Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. vol.38 número4

3 5 3

Revista da Sociedade Br asileir a de Medicina Tr opical 3 8 ( 4 ) :3 5 3 -3 5 5 , jul-ago, 2 0 0 5

_{COMUNICAÇÃO/COMMUNICATION}

Phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of dermal leishmaniasis in

the eastern region of the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina

-preliminary results ( Diptera: Psychodidae)

Flebotomíneos num foco de leishmaniose tegumentar na região leste do

Estado de Santa Catarina - resultados preliminares ( Diptera: Psychodidae)

Carlos Brisola Marcondes

1

_{, Maria Bernadete E. Conceição}

2

_,

Maria Graça T. Portes

3

_{and Bento P. Simão}

2

ABSTRACT

Du e to th e o c c u rre n c e o f c a se s o f d e rm a l le i sh m a n i a si s i n th e Mu n i c i p a li ty o f Pi ç a rra s, i n th e Ea st o f th e Bra zi li a n Sta te

o f Sa n ta Ca ta ri n a , c o lle c ti o n s o f Ph le b o to m i n e sa n d f li e s b y th e u se o f CDC- li k e li gh t tra p s we re d e ve lo p e d n e a r th e

h o u se s o f th e p a ti e n ts. Th re e sp e c i e s (

Lutzo m yia ne ivai

,

Lu. fisc he r i

a n d

Lu. ayr o zai) we r e c o lle c te d. Lu. ne ivai

w a s

p re d o m i n a n t n e a r th e h o u se s, a n d

Lu. ayr o zai

wa s c o lle c te d i n a se c o n d a ry f o re st i n a n e a rb y m u n i c i p a li ty ( Na ve ga n te s) .

Th e n o ve lty o f th i s f o c u s, th e m o st so u th e rn o n e i n th e Ea st o f Bra zi l, u n d e rsc o re s th e n e e d f o r m o re c o m p le te stu d i e s o n

th e sa n d f ly f a u n a .

Ke y-words:

Ph le b o to m i n a e . De rm a l le i sh m a n i a si s. Sa n ta Ca ta ri n a . Bra zi l. Ep i d e m i o lo gy.

RESUMO

De vi d o à o c o rrê n c i a d e c a so s d e le i sh m a n i o se te gu m e n ta r n o Mu n i c í p i o d e Pi ç a rra s, n a p a rte le ste d o Esta d o d e Sa n ta

Ca ta ri n a , Bra si l, f o ra m re a li za d a s c o le ta s c o m a rm a d i lh a s lu m i n o sa s ti p o CDC n a s p ro x i m i d a d e s d e c a sa s d e p a c i e n te s.

Trê s e sp é c i e s

(

Lutzo myia ne ivai

,

Lu. fisc he r i

e

Lu. ayr o zai

) e sta va m re p re se n ta d a s n a s c o le ta s.

Lu. ne ivai

f o i p re d o m i n a n te

e

Lu. ayr o zai

f o i c o le ta d a e m m a ta se c u n d á ri a . O i n e d i ti sm o d e ste f o c o , o m a i s m e ri d i o n a l n o le ste d o Bra si l, i n d i c a

se re m n e c e ssá ri o s e stu d o s m a i s d e ta lh a d o s d a f a u n a d e f le b o to m í n e o s n a á re a .

Pal avr as-chave s:

Ph le b o to m i n a e . Le i sh m a n i o se te gu m e n ta r. Sa n ta Ca ta ri n a . Bra si l. Ep i d e m i o lo gi a .

1 . De par tame nto de Mic r o b io lo gia e Par asito lo gia do Ce ntr o de Ciê nc ias B io ló gic as da Unive r sidade Fe de r al de Santa Catar ina, Flo r ianó po lis, SC. 2 . Co o r de naç ão da Fundaç ão Nac io nal de Saúde /NENSC, Flo r ianó po lis, SC. 3 . Fundaç ão Nac io nal de Saúde /NENSC, J o invile , SC.

