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(1)UNIVERSIDADE 0(72',67$'(623$8/2 FACULDADE DE HUMANIDADES E DIREITO 3URJUDPDGH3yV-*UDGXDomRHP&LrQFLDVGD5HOLJLmR. &$5/26&e6$5%25*(6181(6'(628=$. -867,d$1232572 &216,'(5$d®(6(;(*e7,&$6$5(63(,72'$6 (;,*Ç1&,$6e7,&$6DE Ç;2'2-9. 62%(51$5'2'2&$032 2010.

(2) UNIVERSIDADE 0(72',67$'(623$8/2 FACULDADE DE HUMANIDADES E DIREITO 3URJUDPDGH3yV-*UDGXDomRHP&LrQFLDVGD5HOLJLmR. -867,d$1232572 &216,'(5$d®(6(;(*e7,&$6$5(63(,72'$6 (;,*Ç1&,$6e7,&$6'(Ç;2'2-9. Por:. &DUORV&pVDU%RUJHV1XQHVGH6RX]D Orientador:. Prof. Dr. Milton Schwantes. 'LVVHUWDomR apresentada em cumprimento parcial do Programa de 3ys-*UDGXDomR HP &LrQFLDV GD 5HOLJLmR da Faculdade de Humanidades e Direito GD8QLYHUVLGDGH0HWRGLVWDGH6mRPaulo SDUDDREWHQomRGRJUDXGH0HVWUH. 62%(51$5'2'2&$032 2010.

(3) $GLVVHUWDomRGHPHVWUDGRVRERWtWXOR³-XVWLoDQRSRUWmR&RQVLGHUDo}HVH[HJpWLFDV D UHVSHLWR GDV H[LJrQFLDV pWLFDV GH Ç[RGR -´, elaborada por &DUORV &pVDU Borges Nunes de Souza IRLDSUHVHQWDGDHDSURYDGDHPGHPDUoRGHSHUDQWH banca examinadora composta pelos professores Doutores Milton Schwantes (Presidente/UMESP), 7pUFLR 0DFKDGR 6LTXHLUD (Titular/UMESP) e Renatus Porath (Titular/EDT).. Prof. Dr. Milton Schwantes Orientador/a e Presidente da Banca Examinadora. Prof. Dr. Jung Mo Sung &RRUGHQDGRUGR3URJUDPDGH3yV-*UDGXDomR. Programa: 3yV-*UDGXDomRHP&LrQFLDVGD5HOLJLmR ÈUHDGH&RQFHQWUDomR/LWHUDWXUDH5HOLJLmRGR0XQGR%tEOLFR Linha de Pesquisa: EstudRV+LVWyULFR-/LWHUiULRVGR0XQGR%tEOLFR.

(4) 3HVTXLVDUHDOL]DGDVRERVDXVStFLRVGD&$3(6.

(5) Dedico essa pesquisa a Edileuza Mota de Oliveira Souza, minha esposa. Muito obrigado por sua coragem..

(6) AGRADECIMENTOS $'HXVTXHPHFRQFHGHXDJUDoDGHSRGHU continuar os estudos e em meio a eles conhecer tantas pessoas maravilhosas.. $JUDGHoRD(GLOHX]D0RWDGH2OLYHLUD6RX]DPLQKDHVSRVDSHORLQFHQWLYRHPWRGRVRV momentos, pela coragem de me acompanhar, deixando o seu emprego promissor, e pelas horas dedicadas a nossa filha Naomi de Oliveira Souza, sem a minha ajuda.. $JUDGHoRDRVQRVVRVIDPLOLDUHVTXHPXLWRQRVDMXGDUDPQHVVDHWDSD$RVPHXVVRJURV -RVp0RUDHVGH2OLYHLUDH(GQDOYD0RWDGH2OLYHLUD$PLQKDFXQKDGD(OLVkQJHODGH 2OLYHLUD$PLQKDDPLJD-DTXHOHLGH6RX]D$PLQKDPmH=L]iOLD6RX]D $PHXLUPmRH SDVWRU&DUORV$QGUp. $JUDGHoRGHIRUPDHVSHFLDODRPHXRULHQWDGRU'U0LOWRQ6FKZDQWHVTXHPDLVTXH um professor e um orientador, tornou-se um amigo, e foi quem, com muito carinho, me aceitou como orientando. Os momentos em que conversamos em sala de aula e fora dela VHUmRLQHVTXHFtYHLV Muito obrigado por isso Milton e por todas as outras coisas.. 4XHURDJUDGHFHUWDPEpPD'U5DLPXQGR&pVDU%DUUHWR-~QLRUPHXSDVWRUHJUDQGH LQFHQWLYDGRUGHPHXVHVWXGRVTXHQmRFHVVDGHLQFHQWLYDU-PH$5REVRQÈYLODSDVWRU GRFROHJLDGRGHPLQKDLJUHMDPDLVTXHXPDPLJRXPLUPmRPDLVYHOKR$6DPXHOGH Freitas Salgado, grande amizade que fiz aqui em 6mR3DXOR$RUHYHUHQGR&OiXGLR Soares da Chaga, um amigo surpreendente, um excelente biblista e um grande pastor.. $6\UOHLGD%LEOLRJUDILD%tEOLFD/DWLQR-Americana. A Ana Fonseca, do Instituto (FXPrQLFRGH3yV-*UDGXDomR$5HJLDQHDVHFUHWiULDGHQRVVR curso. Ao professor 3DXOR1RJXHLUD0XLWRREULJDGRSHORDX[tOLRTXHFDGDXPDGHYRFrVPHGHu. TDPEpPFRPPXLWDDOHJULDJRVWDULDGHGL]HUTXHIXLPXLWRIHOL]HPFRQKHFHUHPH tornar amigo de Kenner Roger Cazotto Terra e de Anderson 'LDVGH$UD~MR, dois vLDMDQWHVFHOHVWLDLVGHSURSRUo}HVHQyTXLFDV$OLQH'XDUWHH*OyULD3UDWDV&RQKHFr-los foi realmente XPDH[SHULrQFLDPXLWRERD'HVHMRWXGRGHERP.

