Pan American
Health
Organization
World Health
Organization
__
XVI PanAmericanSanitary
Conference
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XIV
Regional
Committee
Meeting
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ORIGINAL:
ENGLISH-S
P
ANISH
R
E
P
ORT
OF
THE
STATUS
OF
MALARIA
ERADI
C
ATI
O
N
IN THE
AMERI
C
AS
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ... ... 3
!. Status of the Malaria Eradication Program ... 3
A. General picture ... 3
B. Extent ofthe problem ... 4
Co Field operations ... 4
II. Special Technical Problems ... ZZ A. Insecticide resistance in anophelines ... 2Z B. Supplementary methods of attack ... 3Z I. La rviciding ... 3Z Z. Complementary attack with drugs ... 35
3. Mass drug treatment ... 35
Li[. Field Research Projects of PAHO/ME ... 37 A. Epidemiological Study Team - AMRO-Z20 ... 37
MAPS AND TABLES
Maps: Pose
1. Status of the Malaria Eradication Program in the Americas,
31 December 1958 ... 1
Z. Status of the Malaria Eradication Program in the Americas, %
31 December 1961 ... 2 ,_,
3. _Registry of Areas of Eradicated Malaria ... 8 **
Tables:
1. Status of Malaria Eradication in the Americas, by Population,
1958-1961 ... 5 I. Status of Malaria Eradication in the Americas, by Area, 1958-1961... 6
3, Comparative percentage Distribution of Population and Area in the
Americas 1958 and 1961 by Status of Malaria Eradication ... 7
4. Personnel Employed in Malaria Eradication Programs in the Americas,
31 December 1958, 1959, 1960, and 1961, by Status ... 9
5. Personnel employed in Spraying Operations in Malaria Eradication
Programs in the Americas, 31 December 1958 and 31 December 1961. 10
6. Personnel employed in Epidemiologieal Evaluation in Malaria
Eradication Programs in the Americas, 31 December 1958 and
31 December 1961 ... II
7. Personnel employed in Administrative Services and others in Malaria Eradication Programs in the Americas, 31 December 1958 and
3t December 1961 ... 12
8. Personnel employed in Transport Services in Malaria Eradication
Programs in the Americas, 31 December 1958 and 31 December 1961. 13
9. Means of Transport in Malaria Eradication Programs in the
4[
Americas, 1961 ... 14 4
10. Spraying Operations of Malaria Eradication Programs in the
Americas, at the end of 1961 ... 15
11. Spraying Achievements of Malaria Eradication Programs in the
Americas, at the end of 1961 ... 19
IZ. Case Detection During the Attack Phase in Malaria Eradication
Programs in the Americas ... Z3
13. Case Detection During the Consohdation Phase in Malaria
MAPS AND TABLES {Concluded)
Tables: Pass
14. Comparative Results of Active and Passive Case Detection in the
Americas, 1961 ... 29
15. Quadrennial Summary of Case Detection in the Americas, 1958-1961. 30
I 16. National Budgets for Malaria Eradication in the Americas, 1958-1961 . 31
17. First Discovery of Insecticide Resistance in Anopheline Mosquitoes
4 in the Americas, by Country and Year of Discovery, to
December 31, 1961 ... , 33
18. PASB/WHO Full-time Professional and Technical Staff Assigned to
Country, Inter-Country and Inter-Zone Malaria Eradication
Projects in the Americas, 1958 to lot July 196Z ... 39 19. Personnel Trained in Malaria Eradication Techniques at
International Centers, 1949-1961 and First Semester 196Z ... 40 Z0. Fellowships for Study Travel in Malaria Eradication, 1958-1961 .... 41 ZI. Equipment and Supplies, excluding Drugs, Contributed by PAHO to
Malaria Eradication Programs in the Americas 1958
to December 1961 ... 43
ZZ. Drug Provided for Malaria Eradication Programs in the Americas
by PAHO, 1958-1961 ... 44 Z3. International Contributions to Malaria Eradication Programs in the
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Page 3
REPORT OF THE STATUS OF MALARIA ERADICATION IN THE AMERICAS
X REPORT
Introduction
The Director of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau has the honor to present to the XVI Pan
American Sanitary Conference the X Report on the status of malaria eradication in the Americas.
As has been the custom in previous years, the document presents first a summary of the
-status of the program in general and an analysis of the advances made in each country. There
fol-lows a discussion of several of the technical problems which are of importance, the l:nplieations
these have for future progress, and the measures being taken or studied to solve them. Finally, a
summary is presented of the cooperative efforts of the international agencies in the malaria er
adi-cation program, with details of the participation by PAHO/WHO. Because of the special
signifi-cance ofthe XVI Pan American Sanitary Conference, comparisons are provided wherever possible
ofthe conditions. Where figures for the entire four-year period merit analysis by the Conference
these have been included.
The data for the years prior to 1961 have been taken from previous reports of the Director.
For 1961, the responses to a detailed questionnaire regarding malaria eradication activities in each
country have been used, as well as the statistical reports which the majority of the programs
sub-mit each month tothe Pan American Sanitary Bureau. These reports cover the specific topics
of spraying operations, epidemiological evaluation activities, and movement of personnel. Special
technical reports regarding entomological studies are also presented by countries when appropriate
I. STATUS OF THE MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAM
A. General picture
Sustained progress was maintained toward malaria eradication in the Americas during
1961 in most instances. Of particular importance were the increases over 1960 of areas and
popu-lation entering the consolidation phase. In Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, Guadeloupe, and Jamaica,
additional areas were placed in the consolidation phase, while in Bolivia the first area was entered.
