❯♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❘♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠
❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❘á❞✐♦s
❉✐❡❣♦ ❉✉tr❛ ❞❡ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❖❯❘❖ P❘❊❚❖
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ➪❧✈❛r♦ ❘✳ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐✲ s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❘♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠
❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❘á❞✐♦s
❉✐❡❣♦ ❉✉tr❛ ❞❡ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦
Catalogação: www.sisbin.ufop.br
R467m Rezende, Diego Dutra de.
Um modelo de classificação supervisionada com rotulagem automática para reconhecimento de áudio de web rádios [manuscrito] / Diego Dutra de Rezende. - 2014. 84f.: il.: color; tabs.
Orientador: Álvaro Rodrigues Pereira Junior.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP.
Departamento de Ciência da Computação. Mestrado em Ciência da Computação.
Área de Concentração: Recuperação de Informação / Aprendizado de Máquina.
1. Reconhecimento. 2. Eletrônica digital. 3. Radiodifusão. 4. Recuperação da Informação. I. Pereira Junior, Álvaro Rodrigues. II. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. III. Titulo.
✐
❘❡s✉♠♦
✐✐
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❜❡♥ç♦✉ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳
❆ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✉ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ▼❛r✐❧❡♥❡ ❡ ❱✐❧❛r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳
◆❡ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦✲ rát♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❡✲❯❋❖P✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ót✐♠❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ t❡♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç❡r ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ ❋❡❧✐♣❡ ▲♦♣❡s✱ ❋❡❧✐♣❡ ▼❡❧♦✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡✱ ❙❛✉❧✱ ▼✐❧t♦♥✱ ❑❧❡❞✐❧s♦♥✱ ■❣♦r✱ ❆❧❡①✱ ❆í❧t♦♥✱ ▼♦ís❡s ❡ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✐①
◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ①✈✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✻
✷✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦ s♦♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✶✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❙tr❡❛♠✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❙✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✶ ■♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▼ús✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✐✈ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✷✳✹ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹✳✶ ➪r✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✕ ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✺ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❘❛❞✐❛❧✐③❡ ❡ ♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❛ ❙♦✉♥❞❱✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✷✹
✸✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ➪✉❞✐♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❞❡ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❙✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸ ■♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✹ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▼ús✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ús✐❝❛ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸✶ ✹✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❙✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞♦ ➪✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✹ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✈
✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✸✳✶ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❖t✐♠✐③❛❞♦r ❞❡ P❛râ♠❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✸✳✹ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✻ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✹✾ ✻✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ✺✵ ✻✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻✳✸ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✺✼
✼✳✶ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✼✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❈▼❯❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✼✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✼✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❈▼❯❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✼✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❙❱✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✼✳✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙❱✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✼✳✸✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s
❙❱✶ ❡ ❈▼❯❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✼✳✸✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s
❙❱✶✱ ❙❱✷ ❡ ❈▼❯❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✸✳✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ rá❞✐♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ❊t❛♣❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❬✶✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✺ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r♣❧❛♥♦ ót✐♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❧✐♥❡❛r♠❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛rá✈❡✐s
❬✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✻ ✭❛✮ ❋r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s❀ ✭❜✮ ❋r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♥♦
❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s❬✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✼ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❘❛❞✐❛❧✐③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧❬✸✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✺ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ r♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❛✉✲ t♦♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✷ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✈✐✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▼■❘ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠❬✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✻✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❈▼❯❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✻✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✻✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙❱✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✻✳✹ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❙❱✶ ❡ ❈▼❯❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✻✳✺ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❙❱✶✱ ❙❱✷ ❡ ❈▼❯❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✻✳✻ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❙❱▼ ❝♦♠ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❘❇❋ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✻✳✼ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❘❋ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✼✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s rá❞✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✼✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✭❍✲❈▼❯❊✮ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ✭❍✲❙❱✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✼✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ rá❞✐♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❈▼❯❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✼✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ rá❞✐♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❈▼❯❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✼✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❈▼❯❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
① ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙
✼✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛❞❛ rá❞✐♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✼✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✼✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦✐t♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ r✉✐♠ ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✼✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞♦③❡ ✈♦❧t❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ r✉✐♠ ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❜❛✲ s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✼✳✶✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ rá❞✐♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✼✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙❱✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✼✳✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ rá❞✐♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✼✳✶✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✼✳✶✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ rá❞✐♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✼✳✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ♠❡♥♦s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❈▼❯❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✼✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ✈♦❧t❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛②❧✐st ❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s rá❞✐♦s ♠❡♥♦s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❡✳ ❖ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❍✲❙❱✷✳ ✼✸
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ①✐
✏❖ s✉❝❡ss♦ é ✐r ❞❡ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ ❡♠ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❡r ❡♥t✉s✐❛s♠♦✳✑ ✖ ❲✐♥st♦♥ ❈❤✉r❝❤✐❧❧
①✈✐ ◆♦♠❡♠❝❧❛t✉r❡
◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛
❉❙P ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼❋❈❈ ▼❡❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❈❡♣str✉♠ ❙❱▼ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❘❋ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡st
▼■❘ ▼✉s✐❝ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ❍▼▼ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ▼♦❞❡❧s
❈▼❯❊ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ús✐❝❛ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❋❋❚ ❋❛st ❋♦✉rr✐❡r ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠
▼❈❙❘❆ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❘♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛
❆▼ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ▼P✸ ▼P❊●✲✶ ❆✉❞✐♦ ▲❛②❡r✸
▼P❊● ▼♦✈✐♥❣ P✐❝t✉r❡ ❊①♣❡rts ●r♦✉♣ ❲▼❆ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ▼❡❞✐❛ ❆✉❞✐♦
❋▲❆❈ ❋r❡❡ ▲♦ss❧❡ss ❆✉❞✐♦ ❈♦❞❡❝ ❘❇❋ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❜❛s✐s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❉❋❇ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❋r♦♠ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❯❘▲ ❯♥✐❢♦r♠ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ▲♦❝❛t♦r P❈▼ P✉❧s❡✲❝♦❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✶✺✵ ❛♥♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥✈❡♥çã♦✱ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❣r❛✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ❝❤❡❣❛r à ❝❛s❛ ❞♦ ♦✉✈✐♥t❡ ❡ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❞✐ár✐♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ t❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❤á ✈✐♥t❡ ❛♥♦s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❢á❝✐❧ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✇❡❜✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r q✉❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺ ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ✈❡③❡s ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞s ❧❡❣❛✐s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❬✶✼❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡ ♦✉✈✐r ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ♥♦✈❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s s♦❢r❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛✳ ❆♥✲ t✐❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♦✉✈✐♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐❛ ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ♦✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦s✳ ❆❣♦r❛✱ ❝♦♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❝♦♠♦ P❛♥❞♦r❛✶ ❡ ▲❛st✳❢♠✷ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♥s❡✲
❣✉❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ s✉r❣❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ♦r❣❛✲ ♥✐③❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ ❊ss❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✭▼✉s✐❝ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ✕ ▼■❘✮ ❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✳
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❛♥❞♦r❛✳❝♦♠ ✷❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❧❛st❢♠✳❝♦♠✳❜r
✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▼■❘ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r s✉❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛❀ ♦✉ ✉♠ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ r❡❝é♠✲❧❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❜r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♠ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♠❡s♠♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ r✉í❞♦✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ s♦❜r❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ r♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ rá❞✐♦s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❛ s❡r ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é q✉❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ r♦t✉❧❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ✭❝❧❛ss❡s✮✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛✱ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✿
• ❙❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✳