(7) A Cidade &KLFR6FLHQFHH1DomR=XPEL. 26ROQDVFHHLOXPLQDDVSHGUDVHYROXtGDV 4XHFUHVFHUDPFRPDIRUoDGe pedreiros suicidas. Cavaleiros circulam vigiando as pessoas, 1mRLPSRUWDVHVmRUXLQVQHPLPSRUWDVHVmRERDV (DFLGDGHVHDSUHVHQWDFHQWURGDVDPELo}HV 3DUDPHQGLJRVRXULFRVHRXWUDVDUPDo}HV &ROHWLYRVDXWRPyYHLVPRWRVHPHWU{V Trabalhadores, SDWU}HVSROLFLDLVFDPHO{V $FLGDGHQmRSDUDDFLGDGHVyFUHVFH O de cima sobe e o debaixo desce. $FLGDGHQmRSDUDDFLGDGHVyFUHVFH O de cima sobe e o debaixo desce. $FLGDGHVHHQFRQWUDSURVWLWXtGD 3RUDTXHOHVTXHDXVDUDPHPEXVFDGHVDtGD Ilusora de pessoas de outros lugares, $FLGDGHHVXDIDPDYDLDOpPGRVPDUHV No meio da esperteza internacional, $FLGDGHDWpTXHQmRHVWiWmRPDO (DVLWXDomRVHPSUHPDLVRXPHQRV Sempre uns com mais e outros com menos. $FLGDGHQmRSDUDDFLGDGHVyFresce O de cima sobe e o debaixo desce. $FLGDGHQmRSDUDDFLGDGHVyFUHVFH O de cima sobe e o debaixo desce. Eu vou fazer uma embolada, um samba, um maracatu Tudo bem envenenado, bom pra mim e bom pra tu. Pra gente sair da lama e enfrentar os urubus. Num dia de Sol, Recife acordou Com a mesma fedentina do dia anterior. $FLGDGHQmRSDUDDFLGDGHVyFUHVFH O de cima sobe e o debaixo desce. $FLGDGHQmRSDUDDFLGDGHVyFUHVFH O de cima sobe e o debaixo desce..

(8) SOUZA&DUORV&pVDU%RUJHV1XQHVGH-XVWLoDQRSRUWmR&RQVLGHUDo}HVH[HJpWLFDVD UHVSHLWRGDVH[LJrQFLDVpWLFDVGHÇ[RGR-96mR%HUQDUGRGR&DPSR8QLYHUVLGDGH 0HWRGLVWDGH6mR3DXOR. RESUMO. Ç[RGR 23,1-VHLQVHUHQRXQLYHUVRMXUtGLFRGRDQWLJR,VUDHOQmRFRPROHLDPDQHLUDGas IRUPXODo}HV HP HVWLOR FDVXtVWLFR H DSRGtWLFR PDV FRPR LQVWUXomR pWLFD $ HVWUXWXUD VLQWD[H H HVWLOR GHVVH WH[WR UHYHODP TXH QmR HVWDPRV GLDQWH GH OHLV PDV GH SDUrQHVH 6HQGR DVVLP D SHUJXQWD SHOR VHX OXJDU YLYHQFLDO GDWD H FRQWH~GRV p VLJQLILFDWLYD. 7DPEpPRpDSHUJXQWDSHORVSURFHVVRVVRFLDLVTXHYLDELOL]DUDPRVFRQIOLWRVLQGLFDGRV LQGLUHWDPHQWH HQWUH KRPHQV OLYUHV SURSULHWiULRV GH WHUUD H IRUD GR HVWDGR GH HPSREUHFLPHQWRHKRPHQVOLYUHVGRQRVGHWHUUDPDVDFDPLQKRGHSHUGr-la por conta GDV GtYLdas in natura DGTXLULGDV 3DUD YHULILFDUPRV D SODXVLELOLGDGH VRFLROyJLFD GH Ç[RGR-YHULILFDPRVDWUDYpVGDKLVWyULDVRFLDOTXHWLSRGHVRFLHGDGHHUD,VUDHOQR tempo do tribalismo e depois na monarquia, e as consequrQFLDV VRFLDLV TXH FDGD XP desses sistemas promoveu na sociedade israelita. Com isso, pretendemos conhecer o SDQRGHIXQGRKLVWyULFR-VRFLROyJLFRTXHWHFHRQRVVRWH[WR. Palavras chaves/HLeWLFD3RUWmR6iELRV3REUH..

