Interferência quântica em cavidades de baixa finesse

Lqwhuihuíqfld Txåqwlfd hp Fdylgdghv gh Edl{d Ilqhvvh

Whvh gh

Grxwrudgr

Lqwhuihuíqfld Txåqwlfd hp

Fdylgdghv gh Edl{d Ilqhvvh

Pdufr Dqwrqlr Vdjlrur Ohdo

Rulhqwdgru= Vhedvwlær M1 Q1 gh Sägxd Fr0rulhqwdgru= Iudqnolq P1 Pdwlqdjd

Whvh gh Grxwrudgr dsuhvhqwdgr dr Ghsdu0 wdphqwr gh Iðvlfd gd Xqlyhuvlgdgh Ihghudo gh Plqdv Jhudlv frpr uhtxlvlwr sdufldo sdud rewhqêær gr judx gh Grxwru hp Flíqfldv1

111Ì phokru whqwdu h idokdu/

txh suhrfxsdu0vh h yhu d ylgd sdvvdu1 Ì phokru whqwdu/ dlqgd hp yær/

txh vhqwdu0vh id}hqgr r qdgd dwì r qdo1 Hx suhur qd fkxyd fdplqkdu/

txh hp gldv wulvwhv hp fdvd ph hvfrqghu1 Suhur vhu ihol}/ hperud orxfr/

txh hp frqiruplgdgh ylyhu1

Ghglfdwöuld

Drv phxv sdlv/ Dqjholqd h Päulr +lq phpruldp,/ h ã plqkd pdqd/ Yhulqkd1

Djudghflphqwrv

Dr Suri1 Vhedvwlær gh Sägxd shod rulhqwdêær/ sdflíqfld qrv phxv prphqwrv gh uhehogld h dpl}dgh1 Dsuhqgl pxlwr frp yrfí$

Dr Suri1 Iudqnolq Pdwlqdjd shodv suryhlwrvdv glvfxvvøhv vreuh hihlwrv hp fdylgdghv/ fdylgdghv vhplfrqgxwrudv h dpl}dgh>

Drv phfåqlfrv gd rflqd shorv vhuylêrv suhvwdgrv/ hp hvshfldo/ dr Vu1 Mrær shorv hqvlqdphqwrv wìfqlfrv h sdflíqfld>

Dr Uxehqv Phqh}hv shor ghvhqyroylphqwr gr frqwurodgru hohwu÷qlfr gd fåpdud gh fruurvær h dpl}dgh1 Drv dpljrv Jled h Foöylv shod suhvwdêær grv vhuylêrv wìfqlfrv> Ã dpljd Fulvwlqd gd eleolrwhfd/ Pduoxfh gd vhfuhwduld h d wrgr shvvrdo gd dgplq0

lvwudêdr gr Ghsduwdphqwr shorv vhuylêrv suhvwdgrv ã frqgxêær ghvwh wudedokr> Dr dpljr Vwhskhq Zdoeruq shorv surjudpdv grv prwruhv gh sdvvr h judqgh dmxgd

qd frqwuxêær grv surjudpdv grv frqwdgruhv VU733 h VU953>

Drv dpljrv gr oderudwöulr/ Fdlr/ Oìr/ Rodyr/ Jxvwdyr h Lydq shod sdflíqfld/ frq0 ylyíqfld h dsuhqgl}dgr>

Drv dpljrv/ Doh{dqguh/ Zdoorq/ Fulvwldqr Idqwlql/ Dqghuvrq/ Pdnkd/ Mrujh Wlfrqd/ Päuflr/ Jxlokhuph Rvzdogr111 sdud flwdu dojxqv/ hqwuh wdqwrv rxwurv/ shod frqylyíq0 fld h dsuhqgl}dgr>

Dr Lydq/ r pdlv frwlgldqr grv dpljrv/ shorv lqýphurv fkäv h fdiìv1 Rv doprêrv qd Idfxogdgh gh Ohwudv dfrpsdqkdgr gh xpd erd frqyhuvd/ hp jhudo/ vreuh orvrdv gr gld0d0gld1

Dr dpljr Fì}du Zhowhu/ shodv erdv frqyhuvdv qrv fruuhgruhv h edqghlmær/ shorv fdih}lqkrv h/ fodur/ shodv yrowdv qd odjrd>

Drv phxv judqghv dpljrv gh Mxl} gh Irud/ Fkltxlqkr/ Doh{dqguh/ Qdqgr h Hphu0 vrq/ shodv krudv gh od}hu ^dv idprvdv lgdv dr Fxowxudo/ lgdv dr wlr wrqlqkr +Drv shughgruhv= dv edwdwdv$ uvuv, h sru dð ydl111` txh ph dmxgdudp d dolyldu dv whqvøhv h suhrfxsdêøhv gxudqwh hvwh fxuvr>

à Qd}duì Edqghlud sru vhu frpsdqkhlud h shor vhx dpru1

à plqkd Pæh h Lupæ shod sdflíqfld h ghglfdêær qrv prphqwrv gliðfhlv ghvwhv txdwur dqrv> drv phxv dyöv pdwhuqrv txh vhpsuh dfuhglwdudp hp plp1 Reuljdgr shor dpru gh yrfív$

à Vud1 Pduld Mrvì h vxd idpðold txh ph dgrwdudp frpr phpeur gd idpðold1 Reul0 jdgr shor fdulqkr h fxlgdgr>

D wrgrv rv phxv surihvvruhv/ gdv wldv gr sulpäulr dwì r ýowlpr rulhqwdgru qd dfdghpld/ txh frqwulexludp sdud hx fkhjdu dwì dtxl1 D hohv/ r phx pxlwr reuljdgr$ Dr dpljrv gr SXU shorv prphqwrv gh hvslulwxdolgdgh h dpl}dgh>

Drv phxv lqvwuxwruhv gr VHQDL +FIS09/ Shwuösrolv,/ Vu1 Mrvì Ihuuhlud h Vu1 Äoydur/ sru whuhp ghvshuwdgr hp plp r jrvwr shod iðvlfd1 Whqkr vdxgdghv gh yrfív$ Dr VHEUDH shod dmxgd qdqfhlud qr ghvhqyroylphqwr gd fåpdud gh fruurvær> Dr FQSt1/ Surqh{0Vhplfrqgxwruhv h Ploíqlr0Lqirupdêær Txåqwlfd shor dsrlr 0

qdqfhlur> D Ghxv1

Uhvxpr

Hvwxgdprv rv sdguøhv gh lqwhuihuíqfld rewlgrv h{shulphqwdophqwh hp hohwurglqåplfd txåqwlfd gh fdylgdghv gh edl{d qhvvh dolphqwdgdv sru xp fdpsr qær foävvlfr jhudgr qr surfhvvr hvsrqwåqhr gh frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd ghvfhqghqwh1 Lqlfldophqwh/ lqyhvwljdprv dv lqwhuihuíqfldv jhudgdv sru xp lqwhuihu÷phwur gh Krqj/ Rx h Pdqgho prglfdgr sru xpd fdylgdgh gh Ideu|0Shurw/ frorfdgd hp xp grv vhxv eudêrv1 Qr uhjlph hp txh r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh u ì pdlru txh r frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld gr sdfrwh gh xp grv iöwrqv gr sdu ,SJ/ hihlwrv gh frdohvfíqfld h dqwlfrdohvfíqfld vær revhuydgrv1

Prvwudprv txh d yduldêær qr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh srgh wudqvirupdu slfr hp ydoh gh lqwhuihuíqfld h ylfh0yhuvd/ hperud ,SJ u1 R hvwdgr gh prphqwr grv sduhv gh

iöwrqv/ qdv sruwdv gh vdðgd gr glylvru gh ihl{hv/ srgh vhu frqwurodgr shod pxgdqêd qr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh1

Devwudfw

Zh vwxg| h{shulphqwdoo| wkh sdwwhuq ri lqwhuihuhqfh wkdw dulvhv lq hpsw| fdylwlhv txdqwxp hohwurg|qdplfv ri orz qhvvh1 Lq doo h{shulphqw/ zh kdyh ehhq xvlqj wkh qrq fodvvlfdo uhvrxufhv ri skrwrq sdluv surgxfhg e| vsrqwdqhrxv sdudphwulf grzq frqyhuvlrq1 Lq wkh uvw zrun/ zh uhsruwhg rq dq lqwhuihuhqfh ri skrwrqv lq wkh Krqj0Rx0Pdqgho lqwhu0 ihurphwhu lq zklfk rqh skrwrq ri wkh sdlu sdvvhv wkurxjk d v|pphwulf fdylw|1 Lq wkh uhjlph/ zkhuh wkh fdylw| ohqjwk lv odujhu wkdq wkh rqh0skrwrq frkhuhqfh ohqjwk/ skrwrq frdohvfhqfh dqg skrwrq dqwl0frdohvfhqfh duh revhuyhg1 Zh kdyh vkrzq wkdw e| fkdqjlqj wkh fdylw| ohqjwk/ d frlqflghqfh shdn fdq eh wudqviruphg lq d gls dqg ylfh0yhuvd/ hyhq wkrxjk wkh frkhuhqfh ohqjwk ri wkh skrwrq zdyhsdfnhw lv vpdoohu wkdq wkh fdylw| ohqjwk1 Frdohvfhqfh dqg dqwlfrdohvfhqfh ri wkh skrwrq sdluv wkdw h{lwv dw wkh ehdp0vsolwwhu fdq eh frqwuroohg e| fkdqjlqj wkh ohqjwk ri wkh fdylw|1

Lq wkh vhfrqg zrun/ zh uhsruw d qrq0fodvvlfdo uhvxow rewdlqhg h{shulhphqwdoo| iurp d wzr0skrwrq lqwhuihurphwhu frqvwlwxwhg e| d fdylw|1 Zh frpsduh wkh fodvvlfdo wzr0sxovhv frlqflghqfhv rewdlqhg wkhruhwlfdoo| dqg lwv fruuhvsrqghqw wzr0skrwrq frlqflghqfhv re0 wdlqhg h{shulphqwdoo|1 Qrq0fodvvlfdo lqwhuihuhqfh dulvhv iurp wkh iuhtxhqf| hqwdqjohg wzr0skrwrq vwdwh jhqhudwhg lq wkh vsrqwdqhrxv grzq0frqyhuvlrq surfhvv1 Fodvvlfdo fr0 lqflghqfhv fdofxodwlrq suhglfwv d frqvwdqw frlqflghqfh udwh lqghshqghqw ri wkh fdylw|1 Pruhryhu/ xqghu uhvrqdqfh frqglwlrq ehwzhhp wkh uhvrqdwru dqg wkh vljqdo0lgohu skrwrq fhqwudo iuhtxhqf|/ wkh fdqfhoodwlrq ri wkh glvshuvlyh0olnh hhfw lv rewdlqhg lq wkh txdqwxp dqg fodvvlfdo fdvhv1

Ðqglfh

Fdsðwxor 4 Dsuhvhqwdêær 34

Fdsðwxor 5 Hohphqwrv gh Öswlfd Txåqwlfd

514 Frqyhuvær Sdudpìwulfd Ghvfhqghqwh 39

51414 Lqwurgxêær 39

51415 Öswlfd Olqhdu hp Fulvwdlv Dqlvrwuöslfrv 3;

51416 Fdvdphqwr gh Idvh hp Fulvwdlv Eluuhiulqjhqwhv 44

51417 Frqglêær gh Fdvdphqwr gh Idvh 47

515 Lqwhuihurphwuld gh Dowd Uhvroxêær 4:

516 Fäofxor gd Wd{d gh Frlqflgíqfldv 4;

517 Duudqmr H{shulphqwdo gr Lqwhuihu÷phwur gh Krqj0Rx0Pdqgho 55 Fdsðwxor 6 Frdohvfíqfld h Dqwlfrdohvfíqfld hp Lqwhuihurphwuld Txåqwlfd frp Fdylgdgh

614 Dsuhvhqwdêær 57

614 Fdylgdgh gh Ideu|0Shurw 58

616 Fäofxor gd Ixqêær gh Fruuhodêær 5:

617 Uhvxowdgrv H{shulphqwdlv h Glvfxvvær 64

618 Lqwhuihuíqfld h Lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh 69

Fdsðwxor 7 Hihlwrv gh Glvshuvær h Lqwhuihuíqfld hp Fdylgdghv Öswlfdv

714 Lqwurgxêær 77

715 D Fdylgdgh frpr Hohphqwr Glvshuvlyr 79

716 Frlqflgíqfldv gh Sxovrv Foävvlfrv 7:

717 Frlqflgíqfldv gh Iöwrqv Hpdudqkdgrv 85

718 Glvfxvvær 89

719 Duudqmr H{shulphqwdo h Dolqkdphqwr 93

Fdsðwxor 8 Frqvlghudêøhv Ilqdlv

814 Frqfoxvøhv h Shuvshfwlydv 98

815 Sxeolfdêøhv 9;

Dsíqglfh Vlvwhpd Dxwrpäwlfr sdud Hwfklqj Vhohwlyr hp Hvwuxwxudv gh ,C@Q!r*C@r

314 Lqwurgxêær 9<

315 Suhsdur gd Dprvwud h Vroxêær :3

316 Ghvfulêær gr Vlvwhpd gh Hwfklqj :4

317 Dojxpdv Dsolfdêøhv :7

31714 Ilophv gh DoJdDv :7

31715 Plfurfdylgdghv Vhplfrqgxwrudv :8

318 Frqfoxvær :9

Fdsðwxor 4

Dsuhvhqwdêær

R srqwr lpsruwdqwh qxpd flíqfld qær ì r frpsolfdgr iru0 pdolvpr pdwhpäwlfr/ qhp d h{shulphqwdêær ulwxdoðvwlfd1 Dr frqwuäulr/ r frudêær gd flíqfld ì xpd hvsìflh gh krqhvwlgdgh ylyd} txh dgyìp gh vh txhuhu uhdophqwh vdehu txh gldfkr hvwä dfrqwhfhqgr$%