• ❙❡❥❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉s❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥✲
t✐✜❝❛r ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
♠ét♦❞♦s✳
• ◆ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✳
• ❙❡❥❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦
♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✐t❡♥s✿
• ❊st✉❞❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
• ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r
❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❡♠ s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❲❡❜ rá❞✐♦s✳
• ❊st✉❞❛r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✳
• ❈♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐✲
❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦✳
• ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r q✉❛❧ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❆▼ ✭❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛✮ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧✲
t❛❞♦s✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✳
✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
❆ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦✿ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❡♠ ❲❡❜ rá❞✐♦s ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❛r ✭♦♥ t❤❡ ❛✐r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦✮✳
✹ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
s♦♥❡❣❛♠ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛s às q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♣❛❣❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ❛✉❞✐t♦r ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ é q✉❡ ❤á ❞✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡ç❛ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞✐✲ ✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❢❛③❡r ♦ ❝❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ s❡♥❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦ ❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞❛s✱ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ sã♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✱ ♣♦ss❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❞♦ í♥❞✐❝❡✳ ▲❡✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❢❛ç❛ r♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ♦✉ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❤❛ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡✜❝❛③ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❆▼✳
❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ r♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ♣♦rq✉❡✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s sã♦ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ é ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❡s❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉st♦s♦✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ s❡r ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣♦ss❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❛s ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❛rt✐st❛ ❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ t♦❝❛❞❛✳
✶✳✸ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
P♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✿
• ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠
r♦t✉❧❛❣❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ rá❞✐♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
• ❆ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡✲
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
• ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦
❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ á✉❞✐♦✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜♦♠ ❡♥✲ t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦ s♦♠✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ❡ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❡t❛✲ ❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣ q✉❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡♠ ❲❡❜ r❛❞✐♦s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❡t❛❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ r♦❜✉st❛✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❡ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲ çõ❡s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❘❛❞✐❛❧✐③❡ ❡ q✉❡ s❡r✈✐✉ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦ s♦♠
❖s s♦♥s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡✐♦s✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈✐❜r❛çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦ ✈✐❜r❛ ❡♠ ❝❡rt❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ s♦♠✳ ❖ ♦✉✈✐❞♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ tí♠♣❛♥♦✱ é s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛ ❡ss❛s ♦♥❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ q✉❡ sã♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛s ❛♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦✳ ❖ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✈✐❜r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈✐♥t❡ ✈❡③❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭✷✵ ❍③✮ ❛té ✈✐♥t❡
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✼
♠✐❧ ✈❡③❡s✴s❡❣ ✭✷✵✵✵✵ ❍③✮✳
❆ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ s♦♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ s♦♥❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❛✈✐♦ ♦✉ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ s♦♠ s❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣✉❡✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♣♦ss✉❛ ❞✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✿ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥ér❝✐❛✳ ❚❛♥t♦ ♦ ❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✭❧íq✉✐❞♦s✱ ♠❡t❛✐s✱ ♠❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ♣❧ást✐❝♦✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳
❆s ♦♥❞❛s s♦♥♦r❛s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s✱ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣❡t❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✱ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ▲á ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❞❡ ✹✹✵ ❍③ ❬✸✸❪✳ ❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦♠ sã♦✿
• ❆❧t✉r❛✿ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ♦s s♦♥s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦♥s
❛❣✉❞♦s ♦✉ ❣r❛✈❡s✳ ❖s s♦♥s ❣r❛✈❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ✭♣❡✲ q✉❡♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✮ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s s♦♥s ❛❣✉❞♦s✱ ♦✉ ❛❧t♦s✱ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ✭♠❛✐♦r ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✮✳
• ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ á✉❞✐♦✳ ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ s♦♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❯♠ s♦♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ é ✉♠ s♦♠ ❢♦rt❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ s♦♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ é ✉♠ s♦♠ ❢r❛❝♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ s♦♥♦r❛ ♣❡r❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❞❡❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ é ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞❡❝✐❜é✐s✳
• ❚✐♠❜r❡✿ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ❛ s♦♥♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❝❛❞❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ✈♦③✳ ❖ t✐♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ s♦♥♦r❛ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ q✉❡ é ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✭s♦♠ ♣✉r♦ ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s✮ ❡ s♦♥s ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♥♦t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✢❛✉t❛ ❡ ✈✐♦❧ã♦✳
• ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✿ é ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦♠ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❣r❛✈❡ ♦✉
❛❣✉❞♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ ✸✻✵ ❣r❛✉s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ s♦♥♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ é ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❤❡rt③✳
✽ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
✷✳✶✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦
❖ s✐♥❛❧ é ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡ ✈♦③✳ ❖ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s s✐♥❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s q✉❡ tê♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♦✉ t♦r♥á✲❧❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❬✸✵❪✳
❆ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ✭❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦✉ ❉❙P✮ s✉r❣✐✉ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✻✵ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s s❡r❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❛r♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❉❙P ❧✐♠✐t❛✈❛✲s❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦✿ r❛❞❛r✱ s♦♥❛r ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♠é❞✐❝❛s ♦♥❞❡ ✈✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r s❛❧✈❛s✳ ❖ s✐♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿
• ❆♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✿ é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦
á✉❞✐♦ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s✳
• ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✿ é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s sã♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és
❞♦ á✉❞✐♦ s❡r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s✱ ♦ s♦♠ é ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ✭s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✵ ❡ ✶ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✮✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ á✉❞✐♦ s❡r ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦
❆ ♠ús✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛rt❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r s♦♥s ❡ r✐t♠♦s s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣ré✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❞✉③ ♥♦t❛s ❝♦♠ t✐♠❜r❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❆s ✈✐❜r❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r t♦q✉❡ ♦✉ s♦♣r♦ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ t❡♠ ♦ s❡✉ r❡ss♦❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ♦s s♦♥s ❛✉❞í✈❡✐s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ á✉❞✐♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❆té ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡♠ ❞✐s❝♦✳
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✾
❝♦♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦✉❝♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ▼P✸ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ▼P❊● ✭▼♦✈✐♥❣ P✐❝t✉r❡ ❊①♣❡rts ●r♦✉♣✮ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r á✉❞✐♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♦✉✈✐❞♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣s✐❝♦❛❝úst✐❝♦ ❬✹❪✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❖●● ❱❖❘❇■❙✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s❀ ♦ ❲▼❆ ✭❲✐♥❞♦✇s ▼❡❞✐❛ ❆✉❞✐♦✮ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ▼P✸❀ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ❋▲❆❈ ✭❋r❡❡ ▲♦ss❧❡ss ❆✉❞✐♦ ❈♦❞❡❝✮ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ✭é ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s é ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ á✉❞✐♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ❞❡ ▼P✸✮✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ❙tr❡❛♠✐♥❣
❙tr❡❛♠ ♦✉ str❡❛♠✐♥❣ é ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ♦✉ á✉❞✐♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ str❡❛♠ ✭✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ♥♦ ②♦✉t✉❜❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ s❡r s❛❧✈♦ ♥♦ ❞✐s❝♦ rí❣✐❞♦✱ ❡❧❡ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛②❡r✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞♦ str❡❛♠✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r ♣❛r❛ ❜❛✐①❛r ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣♦✐s ♦✉✈✐r✳ ❊❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡s❝✉t❛r ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❝❤❡❣❛ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❬✷✹❪✳ ❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ str❡❛♠ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
• ❇✐t✲r❛t❡✿ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ é ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❦❜✐ts✴s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ✶✵✷✹ ❜✐ts sã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✳ ▼ús✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥✲ t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ❦❜✐ts✴s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ t❡r ✉♠❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡✳
• ❙❛♠♣❧❡✲r❛t❡✿ é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❧❡✈❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦
♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♦str❛s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡rá ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞♦ á✉❞✐♦✳
• ❈❤❛♥❡❧❧s✿ ♠♦♥♦ ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✮ ♦✉ ❡stér❡♦ ✭❞♦✐s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡
✶✵ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
• Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s✿ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ str❡❛♠ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❛té
♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✭♦✉✈✐♥t❡✮✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ▼▼❙ ✭▼✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ▼❡ss❛❣✐♥❣ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✕ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✮✱ ❍❚❚P ✭❍②♣❡rt❡①t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮ ❡ ❘❚▼P ✭❘❡❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ▼❡ss❛❣✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✕ ❆❞♦❜❡✮✳
❖ str❡❛♠ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ✭✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♦✉ s✐♥❛❧ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ②♦✉t✉❜❡ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❲❡❜rá❞✐♦s ✭rá❞✐♦s q✉❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ♦ s❡✉ s✐♥❛❧ ♥❛ ✇❡❜✮✳ ❆ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣ t❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛❞♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♠❛s ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✱ ♦ ❡♥❝♦❞❡r é ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❢❛③❡r ❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ á✉❞✐♦ ❡ ❞❛ rá❞✐♦ ❛ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❡♥❝♦❞❡r é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝❛♣t❛r ♦ á✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡✱ s❡❥❛ t❛❧ á✉❞✐♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦♣❤♦♥❡ ✭❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦✮ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳ ❖ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r é ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ♣r♦✈❡r ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❢❛♠♦s♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ é ♦ ❙❍❖❯❚❝❛st✶✳ ❖ ❙❍❖❯❚❝❛st ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦ q✉❡
♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❡ss♦❛ ♣♦ss❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r á✉❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♦✉✈✐♥t❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉✈✐♥t❡s ❞❛ rá❞✐♦✳
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✶
✷✳✷ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❙✐♥❛❧
❆ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ á✉❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❖ s✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ á✉❞✐♦ é ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡s ✈❡t♦r❡s s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❬✷✽❪✳
❆ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ é ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛❧t❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛tr❛♣❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♦✉ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢rá❣❡✐s ❛ r✉í❞♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s é ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ t❡r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ á✉❞✐♦ sã♦✿
• ▲♦✉❞♥❡ss ✭s♦♥♦r✐❞❛❞❡✮✿ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡✳ ❊❧❡ é
❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s❛çã♦ ❛✉❞✐t✐✈❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ s♦♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡st❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ s✐❧ê♥❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧t♦ ✭❧♦✉❞✮✳
• P✐t❝❤ ✭❛❧t✉r❛✮✿ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♦✉✈✐❞♦
❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ♦s s♦♥s ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ t♦♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♦ ♣✐t❝❤ é ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s s♦♥s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳
• ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞ ✭❝❡♥tró✐❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✮✿ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝✲
t❡r✐③❛r ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦✳ ❊❧❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❡stá ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❖ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❡♥tr♦✐❞ é ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t✐♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✳
• ❇❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ✭❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✮✿ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛
❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❤❡rt③✳
• ❩❡r♦✲❝r♦ss✐♥❣ r❛t❡ ✭t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ③❡r♦✮✿ é ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❛♦
❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ♠✉❞❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❛ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦♥s ♣❡r❝✉ss✐✈♦s✳
• ❈❤r♦♠❛ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✭❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝r♦♠❛✮✿ é ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❡ ♣♦❞❡✲
✶✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
q✉❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ✶✷ s❡♠✐t♦♥s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❝❤r♦♠❛ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲ ríst✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s út❡✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ á✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♠♦ t✐♠❜r❡ ❡ r✐t♠♦ ❬✷✾❪✳
• ▼❋❈❈ ✭▼❡❧✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❝❡♣str✉♠✮✿ é ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛
❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦♠✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❧✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ▼❋❈❈✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❬✷✸❪✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ■♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ➪✉❞✐♦
❯♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ é ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉♠❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦✳ ❆s ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✭♦✉ ❝❛s❛♠❡♥t♦✮ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r q✉❛❧ é ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❬✼❪✳
❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧✳ ❊ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♠❛✐s r♦❜✉st❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ s❡r ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿
• ❈♦♠♣❛❝t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞❛✳
• ❘♦❜✉st❡③✿ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♦✉ ♠é❞✐❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
• ❈♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲
♥❛❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛✳ ❚❛❧ ❡✈❡♥t♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢❛❧s♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳
• ●r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ á✉❞✐♦ q✉❡ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r
