Production Engineering
, No , pp-Date of su issio of the a i le to the Edito : /
Date of a epta e of the a i le the Edito : / DOI . /M“PE- -
-A stra t:
Real s ale i e e pe i e ts i ol e o side a le osts o pa ed to o putaio al athe ai al odelli g. This pape -o k is the esult -of su h a i tual si ulai-o -of a i e -o u ed i a h p-othei al h-olesale a eh-ouse -o p isi g a la ge u e of t ade sta ds. The a al sis sta ts f o the ig iio sou e lo ated i side a t ade sta d to a ds the i e e pa sio o e th ee g oups of o pa t e ts, highlighi g the heat t a sfe , oth i s all spa es, as ell as o e la ge dista es. I o de to o i the a u a of the si ulaio , the o tai ed alues a e o pa ed to the o es f o the spe ialized lite atu e.
COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT INSIDE A TRADE CENTRE
INTRODUCTION
I o de to u de sta d, p edi t a d des i e the de el-op e t of a u i g a d its’ i lue e o the su ou di g e i o e t, the e a e used a se ies of s ie ii ethods i hose de elop e t a e i ol ed oth p a i al e pe
i-e ts a d athi-e ai al odi-elli g. Thi-e a hii-e i-e i-e t of eal s ale e pe i e ts o e e at a p opo io all
de-eased s ale, i ol es su sta ial osts, as ell as a high o k olu e. O e ith the de elop e t of the k o ledge f o this ield a d ith the o pute s’ p
o-essi g po e i ease, the p edi io of the olu e a d di e io of s oke, of the to i a d la a le gas o e -t aio s a d -the al ulaio of p essu es a d -te pe a-tu es due to u i gs ha e e pe ie ed a sig ii a t p og ess a d ha e de eased the osts to a easo a le le el.
Co putaio al odelli g of i es i losed spa es o -p ises t o disi t ethods: zo e t -pe odelli g a d ield t pe odelli g. The i st ethod i ol es di idi g the o -side ed spa e i t o disi t o t ol olu es: a uppe
olu e o tai i g u ed a d hot gases e gaged the i e, a d a lo e olu e ith f esh a d old ai o te t.
Th ough the se o d ethod, the do ai is di ided i a la ge u e of o t ol olu es, p opo io al to the
di-e sio s of thdi-e o jdi-e ts o p isdi-ed i thdi-e si ulaio . Fo these olu es, th ough the CFD te h i ue Co putaio al Fluid D a i , the e a e al ulated the state e uaio s of the gases a d the ass, o e t a d e e g o se aio e uaio s. I ase of i es, the e a e used oth odels fo o usio a d odels fo tu ule es a d the al adia-io s, la e p opagaadia-io , ashes ua it , et . This ethod has e o e ot o l a tool fo the esea he s ut it also has appli a ilit i the o e io al e gi ee i g of i es fo the opi izaio of the uildi gs’ safet .
The a u a of o putaio al si ulaio s depe ds, fo e a ple, o the esoluio of the et o k of olu es, ut espe iall o the li itaio s a d u e tai ies of the
appli-aio s f o this elai el e do ai .
SIMULATION OF A FIRE OCCURRED IN A HYPOTHETICAL WHOLESALE WAREHOUSE
The o je i es of the i tual si ulaio of the i e usi g FD“ sot a e ai s to esi ate the te pe atu es o u ed at the le el of a t ade sta d i hi h the e e e sto ed a ious goods of o e o less o usi le o te t, the de elop e t of the i e f o the o u e e of the ig iio sou e u il the u i g of the e i e t ade sta d, a d de-pe di g o these esi ated te de-pe atu es, the app o i a-io of the la e f o t p opagaa-io outside the o pa t-e t a d t-elt-east-ed ht-eat ua it , hot gast-es a d s okt-e i-g aio i side the holesale a ehouse [ ].
The development of the fire inside a compartment
I o de to i iiate the u i g i side a o pa t e t, the e has ee take i to a ou t a supposed ig iio sou e lo ated i a t ash i f o ea a oode shelf. At a . dista e f o the t ash i the e is a a
d-oa d o . O the shel es the e a e sto ed te iles a d othe a d oa d o es.