Argentina and Venezuela registered increases in the areas from which malaria eradlcahon is
claimed.
With reference to the entry of areas in the attack phase, in Brazil a reorganization of the
malaria service and adequate and timely budgetary support permitted greatly expanded activities
over those of 1960. The preparatory phase activities were extended to all parts of the country, as
geographical reconnaissance operations were initiated and epidemiological evaluation begun even in
advance of spraying. By 1964 it is expected that all remaining malarious areas of Brazil will have *
been incorporated intothe attack phase.
Preparatory phase activities were completed in Cuba and Haiti during 1961, and these
countries prepared to enter the attack phase in 1962. In Paraguay, continued evidence of malaria
transmission in areas previously thought free of the disease provoked a suspension of the attack
phase during 1961 so that all effortscould be devoted to preparatory phase activities. In the
Domini-can Republic, financial shortages impeded the inclusion of all areas in the attack phase; this is
plan-ned for 1962.
The pattern of malaria eradication programs becomes clearer with each year's experience.
Because of the nature of the disease, the campaign to eradicate it requires an organization of highly
skilled workers, provided with administrative techniques of great flexibility and with priority in the
allocation of funds in spite of the demands of other agencies of Government. Where effective public
health leadership has obtained such essentials for the malaria service, the personnel can be
well-trained, the spraying cycles completed on schedule with a minimum of logistical difficulty, and the
epidemiological evaluation operations can be developed so that the disappearance of malaria from
CSPI6/Z0 (Eng.)
Page 4
areas defined, studies, and solutions suggested. Unfortunately, in a few programs organizational
or administrative deficiencies still exist; under these circumstances the malaria services
encoun-tered great difficulty in completing the scheduled plan of operations, and purely technical problems
remain obscured by a cover of continuing transmission permitted by such deficiencies.
As problem areas are discl6sed, the classical malariological studies reappear in their
rightful place in malaria eradication, supplemented by newer techniques for quantitative
measure-ment of the factors involved in persistence of transmission. The Organization collaborates in a
number of such studies, and increased activity in this field is foreseen for the future.
• Pilot studies of auxiliary means of interrupting transmission were carried out during 1961
in a number of areas. Larviciding was employed in Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua, among
others, while mass distribution of anti-malaria drugs was performed in a limited area of the coastal
, plain of E1 Salvador. From these and other studies now under way important information regarding
techniques, costs and effectiveness is being obtained for wider application to other problem areas
in other countries. The final answer in each instance must depend upon the local conditions, and
it will be the continuing task of the Organization to assist in the adaptation of proven techniques for
the final elimination of the disease.
B. Extent of the problem
At the end of 1961, the population estimated to be living in the originally malarious areaof
16. 028, 976 square kilometers stood at 147, zgz, 000. Revisions in the data regarding territorial
extension of the malarious area have been made for Brazil, Mexico and Paraguay in some magnitude;
minor alterations have been recorded for Bolivia, Cuba, Guatemala, the United States, French
Guiana and Surinam. As regards the figures for population area and distribution by phase, Argentina
and Venezuela reported important increases inthe maintenance phase, that is, malaria eradication
claimed. In Venezuela, most of the area has already been registered by the Organization.
De-tails of the population and area distribution are given in Tables 1 and Z, while Table 3 compares
the percentage distribution by area and by population in accordance with the status of the program
for the years 1958 and 1961.
Particularly noteworthy are the figures for the consolidation phase, in which the population
increased to 17,879, 0Q0 in 1961, a rise of 77_ over the 1960 figures. As compared with the figures
for 1958, there has been a rise ofmore than eight fold in the population ofthisphase ofthe program,
a reflection of the steady progress obtained in many areas over the last three years.
Finally, data are presented in Map 3 regarding the _Registry of Areas of Eradicated
Malaria", for which Venezuela is the firstentry. During 196Z, several programs will complete
the consolidation phase, and itisexpected in future reports to record the measure of increase in
the Registry as the Hemisphere-wide effort moves surely toward its goal.
" C. Field operations
Statistics on the personnel employed in malaria eradication programs are presented in
Tables 4 to 8. Table 4 presents a summary of personnel employed in the broad categories of spr
ay-ing operations, epidemiological operations, administration and others, and transport for the years
1958-1961. The shift in emphasis towards epidemiological evaluation operations is evident as the
attack phase progresses and more and more programs approach and enter the consolidation phase.
While personnel employed in spraying operations declined in 1961 from the peak number of 1960,
epidemiological operations reflect a steady increase during the four-year period, and more than
twice as many were employed during 1961 compared with 1958. Particularly striking increases are
noted inthe V.valuator and Microscopist groups.