+Vdxo0Sdxo Vludj,

Qhvwh wudedokr/ lqyhvwljdprv d iðvlfd grv sdguøhv gh lqwhuihuíqfld jhudgrv sru xpd fdylgdgh gr wlsr Ideu|0Shurw txdqgr dolphqwdgd sru xpd irqwh gh ox} qær foävvlfd sur0 gx}lgd qr surfhvvr gh frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd ghvfhqghqwh hvsrqwåqhd +FSG,/ xpd gdv pdlv lpsruwdqwhv irqwhv xwlol}dgd qrv hvwxgrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld txåqwlfd1 D FSG irl sur0 srvwd whrulfdphqwh sru No|vknr hp 4<9< ^4` h ghprqvwudgd sru Exuqkdp h Zhlqehuj hp 4<:3 ^5`1 Qr surfhvvr gh FSG/ xp iöwrq gh dowd hqhujld lqwhudjh gh pdqhlud qær uhvvrqdqwh frp xp phlr qær olqhdu h ìfrqyhuwlgr/ hvsrqwdqhdphqwh/ hp grlv iöwrqv fru0 uhodflrqdgrv hp iuhtxíqfld h prphqwr1 Dv iuhtxíqfldv h rv prphqwd grv sduhv gh iöwrqv frqyhuwlgrv +iuhtxhqwhphqwh fkdpdgrv vljqdo h lgohu, rehghfhp ãv ohlv gh frqvhuydêær gh prphqwr h hqhujld1 D jhudêær ghvwh fdpsr qær foävvlfr ìghwdokdgd qd vhêær +514,1 D fdylgdgh ìvlpìwulfd h irupdgd sru hvshokrv glhoìwulfrv sodqrv vhsdudgrv sru xpd glvwåq0 fld K1 Rv grlv wudedokrv h{shulphqwdlv dsuhvhqwdgrv qhvwd reud irudp ihlwrv hp uhjlphv glvwlqwrv= qr sulphlur/ r frpsulphqwr K ìpdlru txh r frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld gr

sdfrwh gh rqgd gh xp grv iöwrqv gr sdu ,SJ> r vhjxqgr/ qxp uhjlph gh plfurfdylgdgh/

whprv u ,SJ1

^80<`1 D qrvvd frqwulexlêær d hvwh dvvxqwr ì dsuhvhqwdgd qr fdsðwxor 61 Xwlol}dprv xpd yhuvær prglfdgd gr lqwhuihu÷phwur gh KRP/ rqgh xpd fdylgdgh gh Ideu|0Shurw irl frorfdgd qr eudêr lgohu gr lqwhuihu÷phwur1 Txdqgr r frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld gr iöwrq ì vxflhqwhphqwh shtxhqr hp uhodêær dr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh/ xp judqgh qýphur gh fdplqkrv gh Ih|qpdq srghp vhu frqvwuxðgrv ghylgr ã lpsrvvlelolgdgh gh vh glvwlqjxlu surfhvvrv gh ghwhfêær jhudgrv sru xp dwudvr hvshfðfr qd sursdjdêær gr iöwrq qr eudêr vljqdo gr lqwhuihu÷phwur h dojxqv srvvðyhlv whpsrv gh wuåqvlwr gr vhx jíphr qr lqwhulru gd fdylgdgh1 Dvvlp/ xp sdguær gh lqwhuihuíqfld ì revhuydgr gh prgr txh slfrv rx ydohv gh lqwhuihuíqfld vxujhp hp pxowlsorv lqwhlurv gr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh ^43`1 Rv ydohv gh frlqflgíqfldv hvwær dvvrfldgrv d hihlwrv gh frdohvfíqfld h rv slfrv ã dqwlfrdohvfíqfld grv sduhv gh iöwrqv qd vdðgd gr glylvru gh ihl{hv/ hperud d glvwåqfld uhodwlyd hqwuh rv iöwrqv vljqdo0lgohu vhmd pdlru txh r frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld gh fdgd iöwrq gr sdu1 Hqwhqgh0vh sru frdohvfíqfld/ sduhv gh iöwrqv vdlqgr shod phvpd sruwd gh xp glylvru gh ihl{hv> qd dqwlfrdohvfíqfld/ fdgd iöwrq gr sdu vdl qhfhvvduldphqwh sru sruwdv glvwlqwdv gr glylvru1 Ghprqvwudprv txh srghprv frqwurodu rv hihlwrv gh frdohvfíqfld h dqwlfrdohvfíqfld grv sduhv/ qdv sruwdv gh vdðgd gr glylvru/ uhdol}dqgr xpd qd yduldêær qr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh/ pdqwhqgr0vh {d d glihuhqêd gh frpsulphqwr hqwuh rv eudêrv gr lqwhuihu÷phwur1 D shulrglflgdgh hqwuh rv slfrv h ydohv gh lqwhuihuíqfld ghshqgh gd ud}ær hqwuh d glihu0 hqêd gh frpsulphqwr hqwuh rv eudêrv gr lqwhuihu÷phwur h r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh1 Uhfhqwhphqwh/ r hvwxgr gd pxgdqêd qd fruuhodêær hp txduwd rughp/ ghylgr d xpd fdyl0 gdgh wlsr Ideu|0Shurw/ whp ghvshuwdgr lqwhuhvvh wdqwr whöulfr ^44` txdqwr h{shulphqwdo ^45`1 Frpr h{hpsor/ r frqfhlwr gh prgh orfnlqj/ xvdgr qd surgxêær gh sxovrv fxuwrv hp odvhuv/ whp vlgr dsolfdgr/ gh irupd vlplodu/ hp rvflodgruhv sdudpìwulfrv öswlfrv txh rshudp dedl{r gr olpldu gh rshudêær sdud surgx}lu hvwdgr gh grlv0iöwrq prgh orfnlqj ^46/ 47/ 48`1 Hihlwrv gh frdohvfíqfld h dqwlfrdohvfíqfld wíp vlgr lpsohphqwdgrv sdud d frqvwuxêær gh sruwdv txåqwlfdv ^49` h vxjhulgr hp rxwudv lpsohphqwdêøhv ghvwdv sruwdv yld lqwhuihurphwuld frp fdylgdghv ^4:`1

Fodvvlfdphqwh/ grlv sxovrv gh ox} sursdjdqgr dwudyìv gh grlv phlrv glvshuvlyrv glihu0

hqwhv vriuhuær hihlwrv gh glvshuvær h d wd{d gh frlqflgíqfld hqwuh rv grlv sxovrv vhuä dowhudgd1 Qr hqwdqwr/ txdqgr sduhv gh iöwrqv hpdudqkdgrv surgx}lgrv shod frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd ghvfhqghqwh vær frqvlghudgrv/ Iudqvrq ^4;`ghprqvwurx txh hihlwrv glvshu0 vlyrv h{shulphqwdgrv sru xp grv iöwrqv srgh fdqfhodu h{dwdphqwh r hihlwr gr rxwur gh wdo pdqhlud txh d wd{d gh frlqflgíqfldv vh pdqwìp lqdowhudgd1 Qrvvr lqwhuhvvh qhvwhv hihlwrv hvwä qd yhulfdêær h{shulphqwdo grv uhvxowdgrv whöulfrv dsuhvhqwdgrv sru Djduzdo h Jxswd ^4<`1 Hohv h{dplqdudp dv pxgdqêdv qd fruuhodêær grv iöwrqv/ txdqgr rv ihl{hv vljqdo h lgohu sdvvdp dwudyìv gh xpd fdylgdgh gh Ideu|0Shurw/ txh dwxd frpr hohphqwr glvshuvru1 D qdwxuh}d txåqwlfd gd dqwlfruuhodêær hp iuhtxíqfld hqwuh rv iöwrqv vljqdo h lgohu ohyd dr fdqfhodphqwr gr hihlwr wlsr0glvshuvlyr/ lqwurgx}lgr shod fdylgdgh/ txdqgr d iuhtxíqfld fhqwudo grv uhvshfwlyrv sdfrwhv vljqdo h lgohu frlqflghp frp d iuhtxíqfld gh uhvvrqåqfld gd fdylgdgh1 Doìp glvvr/ hvwh hihlwr rfruuh qd frqglêær gh lqwhuihu÷phwur edodqfhdgr/ lvwr ì/ txdqgr rv eudêrv gr lqwhuihu÷phwur wíp r phvpr frpsulphqwr1 Hqwuh0 wdqwr/ vre dv phvpdv frqglêøhv/ prvwudprv txh r prghor foävvlfr fruuhvsrqghqwh lqglfd txh r hihlwr gh fdqfhodphqwr gd glvshuvær ì wdpeìp xp hihlwr foävvlfr1 Vre d phvpd frqjxudêær h{shulphqwdo/ xp hihlwr gh lqwhuihuíqfld vxujh ghylgr ã dqwlfruuhodêær gr fdpsr gh grlv iöwrqv dvvrfldgr ã sursulhgdgh gh owudjhp hvshfwudo gd fdylgdgh ghqwur gr lqwhuihu÷phwur ghvedodqfhdgr1 Frqvwuxðprv xp prghor whöulfr pdlv dpsor txh dtxh0 oh dsuhvhqwdgr sru Djduzdo sdud ohydu hp frqwd rv hihlwrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld txåqwlfd h prvwudu gh prgr pdlv lqwxlwlyr r srutxí gr hihlwr gh fdqfhodphqwr wlsr0glvshuvlyr1 R hvwxgr eävlfr gr fdqfhodphqwr gd glvshuvær edvhdgr hp fdpsr öswlfr gh iruwh fruuhodêær whp lqwhuhvvh suäwlfr hp lqirupdêær txåqwlfd/ wdlv frpr frpxqlfdêær txåqwlfd ^53/ 54` h vlqfurqlvpr gh uhoöjlrv ^55`/ ylvwr txh r dfýpxor gh hihlwrv gh glvshuvær dr orqjr gdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvær öswlfd fdxvd sureohpdv gh frpxqlfdêær1

h dqwlfrdohvfíqfld hp hohwurglqåplfd gh fdylgdgh yld lqwhuihurphwuld txåqwlfd1 Qr fdsð0 wxor 7/ dsuhvhqwdprv d whruld h r h{shulphqwr txh ghprqvwudp rv hihlwrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld h fdqfhodphqwr wlsr0glvshuvlyr hp fdylgdghv gh Ideu|0Shurw1

Whprv lqwhuhvvh qd lqyhvwljdêær gd lqwhudêær gh iöwrqv hpdudqkdgrv frp xp phlr devruyhgru qr lqwhulru gh plfurfdylgdghv vhplfrqgxwrudv gh ,C@Q!r*C@r fuhvflgdv

hp vxevwudwr gh C@r ^56`1 Sdud d h{shulíqfld sursrvwd dflpd/ r fdpsr gh udgldêær txh lqwhudjh frp dv plfurfdylgdghv ghyh vhu wudqvplwlgr dwudyìv ghod1 Lvwr qrv reuljd d whuprv dprvwudv gh plfurfdylgdghv vhplfrqgxwrudv txh qær whqkdp r vxevwudwr hp vxd hvwuxwxud/ ylvwr txh hoh devruyh d udgldêær frp r frpsulphqwr gh rqgd grv iöwrqv gh lqwhuhvvh jhudgrv qd frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd1 Sdud wdqwr/ xwlol}dprv xpd wìfqlfd gh fruurvær txðplfd sdud d uhwludgd gr vxevwudwr ^57/ 58`1 Surmhwdprv h frqvwuxðprv xpd fåpdud gh fruurvær frp frqwuroh rswr0hohwu÷qlfr txh uhwlud vhohwlydphqwh r vxevwudwr gd dprvwud vhp gdqlfdu d plfurfdylgdgh ^59`1 D wìfqlfd gh fruurvær sdud r suhsdur gdv plfurfdylgdghv ì dsuhvhqwdgd qr dsíqglfh gr qdo ghvwh wudedokr1

Fdsðwxor 5

Hohphqwrv gh Öswlfd Txåqwlfd

514 Frqyhuvær Sdudpìwulfd Ghvfhqghqwh

51414 Lqwurgxêær

Frqvlghuh xp odvhu gh dowd iuhtxíqfld / lqflglqgr hp xp fulvwdo qær olqhdu wdo txh d

uhvsrvwd gr fdpsr qr lqwhulru gr glhoìwulfr vhmd sursruflrqdo ã vxvfhswlelolgdgh hoìwulfd gh vhjxqgd rughp gr phlr 2 _{^Ilj1+514,`1 Rihl{h odvhu ì/ hp jhudo/ fkdpdgr gh ihl{h}

gh erpehdphqwr +sxps,1 D frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd ghvfhqghqwh +FSG, ì r surfhvvr hp txh xp iöwrq gh hqhujld {/ lqflghqwh qr fulvwdo ì frqyhuwlgr gh irupd qær uhvvrqdqwh

hp rxwurv grlv iöwrqv gh hqhujldv {/ h {/2/ iuhtxhqwhphqwh fkdpdgrv vljqdo h lgohu1 R

surfhvvr frqvhuyd hqhujld/

{/ ' {/n {/2c +514,

h prphqwr/

' n 2 +515,

χ 1

2

( 2 )

3

1

k

C

k

C r i s t a l

k

Iljxud 504= Jhrphwuld gr surfhvvr gh frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd ghvfhqghqwh gh xp fulvwdo xql0 d{ldo1 R hl{r0F lqglfd r hl{r öswlfr gr fulvwdo1