(9) SOUZA&DUORV&pVDU%RUJHV1XQHVGHJustice in the Gate! Exegetical Considerations Regarding Ethical Requirements of Exodus 23,1-9. 6mR %HUQDUGR GR &DPSR 8QLYHUVLGDGH0HWRGLVWDGH6mR3DXOR. ABSTRACT. Exodus 23,1-9 put itself in the juridical world on ancient Israel not as law in the way of casuistic and apodictic sentences but as ethical instruction. The structure, syntax and style of this text disclosure that we are not in front of laws but in front of parenesis. If so asking about your Sitz im Leben, date and contents is very important. The searching for social process that created the conflicts indirectly indicate between free men owner of land and out of the state of poverty and free men owner of land but near of loses it because the debt in natura as well. To verify sociological plausibility of Exodus 23,1-9 we inquiry through social history what kind of society was Israel in time of tribalism and after in monarchy and what kind of social consequences each social system of these promote in ancient Israel. In this way, we intend to know historical-sociological background that create our text.. Keywords: Law, Ethic, Gate, Sage, Poor..

(10) 680È5,2 ,QWURGXomR ......................................................................................................................12 &DStWXOR1: $QiOLVHOLWHUiULD Ç[RGR-9 ..................................................................14 4XHVW}HVLQWURGXWyULDV ..........................................................................................14 2OLYURGRÇ[RGRQDHVWHLUDGDSHVTXLVDGR3HQWDWHXFo ............................14 $XWRULDHFRPSRVLomRGROLYURGRÇ[RGR ..................................................18 7UDGXomRGRWH[WRKHEUDLFRGHÇ[RGR-9 .............................................18 27H[WR0DVVRUpWLFRGHÇ[RGR-9 .......................................................21 )RUPDHVWLORJrQHURSitz im Leben HGDWDomRGDSHUtFRSHGHÇ[RGR-9.......22 1.2.1 Estrutura e estilo ........................................................................................22 1.2.2 *rQHURHSitz im Leben ..............................................................................28 'DWDomR ......................................................................................................40 &RQVLGHUDo}HVDRFDStWXOR ....................................................................................42. &DStWXOR2VLVWHPDMXGLFLiULRPRQiUTXLFR.............................................................43 $QWHFHGHQWHVRH[HUFtFLRGRGLUHLWRQRSHUtRGRWULEDO.........................................43 2.1.1 O modo de produzir do sistema tribal ........................................................44 2.1.1.$GHVLQWHJUDomRVRFLDOGDVFLGDGHV-HVWDGRFDQDQpLDVGHD&D 1250 a.C. e a revolta social dos setores empobrecidos ...............................44 ,VUDHOFRPRIHQ{PHQRVRFLDOGDVPRQWDQKDVRWULEDOLVPR ............51 2.1.1.3 Excurso: a terra ...............................................................................62 2.1.2 A. eo. 2.1.3 A 2.1.4 A. ....................................................................................63 e os. /. e os. .......................................................................66 .....................................................................69. 2SRUWmROXJDUGHH[HUFtFLRGDMXULVSUXGrQFLD..........................................71 $PRQDUTXLDHRSURFHVVRGHFRPSOH[LILFDomRGRVLVWHPDMXUtGLFRWULEDO ...........73 2PRGRGHSURGX]LUGRVLVWHPDPRQiUTXLFR o tributo .............................73 (QVDLRVUXPRjPRQDUTXLD..........................................................74.

(11) 2.2.1.1.1 Teses a respeito da WUDQVLomR da sociedade tribal FRPXQLWiULDpara o HVWDGRPRQiUTXLFR .......................................74 2.2.1.1.2 Os primeiros rascunhos ................................................83 2.2.1.1.2.1 Abimeleque ...................................................83 -HIWp ...............................................................85 2.2.1.1.2.3 Saul.................................................................86 $PRQDUTXLDHVWDEHOHFLGD'DYLH6DORPmR.................88 2.2.1.1.3.1 Davi ................................................................89 6DORPmR ..........................................................94 2.2.2 A autoridade judicial do rei .......................................................................99 2VDQFLmRVHPWHPSRVPRQiUTXLFRV........................................................101 ([FXUVRDGLVWULEXLomRGHWHUUDQRSHUtRGRPRQiUTXLFR .........................103 2.3 &RQVLGHUDo}HVDRFDStWXOR ..................................................................................105. &DStWXOR$OXWDSHODSURWHomRGRGLUHLWRGRIUDFRQRWULEXQDO............................106 2VLVWHPDMXGLFLiULRPRQiUTXLFRHDVOXWDVHQWUHIUDFRVHIRUWHV........................106 2KRPHPOLYUHQmR-atingido pelo processo de empobrecimento ............107 3.1.2 O homem livre em processo de empobrecimento ....................................114 3.1.3 E o boi e o jumento? .................................................................................116 $LJXDOGDGHMXUtGLFDQo portmR ................................................................117 Ç[RGR-eWLFDDIDYRUGRIUDFR".................................................................117 2VViELRVHDOHJLVODomRHP,VUDHO............................................................118 $LQVWUXomRpWLFDHDVXDIRUoDOHJDO ........................................................120 2GLUHLWRGRPDLVIUDFRHPÇ[RGR-9.................................................121 &RQVLGHUDo}HVDRFDStWXOR...................................................................................123. &RQVLGHUDo}HVILQDLV ....................................................................................................125 Bibliografia...................................................................................................................128.