Tables 5 to8 give comparative figures for each category and for each country for the years
1958 and 1961. In Table 5 for spraying operations, for example, a reduction in personnel is seen
in Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela as spraying is withdrawn from large areas. On the other hand,
programs such as Ecuador, E1 Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua report increases in
1961 over the 1958 figures. The attack phase was begun in these programs using annual cycles of
dieldrin; the subsequent appearance ofresistance and the shift to DDT on semi-annual cycles r
CSPI6/Z0 (Eug, } Table l
Page 5
STATUS OF MALARIA ERADICATION IN THE AMERICAS. BY POPULATION, 1958-1961 a
(Population xnthousands)
Pol)ul_txull ot orxgxnaJly n_al.lrtous areas
Total
Country or other population Malarla eradication Consohdatton Preparatory
pahtlcal unit Total claimed phase Attack phase
',matntenance phase } phase
195. 1961
1
95011961
19081190i
195.11961
19581190l
19586L1961
Argentina 20256 Zl746 2 289 2363 256 924 743 41 537 I 398 753
Bohvaa . . . 3 305 3 538 I 116 I 250 - 461 I l 16 789
-Brazil 63102 70 528 33035 36957 3171 3622 4 O00 3831 29864 25 504
Canada .,. 17 048 17 814c
Chile ... 7 314 7802 117 125 ] 17 125
Colombia ... 13522 14446 9787 10188 ' (d} 9787 101fig d
Costa Rico I072 1 225 345 409 345 409 •
Cuba . 6466 6827 .., l836 ... 1836
Dominican Republic 2791 3 137 2 418 2552 2 418 I 27_, I 1 276
Ecuador ... 4 007 4743 1 993 £227 1 993 2 227 ]
El Salvador 2434 2 706 1440 1 885 1 440 ! 1885 [
Guatemala . 3 549 3886 1 478 I770 I478 ] 1770 -
-Haiti 3426 4247 2455 3276 _ _455 3276
Honduras 1 822 _ 018 I 311 1 409 - - I 311 I 409 !
Mexico .... 32 348 35572 16620 18592 59 II 721 16561 6871
Nicaragua . 1 376 1552 I2_0 1 486 I220 1 486
Panama .... 995 1 076 970 I 033 970 i 033
-paraguay ... I 672 I 808 759 l521 709 (e) 1 521 e
Peru ... 10 213 l0 360 4604 3019 14 47 3320 2 972 I 270
Umted States .... 17423I 182953 42861 43700 42861 43700
Uruguay . 2710 _827c ...
Venezuela 6 320 7604 4517 5696 3 294 5203f 703 173 520 320
Antigua 56 59c
Bahamas , 138 I05c
Barbados 234 232c 232 228 232 228
Bermuda 43 47g
British Guiana 533 575 500 575 430 515 67 60 3
Brltlsh Honduras ... 86 93 86 93 86 93
Domtntca ... 64 59 52 l0 52 lO
Falkland Islands 2 2 -
-French Guiana 30 32 29 32 27 29 5
Grenada . 92 89 c 34 37 - 37 28 6
Guadeloupe 257 ;_70 214 244 35 58 129 186 50
Jamaica ... 1 627 I650 1303 I 045 761 1303 284
Niar tmtque ,., 262 277 c I70 176 170 176
Montserrat t4 15c
Netherlands Antilles 193 190 t - ,
Panama C_rtal Zone 55 42 55 42 - 41 55 1
Puerto Rico Z 282 Z 406 2 265 _391 2 265 2391 r
St. Kltta-Nevis-Angttitla.. 58 602 l
St. Lucia. 92 86 74 72 72 74 i¢
St. Pie r re- Mtquelon 5 5g
St. Vincent 82 84c - i k
Surmum 275 300 275 185 136 I l5 139 70 [
Tmmdad and Tobago 785 868 785 868 35 37 160 197 590 634
Virgin Islands {U.K. }.... 8 gg - [
Virgln Islands (U. S.) .... 24 34 !
Total ... 387276 416008 135409 147292 52866 56979 1996 17879 46196 39021 34351 33413 t
•.. No mlormatton.
None.
a} Population refers to 1958 and 1961 cennus or mid 1958and 1961 estimate unless otherwise Indicated. • b}Preparatory phase or ai can not sprayed regularly, c) 1960 estamate, d) Spraying are suspended in
sonae large cities tbut trot considered as consohdatton phase yet. e) 135,000 inhabitants protected during
Table 2 CSP16/20 (Eng.) Page 6 STATUS OF MALARIA ERADICATION IN THE AMERICAS, BY AREA, 1958-1961
(Area *n km 2)
Originally malarious area Total area MalarLa eradlcatloz
Country or other Total claimed Consohdation Attack phase Preparatory pohtlcal unlt (rnalntenance phase} phase phase
195819611958
1
1961
1958
1
190l
1958
i
,96l
195811961
1958a
i
l961
Argentzna . 4011 594 h 401I 594 _ 270000 270400 26200 40100 23000 16490 70800 213810 150000 Bohvxa I098 581 l098 581 842 018 824 260 - - 297 489 842018 526771
-Brazil . 8513844 8513844 7448997 7338759 ¢ 41 164 41164 136969 -3628861 7407833 3371000
Canada 9974375 9974375
Chile .. 74l767 741 767 55287 55287 55287 55287 - -Colombta 1138 355 I138 338 1 026433 I 026433 (d) 1026433 026433 d
Costa R_ca 50900 50900 315_6 31526 31526 3] 526
Cuba 114 524 114 524 . . . 37 376 ... - . . . 37376 Dora*mean Repubhc 48 734 48279 ! 41010 39219 41 010 19610 19 609
Ecuador 270670 291 906 153766 152862 153766 152862
ElSalvador 20 000 21 146 19310 19 300 19 310 19300
Guatemala . 108 889 108 889 80380 80350 80 380 80350
-Ha*t* 27750 27750 19898 19 098 - - 19 098 19098 Honduras ll2088 l12088 87583 87389 - - 87 383 87 389
Mexlco I 969 269 1969 367 978185 I147564 36790 860 564 941 395 287 000 Nicaragua . 148 000 148 000 127 199 131 000 127 199 131 000
Panama 74470 74470 68497 68497 68 497 68497 -Paraguay 406752 406752 42286 406752 42286 - - 406752
Peru ... 1249049 1249094 943228 943228 - - 5110 14551 237478 928677 700640
UmtedStates 9346751 9346751 2257809 2255891 2257809 2255891 Uruguay 186 926 186926
Venezuela 912050 912050 600000 600000 400414 430920e 43712 44786 155874 124294 Antigua . 280 280
Bahamas ... 11 396 II396
Barbados ... 431 431 430 430 430 430