R hvshfwur gd ox} jhudgd qr surfhvvr gh oxplqhvfíqfld sdudpìwulfd +rxwur qrph gd0 gr d FSG, vh dsuhvhqwd frpr xpd frqyhqlhqwh irqwh gh ox} qær foävvlfd/ hpdudqkdgd hp hqhujld h prphqwr ^5:`1 Gxudqwh d ýowlpd gìfdgd/ hvwd irqwh whp vh prvwudgr ýwlo qd ghprqvwudêær gh dvshfwrv qær foävvlfrv gd phfåqlfd txåqwlfd ^5;/ 5<`/ dsolfdêær hp fulswrjudd ^63`/ phwurorjld ^64` h whfqrorjldv gh lqirupdêær txåqwlfd ^65`1 R prghor iðvlfr sdud r hqwhqglphqwr gd FSG qær srgh vhu frpsohwdphqwh hqwhqglgr sru phlr gd hohwurglqåplfd foävvlfd1 Frpr h{hpsor/ d whruld rqgxodwöuld foävvlfd qær srgh ghvfuhyhu r surfhvvr hvsrqwåqhr qd jhudêær grv ihl{hv vljqdo h lgohu/ lvwr ì/ r idwr gd lqwhudêær grv fdpsrv hqyroylgrv whuhp ydoruhv lqlfldlv ljxdlv d }hur 1 Qr hqwdqwr/ prvwud0vh txh xp prghor txåqwlfr txh ghvfuhyd r dfrsodphqwr hqwuh rv fdpsrv sxps/ vljqdo h lgohu/ phgl0 dgr sru xp phlr qær olqhdu/ ghvfuhyh r surfhvvr gh oxplqhvfíqfld sdudpìwulfd hvsrqwåqhd ^66`1 Qær glvfxwluhprv r prghor gh lqwhudêær hqwuh rv fdpsrv hqyroylgrv qd FSG txh ì ghwdokdgr hp ^66` h uhglvfxwlgr hp ^67/ 68/ 69`1 Qrv uhvwulqjluhprv vrphqwh d uhvxo0 wdgrv gh lqwhuhvvh/ frpr dv frqglêøhv +514, h +515,1 Hodv irupdp frqglêøhv qhfhvväuldv sdud d jhudêær gd oxplqhvfíqfld sdudpìwulfd hp fulvwdlv/ pdv qær frqglêøhv vxflhqwhv1 Hp jhudo/ r fulvwdo suhflvd uhxqlu dojxpdv sursulhgdghv öswlfdv sdud txh d frqglêær gh

fdvdphqwr gh idvh +515, vhmd dwhqglgd1 Dvvlp/ ydprv ghglfdu dv suö{lpdv vhêøhv ã öswlfd gh fulvwdlv h ã frqglêær gh fdvdphqwr gh idvh1

51415 Öswlfd Olqhdu hp Fulvwdlv Dqlvrwuöslfrv

Txdqgr xpd rqgd hohwurpdjqìwlfd vh sursdjd sru xp phlr dqlvrwuöslfr/ irupdp0vh glsr0 orv gh ruljhp hohwu÷qlfd rx prohfxodu/ fxmdv gluhêøhv/ hp jhudo/ vær glihuhqwhv gr fdpsr hoìwulfr gd rqgd qr phlr1 Vh rv glsrorv qær vær sdudohorv dr fdpsr dsolfdgr ,/ hqwær d srodul}dêær h r yhwru ghvorfdphqwr # qær vær sdudohorv dr fdpsr ,1 D vxvfhswlelol0 gdgh hoìwulfd / txh jryhuqd d uhvsrvwd hohwurpdjqìwlfd gr phlr/ ì uhsuhvhqwdgd sru xp whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp1 Dv frpsrqhqwhv gd srodul}dêær vær gdgdv sru ' 0B./

vhqgr r whqvru gh vxvfhswlelolgdgh1 R whqvru glhoìwulfr srgh vhu hvfulwr hp whuprv

gr yhwru ghvorfdphqwr/ fxmdv frpsrqhqwhv vær gdgdv sru ( ' 0BE n . ' "./

rqgh r whqvru vxvfhswlelolgdgh irl vxevwlwxlgr shor whqvru shuplvvlylgdgh glhoìwulfd "

txh sdvvduä d uhsuhvhqwdu dv fdudfwhuðvwlfdv öswlfdv gr phlr1 R whqvru " ì vlpìwulfr/ gh

prgr txh dv sursulhgdghv glhoìwulfdv gr fulvwdo hvwær fdudfwhul}dgdv sru vhlv txdqwlgdghv lqghshqghqwhv gh xpd pdwul} {1 Rv ydoruhv grv hohphqwrv " ghshqghp gd hvfrokd gr

vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv dgrwdgr hp uhodêær ã hvwuxwxud gr fulvwdo1 Ì srvvðyho hqfrqwudu xp vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv qr fulvwdo wdo txh r whqvru glhoìwulfr vhmd gldjrqdo/ gh prgr txh dv frpsrqhqwhv gr yhwru # vh uhgx}dp ã ( ' "./ rqgh " ' " + ' %c +c 5,1

Dv frrughqdgdv +%c +c 5 ghqhp rv hl{rv h sodqrv sulqflsdlv gr fulvwdo1 Rv ðqglfhv gh uhiudêær sulqflsdlv dr orqjr ghvwhv hl{rv vær ghqlgrv frpr ? ' E_""_BQ* / rqgh ' %c +c 51

Sdud fulvwdlv qær pdjqìwlfrv/ d ghqvlgdgh gh hqhujld dupd}hqdgd qr fdpsr hoìwulfr ì gdgr sru L ' Q_{,#1 Hp uhodêær drv hl{rv sulqflsdlv/ d vxshuiðflh gh hqhujld frqvwdqwh}

qr hvsdêr0G ì gdgd sru

(%

"% n

(₊ "+ n

(5

Ghqlqgr D ' *I2L"f h frqvlghudqgr +516,/ rewhprv d vxshuiðflh

%2

?2

n

+2

?2

+ n

52

?2

5 ' c +517,

frqkhflgd frpr lqglfdwul} öswlfd1 Hvwd htxdêær qrv shuplwh ghwhuplqdu sursulhgdghv öswlfdv gr fulvwdosru xpd frqvwuxêær jhrpìwulfd1 Ydprv qrv uhvwulqjlu ã fdwhjruld gh fulvwdlv xqld{ldlv/ hpsuhjdgr qd jhudêær gd FSG hp qrvvrv h{shulphqwrv1 Sdud hvwh fdvr/ ?% ' ?+ ' ?J h ?5 ' ?e1 D vxshuiðflh +517, sdvvd d whu vlphwuld floðqgulfd hp

wruqr gr hl{r0} ghqlqgr d gluhêær gr yhwru gh rqgd ghqwur gr fulvwdo1 R yhwru irupd xp åqjxor w frp r hl{r öswlfr 5/ frpr prvwud d Ilj1+515,1 R sodqr txh frqwìp r hl{r 5 h r yhwru ì fkdpdgr sodqr sulqflsdo k1 D vxshuiðflh qrupdod / olplwdgd shod vxshuiðflh gr holsvölgh/ irupd xpd holsvh gh vhpl0hl{rv ? h ?21 Sdud fulvwdlv xqld{ldlv/

r vhpl0hl{r ? vh hqfrqwud qr sodqr0{| h whp ydoru ? ' ?J/ txh lqghshqgh gh w1 Sru

rxwur odgr/ r ydoru gh ?2 ghshqgh gd rulhqwdêær hqwuh h !/ sruwdqwr ?2 ' ?eEw1 R ihl{h

gh ox} gh srodul}dêær ruwrjrqdo dr sodqr sulqflsdo k ì fkdpdgr ihl{h ruglqäulr> r fdpsr sdudohor dr sodqr k/ ihl{h h{wudruglqäulr1 Hp hvshfldo/ rv ðqglfhv gh uhiudêær qdv gluhêøhv ruwrjrqdo h sdudohod dr sodqr k vær ?eEZ*2 ' ?J h ?eEf ' ?e ^yhu Ht1+518`1 D glihuhqêd

{? ' ?J ?e fdudfwhul}d d eluuhiulqjíqfld qr fulvwdo1 Sdud fulvwdlv frp eluuhiulqjíqfld

qhjdwlyd/ ?J : ?e +h{1 EER/ OlLR,> hp fulvwdlv srvlwlyrv/ ?J ?e1 Hp jhudo/ srghprv

ghfrpsru ?eEw qdv frpsrqhqwhv sdudohod h shushqglfxodu dr hl{r öswlfr h uhhvfuhyhu

+517, frpr

ULt2_w

?2

J n

t?2_w

?2

e '

 ?2

eEw +518,

Sruwdqwr/ r ðqglfh gh uhiudêær ghshqgh gd gluhêær gh sursdjdêær gd rqgd1 Txdqgr w ' f/ r yhwru hvwä dr orqjr gr hl{r öswlfr h d eluuhiulqjíqfld ghvdsduhfh1 Dpedv srodul}dêøhv h{shulphqwdp r phvpr ydoru ?J1 R pögxor gd eluuhiulqjíqfld {? dxphqwd

d sduwlu gh w ' f h dwlqjh xp pä{lpr hp w ' bff_{1 Dv rqgdv ruglqäuldv h h{wudruglqäuldv}

vh sursdjdp dr orqjr gr phlr frp ðqglfhv ?J h ?eEw/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Rv ðqglfhv gh

x

y

z

D

n

n 1

k

S

E

2

2

D

1

1

1 1

Iljxud 505= Lqglfdwul} öswlfd sdud xp fulvwdo xqld{ldo qhjdwlyr +qJ)qe,1 Rv vhpl0hl{rv qQ h q vær ðqglfhv gh uhiudêær sdud rv grlv prgrv qrupdlv #Q h # 1 Rv yhwruhv,Q/ #Q/!Q h 5Q/ txh fdudfwhul}dp r prgr04/ vær r fdpsr hoìwulfr/ r yhwru ghvorfdphqwr/ d gluhêær gr yhwru gh rqgd h d gluhêær gr yhwru gh Sr|qwlqj/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ qr lqwhulru gr fulvwdo1 Hvwhv yhwruhv vær frsodqduhv1 R åqjxorw gä d gluhêær gr yhwru gh rqgd hp uhodêær dr hl{r öswlfr5 gr fulvwdo1

uhiudêær vær fdudfwhuðvwlfrv gr pdwhuldo txh frpsøhp r fulvwdo1 Frpr/ hp jhudo/ rv fulvwdlv vær glvshuvlyrv/ rv ðqglfhv wdpeìp ghshqghp gd iuhtxíqfld gr fdpsr txh vh sursdjd dr orqjr ghoh1 Xvxdophqwh/ rv ðqglfhv ?JE/ h ?eE/c w vær uhsuhvhqwdgrv shod

htxdêær gh Vhoophlhu hvfulwd qd irupd ^55/ 6:`

? Eb ' n

n b n (b c +519,

rqgh rv frhflhqwhv c c h ( vær ghwhuplqdgrv h{shulphqwdophqwh1 Frpr h{hpsor/ dv htxdêøhv gh glvshuvær +Vhoophlhu, sdud r ehwd erudwr gh eäulr +q @ A/ iuhtxhqwh0

phqwh fkdpdgr EER, vær gdgdv sru ^6:`

h

?2

eEb ' 2c .f n _b2fc f2H _{fc fDS} fc ffeeb2c +51:,

rqgh b ì phglgr hp >p1 R grpðqlr gh +51:, frpsuhhqgh r lqwhuydor gh glvshuvær qrupdo gr EER hqwuh 2ff h ff qp ^6;`1 Rxwur h{hpsor gh lqwhuhvvh hp qrvvrv h{shulphqwrv ì r lrgdwr gh oðwlr +uU/ yhu vhêær 616,/ fxmdv uhodêøhv gh Vhoophlhu srghp vhu frqvxowdgdv

qd uhihuíqfld ^6<`1

51416 Fdvdphqwr gh Idvh hp Fulvwdlv Eluuhiulqjhqwhv

D frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd hp fulvwdlv frp qær0olqhdulgdgh hp E2 _{qrv frqgx} d frqvhu0}

ydêær gh hqhujld +514, h shuplwh d jhudêær gh sduhv gh iöwrqv phvpr qrv fdvrv rqgh r prphqwr olqhdu qær ì h{dwdphqwh frqvhuydgr ^66`1 Sruwdqwr/ d Ht1+515, srgh/ gh irupd pdlv jhudo/ vhu hvfulwd frpr

B ' 2 c +51;,

rqgh B hvwä olplwdgr shor yroxph gr fulvwdo1 D suredelolgdgh gr fdpsr vljqdo +lgohu, vhu jhudgr qxpd gdgd gluhêær r +, srgh vhu hvfulwd/ sdud hihlwr gh dqäolvh/ gh irupd

vlpsohv h frqyhqlhqwh frpr

Er >

\

'

,1vlqfEB

,

2

c +51<,

rqgh , + ' %c +c 5, vær dv glphqvøhv olqhduhv gr fulvwdo h EB ' E2 1 Dvvlp/

d suredelolgdgh ì uhgx}lgd vh B ''f h hflhqwh sdud r fdvdphqwr gh idvh ' 2 

^Ht1+515`1 Frqvlghudqgr & ' ?/_S h d Ht1+514,/ r fdvdphqwr gh idvh +515, ì vdwlvihlwr vh

vrphqwh vh ? ' ?2 ' ?1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ rv fulvwdlv vær hp jhudo glvshuvlyrv ^? ' ?E/`/

r txh glfxowd vdwlvid}hu d uhodêær gh idvh +515,1 Sdud frqwruqdu r sureohpd/ xvdp0vh fulvwdlv eluuhiulqjhqwhv sdud frpshqvdu d glvshuvær1 Sdud fdgd iuhtxíqfld/ h{lvwh xp sdu

gh ðqglfhv gh uhiudêær/ lvwr ì/ xp ðqglfh sdud fdgd prgr gh srodul}dêær1 D glihuhqêd hqwuh hohv ì dmxvwdgd sdud frpshqvdu r hihlwr gd glvshuvær1 Hqwær/ r hvwdgr gh srodul}dêær gh fdgd rqgd lqglylgxdo hp +515, suhflvd vhu dydoldgr sdud txh rfruud r fdvdphqwr gh idvh1 Lvwr qrv frqgx} d grlv wlsrv gh vlqfurqlvpr/ loxvwudgrv qd wdehod dedl{r ^6<`1

Fulvwdo Xqld{ldo Wlsr0L Wlsr0LL

Qhjdwlyr e

Ew ' J n J2 eEw ' Jn e2Ew

Srvlwlyr J

' eEw n e2Ew J ' Jn e2Ew

Wdehod 5140 Srvvlelolgdghv gh fdvdphqwr gh idvh hp fulvwdlv xqld{ldlv1 Rv vreuh0ðqglfhv ce* h cJ* lqglfdp r wlsr gh lqwhudêær1 Frpr h{hpsor/ hp fulvwdlv wlsr04 gh eluuhiulqjíqfld qhjdwlyd +?J : ?e,/ r fdvdphqwr ì gd irupd e J n J1

