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Estudo da influência da forma do esporão no campo de escoamento

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(28)

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(30)

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∂t (ρν) + ∂x (ρνui) = Gν+ 1 σν  ∂xj  (μ + ρν)∂x∂ν i  + Cb2ρ ∂ν ∂xj 2 − Yν+ Sν 

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(32)

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C= 1, 42, C2ε= 1, 68, Cμ= 0, 0845, σk = 0, 7194, σε= 0, 7194,

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ε , β = 0, 012 H ηo= 4, 38

(33)

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Rk= 6; Rω= 2.95; ζ∗= 1.5; Mt0= 0.25; σk= 2.0; σω= 2.0

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(34)

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σk, 1 = 1.176, σω,1= 2.0, σk,2= 1.0, σω,2 = 1.168, a1= 0.31, βi,1= 0.075

βi,2= 0.0828, σ∗

∞= 1, σ∞= 0.52, σ0= 19, β∞∗ = 0.09

Rβ= 8, Rk= 6, Rω= 2.95, ζ∗= 1.5, Mt0= 0.25

(35)

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