Word Formation: Prefix and Sufix
Prefix:
Como o próprio nome diz, PREFIXO vem sempre antes (pré) do “radical”, para a formação da palavra. Será de muita importância o entendimento de cada prefixo, para um bom
entendimento do novo vocábulo.
UN – acrescentado ao início de algumas palavras para formar outras com sentido oposto. EX.: happy – unhappy = infeliz
able – unable = inabilitado know – unknow = desconhecido MISS – indica falta de; ou erro.
EX.: Understand – misunderstand = behave – misbehave =
MULTI –indica que algo consiste de muitas coisas de um determinado tipo: EX.:
National – Multinational = Multinacional Form – Multiform = Multiforma.
DIS - Descreve um processo, qualidade, estado negativo ou oposto: EX.: Connect – Disconnect = desconectar
Ability – Disability = desabilitar Honest – Dishonest = desonesto
MAL – Indica coisas desagradáveis, ruins ou imperfeitas; ações mal sucedidas. EX.: Adjusted – Maladjusted
OVER – Descreve uma qualidade, ação ou algo exagerado, além do esperado: EX.: Dose – Overdose
Populated – Overpopulated
SUFIXO
Vem sempre após o “radical” para a formação da palavra. FUL –é acrescentado a substantivos, e indica “cheio de”.
EX.: Care – Careful = Cuidadoso Color – Colorful = Colorido Power – Powerful = Poderoso Beauty – Beautiful = Bonito WARD –indica “(ir) em uma direção específico.”
EX.: Back – Backwards = para trás Up – Upwards = Para cima To – Towards = Em direção a For – Forwards = Para frente Down – Downward = Para baixo
ER –quando acrescentado a verbos indica quem pratica a ação. Por exemplo:
◦ to write, escrever, deriva writer (escritor) ◦ to run, deriva runner (corredor).
NESS – Indica qualidade, estado ou condição. EX.: Kind – Kindness = Bondade
Sad – Sadness = Tristeza LESS - indica sem; falta de.
EX.: Use – Useless = Inútil
Tooth – Toothless = Desdentado Luck – Luckless = Azarado Care – Careless = Descuidado Home – Homeless = Sem teto
LY –indica a formação de advérbio de modo a partir de um adjetivo. EX.:
◦ Easy – Easily:Facilmente (de modo fácil) ◦ Usual – Usually: Geralmente (de forma geral) ◦ Month – Monthly: Mensalmente (de forma mensal)
ITY – deriva um substantivo a partir do estado ou a qualidade descritos pelo adjetivo. ◦ Adjective: Probable
◦ Noun: Probability EX.:
◦ Real – Reality = Realidade ◦ Able – Ability = Habilidade
◦ National – Nationality = Nacionalidade SHIP – Indica condição, status, arte ou funcionamento (de).
EX:
◦ Leader – Leadership = Liderança ◦ Author – Authorship = Autoria
◦ Champion – Championship = Campeonato ◦ Member – Membership = Sócio
MENT – acrescentado, a alguns verbos, deriva substantivos que se referem a ações, processos ou estados.
EX.:
◦ To move – Movement = Movimento ◦ To develop – Development = Desenv. ◦ To govern – Government = Governo ◦ To invest – Investment = Investimen
HOOD –indica todos os membros de um grupo de natureza específica. EX.:
◦ Man – Manhood = Masculinidade ◦ Neighbor – Neighborhood = Vizinhança
ABLE – Acrescentado aos verbos para derviar adjetivos EX.:
◦ To love – lovable – Adorável ◦ To eat – Eatable = Comestível ◦ To Accept - Acceptable = Aceitável
Simple Future
Forma verbal usada para expressar eventos futuros. O futuro simples em inglês é construído pelo verbo auxiliar will, seguido do verbo principal no infinitivo, sem to.
WILL + verbo
Ex: I will give you the money right now. (Eu te darei o dinheiro agora mesmo). You will be very rich. (Você será muito rico).