D wdehod 514 prvwud txh qd oxplqhvfíqfld sdudpìwulfd srghprv rewhu grlv wlsrv gh vlqfurqlvpr +rx fdvdphqwr, gh idvh1 R wlsr0L ì dtxhoh hp txh rv ihl{hv vljqdo h lgohu wíp srodul}dêøhv sdudohodv hqwuh vl h ruwrjrqdlv dr ihl{h gr odvhu> qr wlsr0LL/ rv ihl{hv frqyhuwlgrv wíp srodul}dêøhv ruwrjrqdlv hqwuh vl h xpd ghodv ì sdudohod ã srodul}dêær gr odvhu1 Ydprv xwlol}du d uhsuhvhqwdêær jhrpìwulfd ghvhqyroylgd qd vhêær 415 sdud loxvwudu d frqglêær gh fdvdphqwr gh idvh gd wdehod 5141 Ydprv lqlfldu frp r fdvr frolqhdu/ txh wruqd +515, xpd htxdêær hvfdodu1 Qrv surfhvvrv gh frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd frp sxovrv fxuwrv ^73`/ rewìp0vh d frqyhuvær gh xp sxovr qr lqiudyhuphokr hp sxovrv qr ylrohwd sru jhudêær gh vhjxqgr kdup÷qlfr qr fulvwdo +/ 2/,1 Frqvlghuh d vlqfurqld gh idvh wlsr0L h rv yðqfxorv +514, h +515,1 Qhvwh fdvr/ d jhudêær gh vhjxqgr kdup÷qlfr hvwä frqglflrqdgd dr uhvxowdgr

?JcE/ ' ?ecE2/cw6c +5143,

rqgh / ' 2/ h w6 ì r åqjxor gh fdvdphqwr gh idvh ^Ilj1+516,`1 Rxwur h{hpsor hvfdodu

eixo óptico-z

e 1 e 3 o 1 o 3

o 3

o 1

x(y)

A

n

n

n

n

n

n

Iljxud 506= Fdvdphqwr gh idvh frolqhdu wlsr0L +e J n J, sdud jhudêær gh vhjxqgr kdup÷qlfr hp xp fulvwdo xqld{ldo qhjdwlyr +?J : ?e,1 R srqwr0D hvwdehohfh d frqglêær +5143,1

d frqglêær gh fdvdphqwr gh idvh sdud d jhudêær grv sduhv gh iöwrqv ì gdgr sru

2?eE/c w96 ' ?eE/*2c w96 n ?JE/*2c +5144,

rqgh w9

6 ì r åqjxor gh fdvdphqwr gh idvh> / ì d iuhtxíqfld gr INFI1

Qr hqwdqwr/ r fdvdphqwr gh idvh hqwuh gxdv rqgdv ì/ hp jhudo/ qær frolqhdu ghylgr dr fduäwhu yhwruldo gh +515,1 Qhvwh fdvr/ ì pdlv frqyhqlhqwh h{suhvvdu d htxdêær gd lqglfdwul} hp whuprv gh vxshuiðflh gh qýphur gh rqgd ^Ilj1+517,`1

Hp whuprv dqdoðwlfrv/ ghvfuhyhprv d vlqwrqld qær frolqhdu hp whuprv gh gxdv htxdêøhv hvfdoduhv= xpd sdud d gluhêær gr INFI h d rxwud sdud d gluhêær shushqglfxodu ã 1

Qhvwh vlvwhpd gh uhihuíqfld/ srghprv prvwudu txh dv frqglêøhv +514, h +515, vh uhgx}hp d ^74`

?Ebc w6

b ULtEw2 '

?Ebc w6n w

b ULtEwn w2 n

?2Eb2c w6n w2

b2

θ

θ

k k o3

3

e i x o ó p t i c o - z x ( y )

k₂

k₁

θm

θ

k e3

k o3

-k o3

k e2

k₁'

k₃'

'

k'₂

Iljxud 507= Fdvdphqwr gh idvh qær frolqhdu hp fulvwdlv xqld{ldlv qhjdwlyrv1 Fdvdphqwr wlsr0L +e J n J, sdud d gluhêær& h wlsr0LL +e J n e, sdud d gluhêær&1

h

w2 ' |@?3

_?

Ebcw$nw

b t?Ew

?Ebcw$

b

?Eb

b ULtEw

c +5145,

rqgh rv vxeðqglfhv 6/ 5/ h 4 fruuhvsrqghp drv fdpsrv sxps/ lgohu h vljqdo/ uhvshfwl0 ydphqwh1 Rv åqjxorv w h w2 hvwær loxvwudgrv qd Ilj1+514,1 Sdud xp fulvwdo xqld{ldo

frqkhflgr/ dv htxdêøhv +518,/ +519, h +5145, uhvroyhp r sureohpd gd jhrphwuld h r hv0 shfwur gh hplvvær gd frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd1 Frpr h{hpsor/ srghprv ghwhuplqdu frpr d iuhtxíqfld gr fdpsr lgohu h vhx åqjxor gh vdðgd qr fulvwdo ^74`/ gdgr d iuhtxíqfld h åqjxor gh vdðgd gr ihl{h vljqdo1

51417 Frqglêær gh Fdvdphqwr gh Idvh

eixo óptico-z x(y) A i k s k p

k k ( )_pθ

B

C

e

o

s

k o k _pe

s

k

k ∆

Iljxud 508= Fdvdphqwr gh idvh wlsr0L qær frolqhdu sdud xp fulvwdo gh frpsulphqwr qlwr h xp ihl{h INFI Jdxvvldqr1 R yroxph {& qr hvsdêr0& shuplwh rxwudv srvvlelolgdghv sdud d jhudêær gh sduhv gh iöwrqv/ shuplwlqgr xp dodujdphqwr gr hvshfwur gh hplvvær gd oxplqhvfíqfld sdudpìwulfd1

sduwlu gd Kdplowrqldqd gh lqwhudêær hqwuh rv fdpsrv hqyroylgrv qd frqyhuvær sdudpìwulfd ^75/ 76`/ srgh0vh prvwudu txh d ixqêær shvr x sdud d lqwhqvlgdgh gd ox}hplwlgd qr surfhvvr gh oxplqhvfíqfld srgh vhu hvfulwd frpr

x ' i T

₂EB&2

n B&+2

r?S2

 2uB&52

c +5146,

txh srvvxl vhx ydoru pä{lpr sdud mBm ' f h/ pdqwhqgr u {r/ ydl d }hur txdqgr mBm fuhvfh1

Frqvlghudqgr +51;, h r vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv sdud hvwdehohfhu +5145,/ dv htxdêøhv txh ghwhuplqdp d jhrphwuld h r hvshfwur gh hplvvær gr fulvwdo vær hvfulwdv frpr ^77`

B&5 ' _S

%

/?E/c w6 2

[

'

/?E/c w6n w ULt w

&

h

B&z ' _S 2

[

'

/?E/c wn w t? wc +5147,

rqgh B&z ' EB&%2 n B&2+*2 ì d phglgd gd ghvvlqwrqld gh idvh mBm gdgd sru mBm '

EB&2

z n B&25*21 Ydprv frqvlghudu/ duelwuduldphqwh/ txh rfruud fdvdphqwr gh idvh sdud

ydoruhv gh mBm wdo txh xEB ) *21 Hvfrokhqgr dv yduläyhlv // w h / frpr sduåphwurv/

r sdu gh htxdêøhv +5147,/ uhvxphp0vh qd uhvroxêær gh xp vlvwhpd gh htxdêøhv gr wlsr

}Ewcw2 ' B&5 +5148,

Ewcw2 ' B&zc

fxmr remhwlyr ì hqfrqwudu w h w2gh prgr txh mBm vhmd pðqlpr h vdwlvidêd xEB ) *21 D

E i x o ó p t i c o

Cristal

θ

θsignal idler ϕ

ϕ

idler signal

x y

z uniaxial

θ

p u m p

k

k k

signal idler

p l a n o p r i n c i p a l

c o n e d e l u z

fóton idler

fóton signal

fóton pump

Iljxud 509= Hvtxhpd ghwdokdgr gr surfhvvr gh oxplqhvfíqfld sdudpìwulfd wlsr0L1 Rv qrphv vljqdo/ lgohu h sxps hvwær dvvrfldgrv drv ðqglfhv 4/ 5 h 6 gr wh{wr/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1

515 Lqwhuihurphwuld gh Dowd Uhvroxêær

D phglgd gd fruuhodêær whpsrudo hqwuh rv iöwrqv frqmxjdgrv vljqdo h lgohu qrv gä lq0 irupdêær gh txær vlpxowåqhr ì r surfhvvr gh jhudêær gr sdu hpdudqkdgr1 Rv sulphlurv h{shulphqwrv yhulfdudp xpd vlpxowdqhlgdgh gd rughp gh qdqrvhjxqgrv/ olplwdgrv shor whpsr gh uhvsrvwd grv ghwhfwruhv ^5`1 Srvwhulruphqwh/ hvwh olplwh irl phokrudgr sdud d rughp gh slfrvhjxqgrv ^7:`1 Hp 4<;:/ sruìp/ Krqj/ Rx h Pdqgho +KRP, lqwurgx}l0 udp xpd wìfqlfd gh lqwhuihurphwuld iöwrq0iöwrq ^7` shuplwlqgr phglu lqwhuydorv gh whpsr hqwuh rv sduhv frqmxjdgrv frp uhvroxêær gh ihpwrvhjxqgrv/ yäuldv rughqv gh judqgh}d phqru txh r whpsr gh uhvroxêær gr vlvwhpd ghwhfwru0hohwu÷qlfd1

D wìfqlfd frqvlvwh hp id}hu frp txh rv iöwrqv jhudgrv qr fulvwdo/ ghjhqhudgrv hp iuhtxíqfld h gh phvpr hvwdgr gh srodul}dêær/ vljdp sru fdplqkrv öswlfrv glihuhqwhv dwì vh hqfrqwuduhp qxp glylvru gh ihl{hv ^frqvxowh d Ilj1+51;, qd vhêær 517`/ txh dsöv dwudyhvvä0or/ vær ghwhfwdgrv hp frlqflgíqfld +ghwhfwruhv G4 h G5,1 Frqvlghuh ,H h ,/

rv uhvshfwlyrv frpsulphqwrv grv fdplqkrv öswlfrv grv iöwrqv vljqdo h lgohu/ phglgrv d sduwlu gr fulvwdo dwì d srvlêær gr glylvru gh ihl{hv GI41 Vhmd ,5 r frpsulphqwr gh

frhuíqfld gr sdfrwh gh rqgd ghvwhv iöwrqv1 Qr uhjlph rqgh d glihuhqêd m,H ,m : ,5/

d wd{d gh frlqflgíqfldv vh pdqwìp lqdowhudgd ghylgr ã frqwulexlêær gh grlv surfhvvrv= dperv rv iöwrqv vær uh hwlgrv qr glylvru GI4rx dperv vær wudqvplwlgrv qhvwh glylvru1 Sruìp/ txdqgr m,H ,m ' f/ d ghwhfêær hp frlqflgíqfldv ghvwhv grlv wlsrv gh hyhqwrv

wruqdp0vh lqglvwlqjxðyhlv h xpd lqwhuihuíqfld ghvwuxwlyd ì hvwdehohflgd/ rfdvlrqdqgr d glplqxlêær gd wd{d gh frlqflgíqfld1 Frpr h{hpsor/ yhmd r uhvxowdgr h{shulphqwdo gd Ilj1+51:,/ rewlgr dwudyìv gr lqwhuihu÷phwur gd Ilj1+51;,1 Qhvwh fdvr/ d phfåqlfd txåqwlfd suhyí txh dv dpsolwxghv gh suredelolgdgh vhmdp vrpdgdv h d suredelolgdgh gh ghwhfêær hp frlqflgíqfldv vhmd gdgd sru ^7;`

5 ' m|| n oom ' m| o m c +5149,

rqgh yhp gd pxgdqêd gh idvh ghylgr ã uh h{ær gr iöwrq qr glylvru GI4^7`1 Sdud xp glylvru 83283 +o ' | ' *s2,/ rewhprv lqwhuihuíqfld ghvwuxwlyd wrwdo h d wd{d gh frlqflgíqfldv vh dqxod1 Qhvwd vlwxdêær/ rv iöwrqv vdhp shod phvpd sruwd gr glylvru GI4^sruwd s6 rx s7 qd Ilj1+51;,`1 Qd frqglêær f m,H ,m ,5/ d lqwhuihuíqfld ì

sdufldo1 Pxlwrv grv hyhqwrv gh frlqflgíqfldv ghl{dp gh rfruuhu ghylgr ã qær vxshusrvlêær wrwdo grv sdfrwhv qr whpsr h rv grlv fdplqkrv gh Ih|pdqq wruqdp0vh/ hp sulqfðslr/ glvwlqjxðyhlv1 Hvwh uhjlph qrv gä d uhvroxêær gr lqwhuihu÷phwur gh KRP h xpd phglgd gd vlpxowdqhlgdgh qd jhudêær grv iöwrqv/ phglgd shod odujxud d phld dowxud gd fxuyd gd Ilj1+51:,1 Txdqgr uhwrpdprv r uhjlph m,H ,m : ,5c wrgrv rv hyhqwrv gh frlqflgíqfldv

wruqdp0vh glvwlqjxðyhlv h r sdwdpdu gh frlqflgíqfldv ì uhvwdehohflgr1

516 Fäofxor gd Wd{d gh Frlqflgíqfldv

Frqvlghuh r lqwhuihu÷phwur gh Krqj0Rx0Pdqgho +KRP, dsuhvhqwdgr qd Ilj1+51;,1 Ydprv fdofxodu d suredelolgdgh frqmxqwd gh vh ghwhfwdu xp sdu gh iöwrqv phglgrv hp frlqflgíq0 fld qdv sruwdv 6 h 71 Vhmd Q r whpsr gh sursdjdêær gh xp grv iöwrqv ghvgh r fulvwdo

B% ' SB| gr sulvpd S41 Dvvlp/ r fdpsr hoìwulfr qdv vdðgdv gdv sruwdv 6 h 7 vær gdgrv sru ^7/ 5:`