(12) 12. ,1752'8d2. 2V WH[WRV GH FDUiWHU MXUtGLFR QmR VmR IiFHLV GH VHUHP HVWXGDGRV $ SUySULD KLVWyULD TXH os acompanha se encarreJD GH WRUQi-los um desafio para o/a biblista. No HQWDQWRRTXHHOHVSRGHPUHYHODUDUHVSHLWRGHXPDVRFLHGDGHFRPR,VUDHOpJUDWLILFDQWH SDUDTXHPVHLQWHUHVVDSHODKLVWyULDGHVVHSRYRHSHOD%tEOLD2WH[WRTXHSUHWHQGHPRV HVWXGDUÇ[RGR-9, insere-sHQRPXQGRMXUtGLFRGH,VUDHODVHXPRGRQmRFRPROHL PDVQmRVHPIRUoDGHOHL7XGRRTXHHOHGHWHUPLQDFRPRLPRUDOLVWRpTXHQmRGHYH VHU SUDWLFDGR SRU DTXHOHV TXH SRGHP SDUWLFLSDU GD FRPXQLGDGH MXUtGLFD RV KRPHQV OLYUHVGHFHUWDIRUPDMiQRVGiXPDGLPHQVmRGRTXHHVWDYDDFRQWHFHQGRFRPDMXVWLoD QDTXHOH OXJDU RQGH HOD HUD DGPLQLVWUDGD R SRUWmR GD FLGDGH RX DOJR TXH FXPSULVVH IXQomRVHPHOKDQWHQDYLOD 1RSRUWmRGHDFRUGRFRPÇ[RGR-9, alguns recorriam ao falso testemunho, ao suborno, a maiRULD HWF SDUD SHUYHUWHU R GLUHLWR GRV HPSREUHFLGRV SRU GtYLGDV Ambos, homens livres com acesso j terra e fora do estado de empobrecimento como homens livres ainda com terra, mas endividados e em vias de perdr-la, e junto com isso sua liberdade, participDYDP GD FRPXQLGDGH MXUtGLFD UHXQLGD QR SRUWmR Aquele com SRGHU SDUD LQIOXHQFLDU RV UHVXOWDGRV GR SURFHVVR HVVH YtWLPD GH VHX HQGLYLGDPHQWR H YXOQHUiYHODRVDWDTXHVGRVPDLVIRUWHVÇ[RGR-9 reflete esse conflito entre homens livres nmR HQGLYLGDGRV H os endividados e tenta persuadir os mais fortes a agirem de IRUPDpWLFDKRQHVWDQRWULEXQDO&RPLVVRSHUFHEH-se que o texto aqui estudado busca influenciar RV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GR SRUWmR HVSHFLDOPHQWH DTXHOHV TXH WrP SRGHU SROtWLFRHFRQ{PLFR SDUD FRUURPSHU D MXVWLoD DOL D VDEHU RV KRPHQV OLYUHV IRUD GR HVWDGR GH empobrecimento.. 2VTXHFDtUDPQRHVWDGRGHHPSREUHFLPHQWRHHVWmRSUHVWHVDSHUGHUVXDWHUUDH liberdade, chegaram a esse ponto por causa de processos sociais que modificaram de IRUPD QHYUiOJLFD DTXHOD VRFLHGDGH FOkQLFR-familiar das montanhas da Palestina, que EDVHDYD D VXD HFRQRPLD QD VROLGDULHGDGH H SURWHomR FRPXQLWiULD 0DV R TXH DFRQWHFH com uma sociedade assim, quando ela produz um excedente, e poucos se apropriam dele, e quando poucos dessa sociedade criam um animalLVWRpRERL HXVDPVXDIRUoD.

