujadqlfr qd glhwd gh O1 euhylfhsv/ dshqdv qr shulrgr gr yhudr/ srgh hvwdu dvvrfldgr dr dxphqwr qd sroxlfdr gdv djxdv olwruadqhdv/ sru frqwd gr lqfuhphqwr gr x{r gh wxulvwdv qdv sudldv gd Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd/ frp r frqvhjxlqwh dedqgrqr gh judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh ol{r1
Hvwh hvwxgr/ derugdqgr hp vxd pdlruld lqglylgxrv mxyhqlv/ shuplwh frqfoxlu txh O1 euhylfhsv/ qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd/ srvvxl xpd dolphqwdfdr edvwdqwh yduldgd/ fdudfwhul}dqgr xpd glhwd jhqhudolvwd1 Qrv lqglylgxrv gh pdlru wdpdqkr/ d glhwd h frpsrvwd edvlfdphqwh gh rujdqlvprv shodjlfrv dr frqwudulr gdtxhod gh lqglylgxrv phqruhv +dedl{r gh 45</3 pp gh frpsulphqwr,/ qrv txdlv d frpsrvlfdr dolphqwdu lqfoxl wdqwr rujdqlvprv shodjlfrv frpr ehqwarqlfrv/ lqglfdqgr xpd pxgdqfd qd vxd glhwd hp ixqfdr gr fuhvflphqwr1
Ohrqdugr Hydqjholvwd gh Prudhv hw1 do 588
Hperud d dprvwud vhmd olplwdgd/ wdqwr hp whpsr frpr hp qxphur gh wxerv gljhvwlyrv dqdolvdgrv/ h srvvyho revhuydu txh mryhqv gh O1 euhylfhsv qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd dsuhvhqwdp kdelwr dolphqwdu fduqyrur frp whqgahqfld d fduflqridjld1 D suhvhqfd gh lqglygxrv mxyhqlv gh O1 euhylfhsv/ qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd/ lqglfd d qhfhvvlgdgh h d lpsruwadqfld gd frqvhuydfdr gh dpelhqwhv frpr dv sudldv duhqrvdv/ orfdo gh irqwh gh dolphqwr/ surwhfdr h fuhvflphqwr sdud glyhuvdv hvshflhv lqfoxvlyh gh ydoru sdud frqvxpr kxpdqr1
Hperud qdr vhqgr gh judqgh lpsruwadqfld frphufldo/ r ghvdsduhflphqwr rx uhgx0 fdr gr qxphur gh lqglygxrv gh O1 euhylfhsv srghud uhvxowdu qd lqwhuihuahqfld gdv uhodfrhv wurfdv/ dowhudqgr d glvwulexlfdr gh rxwudv hvshflhv gh shl{h gh pdlru lqwh0 uhvvh frphufldo h frqwulexlqgr sdud uhgx}lu rv uhfxuvrv shvtxhlurv gd frvwd eudvlohlud1
e }h@_iU4i?|Lt
D Xqlyhuvlgdgh Hvwdgxdo gh Ihlud gh Vdqwdqd/ sru phlr grv glyhuvrv vhwruhv gh vxd dgplqlvwudfdr +hp hvshfldo r gh Wudqvsruwhv,/ shor dsrlr sursruflrqdgr sdud d uhdol}dfdr ghvwh hvwxgr> drv hvwdjldulrv gr Oderudwrulr gh Lfwlrorjld/ shor dx{olr qr wudedokr gh fdpsr h surfhvvdphqwr lqlfldo gr pdwhuldo1
+iuih i?U@t