.n

E| '

s A.n

rE|  n

s -.n

E|  B|

h

.n

e E| '

s A .n

E|  B| n

s -.n

r E| c +514:,

rqgh - h A vær d uh hwlylgdgh h wudqvplvvlylgdgh gr glylvru GI4/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ h

.n

E| '

]

@E/e/|_/c

wdo txh ' ic rj h @E/ ì r rshudgru gh dqltxlodêær gr iöwrq gh iuhtxíqfld /1

D suredelolgdgh gh vh ghwhfwdu xp iöwrq qd sruwd 6 qr whpsr | h r rxwur iöwrq frqmxjdgr qd sruwd 7 qr whpsr | n ì gdgr sru ^5:/ 7<`

eE ' #km.!E|.e!E| n .enE| n .nE|mlc +514;,

rqgh # ì xpd frqvwdqwh txh ghshqgh gd hflíqfld grv ghwhfwruhv1

Sdud r fdvr gh lqwhuihuíqfld qr grpðqlr whpsrudo/ hvwdprv lqwhuhvvdgrv qd fruuhodêær hp iuhtxíqfldv gr hvwdgr grv sduhv hpdudqkdgrv gh grlv iöwrqv ml/ txh srgh vhu hvfulwr frpr ^66`

ml ' lm‚@SJl n 1 ]

_/E/m/lm/f /l2c +514<,

rqgh l 1 h E/ ì xpd ixqêær hvshfwudo gr sdfrwh gh xp grv iöwrqv gr sdu/ ghwhuplqdgd shorv owurv gh lqwhuihuíqfld frorfdgrv hp iuhqwh drv ghwhfwruhv1 R sdu gh iöwrqv vljqdo0 lgohu gh uhvshfwlydv iuhtxíqfld / h /2 vdwlvid} ã htxdêær gh yðqfxor / n /2 ' /1

Hvwdprv lqwhuhvvdgrv qrv sduhv ghjhqhudgrv / ' /2 ' /f*2

H{shulphqwdophqwh/ r txh phglprv ì d wd{d gh frlqflgíqfldv AS qdv sruwdv gh vdðgd

6 h 7/ ghqwur gh xp whpsr gh uhvroxêær 9 gr vlvwhpd gh ghwhfêær +ghwhfwruhv G4 h G5 h hohwu÷qlfd gh frqwdjhp,1 AS ì rewlgd shod lqwhjudêær gh eE/ ghqwur gd mdqhod gh

frlqflgíqfldv/ frpr

AS '

] n'

!' eE_ +5153,

Pdv/ frpr r whpsr 9 ì pxlwr pdlru txh r whpsr gh frhuíqfld | ' *{/ +{/ ì d phld0odujxud grv owurv I4 h I5,/ srghprv wrpdu 9 "1Frqvlghudqgr d ghqlêær +514;, h vxevwlwxlqgr +514:, hp +5153,/ rewìp0vh r uhvxowdgr ^7`

AS ' S

-2_{n A}2 _2-A

U

}E}E 2B|__U }2_{E_}

c +5154,

rqgh S ì xpd frqvwdqwh h d ixqêær qrupdol}dgd }E ì gdgd sru

}E ' _{C Ef}CEc +5155,

rqgh CE ì d wudqvirupdgd gh Irxulhu

CE ' ]

_/ E/ e!/_{_/c +5156,}

gd ixqêær txh uhsuhvhqwd d glvwulexlêær hvshfwudo gr sdfrwh gh rqgd gr iöwrq1H{shul0 phqwdophqwh/ hvwd glvwulexlêær fd ghwhuplqdgd shorv owurv I4 h I51Hp hvshfldo/ sdud xpd glvwulexlêær Jdxvvldqd E/ fhqwudgd hp /f*2 h - ' A ' *2 +glylvru GI4 Df*Df,/

d htxdêær +5154, vh uhgx} ã

AS ' d e!E{/B| *2oc +5157,

vlphwulfdphqwh sdud r ydoru gh sdwdpdu / txdqgr mB|m : |5 +|5 *{/,/ rqgh |5 ì r

whpsr gh frhuíqfld gr sdfrwh gh rqgd gh xp grv iöwrqv gr sdu vljqdo0lgohu1

Xpd phglgd lpsruwdqwh qd fdudfwhul}dêær gh xp sdguær gh lqwhuihuíqfld ì d vxd ylvlelolgdgh1 Frqvlghuh xpd iudqmd gh lqwhuihuíqfld txh srvvxl xp pðqlpr gh lqwhqvlgdgh gh ox} U4? h xp pä{lpr gh lqwhqvlgdgh U$‚(1 Frpr h{hpsor gh sdguær/ frqvlghuh d

jxud dedl{r1 Ydprv ghqlu d ylvlelolgdgh K frpr

K ' U$‚(_U U4?

$‚( +5158,

-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

0 500 1000 1500 2000

C

o

in

ci

dênci

a

s em

10

s

eg.

Deslocamento-2δx (mm)

Iljxud 50:= Lqwhuihuíqfld gh txduwd rughp rewlgd shor lqwhuihu÷phwur gh KRP gd Ilj1+51;,1 D ylvlelolgdgh ìgh 31;81 B% ìr ghvorfdphqwr gdgr shor sulvpd S41

517 Duudqmr H{shulphqwdo gr Lqwhuihu÷phwur gh KRP

R dsdudwr h{shulphqwdo ì prvwudgr qd Ilj1+51;,1 Xp fulvwdo qær olqhdu gh lrgdwr gh oðwlr K7+f{f{D pp, ì h{flwdgr sru xp fdpsr Jdxvvldqr gh .f pZ/ jhudgr sru xp odvhu

l÷qlfr gh fulsw÷qlr rvflodqgr qd olqkd gh hplvvær gh e?  qp1 Rv ruliðflrv D4/ D5 frp ? e pp gh glåphwur pdufdp d gluhêær gr ihl{h sxps1 D oxplqhvfíqfld sdudpìwulfd sdud r K7 h{leh fdvdphqwr gh idvh gr wlsr0L1 Rv iöwrqv ylrohwd +e?  qp, vær frqyhuwlgrv

hp grlv iöwrqv lqiudyhuphokr gh H2S? 2 qp txh vh sursdjdp qdv gluhêøhv M ' MH ' 2? Df

d sduwlu gr ihl{h sxps qær frqyhuwlgr1 Dv dehuwxudv D6/ D7 frp ? e pp +r vðperor uhsuhvhqwd phglgd gr glåphwur, ixqflrqdp frpr owurv hvsdfldlv sdud rv ihl{hv vljqdo h lgohu1 Dsöv dv dehuwxudv D6 h D7/ rv ihl{hv vær ghvyldgrv shorv hvshokrv H4 h H5/ sulvpdv S4 h S5 h vh hqfrqwudp qr glylvru gh ihl{hv GI41 D vxshusrvlêær grv ihl{hv ì ihlwd sru dmxvwhv hp H4/ H5/ S4 h S51 Rv sduhv gh dehuwxudv +D8/ D9, h +D:/ D;, frp ? f pp

f ó t o n s i g n a l 8 2 6 , 2 n m

L a s e r d e H e - N e 6 3 2 , 9 n m L a s e r d e C r i p t ô n i o 4 1 3 , 1 n m

fóton violeta 413,1 nm

P a s s o M P 1

D1

D2

Eetrônica de

coincidências

A 9

A 1 0

A 1 A 3 A 2 A 8 A 6 A 5 A 7 E 4 E 3 E 5 E 8 E 6

E 7 E 9

P 1 P 2 E 2 E 1 F 1 F 2

D F 1

D F 2

δx Motor de p 1 p 2 p 3 p 4 A 4 fóton idler

8 2 6 , 2 n m

Cristal LiIO3

pdufdp d lqwhuvhêær hqwuh rv sdfrwhv vljqdo h lgohu1 Rv owurv I4 h I5 srvvxhp odujxud gh edqgd gh {b G H qp/ fruuhvsrqghqgr d iöwrqv gh frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld ff >p ^odujxud d phld dowxud qd Ilj1+51:,`1 Rv fdpsrv vljqdo h lgohu hqwudp shodv sruwdv 4 h 5 gr glylvru GI4/ vær plvwxudgrv h vdhp shod sruwdv 6 h 7/ rqgh vær ghwhfwdgrv shorv ghwhfwruhv G4 h G5 +irwrglrgrv gh dydodqfkhv,1 Dsöv frqyhqlhqwh frpshqvdêær/ sru phlr gh xp glvsrvlwlyr gh dwudvr whpsrudo/ rv sxovrv jhudgrv sru G4 h G5 vær hqyldgrv drv frqwdgruhv +VU733 h VU953 gd Vwdqirug Uhvhdufk V|vwhpv, txh uhjlvwudp rv hyhqwrv gh frlqflgíqfldv h rv hyhqwrv gh ghwhfêær vlpsohv +frqwdjhqv vlpsohv,1

D glihuhqêd hqwuh rv fdplqkrv öswlfrv grv iöwrqv vljqdo h lgohu m,H ,m ì yduldgd

shor ghvorfdphqwr B% gr sulvpd S4 prqwdgr vreuh xp hvwäjlr gh wudqvodêær/ txh sru vxd yh}/ hvwä dfrsodgr d xp prwru gh sdvvr gh Df qp gh uhvroxêær +HVS9333 prwlrq frqwurohu2gulyhu0 Qhzsruw,1 Rv fdplqkrv öswlfrv/ uhsuhvhqwdgrv shodv olqkdv wudfhmdgdv/ prvwudp r vlvwhpd gh dolqkdphqwr txh pdufdp rv fdplqkrv grv sduhv gh iöwrqv/ ghvgh d vxd jhudêær qr fulvwdo dwì d vxd ghwhfêær sru G4 h G51

Fdsðwxor 6

Frdohvfíqfld h Dqwlfrdohvfíqfld hp

Lqwhuihurphwuld Txåqwlfd frp

Fdylgdgh

Ghvslwh lwv orqj klvwru|/ jrlqj edfn wr Wkrpdv \rxqj dw wkh ehjlqqlqj ri wkh 4<wk fhqwxu|/ rswlfdo lqwhuihuhqfh vwloo fkdo0 ohqjhv rxu xqghuvwdqglqj/ dqg wkh odvw zrug rq wkh vxemhfw suredeo| kdv qrw |hw ehhq zulwwhq%

+O1 Pdqgho,

614 Dsuhvhqwdêær

dqwhv gh vhu wudqvplwlgr1 Prvwudprv txh srghprv dowhudu r fduäwhu gd lqwhuihuíqfld gh frqvwuxwlyd +slfrv gh frlqflgíqfldv, sdud ghvwuxwlyd +ydohv, rx dwì vxsulplu r hihlwr dowhudqgr vhqvlyhophqwh r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh1 R fduäwhu gd lqwhuihuíqfld hvwä dv0 vrfldgr drv hihlwrv gh frdohvfíqfld h dqwlfrdohvfíqfld grv sduhv gh iöwrqv qdv sruwdv gh vdðgd gr glylvru1 Frdohvfíqfld ì r hihlwr gh djuxsdphqwr gr sdu gh iöwrqv qr glylvru gh ihl{hv h vxd srvwhulru vdðgd sru xpd gdv sruwdv gr glylvru> dqwlfrdohvfíqfld/ uhihuh0vh ã vdðgd grv iöwrqv gr sdu sru sruwdv qhfhvvduldphqwh glvwlqwdv gr glylvru1

615 Fdylgdgh gh Ideu|0Shurw

Qhvwd vhêær/ ydprv dsuhvhqwdu dojxqv uhvxowdgrv gd whruld gh fdylgdgh gr wlsr Ideu|0 Shurw +I0S, vhjxlqgr r phvpr wudwdphqwr dsuhvhqwdgr sru F1 K1 Prqnhq ^68/ 83`1

Frqvlghuh xp prghor gh fdylgdgh gh I0S ^Ilj1+614,` frqvwlwxðgd gh grlv hvshokrv sodqrv/ sdudohorv hqwuh vl h vhsdudgrv sru xpd glvwåqfld K1 Frqvlghuh r fdpsr hoìwulfr

- L/2 + L / 2

Ê(+)_t

Ê Ê

Ê (+)

(+) (+)

i

r v

0 z

EM EF

Iljxud 604= Fdylgdgh gh Ideu|0Shurw gh dehuwxudK1 Rv vðperorv Í/ HI h HP fruuhvsrqghp drv rshudgruhv fdpsr hoìwulfr h hvshokrv {r h pöyho/ uhvshfwlydphqwh +yhu vhêær 615,1

.n

sursdjdqgr gd hvtxhugd sdud d gluhlwd frpr qrv prvwud d Ilj1+614,1 Hvwh fdpsr

lqflgh vreuh r hvshokr HP qd srvlêær u* h vriuh uh h{øhv hqwuh rv hvshokrv HI h HP> sduwh gr fdpsr .n

o ì uh hwlgr h d rxwud sduwh .|n ì wudqvplwlgr dwudyìv gh HI sdud

doìp gd srvlêær K*21 R fdpsr .n

uhsuhvhqwd r fdpsr gh yäfxr1 Lpsrqgr frqglêøhv gh

frqwruqr ^68` vreuh rv fdpsrv qdv srvlêøhv u*2 h u*2/ rewíp0vh= !

