Vol-7, Special Issue3-April, 2016, pp518-525
http://www.bipublication.com
Research Article
Evaluation of the Effect of Nitrogenized Bio Fertilizer and Titanium Dioxide
Nanoparticles on Phytoremediation of Corn Plant in the Presence of Chrome
Fatemeh Naghavi
Young researcherers and Elite Club,Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University Kerman Iran. Correspondent author: Naghavifm@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
For studying the effects of dioxide titanium nanoparticle and nitrogenized bio fertilizerin deleting contaminators on some physiological features of corn plant, this study was done in a factorial way in the form of a random trial in 3 repetitions. Treatments were 4 levels of 0 (control), titanium oxide (non-Nano), bulk, and densities of 0.01 and 0.02% in two stages of stemming and flowering by spraying method in all treatments. In addition, 4 levels of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof control (without muck), aztobacter, azospirilum and azorisobium were evaluated. The qualities of study in this research are antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total chlorophyll and finally the content of relative water. Results showed qualities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and RWC, SOD and CAT were significant at 1% level under the effect of titanium oxide nitrogenized muck while the mutual effect of CAT and SOD was not significant.
Key words: titanium dioxide, catalase, chrome, biologic muck
INTRODUCTION
The contamination of soil with heavy metals is one of the main environmental problems in many parts of the world. The main way of entering of heavy metals to environments is through urban wastewaters, insecticides, mucking, paint industries, concrete factories, rubber making, automobile fuel, and metal melting industries. Chrome is the 7th abundant metal on earth and among the intermediary elements of the alternative table that is known in last decade as one of the main environmental contaminators. (Panda and choudhury, 2005). Now chrome due to wide industrial use is widely left in soils. In nature, chrome exists in two different oxide forms: chrome with 3th capacity and with 4th. These two capacities form the persistent forms of chrome. Chrome can have effective or damaging and
change of chloroplast and ultra-structure of the membrane. (shanker et al, 2005).
There are several ways for deleting the metal from soil like washing, chemical and biotechnology methods that cost highly and also have damaging effects on biologic activities. (pulford and Watson, 2003). Phytoremediation is a technology based on use of plants that besides simplicity, cheap cost and effectiveness won’t damage the environment and by use of correction methods causes the recovery of contaminated soils and stopping the contaminators at the place. (liphadzi et al, 2006). In this method, recovery of soil is done without digging the contaminated place. (ghosh et al, 2005). On the other hand the use of phytoremediation causes the revitalization of the place, protecting the physical structure and chemical features of the soil. (ouyang, 2002). The interaction of high plants with nanoparticles is done in two direct way through various fertilizers and toxins of repelling pests based on nanoparticles and indirect way through watering to the nanoparticles. Two main features of nanoparticles, which make them very useful in life, are photocatalist and water-friendly features of them, which are used for water purification, wastewaters, deleting air pollution, prompting photochemical reactions in contaminated soil. (USEPA et al, 2007). Nano technology is a new technology and has high potential in cleaning contaminated areas. (marchiol et al, 2007). It can also be used for detecting molecule behaviors of disease, increase of food absorption and absorption of the existing elements in the soil. The goal of this study is phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metal of chrome and concurrent study of the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticle and nitrogenized bio fertilizerin this issue. Determining the effect of various extents of electric conduct (EC) as the criterion of absorbed chrome density, comparison of soil modifiers including sludge of sewage in cities on the density of absorbed chrome in various parts of the plant and the mass of plants produced through use of watering containing various extents of the metal
and corrections of the sewage sludge of cities. Increase of electric conduct of watering in the branch, roots and leaves of the plant is increased and the extent of chrome absorption in sludge treatment is higher than compost treatment. Thus, concurrent use of electric conduct and improper sludge can increase deletion of chrome. (salami et al, 2010).
Environment is contaminated by heavy metals through activities like mines, melting of metals, production of fuels and energy, sludge of sewage, compost and muck in agricultural fields. (chehregani et al, 2009, wang et al, 2009).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was done in April 2015 in greenhouse and specialized laboratory in Isphahan. The soil was prepared from Irankoh area at the 25th south western kilometer of Isphahan at 1750 height from the sea, with mean rainfall of 140mm in a year. Also the urban residue compost was prepared from the Isphahan compost factory after completion of processing stages and the sludge was prepared from the swage refinery in south of Isphahan as the modifier of soil.
levels (control), azobacter biologic muck, azospirlium and azornobium.
The features of the materials of evaluation Content of relative water (RWC)
Three edge leaves in the 8-leaves stage of each vase were selected and put in plastic bag. First the primary weight of leaves were measured and they were placed in a container with distilled water for 24 hours in darkness. Then leaves were dragged out and dried with filtering paper and the weight was determined and then they were dried in 70_degree oven for 48 hours and then the dry weights were measured. (turner, 1981).