(13) 13. GHWUDEDOKRQDURoDVXEVWLWXLQGRRWUDEDOKREUDoDO"8QVYmRHQULTXHFHQGRHRXWURVYmR empobrecendo, o tribalismo vai se corroendo por dentro. E o que acontece com esse processo de empobrecimento de alguns quando a monarquia vem montada no boi GDTXHOHVFULDGRUHVDEDVWDGRV"(VVDVGHVLJXDOGDGHVVmRLQWHQVLILFDGDVHDFRPSOH[LGDGH GRHVWDGRDIHWDDWpPHVPRRVLVWHPDMXGLFLiULR. 2 TXH QRV SURSRUPRV ID]HU DTXL p GHPRQVWUDU TXH RV FRQIOLWRV LQGLFDGRV indLUHWDPHQWH HP Ç[RGR - WrP VXD SODXVLELOLGDGH VRFLROyJLFD QD PXGDQoD GR PRGR GH SURGXomR WULEDO SDUD R PRGR GH SURGXomR WULEXWiULR GR WULEDOLVPR SDUD D monarquia, HTXHDLQVWUXomRDOLFRQWLGDpXPDGHIHVDGRPDLVIUDFRIHLWDSRUDTXHOHV em que a LQVWUXomRpalaciana HVWDYDVRERVFXLGDGRVLVWRpRVViELRV.

(14) 14. &$3Ë78/2. $1È/,6(/,7(5È5,$'(Ç;2'2-9. 1HVVH FDStWXOR QRVVR REMHWLYR p HVWXGDU R WH[WR H[HJHWLFDPHQWH 3DUD WDQWR LQLFLDPRVFRPXPDEUHYHKLVWyULDda pesquisa a UHVSHLWRGROLYURGRÇ[RGR, na esteira GD SHVTXLVD GR 3HQWDWHXFR 1mR SUHWHQGHPRV VHU H[DXVWLYRV QR DVVXQWR DSHQDV LQIRUPDU $SyV HVVD EUHYH H[SRVLomR DSUHVHQWDUHPRV XPD WUDGXomR SDUD D SHUtFRSH HVWXGDGDXVDQGRGHOLEHUDGDPHQWHGDVQRWDVGHURGDSp, isso a fim de informar a respeito GDV RSo}HV QD WUDGXomR 6HJXLUHPRV FRP XPD FRQVLGHUDomR D UHVSHLWR GD GDWDomR GR OLYUR GRÇ[RGR H GHXP SRVVtYHO DXWRU8PD FRQVLGHUDomRWH[WXDODUHVSHLWRGDRSomR entre. /fraco/pobre e. JUDQGHKRQUDGR VHUi IHLWD GH IRUPD VLQWpWLFD. Prosseguiremos SDUDDDQiOLVHOLWHUiULDGRWH[WRHPVL, tratando de sua estrutura e estilo, seguidRV GR HVWXGR GR JrQHUR H OXJDU Qa vida, ILQDOL]DQGR FRP XPD KLSyWHVH SDUD D SRVVtYHOGDWDGRWH[WR. 1.1 4XHVW}HVLQWURGXWyULDV Nesse item, buscaPRV DSUHVHQWDU XPD EUHYH KLVWyULD GD SHVTXLVD GR OLYUR GR Ç[RGR ODGR D ODGR FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV GD SHVTXLVD a respeito do Pentateuco. Apresentaremos XPDFRQVLGHUDomRVREUHDXWRULDHFRPSRVLomRGROLYURVHJXLGDGHXPD WUDGXomRGRWH[WRHFRQVLGHUDo}HVDUHVSHLWRGDVRSo}HVQDWUDGXomR$SyVGLVFXWLUHPRV um pequeno detalhe de ordem textual.. 1.1.1 O livro de Ç[RGR na esteira da pesquisa do Pentateuco. 2TXHVHVHJXHQmRWHPSUHWHQVmRGHVHUXPDUHYLVmRH[DXVWLYD$SHQDVGHVHMD informar brevemente a respeito de alguns percursos tomados na pesquisa sobre o.

(15) 15 Pentateuco, desde Julius Wellhausen 1 DWp D VLWXDomR DWXDO EHP FRPR DSUHVHQWDU D LQIOXrQFLDGHVVHVSHUFXUVRVVREUHDSHVTXLVDQROLYURGo Ç[RGRHVHXVUHVXOWDGRV Foi com Julius Wellhausen 2 que a chamada 1RYD +LSyWHVH 'RFXPHQWiULD VH estabeleceu, e dominou os estudos sobre o Pentateuco durante 100 anos. 3 $WUDYpV GD FUtWLFD OLWHUiULD DSOLFDGD DR 3HQWDWHXFR -XOLXV :HOOKDXVHQ GHIHQGLD D KLSyWHVH GH XP GRFXPHQWR -HRYLVWD -(