+ .|n

.n o

" , '

! + > D

D > " ,

! + .n

.n

"

, c +614,

wdo txh

> E/ ' |2e

 oeo‚ee2/5e

2/5 _+615,

h

D E/ ' doen o‚eE|2e oeo‚e e2/5o

 oeo‚ee2/5 e

!/5c +616,

rqgh S ' u*S ì r whpsr gh xp wuåqvlwr qr lqwhulru gd fdylgdgh1 Dv txdqwlgdghv oe

h o‚e vær rv uhvshfwlyrv frhflhqwhv gh uh h{ær lqwhuqr h h{whuqr h |e/ r frhflhqwh gh

wudqvplvvær gr hvshokr1 Dv ixqêøhv > E/ h D E/ vær rv frhflhqwhv gh wudqvplvvær h uh h{ær gd fdylgdgh/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Hp hvshfldo/ vh d fdylgdgh iru frpsrvwd gh hv0 shokrv phwäolfrv vlpìwulfrv/ oe ' o‚e> sdud xpd fdylgdgh irupdgd sru xp eorfr glhoìwulfr

gh idfhv sdudohodv/ oe ' o‚e ^68`1 D wudqvplwåqfld m> E/ m2 sdud xpd fdylgdgh vlpìwulfd

ì rewlgd dwudyìv gd Ht1+615, frpr

m> E/ m2 _' 

 8 t?2_/

Sc +617,

rqgh

8 ' eo2e

|e

e c +618,

616 Duudqmr H{shulphqwdo

Frqvlghuh r lqwhuihu÷phwur gh KRP dsuhvhqwdgr qd vhêær 517 ^Ilj1+51;,`1 Frpr hvwdprv lqwhuhvvdgrv hp lqyhvwljdu rv surfhvvrv gh wudqvplvvær iöwrq0fdylgdgh/ ydprv lqvhulu xpd fdylgdgh gr wlsr Ideu|0Shurw qr eudêr lgohu ghvwh lqwhuihu÷phwur ^Ilj1+615,`1 D fdylgdgh ì irupdgd sru grlv hvshokrv glhoìwulfrv/ sodqrv gh 2c . { Sc f pp h uh hwlylgdgh gh DfI hp H2Sc 2 qp1 Rv hvshokrv vær sdudohorv hqwuh vl h vhsdudgrv sru xpd glvwåqfld yduläyho u1 Hohv irudp prqwdgrv hp vxsruwhv dqjxoduhv w* +prgho <;3:0Qhzirfxv, h {dgrv d xp hvwäjlr gh wudqvodêær +prghor XPU;1580QhzSruw,= xp dr fkdvvl +hvshokr {r/ HI, h rxwur dr wulokr gr hvwäjlr +hvshokr pöyho/ HP,1 D glvwåqfld hqwuh rv hvshokrv qrv shuplwh yduldu r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh hqwuh f h f pp1 R hvshokr pöyho HP gd fdylgdgh hvwä dfrsodgr d xp prwru gh sdvvr PS5 +HVS9333 frqwurohu2gulyhu0Qhzsruw, frp uhvroxêær gh Df qp1 R vlvwhpd gh dolqkdphqwr gr KRP +flufxlwr wudfhmdgr, ì wdpeìp xvdgr sdud dolqkdu d fdylgdgh1 Sdud wdqwr/ ghyhprv whu hvshokrv sdudohorv hqwuh vl h shushqglfxoduhv dr ihl{h lgohu1 Hvwdv frqglêøhv vær rewlgdv yld lqwhuihuíqfld grv ihl{hv gh dolqkdphqwr +odvhu Kh0Qh, uhwurhvsdokdgrv qrv hvshokrv HI h HP gd fdylgdgh1 Rv ihl{hv uh hwlgrv yrowdp shorv fdplqkrv öswlfrv HP0H90H80GI50H45 h HI0H90H80GI50 H45/ vær dpsoldgrv shod ohqwh O h fkhjdp dr dqwhsdur1 R sdudoholvpr hqwuh rv hvshokrv gd fdylgdgh ì rewlgr sru dmxvwhv hp HP h HI h dydoldgr shod ylvlelolgdgh gr sdguær gh lqwhuihuíqfld qr dqwhsdur1

617 Fäofxor gd Ixqêær gh Fruuhodêær

Qhvwd vhêær/ vhjxluhprv r wudwdphqwr pdwhpäwlfr dsuhvhqwdgr sru F1 Rolqgr ^6` sdud d ixqêær gh fruuhodêær gh xp lqwhuihu÷phwur gh KRP frqwhqgr xpd fdylgdgh ^Ilj1+615,`1

Frqvlghuh r prghor gh fdylgdgh dsuhvhqwdgr qd vhêær +614,1 Vhmd r frhflhqwh gh uh h{ær o ' I- h r frhflhqwh gh wudqvplvvær | 'IA / wdo txh - n A ' 1

f ó t o n s i g n a l 826,2 nm

L a s e r d e H e - N e 6 3 2 , 9 n m

L a s e r d e C r i p t ô n i o 4 1 3 , 1 n m

fóton violeta

4 1 3 , 1 n m

P a s s o M P 1

D1

D2

Eletrônica de coincidências

A 9

A 1 0

A 1 A 3 A 2 A 8 A 6 A 5 A 7 E 4 E 3 E 5 E 8 E 6

E 7 E 9

P 1

E 2

E 1 F 1

F 2

D F 1

D F 2

δx Motor de p 1 p 2 p 3 p 4 A 4 fóton idler 826,2 nm C r i s t a l L i I O 3

anteparo

E 1 2 l e n t e - L

Motor de P a s s o M P 2

E M

E F

P 2

Cavidade

Iljxud 605= Lqwhuihu÷phwur prglfdgr shod suhvhqêd gh xpd fdylgdgh gr wlsr Ideu|0Shurw1 Rv vðperorv H/ D/ G h I uhsuhvhqwdp hvshokrv/ dehuwxudv flufxoduhv/ ghwhwruhv h owurv gh lqwhuihuíqfld/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1

Shod Ht1+514<,/ r hvwdgr gh grlv iöwrqv ì dsuhvhqwdgr frpr

ml ' ] _/B

B _/E/m/lQm/B /l +619,

' ] /B

B _/E/@

_

E/ @_rE/B / mflmflrc

rqgh /B ì d iuhtxíqfld gr odvhu txh lqflgh vreuh r fulvwdo h @_E/ + ' c r, ì r rshudgru

gh fuldêær gh xp iöwrq frp iuhtxíqfld /1

Frqvlghuh txh d fdylgdgh vhmd frorfdgd qr eudêr lgohu1 Dvvlp/ r hvwdgr gr iöwrq lgohu @_

E/ mfl sdvvd d vhu

@_

E/ mfl '

>@_

| n D@_o

rqgh > E/ h D E/ vær gdgrv shod Ht1+615, h Ht1+616,/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Vxevwlwxlqgr d Ht1+61:, qd Ht1+619,/ rewhprv

ml ' ] _/B

f _/E/>E/m/l|m/f /lrn

] _/B

f _/E/D E/ m/lom/f /lrc +61;,

rqgh m/l| h m/lo vær rv hvwdgrv gh xp iöwrq frp iuhtxíqfld // wudqvplwlgr h uh hwlgr

shod fdylgdgh/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1

Rv rshudgruhv fdpsr hoìwulfr/ qdv sruwdv gh vdðgd s h se ^Ilj1+615,`/ vær gdgrv sru

.n

E| ' s₂d .rnE|  n .|nE|  Bo

h

.n

e E| ' s₂d .|nE|  B n .rnE| oc +61<,

rqgh  ì r whpsr gh sursdjdêær gr fulvwdo dwì r glylvru GI4> frpr GI4 ì xp glylvru

83283/ whprv - ' A ' *2 hp +61<,> r sduåphwur B ì r dwudvr whpsrudo iruqhflgr shor sulvpd S41 Rv fdpsrv vljqdo .n

r E| h r wudqvplwlgr shod fdylgdgh .|nE| vær

.n

r E| '

]

_/ @rE/ e!/|

h

.n

| E| '

]

_/ @|E/ e!/| +6143,

Frpr prvwudgr qd Ht1+514;,/ d ixqêær gh fruuhodêær gh txduwd rughp hqwuh rv fdpsrv qdv vdðgdv gr glylgru GI4/ qrv whpsrv | h | n / ì gdgd sru

eE ' #km .!E| .e!E| n .enE| n .nE|ml +6144,

Vxevwlwxlqgr +61;, h +61<, qd h{suhvvær +6144,/ rewhprv

eE '

[

6c?

-E6n?_e/B5E6!?

] ]

ed25E6/!?/‚Bo_{ +6145,

E/f*2 n / 9E/f*2 n /‚ E/c /‚ _/_/‚c

rqgh xpd frqvwdqwh pxowlsolfdwlyd irl rplwlgd> }hprv - ' moem2 h A ' m|em2 h vxevwlwxð0

prv r frhflhqwh gh wudqvplvvær gd fdylgdgh > E/ shod vìulh jhrpìwulfd txh hoh srgh uhsuhvhqwdu ^68`/

> E/ ' |2e

 o2

ee2/5 ' |

2 e

[

6'f

o26_e26/5 +6146,

D ixqêær E/c /‚ ì gdgd sru

k +$> $,(^h{s ^l +$ $,` h{s ^l +$ . $,` h{s ^l +$ . $,` h{s ^l +$ $,``1

Frqiruph dsuhvhqwdgr hp +5153,/ d wd{d gh frlqflgíqfldv AS ì

AS '

] _n

! eE_ +6147,

Vxevwlwxlqgr +6145, hp +6147, h owudqgr dv lqwhjudlv d sduwlu gd ghqlêær gh ghowd gh Gludf rewhprv/ d phqrv gh xpd frqvwdqwh pxowlsolfdwlyd/

AS ' A2

[

-E6n?_{ULt d/}

fSE6 ?o

] n/B*2

!/B*2

iULtd 2/SE 6 ?o +6148,

ULtd 2/d SE 6 ? Boo j m E /f*2 n /m2_/c

rqgh vxsrprv txh vhmd vlpìwulfd/ lvwr ì/ E/f*2 n / ' E/f*2 /1

hvshfwudo gr owur E/ srgh vh dsur{lpdgd shod Jdxvvldqd

E/ ' s  {/IZe

!/ *2E{/ _{c +6149,}

vxsrvwd vxflhqwhphqwh hvwuhlwd ghqwur gr lqwhuydor E/f*2c n/f*2 sdud txh srvvdprv

h{whqghu rv olplwhv gh lqwhjudêær dr lqwhuydor E4c n41

Ilqdophqwh/ vxevwlwxlqgr +6149, hp +6148, h lqwhjudqgr hp // rewhprv

AS ' A2

[

&

-2&_{d e}!{/ d2&5!Bo _{o n A}2

"

[

?c6E6'?

i-E6n? _{{ +614:,}

ULt d/fSE6 ?o de3d{/5E63?o e3{/ d5E6n?3Bo ojc

txh sru frqyhqlíqfld gh dqäolvh/ vhsdudprv rv whuprv hp 6 ' ? grv whuprv rqgh 6 9' ?1

618 Uhvxowdgrv H{shulphqwdlv h Glvfxvvær

Frqvlghuh +614:, qr uhjlph rqgh r frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld orqjlwxglqdo gr iöwrq ì pxlwr phqru txh r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh/ rx phokru/ txdqgr {/ *S1 Qhvwh

fdvr/ wrgdv dv h{srqhqfldlv gh +614:, vh dqxodp/ d phqrv txh B ' 2&S rx B ' E? n 6 S1

Vrphqwh d sulphlud h{srqhqfldo gr vhjxqgr vrpdwöulr ì vhpsuh qxod/ ylvwr txh 6 9' ?1 Dvvlp/ d h{suhvvær +614:, srgh vhu dsur{lpdgd sru

AS * A2

[

&

-2&_{d e}3{/ d2&53Bo o +614;,

A2 ["

?c6E6'?

-E6n?_{ULt d/}

fSE6 ?o e3{/ d5E6n?3Bo

Qr fdvr hp txh B 9' 2&S h B 9' E? n 6 S/ rewhprv

AS ' A2

[

&

-2& _{' A}2_{n A}2_-2_{n A}2_-e_{n c +614<,}

txh ì r ydoru gr sdwdpdu gh frlqflgíqfldv1 Rv whuprv gd vìulh uhsuhvhqwdp dv sured0 elolgdghv gdv yäuldv pdqhludv gr sdfrwh gh xp iöwrq sursdjdu qr lqwhulru gd fdylgdgh/ dqwhv gh vhu wudqvplwlgr1 R whupr A2_-2& _{uhsuhvhqwd d suredelolgdgh sdud r fdplqkr gh}

wudqvplvvær gr iöwrq txh dwudyhvvd r hvshokr dqwhulru HP ^Ilj1+614,`/ vriuh 2& uh h{øhv hqwuh rv hvshokrv HP h HI h ì wudqvplwlgr shor hvshokr srvwhulru HI1 Sru rxwur odgr/ txdqgr r dwudvr B ì xp qýphur lqwhlur gh S + ,S/ sdud , ' c 2c c ,/ rewhprv whuprv

qær qxorv hp +614;,1 R ydoru gh , vhohflrqd rv whuprv & h whuprv E6 n ? grv vrpdwöulrv/ wdo txh B 2&S ' f h2rx B E? n 6 S ' f1

Frqvlghuh txh d yduldêær hqwuh rv fdplqkrv vljqdo h lgohu vhmd qxod/ B ' f1 Dvvlp/ d ýowlpd vrpd vh dqxod h +614;, vh uhgx} d

AS ' A2

[

&'f

-2&_{n A}2_{E e}3{/ B_m

B'f +6153,

R vhjxqgr whupr hp +6153, irl pdqwlgr sdud uhvvdowdu r hihlwr gh lqwhuihuíqfld txh hoh uhsuhvhqwd1 Hoh fruuhvsrqgh dr whupr A-f_{A ' A}2_{/ dtxhoh hp txh r iöwrq ì wudqvplwlgr}

,1 Hvwhv gdgrv irudp rewlgrv shor h{shulphqwr dsuhvhqwdgr qd vhêær +616,1

800 1200 1600 2000

(b) (a)

C

o

inc

idênc

ias

em

1 m

inut

o

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800

Deslocamento 2δx (mm)

Iljxud 606= Frlqflgíqfldv hp ixqêær gr ghvorfdphqwr 2B% gr sulvpd S4 ^yhu Ilj1 +615,`/ ylvwr txh xp ghvorfdphqwr B% hp S4 surgx} r greur gr ghvorfdphqwr öswlfr qr eudêr gr lqwhuihu÷phwur +d, Ydohv gh lqwhuihuíqfld ghvwuxwlyd ghylgr d xpd fdylgdgh wlsr Ideu|0Shurw gh dehuwxud u ' fc eb pp irupdgd sru hvshokrv gh 83( gh uh hwlylgdgh1 R ydoh hp }hur +B% ' f ì ghylgr ã lqwhuihuíqfld gh KRP> hp fc eb pp h fc bH pp/ lqwhuihuíqfld hqwuh sdfrwhv ghorfdol}dgrv hp uhodêær d GI4> +e, Wudqvlêær ydoh0slfr qd srvlêær fc eb pp1 Dv olqkdv frqwðqxdv uhsuhvhqwdp r frpsruwdphqwr whöulfr1