Bermuda ... 55 53 - - -Br*tish Gulana ... 215800 214970 214970 214970 4921 5180 19684 209790 190365 Br_t_sh Honduras . .. 22 965 22 965 ZZ965 22965 - 22 965 22965
Domimca . .. 789 790 640 152 640 152 Falkland Islands . 11961 I 1 961 -[
French Gulana .. 91000 86 00O 9000O 86000 86 000f 90 000 (f}
Grenada .... 344 344 185 186 - - 186 151 34
Guadeloupe l 780 I780 I136 I 136 69 69 752 l 067 315
Jamaica .... 12188 11293 10319 8912 407l I0319 484]
Marttn_.que 1102 1102 300 300 300 300 Montser rat . 83 84
-Netherlands Antilles ... 961 961
panama Canal Zone . 1432 l 432 1432 1432 - - 1432f 1432 (f)
Puerto Rico . 8897 8897 8865 8865 8865 8865
St. K1tts-Nevis-Anguilla .. 396 396
-St. Lucia ... 616 603 580 516 516 580 St. Pxerre-Miqueton 240 240
St. Vincent . 389 389 "i
Surlnarn 143470 142822 143470 142803 3320 1534 140150 141 Z69 -[
Trinidad and Tobago 5 128 5 118 5 118! 5118 295 295 26 26 4797 4797 - I Virgin Islands (U.K. }.... 174 174
-V1rg*n Islands (U. S.) .... 344 344
Total ... 41057557 41072216 5592822 [6828976 ¢2795754 2838501 113350 1465681 4215748 7710194 8467970 3853835
•.. No Lnformatlon.
None.
a} Preparatory phase or areas not sprayed regularly, b)Including the"Antarctica"• c} Including afe%_
areas not classtfxed by phase, d}SprayLnSs are suspended in 12 295 km 2correspondxn 8to some large
clttes, but notyetconsidered asconsohdatlon phase; 13338km 2are _ncluded inwhich spraylng is not done orirregularly done. e) Of which 407945 km z are registered by PAHO. f) Spraylng iscontinued
CSP16/_-0 (Eng,)
Page7 Table3
COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AND AREA IN THE AMERICAS,
1958 AND 1961, BY STATUS OF MALARIA ERADICATION
Percentage distribution
Status Populationa Areaa
1958b I 1961 1958 b 1961
Total ... 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Non malarious areas ... 63.4 64.6 60.8 59.8
Orlginally malarious areas ... 36.6 35.4 39. g 39.9
Preparatory phase ... lO.5 8.0 Zl.3 9.7
Attack phase ... 11.9 9.4 10.6 19.4
Consolidation phase ... 0.5 4. 3 0. 3 3.7
Maintenance phase ... 13.7 13.7 7.0 7. 1
a} Excluding the "Antarctica".
b) Data corrected inaccordance with subsequent information.
In Table 6 for epidemiological evaluation operations, increases in personnel are shown for
almost all programs. Epidemiological evaluation sometimes has not been expanded as rapidly as
desired since limited fiscal resources were concentrated on spraying operations during the early
years of the attack phase. The comparison for figures from 1958 and 1961 reveals however, that
increased emphasis is being given to surveillance activities, as programs achieve greaterfinancial
stability and as the attack phase moves to a close.
Comparative figures are glvenin Table 7 for administrative personnel, and in Table 8 for
personnel employed in transport activities. In general, personnel in these categories comprise 19g]0
and 90/0respectively of all employees engaged in malaria eradication programs.
The types and numbers of transport in malaria eradication programs are shown in Table 9.
Increases over the numbers employedin Brazil in 1960 reflect the increased field operations there
as this program expands the preparatory and attack phase operations. In Colombia and Ecuador,the
augmented use of saddle and pack animals over previous years is due to adjustments in the types of
field squads being employed. In general, the means of transport in a single program do not change
materially from year to year of the attack phase, although programs in the consolidation phase are
relying more upon lighter vehicles such as jeeps, and motorcycles and bicycles where possible, as
the requirements for transport of spraying squads diminish.
Accomplishments in spraying operations are reported in Tables 10 and 11. A reduced
volume of operations is shown for Bolivia, Mexico and Jamaica as the consolidation phase is entered
in many areas. In the Dominican Republic, financial difficulties impeded the achievement of total
coverage, while in Paraguay the attack phase was suspended in March, 1961. Insecticide
consump-tion per house showed minor variations in several programs, as did the efficiency of spraymen as
measured by the numbers of houses sprayed per man per day. As shown in Table ll, the percentage
of houses not sprayed did not alter greatly from previous years in a number of programs, and
Costa Rica continues to report full and complete coverage. As the consohdatlon phase was entered
in the coast of Surinam, however, and attention is focused on the pr,2,1em in the interior, the
percentage of houses not sprayed has increased. In this connection, special efforts in health
edu-cation are being utilized in Surinam, and it is hoped that with these tile situation will improve.
Beginning with the present report, case detection activities in the Americas are separated
by attack and consolidation phase, so as to provide a more detailed review of the activities during
the latter portion of the campaigns, and to provide information regarding the classification of such
csP16
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CSPI6/Z0 (Eng.)
