❆▲❊❳ ❆▼❖❘■▼ ❉❯❚❘❆
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ➪❧✈❛r♦ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s P❡r❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
❊❳P▲❖❘❆◆❉❖ ❉❆❉❖❙ PÚ❇▲■❈❖❙ ❉❊
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❘➪❉■❖❙ ❊ P▲❆❨▲■❙❚❙ ◆❆ ❲❊❇
P❆❘❆ ❘❊❈❖▼❊◆❉❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ▼Ú❙■❈❆
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❊❳P▲❖❘❆◆❉❖ ❉❆❉❖❙ PÚ❇▲■❈❖❙ ❉❊
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❘➪❉■❖❙ ❊ P▲❆❨▲■❙❚❙ ◆❆ ❲❊❇
P❆❘❆ ❘❊❈❖▼❊◆❉❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ▼Ú❙■❈❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❆▲❊❳ ❆▼❖❘■▼ ❉❯❚❘❆
Catalogação: www.sisbin.ufop.br D978e Dutra, Alex Amorim.
Explorando dados públicos de programação de rádios e playlists na web para recomendação em música [manuscrito] / Alex Amorim Dutra. - 2014.
95f.: il.: color; grafs; tabs.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Álvaro Rodrigues Pereira Junior. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas. Departamento de Computação. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Área de Concentração Ciência da Computação.
❘❡s✉♠♦
❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ❛♥t✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çã♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❲❡❜✱ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♥❛ ❲❡❜✳ ◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧♦sã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝✉t❛r♠♦s ♠ús✐❝❛s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛✲ t✉r❛ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♦✉ ✐t❡♥s✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❛t♦r ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ é ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉s❛❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ é ❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s sã♦ ❡s❝❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ❲❡❜ ♣❛r❛✱ ♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ♦✉ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ ❆ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ é q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s✉❜s✲ t✐t✉✐r ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ❡ ❞♦s ♣❧❛②❧✐sts✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s sã♦ ♣♦❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s r✐❝♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tã♦ ❡✜❝❛③❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛✲ ❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✳ ❉❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙✐♥❝❡ ❛♥❝✐❡♥t t✐♠❡s ♠❡♥ ❤❛✈❡ ✉s❡❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ♦t❤❡r ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ✇❤♦♠ t❤❡② r❡❧❛t❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡r❛✱ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠✲ ♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❡❜ s②st❡♠s ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✇❛②s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠✉s✐❝ r❡❝♦♠✲ ♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✜❡❧❞✱ ✐t ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡s✱ t❤❡ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❤❛s ❡①♣❧♦❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ✇❤❛t ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ s✉❜st❛♥t✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ ✇❛② ✇❡ ❧✐st❡♥ t♦ ♠✉✲ s✐❝✳ ❋♦r t❤❛t✱ ♦♥ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞✱ ✉s❡r ♦r ✐t❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣✱ ♠✉s✐❝ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❡①♣❧♦r✐♥❣✱ ✉s❛❣❡ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ♦❢ ✉t✐❧✐③❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✉s❡❞ ✐s ❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣✱ t❤❛t ♣r❡s✉♣♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ ✉s❡r r❛t✐♥❣s ❢♦r r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐t❡♠s✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤❛t ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❛r❡✱ t❤❡② ♦❢t❡♥ ❛r❡ s❝❛r❝❡ ❢♦r ❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✉s❡rs✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ❛✐♠s t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❡❜ ❢♦r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ s❝❛r❝❡ ♦r ♠✐♠ss✐♥❣ ✉s❛❣❡ ❞❛t❛✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✉s✐❝ ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✐s✿ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦✉❧❞ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡ ✇✐t❤ q✉❛❧✐t② t❤❡ ✉s❛❣❡ ❞❛t❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ♣r✐✈❛t❡✱ ✐♥ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛r❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❛❞✐♦s ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❤✐st♦r② ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts✳ ❆s t❤♦s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐sts ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛s ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡s t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ r❛❞✐♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇✱ ✐♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❛t t❤❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♣r✉♥❡❞ s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ✐s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❜✐❣❣❡r ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r t❤❛t ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♦ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✬s ❜❡st ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✳ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ✜❧✲ t❡r✐♥❣✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❞❛t❛✳
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ P❡❞r♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❩é❧✐❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✼
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ✭❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▼❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❛❝úst✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸✳✷ ▼❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❡❞✐t♦r✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸✳✸ ▼❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❍í❜r✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✺ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✺✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✺✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✻ ■❞❡❛❧✐③❡ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✼ ❘❛❞✐❛❧✐③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✼✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✷✾
✸✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ á✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✸✳✷ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✸ ❘♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✹ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✸✺ ✹✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❯s❡r✲❈❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✺ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✸✾ ✺✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✕ ▼❘❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ t❢✲✐❞❢ ❡ t❢✲❞❢ ✕ ❚❋■❉❋ ❡ ❚❋❉❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ rá❞✐♦s ♦✉ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ✕ ❈❖❖❈✲❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✐t❡♠✲❜❛s❡❞ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡
s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ✕ ❈❖❖❈✲■❇ ❡ ❈❖❖❈✲❇■❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✻ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✺✶
✻✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▼✉s✐❝❇r❛✐♥③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✻✳✶✳✸ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❨❛❤♦♦ ❲❡❜❙❝♦♣❡ ❘✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✶✳✹ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✶✳✺ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✶✳✻ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐st❛s ❝♦♠✉♥s às ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✻✳✷ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❛t✐♥❣s ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✸ ❇✉s❝❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♣❡❛r ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✹ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✻✳✺ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✻✳✻ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✻✳✼ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✼✳✶ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✽ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✻✳✾ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✻✾
✼✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✉s❡r✲❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✼✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦s
✕ ▼❘❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✼✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❋■❉❋ ❡ ❚❋❉❋ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✼✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✼✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✼✳✻ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✼✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦✉tr❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✼✳✽ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❨❛❤♦♦ ❲❡❜❙❝♦♣❡
❘✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✼✳✾ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s
❞♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡ ❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✼✳✶✵ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✽✸
✽✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✽✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✽✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❈❛✉❞❛ ❧♦♥❣❛✱ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❛rt✐st❛s sã♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛rt✐st❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ■❘❋✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❘❛❞✐❛❧✐③❡ ✭r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬✺✽❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✺✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♥❛s rá❞✐♦s ✭❈❖❖❈✲❘✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✻✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✻✳✷ ❚✉♣❧❛s ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✻✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❨❛❤♦♦ ❲❡❜❙❝♦♣❡ ❘✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✹ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♣❡❛r ❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✻✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✼✳✶ ❘❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ P❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛r ✐t❡♥s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦
r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✻✳✶ ◆♦♠❡s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s s✐❣❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▼✉s✐❝❇r❛✐♥③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✻✳✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✹ ❚♦♣ ✶✵ ❛rt✐st❛s ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✺ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❨❛❤♦♦ ❲❡❜❙❝♦♣❡ ❘✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✻ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✼ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s
rá❞✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✽ ❚♦♣ ✶✵ ❛rt✐st❛s ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛s rá❞✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✻✳✾ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐st❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✻✳✶✵ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✻✳✶✶ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✻✳✶✷ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛rt✐st❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠
❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✼✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❇❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✷ ▼❘❯ ✲ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛rt✐st❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s ❞❡
❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✼✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❢✲✐❞❢
❡ t❢✲❞❢✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✼✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✼✳✺ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✼✳✻ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✼✳✼ ❱❛❧♦r ❞❡ r❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✼✳✽ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✼✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛
❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❨❛❤♦♦ ❲❡❜❙❝♦♣❡ ❘✶ ❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✼✳✶✵ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑ ❡ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✶ ❯s❡r✲❈❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷ ❯s❡r✲❈❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❈❖❖❈✲❘✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈❤r✐s ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✱ ❡❞✐t♦r ❝❤❡❢❡ ❞❛ r❡✈✐st❛ ❲✐r❡❞✱ ✏❲❡ ❛r❡ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡♥t❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✑✳ ❊♠ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❧✐t❡r❛❧✱ ✏❊st❛♠♦s ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥tr❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❡r❛ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✑ ❬✺❪✳ ❊st❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡r❛ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❲❡❜ ❬✷✻❪✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛✱ t❡♠♦s ❛♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❜✉s❝❛s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ♠ús✐❝❛ ♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ✐t❡♠✱ ❛❝❛❜❛♠♦s ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠♦s✳ ◆ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ à ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ à ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❜✉s❝❛s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s✳
◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①✲ ♣❧♦sã♦ ♥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✳ ❍á ♣♦✉❝♦s ❛♥♦s ❛trás✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛✈❛✲s❡ ♦✉✈✐r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ❡r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ✈✐♥✐❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✜t❛ ❝❛ss❡t❡✱ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❈❉✶✱ ♦✉ ❡♥tã♦ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ✏t♦r❝❡r✑ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ t♦❝❛ss❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛
rá❞✐♦ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡ss❡ ♦✉✈✐♥❞♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ♦✉✈✐r♠♦s ♠ús✐❝❛s t❡♠ ♠✉❞❛❞♦ ❞r❛st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❧❛♣t♦♣s✱ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ t❛❜❧❡ts✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✳
❊♠ ♠❡✐♦ à ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ t❛♥t❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r t❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡❥❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡❥❛♠ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ tê♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡ ❬✷✶❪✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❞❡✐①❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❡r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦✳
✶ ❈❉ é ✉♠❛ s✐❣❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t ❞✐s❝
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s é ❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❬✷✶✱ ✹✵✱ ✸✾❪✱ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♥s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ s❡r ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❜❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦t✐✈♦ é q✉❡ ❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ r❛t✐♥❣s✷✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡
♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❡s❝❛ss♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡ ❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦❧❡✲ t❛❞♦ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s q✉❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ é q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s é ❡✜❝❛③ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐st❛s✸ ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡rá ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❡ ♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡✱ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✐t❡♥s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❉❏s✹✱ ❧♦❝✉t♦r❡s ❞❡
rá❞✐♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tã♦ ❡✜❝❛③ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ às ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❡ ❛rt✐st❛s✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s ❡ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✳ P❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❡st❡ ♦❜✲ ❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦
✷❯♠ r❛t✐♥❣ é ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐t❡♠✳
✸❖ t❡r♠♦ ❛rt✐st❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♦✉ ✉♠ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❜❛s❡s ▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑ ❬✶✻❪ ❡ ❨❛❤♦♦ ❲❡❜❙❝♦♣❡ ❘✶✺✳
❉❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡r✲ t❛çã♦ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ ❖ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛r ❡st❡s ✐t❡♥s✱ ❢❡③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛s ❞❡ ❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✈á❧✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ rá❞✐♦s ♦✉ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥♦✈♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠ ❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❡①✲ tr❛✐♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s✿ ♠❛tr✐③ ❡st❛ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ rá❞✐♦s ♦✉ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s q✉❡ t♦❝❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❯♠ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ r♦❝❦✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ t♦❝❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❛❞❛s ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛s à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s é ❡✜❝❛③ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s✉♣r✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✳ ❆♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✹
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ❛❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐✲ r♦s ♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐✲ ③❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦st❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠✱ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s ♦✉ ♣❧❛②❧✐sts✱ é ❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡t✉❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♦✉✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠✱ sã♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♥ô♥✐♠❛s✱ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♥✉✲ ♠ér✐❝♦s ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ❡ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❨❛❤♦♦✦ ▼✉s✐❝ ❬✸✼❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ❞♦s ✉s✉á✲ r✐♦s✱ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❡ ❞♦s ❣ê♥❡r♦s✱ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❛♥♦♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ❛rt✐st❛ ❡ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ◆ã♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡r q✉❡ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❡♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣✉❜❧✐✲ ❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛✿ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡❢♦rç❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❢❡r✐r ❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ s♦❢r❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❛rt✐st❛ ♠❛✐s t♦❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ rá❞✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ t❡r s✐❞♦ ♦ ❛rt✐st❛ ♠❛✐s t♦❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✜❝❛r ♦❜s♦❧❡t❛s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛t✉❛✐s ❞♦s ❛rt✐st❛s✱ ♦✉ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛rt✐st❛ ♦✉ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡stát✐❝❛s✱ ♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s rá❞✐♦s ❝♦❜r❡♠ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛ t♦❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♥♦✈❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s sã♦ t♦❝❛❞❛s ♥❛s rá❞✐♦s✱ ❡ ❧♦❣♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛✳
❆ q✉❛rt❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✇❡❜✲rá❞✐♦s ❝r❡s❝❡r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❞❡st❛s rá❞✐♦s sã♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❉❏s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡st✐❧♦✳
❆ q✉✐♥t❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠✱ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦✱ é ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s✻ sã♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s rá❞✐♦s✱ ❡ ❡st❛s rá❞✐♦s ♥ã♦