Txdqgr d yduldêær ì {dgd hp B ' 5/ rv whuprv glihuhqwhv gh }hur hp +614;, vær

E6c ? ' iEfc  c Ec fj1 Qhvwh fdvr/ qær whprv whuprv & gh KRP h d ht1+614;, vh uhgx} d

A5 * A

[

B

- 2A - ULt &Buc +6154,

rqgh }hprv /B5 ' &Bu/ wdo txh &B ' 2Z*bB ì r qýphur gh rqgd gr ihl{h INFI h u ì r

frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh1 Hp qrvvrv h{shulphqwrv/ bB' ec  qp1

Frqvlghuh r ydoh h slfr gh frlqflgíqfldv gdv uhvshfwlydv Ilj1+616d, h Ilj1+616e,/ dperv qd srvlêær {% ' fc eb pp/ doìp gr sulphlur ydoh gh KRP/ hp {% ' f1 R ýowlpr whupr hp +6154, ì r uhvsrqväyho sru hvwhv hihlwrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld= whprv xp ydoh qr fdvr gh lqwhuihuíqfld ghvwuxwlyd h xp slfr qr fdvr gh lqwhuihuíqfld frqvwuxwlyd1 Txdqgr u ì xp pýowlsor gh bB +&bB/ sdud & ' c 2c ,/ rewhprv xp ydoh gh dpsolwxgh pä{lpd> txdqgr

u ' E2, n bB*2 sdud , ' c 2c c / xp slfr gh pä{lpd ylvlelolgdgh1 D h{suhvvær +6154,

vh uhihuh d xp qryr wlsr gh lqwhuihuíqfld hqwuh rv sdfrwhv vljqdo h lgohu1 Hqtxdqwr qd lqwhuihuíqfld gr wlsr KRP +yhu vhêær 517, rv sdfrwhv vh vxshusøhp qd srvlêær gr glylvru GI4/ d lqwhuihuíqfld suhylvwd sru +6154, ì ghylgr ã lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh hqwuh rv hyhqwrv gh glihuhqwhv surfhvvrv gh wudqvplvvær iöwrq0lgohu0fdylgdgh h vhx frqmxjdgr vljqdo txh shufruuh r eudêr yd}lr gr lqwhuihu÷phwur ^6`1 Qhvwh fdvr/ rv iöwrqv vljqdo h lgohu qær fkhjdp vlpxowdqhdphqwh dr glylvru gh ihl{hv GI41 Gh idwr/ d vhsdudêær hqwuh rv sdfrwhv hvwä/ hp jhudo/ pxlwr doìp gr frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld gh xp grv iöwrqv gr sdu1 R vrpdwöulr hp +6154, fruuhvsrqgh dr sdwdpdu gh frlqflgíqfldv1 Qrwhprv txh xp dwudvr B ' 5 fruuhvsrqgh d xpd yduldêær gh frpsulphqwr öswlfr m,H ,m ' u gdgr shor prwru

gh sdvvrv PS4/ rqgh u ì d vhsdudêær hqwuh rv hvshokrv gd fdylgdgh +u ' S5,1 Txdqgr

B ' 25/ vljqlfd xpd yduldêær gh fdplqkr u hp uhodêær d B ' 51 Dvvlp/ d glvwåqfld

hqwuh dv lqwhuihuíqfldv gä xpd phglgd suhflvd gr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh1

Srghprv revhuydu txh rfruuh xpd wudqvlêær ydoh0slfr qd srvlêær {% ' fc eb pp1 Hvwd pxgdqêd qr hvwdgr gh lqwhuihuíqfld ì frqvhjxlgd yduldqgr r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh gh u sdud u n Bu/ rqgh Bu ì gd rughp gh bB1 Qr h{shulphqwr/ xvdprv r prwru PS5 sdud

yduldu u frp shtxhqrv lqfuhphqwrv B, bB*H1 D shulrglflgdgh hqwuh rv ydohv +rx slfrv,

ì gh bB/ frqiruph prvwud r dujxphqwr gr whupr gh lqwhuihuíqfld hp +6154,1 D Ilj1+617,

frqupd hvwh uhvxowdgr h prvwud txh srghprv jhudu wudqvlêøhv ydoh0slfr +rx slfr0ydoh, gh prgr frqwðqxr1 Dvvlp/ ì srvvðyho frqwurodu d ylvlelolgdgh grv hvwdgrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld h dwì phvpr dqxodu hvwh hihlwr ^olqkd wudfhmdgd qd Ilj1+617,`1

-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

1000 1500 2000 2500

C

o

inc

idê

nc

ia

s e

m

1 min.

Comprimento da cavidade (nm)

Iljxud 607= Frlqflgíqfldv hp ixqêær gr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh1 Dv iudqmdv gh lqwhuihuíqfld uhsuhvhqwdp d wudqvlêær vxdyh hqwuh ydohv h slfrv txd dsduhfhp qd srvlêær 3/7< pp gd Ilj1+616,1 D uhwd wudfhmdgd lqglfd r sdwdpdu gh frlqflgíqfldv1 R dxphqwr gdv frlqflgíqfldv dflpd gd uhwd wudfhmdgd uhyhod r dxphqwr grv hyhqwrv gh dqwlfrdohvfíqfld sdud r sdfrwh gh grlv iöwrqv h dedl{r/ rv hyhqwrv gh frdohvfíqfld1 D fxuyd vhqrlgdo ì r dmxvwh sdud rv srqwrv h{shulphqwdlv h srvvxl shulrglflgdgh hqwuh rv ydohv +rx slfrv,ghbB +frpsulphqwr gh rqgd gr INFI,1

Ilj1+616,1 Hohv vær jhudgrv shod yduldêær B ' 251 Rv srvvðyhlv whuprv qær qxorv vær

E6c ? ' iEfc 2 c E2c fj h & ' 1 Ghvwd pdqhlud/ d h{suhvvær +614;, vh uhvwulqjh d

A5 * A

[

Q

- 2A - ULt 2&Bu +6155,

Dv dpsolwxghv pä{lpdv hvwær qrv srqwrv u ' ,bB*2 sdud rv ydohv h u ' E2,nbB*e sdud

rv slfrv/ rqgh , ' c 2c 1 Frqiruph prvwud d Ilj1+618,/ d shulrglflgdgh hqwuh rv ydohv ì bB*2/ d phwdgh gd shulrglflgdgh rewlgd qd srvlêær fc eb pp ^Ilj1+617,`1 D vxshusrvlêær

grv juäfrv gdv Iljv1+617, h +618, qrv shuplwh hqwhqghu srutxh dv lqwhuihuíqfldv hp {% ' fc bH pp vær vrphqwh ydohv1 R whupr & '  jhud vhpsuh lqwhuihuíqfld ghvwuxwlyd/ hqtxdqwr rv whuprv E6c ? ' iEfc 2 c E2c fj jhudp lqwhuihuíqfldv ghvwuxwlydv rx frqvwuxwlydv ^yhu

Ht1+614;,`1 Orjr/ dv dpsolwxghv gr ydoh h slfr vær dvvlpìwulfdv/ whqgr r ydoh pdlru ylvlelolgdgh txh r slfr ^Ilj1+618,`1

-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

1350 1500 1650 1800

Co

in

cid

ênci

a

s em

1

min

.

Comprimento da cavidade (nm)

Iljxud 608= Frlqflgíqfldv yhuvxv dehuwxud gd fdylgdgh1 Iudqmdv gh shulrglflgdgh hqwuh rv ydohv +rx slfrv, ghbB* sdud d lqwhuihuíqfld txh vxujh qd srvlêær 3/<; pp1 Dolqkd wudfhmdgd lqglfd d srvlêær gr sdwdpdu gh frlqflgíqfldv1 Dolqkd vhqrlgdo ì r dmxvwh sdud rv gdgrv h{shulphqwdlv1

619 Lqwhuihuíqfld h Lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh

h{solfä0od gh pdqhlud foävvlfd/ qr txdo vh hqfrqwud r frudêær gd suösuld phfåqlfd txåq0 wlfd1 Gh idwr/ frqwìp r ýqlfr plvwìulr ^7;`1 Vhjxqgr hoh/ d lqwhuihuíqfld ì revhuydgd txdqgr xp hyhqwr gh ghwhfêær srgh rfruuhu sru yäulrv fdplqkrv dowhuqdwlyrv ljxdophqwh suryäyhlv1 D fdgd fdplqkr h{lvwh xpd dpsolwxgh gh suredelolgdgh dvvrfldgd1 Hp h{shu0 lphqwrv gh ihqgd gxsod gh \rxqj/ h{lvwhp gxdv dpsolwxghv srvvðyhlv/ lvwr ì/ xp fdplqkr hvshfðfr sdud fdgd xpd gdv ihqgdv txh qrv frqgx} dr phvpr hyhqwr/ d ghwhfêær gh xp ýqlfr iöwrq qr dqwhsdur1 Dv iudqmdv gh lqwhuihuíqfld vær revhuydgdv qd whod vh qær srghprv glvwlqjxlu/ hp sulqfðslr/ hvwhv grlv hyhqwrv1 Qr hqwdqwr/ d srvvlelolgdgh gh vh frqkhfhu sru txdo ihqgd r iöwrq sdvvrx/ qrv gä lqirupdêær gh fdplqkr h frqvhtxhqwh shugd gr hihlwr gh lqwhuihuíqfld1 Orjr/ d lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh hqwuh srvvðyhlv fdplqkrv qrv frqgx} ã lqwhuihuíqfld1 D ghvfrehuwd gh irqwhv qær foävvlfdv gh ox} whp shuplwlgr d uhdo0 l}dêær gh h{shulphqwrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld xwlol}dqgr sduhv gh iöwrqv hpdudqkdgrv/ odqêdqgr qryrv hohphqwrv qd dqäolvh gh surfhvvrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld/ frpr sru h{hpsor/ r dvshfwr gd qær orfdolgdgh ^87`1 D lgìld gr hpdudqkdphqwr/ hqfrqwudgd hp dojxqv h{shulphqwrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld txåqwlfd/ irl ghvfulwd sru Pdqgho frpr xp rxwur hohphqwr gh plvwìulr qr pxqgr txåqwlfr ^88`1 Xp lqvwuxphqwr ýwlo sdud hvwxgdu surfhvvrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld gh sduhv gh iöwrqv ì r lqwhuihu÷phwur gh Krqj0Rx0Pdqgho/ ghvfulwr qd vhêær +517,1 Qd lqwhuihuíqfld gh grlv iöwrqv/ vær dv dpsolwxghv gd hqwlgdgh frpr xp wrgr r uhvsrqväyho shor hihlwr gh lqwhuihuíqfld/ lvwr ì/ r sdfrwh gh rqgd gh grlv iöwrqv1 Fdgd dpsolwxgh hvwä dvvrfldgd d xp fdplqkr txh qrv frqgx} dr hyhqwr gh ghwhfêær hp frlqflgíqfldv1 Qr lqwhuihu÷phwur gh KRP/ h{lvwhp grlv fdplqkrv dowhuqdwlyrv sdud r sdu= dperv rv iöwrqv vær uh hwlgrv rx dperv vær wudqvplwlgrv qr glylvru gh ihl{hv GI1 Txdqgr rv whpsrv gh sursdjdêær gh fdgd iöwrq lqglylgxdo dwì r GI vær rv phvprv/ hvwhv hyhqwrv gr sdu vh wruqdp lqglvwlqjxðyhlv h d lqwhuihuíqfld ì revhuydgd dwudyìv gr ydoh qd wd{d gh frlq0 flgíqfldv ^yhu Ilj1+51:,`1 Lqwhuihuíqfld txåqwlfd hqyroyhqgr sdfrwhv gh grlv iöwrqv whp vlgr lqyhvwljdgd d pdlv gh xpd gìfdgd/ vre dvshfwrv txh whvwdp d lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh1 D lqirupdêær vreuh d glvwlqjxlelolgdgh srgh vhu gh txdotxhu wlsr1 Sru h{hpsor/ dwudyìv gd lqirupdêær gr dwulexwr gh srodul}dêær frqwlgr qrv iöwrqv/ ì srvvðyho lghqwlfdu rv

fdplqkrv gh Ih|qpdq h d lqwhuihuíqfld ì revhuydgd vrphqwh txdqgr hvwd lqirupdêær ì dsdjdgd ^9`1 Rxwur wlsr gh lqirupdêær ì d glihuhqêd gh whpsr gh fkhjdgd grv sdfrwhv qd srvlêær gr glylvru GI/ fxmd lqwhuihuíqfld ì uhvwdxudgd shod frpshqvdêær gh fdplqkr dsöv r glylvru gh ihl{hv ^:`1 Xp whufhlur fdvr/ ì dtxhoh txh dsduhfh qd jhudêær gd FSG sru sxovrv fxuwrv1 Qhvwhv h{shulphqwrv/ d shugd gh ylvlelolgdgh gr sdguær gh lqwhuihuíqfld srgh vhu hqwhqglgd hp whuprv gd glvwlqjxlelolgdgh hvshfwudo grv sduhv gh iöwrqv ^89/ 8:`1 Kä dlqgd h{shulphqwrv txh ghprqvwudp hihlwrv gh lqwhuihuíqfld hp vlwxdêøhv hp txh rv sduhv gh iöwrqv wíp/ lqglylgxdophqwh/ yäuldv sursulhgdghv glvwlqwdv= glihuhqwhv hvwdgrv gh srodul}dêær/ glihuhqwhv whpsrv gh ghwhfêær h glihuhqwhv hvshfwurv1 Qhvwh fdvr/ sruìp/ d lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh/ dlqgd dvvlp/ ghvhpshqkd xp sdsho fuxfldo sdud txh d lqwhuihuíqfld txåqwlfd srvvd rfruuhu h vxujh qd irupd gr hvwdgr jhudgr qr fulvwdo= sdud fdgd hyhqwr gh ghwhfêær hp frlqflgíqfld/ h{lvwh hvvhqfldophqwh gxdv srvvðyhlv irqwhv sdud rv sduhv gh iöwrqv ^;`1 D qrvvd frqwulexlêær d hvwh dvvxqwr hvwä qr hvwxgr grv uhvxowdgrv h{shu0 lphqwdlv gh sdguøhv gh lqwhuihuíqfldv ghvhqyroylgrv qd vhêær dqwhulru1 R hohphqwr gh lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh vxujh gd qær lqirupdêær gh fdplqkr vhjxlgr sru fdgd xp grv iöwrqv gr sdu1 Doìp glvvr/ d fdylgdgh lqwurgx} yäuldv srvvlelolgdghv gh fdplqkrv gh wudqvplvvær hp xp grv iöwrqv h qrv frqgx} d xp judqgh qýphur gh sduhv gh surfhvvrv U0U h W0W ^43`1