I the iddle of the oo the e is a hai a d a ta le, oth ade of ood. The t adi g sta d is ade of PVC a -pe t Fig. .
Co sta i LUPU, Ni olae Ioa VLASIN, Crisia TOMESCU, Vlad Mihai PĂSCULESCU, Marius Cor el ŞUVAR
Naio al I situte for Resear h a d Develop e t i Mi e Safet a d Prote io to E plosio INSEMEX PETROSANI – ROMANIA
Ke ords: CFD, FDS, si ulaio , ur i g, ire
Ate the dis eizaio of the geo et , the e esulted a esh ith . ells. The t adi g sta d has a . le gth, a idth of . a d the height of . , esuli g i a total olu e of . . The dista es et ee the shel es a et ee . a d . , a d the dista e e-t ee e-the e-top shelf a d e-the eili g is . .
The at osphe i o diio s f a e i to the o al li -its, ea i g:
at osphe i p essu e: . Pa,
te pe atu e i side the a ehouse: ˚C,
elai e hu idit : %.
The ha a te isi s of the ate ials used a e p ese ted i Ta le [ , , , , ].
Ignition source
I the tested s e a io, the ig iio sou e i iiates the u i g p o ess of the plasi i ithi a i e pe iods hi h ep ese ts the su of the p ol sis i e of the solid a d the i du io i e of the gaseous phase.
O e ith the lo ate i ease, the heat lu pe a ea i eases, a d the e ui ed i e fo heai g a d fo the p ol sis of the solid de eases o se ue tl . O the othe ha d, a i ease of the gas ate ill esult i a de ease of the lu eside e i e. This phe o e o ill dela the o set of the he i al ea io o ill e e a oid its’ i iia-io . The p ese e of a d i e piloted ig iiia-io afe ts the
o usio p o ess lo al de ease of i du io i e. The solid heai g is the p edo i a t e ha is i the o usio p o ess, ith a lo ate of the gas lu a d ith a o al o e t aio of o ge . Fig. p ese ts this ig iio odel, ha i g a e sho t i e of ig iio – ap-p o . . se o ds.
I ase of a o -d i e ig iio Fig. , the i du io i e i eases sig ii a tl , a d la es o u spo ta eous-l as a esueous-lt of the p og essi e heai g of the o usi le
ate ial. At the sa e i e of se o ds f o e a li g the ig iio sou e, the a i u te pe atu e ea hed has
ee ˚C a d i easi g.
Flame propagation
Fla e p opagaio o e solid su fa es a e see as a o i uous p o ess of d i e ig iio . I o de fo the la e to p opagate, i f o t of it the e ust e t a sfe ed e ough heat f o the la e o f o othe heat sou es. Vapo ized fuel is the eleased a d o e i el t a spo t-ed outside the a ea, he e it i es ith o ida ts a d fo s the la a le i tu e i the a ea f o the f o t of the la e, follo i g to e ig ited it.
Heat transfer
Based o the d the od a i p i iple, heat t a s-fe has th ee o po e ts:
t a sfe adiaio ,
t a sfe o du io ,
t a sfe o e io .
Fig. p ese ts the th ee phases of the the al t a sfe . The st phase Fig. a ep ese ts a sta t o e t i heat t a sfe f o the o je t o tai i g the sou e, o je t
al-ead i the u i g p o ess, to a ds the eigh ou i g a d oa d o . This t a sfe is a ied out ho izo tall , a d it is ased o e o adiai e t a spo t, phe o e o a pli-ied i the d phase, o e ith the i ease i te pe a-tu e.
Mate ial/
“u sta e De sit[kg/ ] “pe ii heat[kJ/ kg·K] The al o du i it[W/ ·K ] Heat elease[kJ/kg] Heat elease pe u it a ea[kW/ ] Ig iio te pe atu e[˚C]
Wood . .
PVC
. ˚C . ˚C . ˚C
. ˚C
. ˚C
. ˚C
. ˚C
. ˚C Co ugated
a d oa d . .
-Plasi . .
Te iles . .
Ta le Materials Chara terisi s
Fig. Dri e ig iio
The o e i e t a spo t of heat sta ts also i the st phase, ei g a ied out hot gases ele aio to a ds the a o e shel es, p e-heai g thei ate ial.