Addr e ss to: Dr. Car lo s B r iso la Mar c o nde s. MIP/CCB /UFSC. Campus Unive r sitár io - Tr indade - Caixa Po stal 4 7 6 , 8 8 0 4 0 - 9 0 0 Flo r ianó po lis, SC. e - mail: c b r iso la@ mb o x1 . ufsc . b r

Re c e b ido par a pub lic aç ão e m 7 /5 /2 0 0 4 Ac e ito e m 8 /4 /2 0 0 5

Dermal leishmaniasis was previously referred in the State of

Santa Catar ina

_{, c ause d b y}

_{Le i sh m a n i a b ra zi li e n si s}

_and

L. a m a zo n e n si s

₍

_L.

_{is utilized her e as an ab b r eviatio n o f}

Le ishm a nia

, to differentiate

Lu.

from

Lutzo m yia

) . This disease

has been reported in the West of this State, and some human

c ase s o f de r m al le ishm aniasis have b e e n o b se r ve d in the

Munic ipality of Piç arras, in the eastern c oast of the state

_{. A}

survey by Montenegro reac tion indic ated high prevalenc e of

infec tion ( 1 2 .1 % ) in humans and in dogs ( 1 7 .1 % ) in a loc ality

in Piç ar r as ( No ssa Senho r a da Co nc eiç ão ) , sho wing ac tive

transmission of parasites

_.

The fauna o f Phle b o to mine sand flie s in Santa Catar ina is

lar ge ly unk no wn.

Lu . n e i va i

was r e fe r r e d

_{. Twe lve spe c ie s}

were listed for the state

_{. Although the fauna in the western foc i}

of Santa Catarina has been studied, nothing is known about the

insec ts of the newly detec ted foc us in the c oastal region. The

o nly study in the eastern regio n o f the so uthern states was

developed in a primary forest in Morretes ( Paraná)

_{, besides}

some studies a long time ago in the East of Rio Grande do Sul,

in whic h

Lu . n e i va i

( as

Ph le b o to m u s i n te rm e d i u s

)

and

Lu. fische ri

were reported

_.

Collec tions of insec ts were developed in the foc us of dermal

leishmaniasis situated at the Munic ipality of Piç arras, mostly

near the houses where c ases of dermal leishmaniasis had been

r e po r te d, and in a se c o ndar y fo r e st in the Munic ipality o f

3 5 4

Ma r co nde s CB e t al

Collections were taken in March and April 2 0 0 0 in the locality

of Nossa Senhora da Conceição ( 2 6 º4 5 ’5 0 ” S 4 8 º4 1 ’1 9 ” W, 4 9 m

a. s. l.) , in the Municipality of Piçarras. This locality is suburban,

and all houses are situated at a maximum of 2 0 0 m from a main

street, which continues in a 3 km road and starts and ends on the

BR-1 0 1 highway. The distance between BR-1 0 1 and the coast is

about 6 0 0 m. There is a little secondary vegetation, including some

banana and other fruit trees; residual secondary forests are very

small and far from houses. Some collections were also developed

in an area of sec ondary vegetation ( Esc alvado) in the nearby

munic ipality o f Navegantes ( 2 6

_{5 3 ’5 6 ” S 4 8}

_{3 9 ’1 5 ” W) . Six}

collections were done using Shannon traps

_{with a lamp, and}

CDC-like miniature light traps, with 6 .6 V rechargeable batteries

_were

utilized, in 3 0 trap/nights.

Collections with Shannon tr ap wer e negative.

Sandflies

c ollec ted by miniature light traps were identified as belonging to

one of three spec ies ( Table 1 ) .

Lu. ne iva i

was the predominant

spec ies, and

Lu. a yro za i

was c ollec ted only in the sec ondary

forest. Sinc e this is a preliminary study, the mean quantities per

c ollec tion, whic h were very low, are not given.