Dry weight of leaf-saturated weight/dry weight-fresh weight= content of relative moisture
Measurement of the activity of catalase enzyme Measurement of catalase (CAT) enzyme was done with Paglia Valentine method. In this method the intensity of reaction of oxide water deletion as substra was evaluated, the ground’s buffer for work contained 0.17 mm disodic phosphate (ph=7.5) along with 0.15 moll EDTA and 0.11 mm magnesium chloride. The reduction of H202 in 240 nanometer was done by a standard curve. The measurement unit was the international unit of gram protein of sample solution Ulg. Port.
Measurement of activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme
For measuring this enzyme new samples of plant’s organs (leaf) were prepared and transferred to laboratory. Then based on Misra and Freidvich (1972) method the ratio of changes of this enzyme were determined. The ground substra solution was used. Then the extract was added to them and changes of net absorption from the oxidation of epinephrine as enzyme were evaluated. A standard and gross enzyme was used for standardization of results, one unit of which is able to oxidation of 0.5 mm epinephrine per minute.
Performance of the grain
After taking the samples from each vase and separating grains from bosoms, samples were balanced and regarding the level of performance of grains based on kilogram on acre, they were calculated.
Measurement of total chlorophyll
For measuring the a and b chlorophyll in plant’s leaves three number of leaves were separated from upper leaves and were placed in plastic bags in ice and were rapidly transferred to laboratory and by spectrophotometer the extent of a and b chlorophylls were measured. The extent of chlorophyll of the leaves of bush was measured by SPAD device. The analysis of the data was done by SAS software. In addition, correlations of the features were measured and were calculated in respect with the final performance and parts of functioning. It is noteworthy that the comparison of means was done by Duncan test and drawing figs by Excel software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
growth stages increases the levels of SOD and CAT. (jaberzadeh et al, 2010).
Fig. 1. Interaction effects of Dioxcid Titanium and Nitrogen fertilizer on SOD
Catalase (CAT)
In this experiment, the simple effect of titanium dioxide and nitrogenized bio fertilizerwas significant at 1% level but the mutual effect of
titanium dioxide with the bio fertilizerwas not significant. (table 1). Comparison of means showed the density of titanium dioxide 0.01% with mean of 251.981 (U/mgpro.min-1) had priority over other densities. (table 2). The comparison showed use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof aztobacter with mean of 214.68 (U/mgpro.min-1) was better than the control and among three types of nitrogenized muck, there was no significant difference. (table 2). The comparison of mutual effects showed that CAT in grain with use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof azorisobium and titanium dioxide with 0.02 density with mean of 226.15 (U/mgpro.min-1) had the highest CAT and use of nitrogenized muck of azospirilium and titanium dioxide bulk with mean of 118.20 )U/mgpro.min-1) had the least CAT. (table 3 and fig 2).
Table 1. Analysis of variance for different traits of Triticale under Di Oxide Titanium and fertilizer
Grain Chlorophyll CAT SOD RWC df. S.O.V 19812025.1** 164** . 56 39415.9311** 693413.42** 0.0538** 3
Di Oxide
Titanium Water deficit 6425226.7* 42** . 196 5421.1384** 133447.446** 0.0609** 3 bio fertilizer Error(a) 22453006.9** 353ns . 0 233.4521ns 764.541ns 0.0159ns 9 fertilizer * Di Oxide
Titanium
A B
1870220.2 23 . 3 404.5480 6808.588 0.0127 48 Error(b) 1.7 12 / 2 1.61 5.37 2.11 - C.V. (%)
ns, * and ** : not significant, significant at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively.
Table 2. Mean comparsion of simple effects of different traits of Triticale in Di Oxcid Titanium and fertilizer
Grain yield (kg) Chlorophyll ) mg.lit-1 ( CAT ) mgpro.min-1 / U ( SOD ) mgpro.min-1 / U ( RWC(%) Treatment 2449.6c 60d . 28 128.180d 726.17c 47.3d
Normal(A1)
3457.6b 11c . 38 221.950b 866.68b 48.4c
Balk(A2)
4225.5a 76b . 40 251.981a 947.65a 56.9b
0.01% Di Oxid
Titanium(A3)
4227.1a 11a . 43 155.780c 742.00c 61.1a
0.02% Di Oxid
Titanium(A4)
2838.4d 04d . 31 165.583b 789.00c 46.3d
Control(B1)
3737.1c 57c . 35 214.127a 843.40a 49.2c
Azetobacter (B2)
3792b 65b . 41 179.698b 816.57b 56.0b
Azosprilium(B3)
3989.3a 75a . 44 198.484a 833.54ab 62.2a
Azorizobium (B4)
have important roles, the reason of this growth under tension is the increase of free radicals and plant at this time tries to increase resistance against the tense conditions. Poresmail (2006) believes that if water and enough nutrients are provided for the plant, the tension conditions are more controllable and thus, the extent of free radicals would decrease and the enzyme’s activity can decrease as well.