(16) REUD FRQVWUXtGD D SDUWLU GH GXDV IRQWHV FRQWtQXDV 4 antes LQGHSHQGHQWHV -DYLVWD>-@(ORtVWD>(@ -HRYLVWD>-(@IUXWRHVVDV- J e E - GDIXVmRGH WUrV HGLo}HV VXFHVVLYDV -1, J2, J3 = J e E1, E2, E3 = E), datado de 750 a.C.; um documento Deuteronomista (D), datado de 620 a.C. 5 e um documento Sacerdotal (P), 6 datado de 500 a.C. Antes de Julius Wellhausen, P estava em primeiro lugar na ordem FURQROyJLFD 7 No entanto, Karl Heinrich Graf 8 conseguiu demonstrar que nem o 'HXWHURQ{PLR QHP RV 3URIHWDV H QHP RV +LVWyULFRV FRQKHFLDP DV OHLV VDFHrdotais contidas em P, e que esse documento, com suas leis e quadro narrativo, deveria ser da pSRFD H[tOLFD RX SyV-H[tOLFD &RXEH D -XOLXV :HOOKDXVHQ WRPDU HVVHV GDGRV GH IRUPD. 1. Veja 5RQDOG(UQHVW&OHPHQWV³-XOLXV:HOOKDXVHQ´em Donald K. McKim, Historical Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters, Downers Grove, InterVarsity Press, 1998, p.380-384. 2 Veja Julius Wellhausen, 'LH&RPSRVLWLRQGHV+H[DWHXFKVXQGGHUKLVWRULVFKHQ%FKHUGHV$OWHQ Testaments%HUOLQHGLomR. (VVDREUDpIUXWRGHTXDWUo artigos publicados entre 1876 e 1878. $SHVDUGRVDQWHFHGHQWHVRTXHVWLRQDPHQWRGD+LSyWHVH'RFXPHQWiULDDSDUWLUGDFKDPDGD1RYD&UtWLFD WHPVHXLQtFLRHPFRP+DQV+HLUHQFK6FKPLGDer sogenannte Jahwist: Beobachtungen und Fragen zur Pentateuchforschung, =ULFKTheologische Verlag, 1976, 194p. e Rolf Rendtorff, Das hEHUOLHIHUXQJVJHVFKLFKWOLFKH3UREOHPGHV3HQWDWHXFK, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1977, 177p. Veja Albert de Pury (organizador), 23HQWDWHXFRHPTXHVWmRDVRULJHQVHDFRPSRVLomRGRVFLnco primeiros OLYURVGD%tEOLDjOX]GDVSHVTXLVDVUHFHQWHV3HWUySROLV9R]HVHGLomRS-70; Jean Louis Ska, ,QWURGXomRjOHLWXUDGR3HQWDWHXFRFKDYHVSDUDDLQWHUSUHWDomRGRVFLQFRSULPHLURVOLYURVGD%tEOLD, 6mR3DXOR/R\RODS-123. 3 Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.30; Jean Louis Ska, ,QWURGXomR, p.127; Douglas A. Knight, Rediscovering the Traditions of Israel$WODQWD6RFLHW\RI%LEOLFDO/LWHUDWXUHHGLomRS-52. 4 3RU³IRQWHFRQWtQXD´RX³GRFXPHQWR´HQWHQGD-se documentos completos e independentes do Pentateuco, LVWRpFDGDTXDO -('H3

(17) FRQWHQGRR3HQWDWHXFRRXXPDIRUPDGHOH9HMD-HDQ/RXLV6ND ,QWURGXomR, p.118. 5 ePpULWRGH:LOKHOP0DUWLQ/HEHUHFKWGH:HWWHWHUHVWDEHOHFLGRDUHODomRHQWUHRGRFXPHQWR Deuteronomista e o livro das leis descoberto no reinado de Josias em 621 a.C. Veja Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.26-27; Jean Louis Ska, ,QWURGXomR, p.120-121; Werner H. Schmidt, ,QWURGXomRDR$QWLJR Testamento6mR/HRSROGR6LQRGDOHGLomRS John William Rogerson³:LOKHOP0DUWLQ /HEHUHFKWGH:HWWH´HPDonald K. McKim, Historical Handbook, Downers Grove, InterVarsity Press, 1998, p.298-301. 6 $VLJOD3SDUDRGRFXPHQWR6DFHUGRWDOSDUHFHHVWUDQKDSRUQmRWRPDUR6SULPHLUDOHWUDGH6DFHUGRWDl, SDUDGHVLJQDUHVVHGRFXPHQWRFRPRVHIH]FRPRVGRFXPHQWRVDQWHULRUHVPDVLVVRVHGiSRUTXH Abraham Kuenen designou essa fonte, que em seu tempo era conhecida como E2, de Priestercodex. Julius Wellhausen designava essa fonte com a sigla Q de Quattuor por pensar que ela tratava de quatro DOLDQoDV9HMD-HDQ/RXLV6ND,QWURGXomR, p.123-126, especialmente a nota 52. 7 Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.28-29; Jean Louis Ska, ,QWURGXomR, p.122. 8 Karl Heinrich Graf, 'LHJHVFKLFKWOLFKHQ%FKHUGHV$OWHQ7HVWDments: zwei historisch-kritische Untersuchungen, Leipzig, Weigel, 1866, 250p. Veja Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.29..