Lu. ne iva i

, although not fulfilling all the requirements to be

c onsidered a vec tor of

Le ishm a nia

to man

_{, has been strongly}

suspec ted as a vec tor of these protozoa. In the Ribeira Valley, at

the São Paulo State, where both spec ies of the

Lu. i n te rm e d i a

complex occur

_,

_{Lu. inte rm e dia}

_{s. l. has been incriminated as a}

vector of

L. b ra zilie nsis

near the domiciles

_.

_{Lu. ne iva i}

_{is also the}

predominant species in the houses in the North of Paraná State,

and some modifications have been proposed to reduce the risk

for the population

_{. In the present preliminary study,}

_{Lu. ne iva i}

is the predominant species near the houses, where the transmission

of the parasites is probably occurring. The vegetation in the region

was very modified, and this modification probably facilitated the

adaptation of this sand fly to the areas near the houses.

Lu . a yro za i

has been stro ngly suspec ted as a vec to r o f

L. n a iffi

in the Amazon region

_{. Its anthropophily is low in}

Colombia

_{, but several insec ts of this spec ies were c ollec ted}

biting man in the Ribeira Valley

_{, and this is the only spec ies that}

sometimes has bitten man in daylight in a sec ondary forest in

the Island o f Santa Catar ina ( CB Mar c o nde s: unpub lishe d

observations) . This may indic ate some regional variation of the

spec ies. Its role in the transmission of

L. b ra zilie nsis

in the

region may not be disc arded. However, sinc e there is no evidenc e

of assoc iation of c ases with the forest,

Lu. a yro za i

has probably

no direc t role in the infec tion of humans. Several spec ies were

present in c ollec tions from primary forest in Morretes, 3 0 0 km

to the North

_{, but that study was muc h more extensive, and in a}

more humid and preserved area, whic h is pr o b ab ly similar to

the o ne o c c ur r ing o r iginally in Piç ar r as.

Ta ble 1- Phlebo to m ine sa ndflies co llected in the lo ca lities o f No ssa Senho ra da Co nceiçã o ( CO, Município - Piça rra s) a nd Esca lva do ( ES, Município - Na vega ntes) , Sta te o f Sa nta Ca ta rina , using CDC-lik e m inia ture light tra ps.

Phlebotomine species

Lu. neiva i Lu. fischeri Lu. a yro za i

F M Total F M Total F M Total Total

CO- house of infected boys 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

ES- border of the forest 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

ES- border of the forest 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO- neighborhood of infected boys’ house 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO- end of the road- in the chicken roost 8 9 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 17

ES-in the forest 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

CO- neighborhood of boys’ house 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO- under tree, near a chicken roost- extreme of road 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

CO- pigsty 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

CO- near pigsty 2 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

CO- near banana trees 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

CO-near house 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

CO-near house 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO-near house 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO-near house and birds’ cage 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO-near house 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO-near house 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

CO- end of road- in the chicken roost 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

CO- in the forest 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO- end of road- under tree- near a chicken roost 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 2 5

CO- end of road- under tree- in the chicken roost 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

CO- in a chicken roost 3 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

CO -under a tree ( avocado-pear) 5 6 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

CO- in a chicken roost 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CO- in the forest, near a house 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

CO- near a house 4 7 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

Total 32 50 82 2 0 2 2 1 3 87

3 5 5

Revista da Sociedade Br asileir a de Medicina Tr opical 3 8 ( 4 ) :3 5 3 -3 5 5 , jul-ago, 2 0 0 5

Lu. m igo ne i

was not yet found on this region, but sinc e it is

a c ommon spec ies in Florianópolis ( CB Marc ondes: unpublished

results) and Morretes

_{, it will c ertainly be obtained in future}

more extensive studies. However, its absenc e in this study may

indic ate that it is a rare spec ies in Piç arras.