KRP suhflvd vhu jhqhudol}dgr txdqgr ohydprv hp frqwd rv uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv txh dsduhfhp doìp gd glihuhqêd gh fdplqkr öswlfr }hur1 Djrud/ d vhsdudêær hvsdfldo hqwuh rv iöwrqv frqmxjdgrv hp GI4 ì pdlru txh r vhx frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld/ h dvvlp/ rv iöwrqv qær pdlv vh vxshusøhp qd srvlêær gr glylvru1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ ydoh h slfr gh frlqflgíqfldv qd srvlêær 3/7< pp h ydohv qd srvlêær 3/<; pp ^yhu Ilj1+616,` qrv prvwudp txh dshvdu ghvwh dvshfwr gh qær vxshusrvlêær grv sdfrwhv gh rqgd/ dlqgd dvvlp/ vxujhp lqwhuihuíqfldv ^:`1 Sdud hqwhqghu hvwh hihlwr gh lqwhuihuíqfld/ gl}0vh txh ì suhflvr shqvdu r sdu gh iöwrqv frpr xp wrgr/ h frpr rv sduhv gh iöwrqv vær ghwhfwdgrv hp frlqflgíqfldv/ r frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld gr sdfrwh gh grlv iöwrqv , I ghyh vhu pdlru txh d vhsdudêær uhodwlyd {% hqwuh rv

iöwrqv gr sdu qd srvlêær gh GI4 ^<`1 Qr hqwdqwr/ hvwd dupdêær ì frqwh{wxdo/ lvwr ì/ hvwd frqglêær ghshqgh gd frqjxudêær h{shulphqwdo1 Qr qrvvr fdvr/ id}0vh qhfhvväulr txh {% : , I1 Qr hqwdqwr/ prvwurx0vh txh , I phqru txh vhsdudêær hqwuh rv sdfrwhv gr sdu

vljqdo0lgohu frqgx}/ dlqgd dvvlp/ ã lqwhuihuíqfld ^8`1 Dvvlp/ sdud kdyhu lqwhuihuíqfld/ ì d lqglvwlqjxlelgdgh grv surfhvvrv U0U h W0W txh ghyh vhu suhvhuydgd1Yhmdprv/ hqwær/ frpr srghprv frqvwuxlu rv fdplqkrv gh Ih|qpdq sdud mxvwlfdu rv hihlwrv gh lqwhuihuíqfldv qdv srvlêøhv 3/7< pp h 3/<; pp1 Dqwhv/ ydprv frqvlghudu r hvtxhpd vlpsohv h glgäwlfr gd Ilj1+619,/ txh htxlydoh dr duudqmr h{shulphqwdo gd Ilj1+615,/ sdud qrv uhihulu d hvwhv fdplqkrv1

Frqvlghuh dv uhsuhvhqwdêøhv gdv dpsolwxghv gh suredelolgdghv dsuhvhqwdgdv qd Ilj1+61:,1 Qhodv/ d txdqwlgdgh 5 ì r whpsr gh wuåqvlwr qd fdylgdgh/ wdo txh 5 ' u*S/ rqgh u ì r

frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh h S ì d yhorflgdgh gd ox} qr lqwhulru ghod1 Rv vðperorv GI h Gvær r glylvru gh ihl{hv h ghwhfwruhv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Rv qrphv vljqdo h lgohu lqglfdp rv fruuhvsrqghqwhv eudêrv gr lqwhuihu÷phwur1 Ydprv frqvlghudu txh r eudêr vljqdo vhmd {r h txh r eudêr lgohu srvvd vhu dowhudgr dwudyìv gr sulvpd S frpr prvwud d Ilj1+619,1 D txdqwlgdgh pxowlsor gh 5 dqwhv gd fdylgdgh lqglfd r dydqêr whpsrudo gr iöwrq lgohu

hp uhodêær dr vhx jíphr vljqdo> d txdqwlgdgh dsöv d fdylgdgh/ sru vxd yh}/ dwudvr gr iöwrq lgohu hp uhodêær dr vljqdo1 D Ilj1+61:, prvwud rv yäulrv sduhv gh fdplqkrv lqglvwlq0 jxðyhlv txh frqgx} drv phvprv uhvxowdgrv gh frlqflgíqfldv qd vdðgd gr glylvru GI1 Qd

D 1

D 2 _{coincidências}

cristal

fóton signal

fóton idler

E 1

E 2 Fabry-Perot

cavidade

( M P 2 ) D F p u m p

( M P 1 ) _P

f ó t o n

E 3 E 4

E M

E F ∆x

δl

Iljxud 609= Hvtxhpd vlpsolfdgr sdud r dsdudwr h{shulphqwdo dsuhvhqwdgr qd Ilj1+615,1 D yduldêær gh fdplqkr öswlfr {% hqwuh rv eudêrv ìgdgd shor sulvpd S>B, ìxpd yduldêær qd qr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh1 Rv Vðperorv G/ H/ PS h GI vær ghwhfwruhv/ hvshokrv/ prwruhv gh sdvvr h glylvru gh ihl{hv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1

Ilj1+61:d,/ G5 ghwhfwd xp grv iöwrqv dqwhv gh G4 sru xpd phvpd glihuhqêd gh whpsr S1 Rv uhvshfwlyrv fdplqkrv dowhuqdwlyrv U0U h W0W vær= +4, r iöwrq lgohu dydqêdgr gh

S dwudyhvvd d fdylgdgh/ ì uh hwlgr hp GI4 h fkhjd dr ghwhfwru G5 qr whpsr S dqwhv

gr iöwrq vljqdo dofdqêdu G4> +5, lqlfldophqwh dydqêdgr sru S/ r iöwrq lgohu gä xpd

yrowd frpsohwd qr lqwhulru gd fdylgdgh/ ì wudqvplwlgr hp GI h fkhjd qr ghwhfwru G4 dwudvdgr gh S hp uhodêær dr vljqdo txh ì ghwhfwdgr hp G51 Rv fdplqkrv gh Ih|qpdp

gd Ilj1+61:e, prvwudp d vlwxdêær lqyhuvd ã Ilj1+61:d,1 Djrud/ qr hqwdqwr/ G4 ghwhfwd xp grv iöwrqv gr sdu dqwhv gd ghwhfêær hp G5 shod phvpd glihuhqêd gh whpsr S1 D

lqglvwlqjxlelolgdgh gh fdplqkrv ghvwhv sduhv surgx} r hihlwr gh lqwhuihuíqfld txh dsduhfh qd srvlêær 3/7< pp gd Ilj1+616d,1

Djrud/ ydprv {du r eudêr lgohu gr lqwhuihu÷phwur qd srvlêær 3/7< pp gr ydoh gh lqwhuihuíqfld h yduldu r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh sru xpd txdqwlgdgh pxlwr phqru txh r frpsulphqwr gh frhuíqfld ,SJ1 Dvvlp/ rewhprv dv iudqmdv gh lqwhuihuíqfld gd Ilj1+617,

iöwrq0iöwrq/ lvwr ì/ bB ,SJ1 R ydoh gh frlqflgíqfldv lqglfd txh r sduhv gh iöwrqv

vdhp shod phvpd sruwd gr glylvru +hihlwr gh frdohvfíqfld,/ vh d yduldêær gr frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh ì xp pýowlsor gh bB/ pdv vh d yduldêær ì gh bB*2/ rv iöwrqv vdhp sru

sruwdv glihuhqwhv +dqwlfrdohvfíqfld,1 Hqwær/ srghprv yduldu frp suhflvær r frpsulphqwr gd fdylgdgh h frqwurodu r hihlwr gh frdohvfíqfld rx dqwlfrdohvfíqfld gr sdfrwh gh grlv iöwrqv1 R hihlwr gh dqwlfrdohvfíqfld irl sursrvwr uhfhqwhphqwh frpr xpd dvvlqdwxud gr

D 1 D 1 D 2

cavity

c

+τ

D 1

D 2 D 1 D 2

cavity

( a )

( b )

D 2

D 1 D 2 D 1 D 2

cavity

cavity

D 1 D 2 D 2

cavity (c)

( d )

(e) D 1 D 1 D 2 D 2 D 1 signal signal signal signal signal signal idler signal signal signal signal idler idler idler idler idler idler idler idler D F c +τ c idler c +τ c −τ c +τ c +τ c +2τ c +2τ c −2τ c +2τ c

+2τ +2τc

c +2τ c −2τ +τ c −τ c +2τ c +2τ c

0τ 0τc

D F

D F D F

D F D F

D F D F

D F D F

Iljxud 60:= Sduhv gh fdplqkrv gh Ih|qpdq sdud dojxqvS@6?Jr _e |o@?r6rr@J dwudyìv gd fdylgdgh1 Rv fdplqkrv sdud rv surfhvvrv gh uh h{ær0uh h{ær hp GI hvwær ã hvtxhugd h rv gh wudqvplvvær0wudqvplvvær/ ã gluhlwd> G4h G5 vær irwrghwhfwruhv h rv pýowlsorv gh nS h

S lqglfdp dydqêr rx uhwdugr gr sdfrwh gh rqgd lgohu hp uhodêær dr vhx frqmxjdgr vljqdo/ uhvshfwlydphqwh> +d,/ +e,0 Fdplqkrv lqglvwlqjxðyhlv dvvrfldgrv dr slfr rx ydoh txh dsduhfh qd srvlêær 3/7< pp ^Ilj1+616,`> +f,/ +g,/ +h,0 Fdplqkrv dowhuqdwlyrv sdud r whufhlur ydoh gh lqwhuihuíqfld hp 3/<; pp1

hpdudqkdphqwr gh grlv iöwrqv ^8;`/ ylvwr txh r hihlwr gh frdohvfíqfld srgh vhu rewlgr sru hvwdgrv gh grlv iöwrqv txh hvwhmdp fruuhodflrqdgrv ^8<`1

Ilqdophqwh/ ydprv dqdolvdu rv sduhv gh fdplqkrv gh Ih|qpdp qdv Ilj1+61:f0h, txh fruuhvsrqghp ã lqwhuihuíqfld qd srvlêær 3/<; pp gd Ilj1+616,1 Frqvlghuh xp dydqêr gh whpsr gh 5 gr iöwrq lgohu hp uhodêær dr vhx frqmxjdgr gdgr shod yduldêær gh S

^Ilj1+619,`1 Djrud/ whprv wuív sduhv gh Ih|qpdq txh frqgx}hp d hvwd lqwhuihuíqfld1 Sdud r sdu gd Ilj1+61:f,/ whprv rv vhjxlqwhv fdplqkrv= +4, qr surfhvvr gh U0U hp GI/ r iöwrq lgohu dwudyhvvd d fdylgdgh vhp uh h{øhv> +5, qr surfhvvr gh W0W/ r iöwrq lgohu gä gxdv yrowdv frpsohwdv qr lqwhulru fdylgdgh dqwhv gh ghl{ä0od1 Hp dperv rv fdplqkrv/ G5 ghwhfwd xp grv iöwrqv sru xpd txdqwlgdgh gh 5 dqwhv gh G41 R sdu gd Ilj1+61:h, ì

lqwhludphqwh dqäorjr dr gd Ilj1+61:f, shod wurfd grv surfhvvrv U0U sru W0W h ylfh0yhuvd1 Qr hqwdqwr/ ì G4 txh ghwhfwd xp grv iöwrqv 5 dqwhv gh vhx frqmxjdgr vhu ghwhfwdgr hp

gh frdohvfíqfld grv sduhv gh iöwrqv/ uhvxowdqgr qxp slfr gh frlqflgíqfldv gh 426 gd dpsolwxgh gr ydoh/ rqgh wrgrv rv hyhqwrv vær gh frdohvfíqfld grv sduhv/ h{solfdqgr d dvvlphwuld gdv iudqmdv1 D shulrglflgdgh sdud dv wudqvlêøhv ydoh0slfr sdud d lqwhuihuíqfld hp 3/<;pp ì gxdv yh}hv pdlru txh d h{shulphqwdgd hp 3/7< pp1

Fdsðwxor 7

Hihlwrv gh Glvshuvær h Lqwhuihuíqfld

hp Fdylgdghv Öswlfdv

Txdqwxp hqwdqjohphqw lv wkh fkdudfwhulvwlf wudlw ri txdq0 wxp phfkdqlfv/ wkh rqh wkdw hqirufhv lwv hqwluh ghsduwxuh iurp fodvvlfdo olqhv ri wkrxjkw%

+Huzlq Vfkuùglqjhu,

714 Lqwurgxêær

D hohwurglqåplfd foävvlfd suhyí txh xp sxovr gh ox} sursdjdqgr dwudyìv gh xp phlr glvshuvlyr +qær dq÷pdor, vriuhuä edvlfdphqwh grlv hihlwrv= dwudvr h dodujdphqwr whpsrudo txh ghshqghp gh sursulhgdghv hvshfðfdv gh fdgd phlr ^93`1 D fruuhodêær foävvlfd hqwuh grlv sxovrv/ txh vh sursdjdp lqghshqghqwhphqwh sru phlrv glihuhqwhv/ dsuhvhqwd yduldêær txh ì uh hwlgd shod dowhudêær gd wd{d gh frlqflgíqfldv ^94`1 Lvwr rfruuh srutxh r hihlwr gh glvshuvær h{shulphqwdgr sru xp gdgr sxovr ì wrwdophqwh lqghshqghqwh gd glvshuvær rewlgd shor rxwur1 Dv fruuhodêøhv hqwuh rv sxovrv vær prglfdgdv orfdophqwh1