(18) 16. FRQVHTXHQWHHDSOLFi-ORVDRVLVWHPDUHVXOWDQGRHQWmR HPXPDQRYDGDWDomRGDVIontes, onde P se encontra agora cronologicamente no fim do sistema e adequa-VHjVXDYLVmR GHHYROXomRGDUHOLJLmRGH,VUDHO 9. 1RHQWDQWRRVLVWHPD-('3VRIUHXPRGLILFDo}HVQDSULPHLUDPHWDGHGRVpFXOR passado. Foi com Otto Eissfeldt que J1 recebeu o nome de Laienquelle (= fonte leiga), visto que Otto Eissfeldt acreditava que J1 era uma obra de leigos. 10 Georg Fohrer nomeia essa mesma fonte, J1, de Nomadenquelle IRQWH Q{PDGH

(19) SRU SHQVDU TXH D PHVPDUHPRQWDDRVXSRVWRSHUtRGRQ{PDGHGDKLVWyULDGH,Vrael. 11. 6DPXHO 5ROOHV 'ULYHUTXDVH QXQFDFLWDGR HP UHFHQV}HV D UHVSHLWR GD SHVTXLVD GR3HQWDWHXFRpXPERPH[HPSORQDXWLOL]DomRGD1RYD+LSyWHVH'RFXPHQWiULDVREUH o livro do Ç[RGR 12 Esse autor QmRGHOLPLWDDH[WHQVmRGHFDGDGRFXPHQWRQROLYURGR Ç[RGo, 13 PDVGHIHQGHDKLSyWHVHGHTXHSRUWUiVGHVVHOLYURHVWmRGRLVGRFXPHQWRV3H -( H DOJXQV YHUVRV GR 'HFiORJR SHUWHQFHP DR TXH HOH FKDPD GH 5D (= Redator 'HXWHURQRPLVWD

(20) 2TXHQmRSHUWHQFHD3H-(pDWULEXtGRD-RX(2UHVXOWDGRGHVVH percurso exauVWLYRpROLYURGo Ç[RGRSHUPHDGRSRUWH[WRVSHUWHQFHQWHVD3HFRPLVVR o livro do Ç[RGRGHYHVHUOLGRjOX]GDWHRORJLDGH3TXHDLQGDpXPGRFXPHQWRQmR uma camada redacional.. 0DVR3HQWDWHXFRQmRIRLHVWXGDGRVyjOX]GD1RYD+LSyWHVH'RFXPHQWiULa, a FKDPDGD +LVWyULD GDV 7UDGLo}HV WDPEpP IRL XPD PHWRGRORJLD GLIXQGLGD QD SULPHLUD PHWDGHGRVpFXOR;;HRVSDLVGHVVDPHWRGRORJLDVmR*HUKDUGYRQ5DGH0DUWLQ1RWK 1R HQWDQWR SDUD IDODU GD FRQWULEXLomR GH DPERV VH ID] QHFHVViULR H[SRU HP OLQKDV gerais, o trabalho de Hermann Gunkel, que influenciou esses dois pesquisadores.. 3DUD +HUPDQQ *XQNHO RV UHVXOWDGRV DOFDQoDGRV SHOD FUtWLFD OLWHUiULD QmR FRQWHPSODYDPDVXQLGDGHVOLWHUiULDVLVWRpDVSHUtFRSHV$WHQGrQFLDGDFUtWLFDOLWHUiULD era considerar como Schriftsteller (= escritores) os autores das supostas fontes, os quais 9. Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.31-34; Jean Louis Ska, ,QWURGXomR, p.125-126. Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.35. 11 Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.35. 12 Samuel Rolles Driver, An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, Nova York, Charles 6FULEQHU¶V6RQVS 13 Samuel Rolles Driver, An Introduction, p.22-42; William Johnstone, Exodus, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1990, p.63. 10.