Interrogative Form
Para fazer perguntas, basta colocar “will” antes do sujeito.
Ex: Will you ask them to be quiet? (Você pedirá a eles para ficarem quietos?). Negative Form
Para fazer negações, basta colocar “will not” ou “won’t” Ex: I won’t be quiet. (Eu não ficarei quieto).
I will not call the teacher. (Eu não chamarei o professor).
Condicional Clauses - If Clauses – Condicionais
Condicionais
Oração principal = expressa ação
Oração subordinada (condicional) = expressa condição
First Conditional
Indica uma condição real
Simple Present + Simple Future (verbo presente) (will + verbo presente) If he runs, he will catch the bus.
If I have enough money, I will buy candies.
Indica uma condição imaginária (hipotética) Simple Past + Simple Conditional (verbo passado) (would + verbo presente)
If he ran, he would catch the bus.
If I had enough money, I would buy candies.
Third Conditional
Indica uma condição impossível
Past Perfect + Conditional Perfect (had + particípio) (would + have + particípio) If he had run, he would have caught the bus.
If I had had enough money, I would have bought candies. If I had thought better, I wouldn’t have done that. Special Cases
Were é usado em todas as pessoas If I were richer, I would go to Paris. If she were sad, she would cry.
Similar à 2ª Condicional – verbo passado + would + verbo presente Forma subjuntiva – suposições, eventos incertos e conselhos
If I were rich, I would buy a new car. If I were you, I would call her.
Similar à 2ª Condicional – verbo passado + would + verbo presente Forma imperativa – usada para dizer as pessoas o que elas devem fazer
If she arrives, tell her to take shower. If you need help, ask to see the seller.
Similar à 1ª Condicional – verbo presente + verbo presente Unless (a menos que, a não ser que) substitui if ... not
If she does not study, she will get a low mark. Unless she studies, she will get a low mark.
Similar à 1ª Condicional – verbo presente + will + verbo presente Condicionais Alternativas – 1ª, 2ª e 3ª Condicionais
I’ll travel with you as long as we can go by car. Take your coat in case it gets cold.
Text 1: Convergence: technologies are crashing together
As digital products continue to converge, the Web will increasingly become just one component of more complicated products. Many of the difficult decisions that dominate today’s conversation about
Web design will either be settled or be relegated to a position of much less
significance. Furthermore, Web design, as a distinct field of professional practice, will decline in prominence and opportunity.
Along with the Web becoming an integrated and smaller component of complicated digital products, the gap between the interface and application side will continually grow—to the point where the relative “jack-of-all-trades” Web designers of today will become extinct. At one extreme you will have the strategic professionals who will need a broad understanding not just of the Web, but of other products and technologies that are part of complex digital products.
At the other extreme, there will be tactical specialists who will need a deep
complicated solutions but ones that are, nonetheless, only small components of the overall product.
Text 2: Color and E-Commerce
Regardless of how we define commerce, almost every web site is selling something. It may be a one-person business, it may be a site that sells only tanning products or a much larger department store.
Even educational sites would be considered commercial if they must generate income. Here are four success formulas that would help you:
1. Convert images to the correct fi le format. This not would not only deliver the best colors and the best images possible but it would also lower fi le sizes and would shorten the download time.
2. Select the most appropriate colors by analyzing the store’s products or services and the target market. It would be essential for colors to bear some relationship — either symbolic or literal — to the product or service. You wouldn’t want to try to reinvent the color wheel by using unusual colors.
3. Use color to create the most functional user-interface design. For example, use color to direct the eye to the most important areas on the page. The web designer must identify what ideal and normal sequences would entail: what the viewer would see first, where the eye would move next, and how much time the viewer’s attention would be held by each area. Keep colors to minimum. “Signal detection” theory means that the brain is able to understand and organize information when a minimum of colors and shapes exist within the visual field. Too many colors and shapes would make it impossible to focus and find anything.