I the d phase, the adiai e t a spo t of heat i gs the te pe atu e of the o es’ su fa e to the alue of o -d i e ig iio , so to a alue at hi h a spo ta eous ig iio of the ate ial o u s a d i pli itl to a i ease of the hot gases ua it hi h ises to a ds the eili g of the t adi g sta d Fig. .
The d phase is ha a te ised a i ease i heat lu to a ds the shel es f o the uppe p o i it , lu hi h is a hie ed th ough o e i e t a sfe ased o hot gases ele aio Fig. . The te pe atu e of the shel es ea hes a d e eeds the ig iio th eshold, the f o t of the la e sp eadi g itself i the o pa t e t.
The a ious phases of i e e oluio ithi a o pa t-e t a t-e p t-est-e tt-ed i Fig. a, , , d , a d tht-e o t-e t he the la e p opagates outside the t adi g sta d is p ese ted i Fig. .
Heat release rate
The de elop e t of a i e is ge e all ha a te ised i te s of eleased heat ate e sus i e. The eleased heat ate is ot a fu da e tal p ope t of a fuel a d that is h it a ot e al ulated f o the ai p ope ies of the
ate ial, ei g usuall dete i ed th ough tests.
Ta le highlights the heat elease ate, easu ed i se e al situaio s [ ].
I ase of a si ulated i e, follo i g the o pute ized a al sis at the le el of o e a it a o pa t e t o sid-e sid-ed a d suppossid-ed to hold thsid-e ig iio sou sid-e, thsid-e hsid-eat
elease ate g aph of alues has ee o tai ed Fig. . Co pa i g the esulted alue of al ost MW, of the heat elease ate f o a u t o pa t e t o p isi g a s all olu e of o usi le ate ials ith the olu e of the e i e t adi g sta d hi h has a MW alue as stated
Fig. Heat tra sfer:
a) heat tra sfer – st phase, ) heat tra sfer – d phase, ) heat tra sfer – rd phase a
Fig. Fla e propagaio i side the trade sta d
a d
Fig. Fla e propagaio outside the trade sta d
Fuel Heat release
rate HRR
A u i g iga ete W
A t pi al light ul W
A u i g a dle W
A hu a ei g at o al e e io W A u i g astepape asket kW A u i g pool of gasoli e . MW Bu i g ood pallets, sta ked to a
height of MW
Bu i g pol st e e ja s, i a to s
. high - MW
Output f o a t pi al ea to at a NPP .
- . MW
i Ta le , easu ed he u i g a sta k of oode pallets ith a height of ete s [ ], the o putaio al a al -sis a e o side ed to e e lose to the eal u i g.
The esult of the a al sis is o pleted ith a se ies of pa a ete s updated du i g the si ulaio , the a i u esi ai e alues a d the g aphi ep ese taio s of the
ost sig ii a t o es ei g:
heat lu – MAX a d Heat lu – MEAN,
adiai e heat lu – MAX a d Radiai e heat lu – MEAN,
o e i e heat lu – MAX a d Co e i e heat lu – MEAN
o du i it – MAX a d Co du i it – MEAN,
opi al de sit – MAX a d Opi al de sit – MEAN.
Fire development in the wholesale warehouse
The o putaio al a al sis of the i e at this s ale has e ui ed the dis eisaio of the e i e geo et Fig. i to a u e of . . ells, eshi g hi h has also ee split i to su - eshes i o de to take ad a tage of the e ei es ought pa allel p o essi g.
P o essi g a al ulaio le i ol i g the e i e geo -et of the t adi g plafo is e te ded to : hou s fo a si ulaio pe iod of se o ds, hi h dela s a lot the a hie e e t of esults lose to the eal o es a d li its the i e pe iod fo the si ulaio to e a ied out Fig. . The dista e et ee t o o s of o pa t e ts idth of the a ess path a s is . . Ho e e , Fig. a highlights the adiai e hea t a spo t o e this dista e a d the i ease i te pe atu e of the t ade sta d lo ated a oss the sou e sta d, leadi g to its’ ig iio Fig. .