Page9 Table4
PERSONNEL EMPLOYED IN MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS
31 DECEMBER 1958, 1959, 1960 AND 1961, BY CATEGORY
(Part-time personnel inparentheses)
Title 1958 a 1959 b 1960 1961
!Engineers 93(3) 9Z 115111 1231Z)
Sector Chiefs 390 (21 427 417 377 (Z)
Z
O Squa_l Chiefs ... I 352 (41 I 399 1 49512) 1 268 (21
<4
_ _ Spraymen 68301161 7487 77181201 5847(40)
O Draftsmen 77 89 105 99
SUB-TOTAL 87421251 9494 9 850(23) 77141461
I Physicians 2421281 245 263 (i 5) 290 1151
I Entomologists 37 (11 25 27 111 21 12)
_ Entomologists Assistants ... 82111 129 151(21 1661141
_ O Statisticiansand StatisticiansAsst.. 41 51 93 91
o_
_ Evaluation Inspectors ... 133{2) 231 309(8) 355 (2)
8
Evaluators 1 142 I360 2575(5) Z813_8)
t_
MicroscopistsSUB-TOTAL l 985(36)308(4) 2438324 3888144)470(13) 4 239(53)503(12)
Administrators 66(I) 81 9611) 82(Z)
AdministrativeAssistants 324 412 559 460
O Accountants 4(1) 7 2 8
Disbursing Officers 42 [i ) 51 64 65
< Z
O _ Storekeepers 77(i) 90 94111 90
< AssistantStorekeepers. 47 88 91 95
Fa
Secretaries 424 421 379 4Z7 (I)
%
Others 1 28711291 1 888 1 962 1922121
SUB-TOTAL 227111331 3038 3247(21 3149151
_echanics and Asst. Mechanics 231 (4 ) 265 288 286
0_ Drivers 844 (2) 862 i096 967 (31
O m
I Motorboat Operators 113121 125 151 2-04
_ Boatmen. _ 75 36 62 37
i SUB-TOTAL I263181 1Z88 I 597 1 494 131
GRAND TOTAL 142611202) 16244 18582(691 1659611071
(a) Revised figures.
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Page 13 , , , , _ e , , , , , , , , , _, , , , , , , , , , , ,
CSPI6/Z0 (Eng.) Page 14 Table 9
MEANS OF TRANSPORT IN MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS, 1961
Other Automc
-Trucks Saddle
Country or other (3tons or trucks biles anc Motor-, Motor Other
political unit and Jeeps station cycles Bicycles boats boats and pack Other
more } pickups wagons animals
Argentina ... 7 79 1Z i0 I lZ - 4 4 a
Bolivia Z 30 Z9 I 7 ZZ 8 169
-Brazil (excl. S_o Paulo) . 3Z Z47 356 3 - 1 Z Z67
-Brazil (S_o Paulo) . 8 158 40 ZZ b (b) 7 2
-" Colombia 19 217 78 30 i5 165 I 066
Costa Riea 1 15 8 1 6 6
Cuba - Z3 35 11 - 95
Dominican Republic ... 2 34 Z5 6
Ecuador 3 42 5Z 8 11 27 4 Z39
El Salvador ... Z Z8 16 5 1 1
Guatemala 1 49 6 Z2 31 2 7 I (c) (d)
Haiti 37 17 -
-Honduras ... Z 35 Z1 6 1 46
Mexico 16 409 216 6 16 1 1Z63
Nicaragua ... Z 24 18 I0 - 13
Panama 20 iZ 7 - 7
Paraguay ZI 18 3 - 6 1 4
Peru 7 120 67 1 - 124 71
-Venezuela 3 65 67 Z3 4 114 Z7 74 631
British Guiana ... Z 3 - - 4 4
-British Honduras ... 5 3 - 4 Z
Dominica Z 1 3 - -
-French Guiana ... l Z 1 I ....
Grenada Z I 3
-Guadeloupe ... Z 3 Z 1 ....
Jamaica 14 30 Z3 12 - -
-Panama Canal Zone ... 2e _ - Z e 5
-St. Lucia i Z - 5 -
-Surinam 2 Z Z 4 4 Z Z6
Trinidad and Tobago .... 7 6 7 1 1 - Z f
d
- None.
CSP16/Z0 (Engo)
Page 15
Table 10
SPRAYING OPERATIONS OF MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAM, S IN THE AMERICAS AT THE END OF 1961
I Houses sprayed Insecticide used I
Total
I
Average No,Year of number I per house I of houses
total ] Date D.D.T. Dieldrin of spray- ' (grams technical) 'sprayed per
Number Number ings in year |
sprayman-Cycle sprayed CycIe sprayed D.D. T• Dieldrin day
ARGENTINA, Total coverage began August 1959
1 st 55 849 a b
Z 146b Z63 ...
lot Aug.59-Jun.60 81 170a 146074
Znd 6909b Z55 ...
78 487 a
3rd 644zb 305 ...
Znd Jul.60-Jul.61 74188a - 1619Z0
-4th Z 803bl 334 ...
3rdc Aug. 61-Dec. 61 5th 73 68Z a lZ05Zb - 75734 383 - ...