DJXLDU/ M1 E1 V1> ILORPHQR/ P1 M1 E1 Kdelwrv dolphqwduhv gh Ruwkrsulvwlv uxehu +Fxylhu/ 4;63,/ +Rvwhlfkwk|hv 0 Kdhpxolgdh, qd Odjrd gd Frqfhlfdr 0 VF/ Eudvlo1 Elrwhpdv/ y1 ;/ q1 5/ s1 7407</ 4<<81
EDUQHV/ U1 G1 ]rrorjld grv lqyhuwheudgrv1 7 d1 hglfdr1 Vdr Sdxor= Olyuduld Urfd/ 4<;71
FHUYLJRQ/ I1> FLSULDQL/ U1> ILVFKHU/ Z1> JDULEDOGL/ O1> KHQGULFN[/ P1>OHPXV/ D1 M1> PDUTXH]/ U1> SRXWLHUV/ M1 P1> UREDLQD/ J1> UR0 GULJXH]/ E1 Jxld gh fdpsr gh odv hvshflhv frphufldohv pdulqdv | gh djxdv vdoreuhv gh od frvwd vhswhqwulrqdo gh Vxu Dphulfd1 Urpd= Rujdql}dflrq gh odv Qdflrqhv Xqlgdv sdud od Djulfxowxud | od Dolphqwdflrq/ 4<<51
FKDR/ O1 Q1 Vfldhqlgdh1 Lq= ILVFKHU/ Z1 +Hg1,1 IDR vshflhv lghqwlfdwlrq vkhhwv iru vkhu| sxusrvhv1 Zhvwhuq Fhqwudo Dwodqwlf +vklqj duhd 64,1 Urph= Irrg dqg Djulfxowxuh Rujdql}dwlrq ri wkh Xqlwhg Qdwlrqv/ 4<:;1
IRQWHOHV ILOKR/ D1 D1 Uhfxuvrv shvtxhlurv= elrorjld h glqadplfd srsxodflrqdo1 Iruwdoh}d= Lpsuhqvd Rfldo gr Fhdud/ 4<;<1
K\VORS/ H1 M1 Vwrpdfk frqwhqwv dqdo|vlv 0 d uhylhz ri phwkrgv dqg wkhlu dssolfd0 wlrq1 Mrxuqdo ri Ilvk Elrorj|/ y1 4:/ s1 744075</ 4<;31
ORSHV/ S1 U1 G1> ROLYHLUD0VLOYD/ M1 W1 Qrwdv vreuh d dolphqwdfdr gh Odulpxv euhylfhsv +Fxylhu/ 4;63, +Dfwlqrswhu|jll= Vfldhqlgdh, qd Sudld gh Mdjxduleh +Lokd gh Lwdpdudfd,/ Shuqdpexfr1 Dfwd Elrorjlfd Ohrsroghqvld/ y1 54/ q1 4/ s1 494049;/ 4<<<1
ORZH +PfFRQQHOO,/ U1 K1 Hvwxgrv hfrorjlfrv gh frpxqlgdghv gh shl{hv wurslfdlv1 Vdr Sdxor= Hglwrud gd Xqlyhuvlgdgh gh Vdr Sdxor/ 4<<<1
OXFHQD/ F1 D1 V1> OXFHQD/ ]1 P1 V1 Fdwdorjr grv shl{hv pdulqkrv gr Pxvhx gh Flahqfldv gd Srqwlifld Xqlyhuvlgdgh Fdwrolfd gr Ulr Judqgh gr Vxo1 Whohrvwrpl +qdo,1 Frpxqlfdfrhv gr Pxvhx gh Flahqfldv gd SXFUJV/ q1 58/ s1 40;3/ 4<;51 PHQH]HV/ Q1 D1> ILJXHLUHGR/ M1 O1 Pdqxdo gh shl{hv pdulqkrv gr vxghvwh gr
Eudvlo1 LY Whohrvwhl +6,1 Vdr Sdxor= Pxvhx gh ]rrorjld gd Xqlyhuvlgdgh gh Vdr Sdxor/ 4<;31
PRUDHV/ O1 H1> ROLYHLUD0VLOYD/ M1 W1> ORSHV/ S1 U1 G1 Fdqledolvpr hp Odulpxv euhylfhsv +Fxylhu/ 4;63, +Dfwlqrswhu|jll= Vfldhqlgdh, qd Sudld gh Srqwd gd Lokd +Lokd gh Lwdsdulfd,/ Edkld1 Pxowlwhpdv/ q1 55/ s1 9609;/ 53341
URVV/ V1 Z1 Glhw ri wkh edqghg guxp lq Qruwk Fdurolqd1 Wudqvdfwlrqv ri Dphulfdq Ilvkhulhv Vrflhw|/ y1 44;/ s1 9;309;9/ 4<;<1
]DYDOD0FDPLQ/ O1 D1 Lqwurgxfdr drv hvwxgrv vreuh dolphqwdfdr qdwxudo hp shl{hv1 Pdulqjd= Hglwrud gd Xqlyhuvlgdgh Hvwdgxdo gh Pdulqjd/ 4<<91