Fig. Heat release rate Fig. Geo etr of the holesale arehouse
Fig. Pro essi g i e
Fig. Radiai e heat tra sport:
a) radiai e tra sport et ee t o trade sta ds
)Ig iio of the sta d lo ated at . fro the ire-pla e a
kW/ kW/
kW/ . kW/
kW/ . kW/
kW/ . kW/
Hot gases f o the u i g a ea e su e the o e i e t a spo t of heat a d its’ dista e t a s issio , leadi g to the ig iio of the eili gs of so e o pa t e ts that a e lo ated fa f o the u i g pe i ete Fig. a .
F o he e, the apid e pa sio of the i e is i he e t Fig. .
The heat elease ate the u i g of th ee o s of sta ds is p ese ted i Fig. , he e the esi ated alue of
MW.
Othe esi ated alues a e sho i Ta le .
CONCLUSIONS
Mathe ai al odelli g of pote ial high-isk e e ts allo s the esi aio at a easo a le ost of the isks that a e su je t to pe so el, uildi gs a d e i o e t. Although it e ui es a la ge olu e of i fo aio fo the i put data, uliple tests ith o side a le p o essi g i es e e fo a si ple si ulaio , the p edi io of su h e e ts a e a a ie et ee to happe o ot to happe . Esi aio s th ough athe ai al odelli g the e e o e a a azi g esou e i the i the o upa-io al health a d safet ield, e i o e tal p ote io , desig , ega dless of the i dust a h.
Ho e e , due to li itaio s i posed the p o essi g po e , it is al ost i possi le to si ulate the e i e histo of a lo g lasi g e e t, usi g i e a d spa e sei gs lose to eal o es, a d a sui ie tl i e esoluio of the esh-i g esh-i o de to o taesh-i a u ate esults. Yet, a sesh-i ulaesh-io pe fo ed o e a i e pe iod of te s to hu d eds of se -o ds a esult i eal ad a tages ith i ediate appli
a-ilit .
REFERENCES
[ ] Fi e P ope ies o pa iso , Fi e a d Fa i P ope -ies. „I geoTM i e te h i al i fo aio , Te h i al Bullei . Natu eWo ks LLC, Ma . . [O li e]. A aila le: htp:// .i geoi e s. o [Ap .
, ].
[ ] G. Hadjisopho leous a d Q. Jia. „Co pa iso of FD“ P edi io of “ oke Mo e e t i a -“to e Build-i g Build-ith E pe Build-i e tal Data, ol. . Bosto : “p Build-i ge U“, .
[ ] M. Hei isuo, M. Laaso e , a d J. Oui e . „Fi e de-sig i Eu ope, i M. Mazzola i Ed. U a Ha itat Co st u io s U de Catast ophi E e ts: CO“T C A io Fi al Repo t. Ne Yo k: CRC P ess LLC, , pp. - .
[ ] C. J. Hilado. Fla a ilit Ha d ook fo Plasi s. Ne Yo k: CRC P ess LLC, .
[ ] B. Ka lsso a d J. Q. Qui ie e. E losu e Fi e D a -i s. Ne Yo k: CRC P ess LLC, .
[ ] F. K eith. The CRC ha d ook of the al e gi ee i g. Bo a Rato : CRC P ess LLC, .
[ ] K. B. M G ata , H. R. Bau a d A. Ha i s. „The al Radiaio f o La ge Pool Fi es, NI“TIR . Gaithe s u g, MD, U“A: Naio al I situte of “ta d-a ds d-a d Te h olog , .
Fig. Ig iio of o usi le aterials lo ated far fro the ire-pla e:
a) o e i e heat tra sport, ) e pa sio of the ur i g a
Para eter Value Measure e t u it
Radiai e Loss , kW
Co du i e Loss , kW
Co e i e Loss - kW
Ta le Esi ated alues of te perature tra sport Fig. Heat release rate
Fig. Ig iio of o usi le aterials lo ated far fro the ire-pla e:
a) o e i e heat tra sport, ) e pa sio of the ur i g
Co sta i Lupu, Ni olae Ioa Vlasi , C isia To es u, Vlad Mihai Păs ules u, Ma ius Co el Şu a
Naio al i situte fo esea h a d de elop e t i i e safet a d p ote io to e plosio – IN“EMEX Pet osa i
- G-al. Vasile Milea “t et,