BOLIVIA Total coverage began 1 September 1958
lot 11657Z 362 8.3
lot Sep.Sg-Aug.59 Znd 129 I19 lot i0910 Z56601 331 115 7.0
319 7.6
Znd Sep. 59-Aug. 60 3rd 136 601 Znd 12 268 291 405 118
4th 14Z536 309 7.Z
3rd Sep.60-Aug.61 5th 15995Z _ Z94IZ5 331 7.6
6th 134 173 326 7.5
4th c Sep. 61 -Dec. 61 7thC 80 375 - 80 375 344 7.8
BRAZIL, ZONE illA. (Sectors of Ceara, Paraiba and Rio Grands do Notre) Total coverage began 31 August 1959
lot 144 Z54 534 7.4
lot Sep.59-Jun.60 387304
Znd Z43050 487 8.3
3rd 255398 488 9.3
2nd Jul.60-Jun.61 506687
4th ZSIZ89 461 9.3
3rdc Jul.61-Aug.61 5thc 94 626 946g6 439 9.0
BRAZIL, ZONE III B. (Sectors of Sergipe and Alagoas) Total coverage began ZZ August 1960
lot 111633 402 8.0
Ist Aug.60-Jun.61 Znd 144936 Z56569 392 8.3
Znd c Jul° 61- Aug. 61 3rd c 60013 60013 358 9.0
BRAZIL(SAO PAULO STATE) Total coverage began 4 January 1960
lot Jan.60-Jan.61 lot 455ZI9 914145 433 8.4
Znd 4589Z6 404 9.8
Znd Feb. 61-Jan. 62' 3rd 436 048 867 5Zl 416 9.4
4th 431 473 41Z 9.7
COLOMBIA. Total coverage began 29 September 1958
lot Oct. 58-Sep• 59 lot 1 181Z35 - Z3576Z7 466 _ 6.6 ,
Znd 117639Z 4Z5 8.9
2nd Oct.59-Sep.60 3rd I 196930 - Z 358989 409 _ 9.4
4th 116Z059 394 9.7
3rd Oct. 60-Sep. 61 5th I lfll557 _ ZIg7 058 397 9.7
6th 888459 a
57 042b 40Z 9. 3
43Z 5Z1 a
4thc Oct.61-Jan.6Z 7thc 53554b - 486075 41Z 8.8
None.
•.. No information.
CSP 16/ZO (Eng.)
Page 16
Table 10 (Continued)
SPRAYING OPERATIONS OF MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS AT THE END OF 1961
Houses sprayed Insecticide used Average No.
Year of Total per house of houses
total Date D.D.T. Dieldrin number (grams technical) sprayed per
coverage of spray=
sprayman
-Number Number lngs in year
Cycle sprayed Cycle sprayed D.D.T. Dieldrin day
.=_
COSTA RICA. Total coverage began 15 July 1957
464 5. I
Ist 53 297 Ii1921
-d Ist Jul. 57-Aug. 58 2nd 58 6Z4 419 7.4
3rd 60 800 465 6.9
Znd Sep. 58-Sep. 59 4th 63 063 iZ3863 531 - 7. 1
5th 63 884 512 8. 6
3rd Oct. 59-Sep. 60 6th 66961 130845 475 - 9. 3
7th 66Z42 473 9.4
4th Oct. 60-Sep. 61 8th 68Z77 134 519 485 " 9. Z
5tha Oct. 61 -Feb. 62 9th a 27 104 Z7104 517 - 8.8
DOMINICAN REPUBUC. Total coverage began 16 June 195g
Ist Jun. 58-Jun. 59 Ist 395597 395597 - 102 11.4
Znd b Jul. 59-Feb. 60 2nd b Z36 579 Z36 579 - I19 10.5
3rd a Mar.60-Feb.6Z Ist 33Z 944 . 5Zl082 495 9. 0
2nd a 188 138 473 8. 3
m
ECUADOR. Total coverage began 28 March 1957
Ist Mar.57 =Mar. 58 l+2nd 63 284 Ist Z57 697 320 981 590 114 8.0
3rd 50 089 490 6.9
Znd Apr. 58-Mar. 59 4th 83 018 Znd Z7I 417 404 5Z4 436 145 8. 5
5th 7Z 370 399 9. 3
3rd Apr. 59-Mar.60 6thC 97 790 3rdC Z71 7Z9 441 889 403 IZZ 8.8
(d) Apr. 60-Dec.60 (d) ZZ7 411 ZZ7 411 424 8.9
7th 394 )-46 446 8.4
4th Jan. 61 -Dec. 61 - 806Z54
8th 41Z 008 475 8. 5
EL SALVADOR. Total coverage began 1July 1956
1st 260035 454 8.5
1st Jul.56-Jul. 57 2nd 173537 ist IZ8 839 562411 6El 158 8.8
3rd IZ6329 469 9.4
Znd Aug. 57-Jul. 58 4th II1726 Znd 20Z728 440783 450 162 g. 3
5th 273 788 493 8.6
3rd Aug.58-dul.59 6th Z70719 544507 5Z7 8.9
7th 265361 573 7.7
4th Aug. 59-Jul. 60 8th 276 050 - 541411 545 7.7
9th 279 481 5Z8 7.6
. 5th Aug. 60-Jun. 61 10th 371 715 651 196 5Z6 8.9
6th a Jul. 61-Dec. 61 llth 377 551 377 551 536 9. |
GUATEMALA. Total coverage began August 1956
ist Aug. 56-Aug. 57 - - Ist 306 306 306306 I17 8.4
Znd Se D. 57-Sep. 58 - - End 331 090 331090 117 8.5
1st 301 3Z9 4Z7 8.8
3rd Oct. 58-Oct. 59 Znd 357 104 - 658433 54Z 7.5
3rd 368 269 541 7. I
4th Nov. 59 -Nov. 60 4th 378 636 746 905 560 " 8. l
5th 386 737 588 7.8
5th Dec. 60-Dec. 61 6th 393 090 - 779 8Z7 557 7.9
None.