❡stã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r✱ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❢♦♥t❡s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ P♦✐s✱ s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ rá❞✐♦ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ❤❛✈❡rá ♦✉tr❛s rá❞✐♦s q✉❡ s✉♣r✐rã♦ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡st❛ rá❞✐♦✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ t❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐✲ ❝❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝r✐❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ tã♦ ❜♦❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡s❝❛ss♦s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳
✶✳✸ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ sã♦ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❲❡❜✳ ❖s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✹ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦s ❛❧✲ ❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❞♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞♦ t❢✲✐❞❢ ❬✻✶❪✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ❛rt✐st❛s ♥❛s rá❞✐♦s❀ ♥❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♦ ❚❋■❉❋ ❡ ❚❋❉❋✳ ❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ♣❧❛②❧✐sts ❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡st❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s t♦❝❛❞❛s ♥❛s rá❞✐♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ q✉❛rt❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❞♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐t❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ tr❛❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦ré♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✐t❡♥s é s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✳ ❊st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❧♠❡s✱ ❧✐✈r♦s ♦✉ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳
❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣✉✲ ❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✼✳ ❊st❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
❡♥tr❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷ ❡ ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✷✳✵✵✵ rá❞✐♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦①✐✲ ♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✶✽ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✱ ❡ ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✺✽✳✶✺✶ ❛rt✐st❛s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❡ ✸✸✺✳✼✶✾
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✻
♠ús✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❆s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡st❛ ❜❛s❡ ❡stã♦ ♠❛♣❡❛❞❛s ✭r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠ús✐✲ ❝❛s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▼✉s✐❝❇r❛✐♥③✽ ❡ ♦s ❛rt✐st❛s ❡stã♦ ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
▼✉s✐❝❇r❛✐♥③✱ ▲❛st✳❢♠ ✸✻✵❑ ❬✶✻❪ ❡ ❨❛❤♦♦ ❲❡❜❙❝♦♣❡ ❘✶✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ▼❛❤♦✉t ❬✺✸❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ▼❛❤♦✉t ❡stã♦ ♦❜s♦❧❡t♦s ♦✉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r✉✐♥s✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❧✉s✲ t❡r✐♥❣ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❡st❡✱ ❛ q✉❛rt❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✽ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✲ çã♦ ❡ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉❡✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ q✉❡ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦s✶✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ❡ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡
♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛rt✐st❛s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t✲ ♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ■❞❡❛❧✐③❡ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✼ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❘❛❞✐❛❧✐③❡✳
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ r❡❝♦✲ ♠❡♥❞❛r ♦s ✐t❡♥s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❖s ✐t❡♥s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s sã♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♦✉ ✜❧tr❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ s❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ t✐✈❡r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s✱ ❡st❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✐rá ♣❛ss❛r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ✐t❡♥s q✉❡ sã♦ ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❧❡✈❛r ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡s✱ ❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✿ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ♦✉ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ q✉ã♦ ❜♦♠ é ✉♠ ✐t❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ✐t❡♠ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥✲
✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛♦s ✐t❡♥s✳
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✽
❥✉♥t♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❡ ✜❧tr❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ♣r❡❞✐t♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
❆ ♣❛rt❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ é ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ r❛t✐♥❣s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐t❡♥s✳ ❆ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥♦✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿
❙❡❥❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦sU ={u1, u2, u3, ..., um}❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣♦ssí✲
✈❡✐s ✐t❡♥s ❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦sI ={i1, i2, i3, ..., in}✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦ui ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡
❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ U ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s Iui✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡
✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ui ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐t❡♠ ij s❡rá ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♣♦r Fui,ij✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ij ∈/ Iui✱ ♦✉
s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ✐t❡♠ié ✉♠ ✐t❡♠ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ u✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ♣r❡❞✐t♦s✱ r❡t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s t♦♣✲◆ ✐t❡♥s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✳
✷✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s
❊♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦s s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣❡❧♦s ✐t❡♥s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ✐t❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❖s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣r❡ss♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❦s ✈✐s✐t❛❞♦s✱ ✐t❡♥s ❝♦♠♣r❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✭✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❣ê♥❡r♦✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ♦✉ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✭♣❛ís✱ ❡st❛❞♦✱ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♥♦s ✐t❡♥s ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ ♦✉ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛✳
❋❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦
❋❡❡❞❜❛❝❦s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦s sã♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐r ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❘✐♥❣♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❤❛r❞❛♥❛♥❞ ❡ ▼❛❡s ❬✻✻❪✳