Fig. 2. Interaction effects of Dioxcid Titanium and Nitrogen fertilizer on CAT
Relative water content (RWC)
In this experiment, the simple effect of titanium dioxide and nitrogenized bio fertilizerwas significant at 1% level but the mutual effect of titanium dioxide with the bio fertilizerwas not significant. (table 1). Comparison of means showed the density of titanium dioxide 0.02% with mean of 61% had priority over other densities. (table 2). The comparison showed use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof azorisobium with mean of 62% was better than the control and among three types of nitrogenized muck, there was no significant difference. (table 2). Comparison of mutual effects showed that RWC by use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof azosprilium and titanium dioxide with 0.01 density with mean of 68% had the most RWC extent and also control with 29% had the least amount of RWC. (table 3). Studies show that use of muck can increase the relative amount of water compared with lack of use. This is in accordance with the results of Harvey (2002) based on increase of RWC when using muck for red beans. The reason of increase of this trait while using the muck can be due to the increase of the pore’s resistance and increase of capacity of maintaining water according to him. Total chlorophyll
In this experiment, the simple effect of titanium dioxide and nitrogenized bio fertilizerwas
significant at 1% level but the mutual effect of titanium dioxide with the bio fertilizerwas not significant. (table 1). Comparison of means showed the density of titanium dioxide 0.02% with mean of 43.11 mg had priority over other densities. (table 2). The comparison showed use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof azorisobium with mean of 44.75 mg/L was better than the control and among three types of nitrogenized muck, there was no significant difference. (table 2). The comparison of mutual effects showed total chlorophyll with use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof azorisobium, titanium dioxide with 0.02% density with mean of 47.49 mg/L had the most amount of total chlorophyll, and the control treatment with 33.1 cm had the least amount of chlorophyll. (table 3).
presence of muck is due to this reason. This result is in accordance with the studies on the use of this material in 3% in lettuce plant, which has a considerable effect on growth, freshness and green color of the leaves. He believes that this material
by providing more food and water to the plant has been able to increase the production of pigments and has facilitated the transferring of photosynthetic materials in the plant. (karimi, 2001).
Fig. 3. Interaction effects of Dioxcid Titanium and Nitrogen fertilizer on chlorophyll
Grain yield
In this experiment, the simple effect of nitrogenized bio fertilizerwas significant at 5% level and the simple effect of titanium dioxide and also, the mutual effect of titanium dioxide and nitrogenized bio fertilizerwas significant at 1% level. Comparison of means showed the density of titanium dioxide 0.02% with mean of 4227.1 kg/acre had priority over other densities. (table 2). The comparison of means showed use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof azorisobium with mean of 3989.3 kg/acre was better than the control and among three types of nitrogenized muck, there was no significant difference. (table 2).
The comparison of mutual effects showed the performance of grain with use of nitrogenized bio fertilizerof azorisobium and titanium dioxide with 0.02% density with mean of 4694.9 kg/acre had the most and the control with mean of 1740.3 kg/acre had the least grain performance. (table 3). The main reason of reduction of grain yield under chrome effect is the reduction of number of grains and weight of thousand grains. Generally, qualities of corn plant have direct relation with the
Fig. 4. Interaction effects of Dioxcid Titanium and Nitrogen fertilizer on Grain yield
Table3-Mean comparsion of interaction effects of different traits of Triticale in Di Oxcid Titanium and fertilizer
Grain yield (kg.ha) Chlorophyll ) mg.lit-1 ( CAT ) mgpro.min -1 / U ( SOD ) mgpro.min -1 / U ( RWC (%) Treatment 1740.3i 33.1h 76.26dc 736.88cd 29.0f control
A1B1
2596.7h 35.80fg 200.83bc 754.47cd 34.7e Control*
A1B2
2641.8g 38.82e 183.41cd 778.87cd 45.8d Control ×Azosperlium
A1B3
2807.6f 39.42d 201.96a 811.90ab 46.1d Control* Azorehizobium
A1B4
2856.2f
35.80fg
97.47bcd
814.34ab
57.7b
Bulk* control × Contraindications
A2B1
3667.6d 37.42f 266.15ab 848.94a 56.6ab Bulk*Azetobacter
A2B2
3518.3d 38.04e 118.20fgh 621.36ef 58.9ab Bulk*Azosperlium
A2B3
3788.3d 44.51b 147.23ef 659.01e 63.4a Bulk* Azorehizobium
A2B4
3389.6a
39.42d
33.36fg
642.36ef
52.0b
Di Oxcid Titanium (0.01%)×control
A3B1
4327.8c
47.48a
135.35fg
637.52ef
54.0b
Di Oxcid Titanium ×Azetobacter
A3B2
4489.6b 41.82bc 176.26dc 736.88cd 68.3a Di Oxcid Titanium(0.01%)×Azosperlium
A3B3
4694.9a
41.51bc
200.83bc
754.47cd
61.0ab
Di Oxcid Titanium(0.01%) ×Azorehizobium
A3B4
3367.4e
41.82bc
83.41cd
778.87cd
554b
0 Di Oxcid Titanium(0.02%)×control
A4B1
4356.3c
44.01b
25.96a
811.90ab
58.3ab
Di Oxcid Titanium(0.02%) ×Azetobacter
A4B2
4518.4a
44.49b
197.47bcd
814.34ab
50.9bc
Di Oxcid Titanium(0.02%) ×Azosperlium
A4B3
4666.3a
47.49a
226.15ab
848.94a
63.1a
Di Oxcid Titanium(0.02%) ×Azorehizobium
A4B4
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