CSPl6
/
ZO(Eng.
Page 17
Table 10 (Continued)
SPRAYING OPERATIONS OF MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS AT THE END OF 1961
Houses sprayed lnsect*cld_ used
Yearof Total
number per house Average No,
total Date D.D.T. Dieldrin (grams technlcal) of houses
coverage of spray- sprayed per
Number Number *ngs _nyear sprayman
-Cycle sprayed Cycle sprayed [ D.D.T. Dieldrin day HONDURAS. Total coverage began 15 July 1959
Ist Z36963 406 9.g
Ist Jul.59-Jun. 60 2.nd Z42 059 479022 368 11.4
3rd 254 699 369 1i. 8
Znd Jul. 60-Jun. 61 4th 265 825 5Z0 524 419 I0. 9
3rda dul.61-Dec.61 5th 277941 - 277941 360 Ii.I
MEXICO Total coverage began Z January 1957
1st Z 143023 [ 495 9. 3
1st Jan. 57-Dec. 57 Znd 2298952 1st 678726 I 5120701 417 99 9.9
3rd Z 103 570 40Z 10. 3
Znd Jan. 58-Dec. 58 4th 1 971 557 Znd i 2F7 556 5Z9Z 683 4Z4 1 Ii 10. 5
5th 3 050 95Z 434 I0.8
3rd Jan. 59-Dec. 59 6th 3219340 3rd 29Z 301 6562593 434 I14 10.4
7th 302-7089 413 [ 10.9
4th Jan. 60-Dec. 60 gth 7 869 093 4th ZZ 390 5 918 572 387 93 1 I. 1
9th 1 582 503 356 ] 11. Z
5th Jan. 61-Dec. 61 10th 852 287 - Z 434 790 414 ] 10. 5
NICARAGUA. Total coverage began 10 November 1958
1st Z05 930 401 9. Z
Ist Nov. 58-Dec. 59 2nd Z18 645 - 424 575 325 10. 3
3rd 230478 367 9.4
Znd Jan. 60-Dee. 60 - 469 554
4th 239076 396 8.9
5th 239 375 403 9. 5
3rd Jan. 61-Dec. 61 6th Z49 068 - 498 443b 396 9. I
PANAMA. Total coverage began 19 August 1957
1st Aug. 57-Aug. 58 - 1st 155963 155963 119 6.5
Znd Sep. 58-Aug. 59 - Znd 154 638 154 638 145 6.9
3rd Sep. 59-Aug. 60 3rd 131 270 131 270 - 129 7.3
4th a Sep. 60-Feb. 62 4th a 181 903 181 903 - 140 6.8
PARAGUAY. Total coverage began 30 October 1957
Ist Nov. 57-Oct. 58 [ ist 148 6Z6 148 6Z6 105 10.9
Znd Nov. 58-Oct. 59 [ Znd 161 261 161 Z61 III 14. 3
l
3rd Nov. 59-Oct. 60 [ 3rd 171 086 171 086 119 1i. 7
4th c Nov. 60-Mar. 61} 4th c 56 658 56 658 139 9.2 •
PERU. Total coverage began 17 November 1957 Zg6 764 d
Ist Nov. 57-Oct. 58 1+Znd 70z66e Ist I21666 478696 ... 7.8 Znd Jan. 59-Dec. 59 (f) 271 065 2nd 341 804 612869 424 118 8.4 3rd Jan. 60-Dec. 60 {f) 447 848 3rd 234 643 68Z 491 468 95 8.4 4th Jan. 61-Dec. 61 {f) 534 037 4th 25005 559 042 410 109 7.9
a) Not yet completed, b) 7.469 houses sprayed with malathion not included, c)Program suspended, new program being planned, d) Sprayed twice, e} Sprayed once. f) Owing to different spray cycle timing in different regions,
CSPlS/Z0 (Eng.)
Page 18
Table 10 (Concluded)
SPRAYING OPERATIONS OF MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS AT THE END OF 1961
Houses sprayed Insecticide used
Total per house Average No.