4. Use color harmony principles to create a pleasant visual experience. In other words, all the colors of the components — the navigation system, banners, buttons, and text — as well as the images of the merchandise (if they exist), must all work well together. You should find some common attribute that would unify them.
In conclusion, consider this: Just as a store is constructed of solid matter, color is the basic building material of two-dimensional images and visual experiences. In the final analysis, color would play a pivotal role in the customer´s critical decision — to buy or not buy.
Activities
1- Localize nos textos acima exemplos de palavras formadas por meio de prefixação ou sufixação. Não se surpreenda se encontrar palavras formadas através de prefixação e sufixação ao mesmo tempo – isto também e possível. Em seguida transcreva aqui.
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2- Com o auxilio de um dicionário, quando você precisar, procure o significado da raiz das palavras listadas acima (e também das que você localizar nos textos desta unidade) e depois deduza o significado da palavra derivada. Ex: development = desenvolvimento __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Identifique o tempo verbal das orações:
Pr = Simple Present Pa = Simple Past F = Simple Future C = Conditional a. ( ) Some years ago, web pages did not have animation.
b. ( ) In a few years, e-commerce will outdo traditional commerce. c. ( ) Are hackers a threat to security on the Web?
d. ( ) How would the correct use of colors improve your web page? e. ( ) She uses search engines to find information quickly on the Web. f. ( ) Most people will have access to the Internet in the next decade. g. ( ) New programming languages will appear soon.
h. ( ) Only a few people had access to the Internet in the 1980´s. i. ( ) What is your favorite web site?
j. ( ) When will you design your first web page?
4. Modifique as seguintes orações, baseadas no texto 1, conforme indicado no modelo. The Web will become just one component of more complicated products. (negative)
The Web won’t become one component of more complicated products.
a. Many decisions will be settled or relegated to a position of much less significance. (interrogative)
_________________________________________________________________________ b) Web design will decline in prominence and opportunity. (negative)
_________________________________________________________________________ c) The gap between the interface and application side will continually grow. (interrogative)
_________________________________________________________________________ d) Web designers of today will become extinct. (negative)
_________________________________________________________________________ e) Will strategic professionals need a broad understanding not just of the Web? (affirmative)
_________________________________________________________________________ f) Tactical specialists will need a deep understanding of well-defined areas of expertise.
(interrogative)
_________________________________________________________________________ g) It will be their job to implement high-level, complicated solutions. (interrogative)
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Aplicando a estratégia de leitura Scanning, leia o texto 2 e liste os principais pontos levantados pelo texto para se elaborar uma pagina eficiente de comercio eletrônico, levando-se em consideração o uso das cores.
_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Modifique as seguintes orações, baseadas no texto acima, conforme indicado no modelo.
Educational sites would be considered commercial. (interrogative) Would educational sites be considered commercial?
a) The correct file format not would deliver the best colors and the best images possible. (interrogative)
__________________________________________________________________________ b) The correct format wouldn´t lower file sizes. (affirmative)
__________________________________________________________________________ c) The correct file format wouldn´t shorten the download time. (interrogative)
__________________________________________________________________________ d) You wouldn´t want to try to reinvent the color wheel. (interrogative)
__________________________________________________________________________ e) What would the viewer see first? (negative)
__________________________________________________________________________ f) Where the eyes would move next. (interrogative)
__________________________________________________________________________ g) Would too many colors make it impossible to focus? (negative)
__________________________________________________________________________ h) Some common attribute would unify them (interrogative)
__________________________________________________________________________ i) Color wouldn´t play a pivotal role in the customer´s decision. (affirmative)
__________________________________________________________________________ 7. Dê respostas curtas afirmativas e negativas.
a) Will you study English tomorrow?
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b) Will you be online next Saturday afternoon?
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c) Will e-commerce grow this year?
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ d) Will web designers need to specialize?
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ e) Will web pages become more sophisticated?
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