Transmission of

Le ishm a nia

to man depends on several

fac tors, and there are several kinds of c yc le in the different areas

_.

Other studies, preferably inc luding the extensive c ollec tion of

sand flies and the analysis of its natural infec tion rate, must be

developed in the area.

The alleged presenc e of

Lu. inte rm e dia

in the State of Santa

Catar ina

_{is pr o b ab ly b ase d o n the no n- ac c e ptanc e o f the}

diffe r e ntiatio n b e twe e n the spe c ie s o f the

Lu . i n te rm e d i a

c o mplex

_{o r in repo rts published befo re this pro po sal o f}

resurrec tion of

Lu. ne iva i

_{. Sinc e no justific ation has been}

published for this non-ac c eptanc e, it is better to c onsider the

spec ies in the southern Brazilian states and in other c ountries as

Lu. ne iva i

. No study in this region have obtained

Lu. inte rm e dia

s.s., as defined previously

_.

REFERENCES

1 . Aguiar GM. Distr ib uiç ão r egio nal e háb itats das espéc ies de fleb o to míneo s do B r asil. In : Rangel EF, Lainso n R ( o r gs) Fleb o to míneo s do B r asil. Edito r a da Fundaç ão Oswaldo Cr uz, Rio de Janeir o , p.2 0 5 -2 5 5 , 2 0 0 3 .

2 . Andr ade - Filho J D, Galati EAB , Falc ão AL. Re de sc r iptio n o f Nysso m yi a i n te rm e d i a ( Lutz & Ne iva, 1 9 1 2 ) and Nysso m yi a n e i va i ( Pinto , 1 9 2 6 )

Dipte r a: Psyc ho didae ) . Me mó r ias Instituto Oswaldo Cr uz 9 8 : 1 0 5 9 - 1 0 6 5 , 2 0 0 4 .

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6 . Gr isar d E, Ste inde l M, Shaw J J , Ishik awa EAY, Car valho - Pinto CJ , Ege r-Mangr ic h I, To ma HK, Lima JH, Ro manha AJ, Campb ell DA. Char ac ter izatio n o f Le i sh m a n i a sp str ains iso late d fr o m auto c htho no us c ase s o f human c utane o us le ishm aniasis in Santa Catar ina State , So uthe r n B r azil. Ac ta Tr o pic a 7 4 : 8 9 - 9 3 , 2 0 0 0 .

7 . Killic k - Ke ndr ic k R. Phle b o to mine ve c to r s o f the le ishmaniasis: a r e vie w. Me dic al and Ve te r inar y Ento mo lo gy 4 : 1 - 2 4 , 1 9 9 0 .

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1 4 . Pinto C. Pe sq uisas so b r e par asito lo gia humana e animal no Rio Gr ande do Sul. Ar q uivo s do De pa r ta m e nto de Es ta dua l de Sa úde do Rio Gr a nde do Sul 2 : 7 3 - 9 1 , 1 9 4 1 .

1 5 . Po r te r CH, De fo liar t GR. The man-b iting ac tivity o f phle b o to mine sand flie s ( Dipte r a: Psyc ho didae ) in a tr o pic al we t fo r e st e nvir o nme nt in Co lo mb ia. Ar q uivo s Zo o lo gia 3 0 : 8 5 - 1 5 8 , 1 9 8 1 .

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1 7 . Shanno n RC. Me tho ds fo r c o lle c ting and fe e ding m o sq uito e s in j ungle ye llo w fe ve r. Ame r ic an Jo ur nal Tr o pic al Me dic ine 1 9 : 1 3 1 -1 4 0 , 1 9 3 9 .

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2 0 . Sudia WD, Cha m b e r la in RW. B a tte r y- o pe r a te d light tr a p, a n im pr o ve d mo de l. Mo sq uito Ne ws 2 2 : 1 2 6 - 1 2 9 , 1 9 6 2 .