Year of number (grams technical) of houses
total Date D.D.T. Dieldrin of spray- sprayed per
."overage lngs in year spraym
an-Number Number
Cycle Cycle D.D.T. Dieldrin day
sprayed sprayed BRITISH HONDURAS. Total coverage began 4 February 1957
Ist Feb. 57-Jan. 58 - ist 1708Z i7 08Z 84
1st 6419 11873 a 290 8:0
2nd Feb. 58-Dec. 58 gnd I18 Znd 7470 b 25880 416 99 g.2 (c)
" 3rd 17 516 329 7.5
3rd May. 59-Jun. 60 ] 4th 18005 - 35 5ZI 33Z 8.0
5th 18 013 374 8.4
4th Jul. 60-Jun. 61 6th 17 871 35 884 34Z 8.9
5th d Jul. 61-Jan. 6Z 7th 15 236 - - 15 Z36 3Z2 I0.2
DOMIN!CA. Total coverage began 8 June 1959
Ist 2748 Z58 8.1
Ist Jun. 59-May. 60 Znd 2604 5352 Z17 7.7
3rd Z7ZZ ZI9 5.3
2nd Aug. 60-Oct. 61 - 5 762
4th 3040 223 6. 5
3rdd Nov. 61-Feb. 6Z 5thd l550 - l550 Z14 6. 5
GRENADA. Total coverage began 12 February 1957; ended January 1960 JAMAICA. Total coverage began Z January 1958
Ist Jan. 58-Dec. 58 - Ist ZYl 514 I 271 514 60.5 8. 9
i
Znd Jan. 59-Sep. 59 Ist 88 86Z a Znd 181 319 e 270 igl 226 6Z. I 9.9
3rd Oct.59-Sep. 60 2nd 269 ZZ5 510 Z71 Z 13 9.9
3rd Z41046 179 9.5
4th d Oct. 60-Aug. 61 4th5th 1444Z8 231 530 178 9.5
d 87 10Z 178 10. Z
ST. LUCIA. Total coverage began 16 January 1956; ended September 1959 SURINAM Total coverage began 5 May 1958
1st 31 Z99 f 310 53 5.8
ist May. 58-Apr. 59 Znd 40211 ist 7484 78994 318 6.9
3rd 37 563 Z74 8.0
2nd May. 59-Apr. 60 4th 37 445 Znd£ 13 331 88339 ZJ0 59 7.8
5th 36 861 Z63 6.2
3rd May. 60-Jun. 61 6th 16298 3rd 5 565 58724 Zl I 56 6.0
4th Jul. 61-Dec. 61 7th 15 533 4the 1320 16853 Zl I 54 5.7
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Total coverage began ZJanuary 1958
lot Jan. 58-Oct. 58 Ist 117678 117678 - 141 7. l
Znd Jan.59-Dec. 59 ist g 68 Z90 Znd 81 108 149 398 315 IZ6 9.0
gnd 118978 331 Ii. 5
Brd Jan. 60-Dec. 60 3rd 119 155 3rd Z 3ZZ Z40 455 306 143 9.6
4th IZOZ22 320 11.0
4th Jan. 61-Dec. 61 4th 3317 246 621 155
5th IZ3082 Z86 II. I
•.. No information. None.
a) Sprayed once. b) Sprayed twice, c) During January-April 1959 spraying was limited toemergency spraying of Zl0 houses with dleldrln, d) Not yet completed, e)Cycle suspended, f) Houses sprayed with dieldrin are shown for dates corresponding to D.D.T. cycle, though in 1960 the dieldrin year was July-June from January 1961, D,D.T. and dieldrin cycles are synchronized, g)About one third ofthe houses were sprayed twice during the
CSPI6/20 (Engo
Page 19 Table ll
SPRAYING ACHIEVEMENTS OF MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS AT THE END OF 1961
Number of houses not sprayed a
Year of Number of Per cent
total Date Refused of houses
spraylngs Not entry to Closed Total not sprayed coverage
sprayable sprayman
ARGENTINA. Total coverage began 1August 1959
lot I Aug. 59-Jun. 60 146 074 5328 ZZ 1819 7169 4.7
Znd3rd 1 Jul.Aug.60-Jul.61 -Dec.6161 16192075 734 44885 550 6851 Z 6073 005 8 2257 544 4.89.1 • BOLIVIA. Total coverage began I September 1958
lot Sep. 5S-Aug. 59 256 601 IZ 48Z 862 19 094 3Z438 I I. Z
Znd Sep. 59-Aug. 60 291 405 17 039 438 14 32Z 31 799 9.8
3rd Sep. 60-Aug. 61 Z94 IZ5 18 89Z 463 9 38Z 28 737 8.9
4th Sep. 61-Dec. 61 80 375 4419 97 Z 165 6681 7.7
BRAZIL, ZONE IU A. (Sectors of Ceara, Paraiba and Rio Grande do Norte). Total coverage began 31 August 1959
2nd Jul. 60-Jun. 61 506687 16363 23959 51 134 9. Z
3rd Jul. 61-Aug. 61 94 626 2 Z68 9 1I0 3 Z56 14634 13.4
BRAZIL, ZONE 11/B. (Sectors of Sergipe and Alagoas). Total coverage began 22 August 1960
2nd I IJul"61-Aug. 61 60 013 4051 945 1 838 6 834 I0.2 BRAZIL, (SAO PAUL(9 STATE). Total coverage began 4 January 1960
lot Jan. 60-Jan. 61 I 914145 45164 8410 I Z4379 77953 7.9
2nd Feb. 61 -Jan. 6Z I 867 521 39 363 5 848 ] I0 991 56 Z02 6. 1
COLOMBIA. Total coverage began 29 September 1958
Ist Oct.58-Sep. 59 Z 357 6Z7 8Z 822 85 476 57 804 ZZ6 10Z 8.8
gnd Oct. 59-Sep. 60 Z358 989 70 006 28 155 88 588 186 749 7.3
3rd Oct. 60-Sep. 61 Z IZ7 058 46 393 30737 67448 144 578 6.4 4th Oct. 61 -Jan. 62 486 075 7 665 8 440 16 Z44 3Z 349 6. Z COSTA RIGA. Total coverage began 15 July 1957
ist Jul. 57-Aug. 58 IIi 921 0 0 0 0 0.0
2nd Sep.58-Sep.59 IZ3863 0 0 0 0 0.0
3rd Oct. 59-Sep. 60 130 845 0 0 0 0 0.0
4th Oct. 60-Sep. 61 134 519 0 0 0 0 0.0
5th Oct. 61-Feb. 6Z Z7 I04 0 0 0 0 0.0
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Total coverage began 16 June 1958
Zndb
1st I Jun. 58-Jun. 59 395597 7908 [ 1 5706 ] 1"4
J
ul.
59-Feb.
60
236579
16883
6.7
3rd Mar. 60-Feb. 6Z 5Zl 082 16 463 2 780 18 288 37 531 6.7
i
•.. No information.