(21) 17. Hermann Gunkel considerava apenas como Sammler (= colecionadores). Isto implica que na base das supostas fontes do Pentateuco HVWi QmR D SHQD JHQLRVD GH XPD SHUVRQDOLGDGH LPEXtGD GH XPD YLUWXRVLGDGH OLWHUiULD QR FDVR XP DXWRU PDV SHTXHQDV XQLGDGHVOLWHUiULDVSULPLWLYDVHDXW{QRPDV Einzelsage), que circulavam oralmente e UHPRQWDYDPjFXOWXUDSRSXODU 14HTXHVyGHSRLVIRUDPFROHFLRQDGDVHRUJDQL]DGDVHP ciclos, blocos e livros. +HUPDQQ *XQNHO YROWRX D VXD DWHQomR HQWmR SDUD HVWDV SHTXHQDV XQLGDGHV OLWHUiULDV DV SHUtFRSHV DUJXPHQWDQGR TXH FDGD SHUtFRSH WHP XPD IRUPD XPJrQHUR SUySULR H FDGD JrQHURWrPXP ³OXJDU YLYHQFLDO´ Sitz im Leben), XPHQUDL]DPHQWRVRFLROyJLFRFRQFUHWR3DUDDVOHJHQGDVGH*rQHVLV+HUPDQQ*XQNHO VXS}H TXH R OXJDU YLYHQFLDO VHMD D IDPtOLD VHQGR TXH GHSRLV HODV IRUDP UHWRPDGDV GLIXQGLGDVHWUDQVPLWLGDVSRUFRQWDGRUHVSURILVVLRQDLVHDSyVXPORQJRSURFHVVRIRUDP reunidas de maneira que formaram ciclos de legendas, atadas umas as outras. Com isso, +HUPDQQ*XQNHOGHPRQVWURXTXHWHQV}HVHLQFRHUrQFLDVGHQWURGHXPDWUDPDQDUUDWLYD SRGHP VHU H[SOLFDGDV GH RXWUD PDQHLUD GLIHUHQWH GDTXHOD GD FUtWLFD OLWHUiULD RX VHMD elas podem ser explicadas pela multiplicidade de legendas e ciclos primitivos colecionados pelos autores das fontes.. 1R HQWDQWR FRXEH D *HUKDUG YRQ 5DG H 0DUWLQ 1RWK GDU XPD H[SOLFDomR D UHVSHLWR GRV EORFRV WUDGLWLYRV TXH FRQWrP DV SHUtFRSHV *HUKDUG YRQ 5DG HVWHQGH RV conceitos de forma e Sitz im Leben para todo o Pentateuco, ou melhor, Hexateuco em sua forma final. 15 3DUD HOH QD EDVH GR +H[DWHXFR HVWmR RV FUHGRV KLVWyULFRV FRQWLGRV em 'HXWHURQ{PLR 6,20-23; 26,5-10 e Js 24,1-13, que atraem para si o restante do material traditivo. No que HOH GHQRPLQRX ³SHTXHQR FUHGR KLVWyULFR´ D VDEHU 'HXWHURQ{PLR 26,5-10, encontra-VHRWHPDGRr[RGR e DGiGLYDGDWHUUD/HLH6LQDLQmR se encontram. 16 (VVH SHTXHQR FUHGR KLVWyULFR WHP FRPR Sitz im Leben a festa das semanas (= Pentecostes), celebrada em GXLOJDO H D /HL HVWDYD OLJDGD j IHVWD GRV WDEHUQiFXORV FHOHEUDGD HP 6LTXpP $ SDUWLU GHVVH PDWHULDO R -DYLVWD GH YRQ 5DG XP. 14. Douglas A. Knight, Rediscovering, p. 62-62 Albert de Pury, O Pentateuco, p.46; Jean Louis Ska, ,QWURGXomR, p.132; Douglas A. Knight, Rediscovering, p.78-87 16 'DtVXDFRQFOXVmRGHTXHOHLHKLVWyULDVmRIRUPDVOLWHUiULDVGLIHUHQWHVFRP Sitz im Leben SUySULRD cada uma. 15.

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(25) 19 1mRFRORFDUiV 22 PmRWXDFRPde culpado para seres 23 testemunha 24 GHLQMXVWLoD 25 1mRVHJXLUiV 26 DWUiVGHPXLWRV 27 para fazer mal, HQmRLQWHUYLUiV 28 em processo 29 para inclinares 30 DWUiVGHPXLWRVSDUDWRUFHU 31 3 E magro QmRIDYRUHFHUiV 32 em processo. 4 Se encontrares 33 boi de inimigo 34 teu ou jumento seu perdido 35: 'HYHUiVUHFRQGX]L-los 36 para ele. 5 Se vires 37 jumento de teu desafeto 38 FDtGR 39 sob a carga dele,. Lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian Literature, Chicago, The University of Chicago PressHGLomRS 21 Substantivo µQRWtFLD¶9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU%DXPJDUWQHUThe Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, CD-ROM Edition, Leiden, Brill, 1994-2000, p.1575. 22 Qal imperfeito jussivo de ³FRORFDU´³S{U´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU%DXPJDUWQHULexicon, p.1483-/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.668-669. 23 Qal infinitivo construto de DFRPSDQKDGDSHODSUHSRVLomR ³VHU´³HVWDU´³H[LVWLU´³DFRQWHFHU´ Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.243-/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.170, 172-173; Gesenius-Kautzsch, *HVHQLX¶V+HEUHZ*UDPPDU, Oxford, Clarendon Press, HGLomR 1910, p.123; 3DXO-RRQH7DNDPLWVX0XUDRka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew5RPD3RQWLItFLR ,QVWLWXWR%tEOLFRp.135 (Subsidia Biblica 27); Page. H. Kelley, +HEUDLFRXPDJUDPiWLFD LQWURGXWyULD6mR/HRSROGR6LQRGDOHGLomRS 24 Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.788 (4). 25 Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, LexiconS/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.230231. 26 Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.243-/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.172. 27 Adjetivo . Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1170-1172. 28 Qal imperfeito de ³UHSOLFDU´³UHVSRQGHU´³LQWHUYLU´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU%DXPJDUWQHU Lexicon, p.851-/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.507. 29 Substantivo . Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1224-1225 (B1). 30 Qal infinitivo construto de ³HVWLFDU´³WRUFHU´³LQFOLQDU´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.692 (4d) 31 Aqui pKLI¶LOLQILQLWLYRFRQVWUXWR³WRUFHU´ 32 Qal imperfeito de ³UHVSHLWDU´³KRQUDU´ Veja Victor P. +DPLOWRQ³ ´HPRobert Laird Harris, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p.207-208 (477); Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.239. 33 Qal imperfeito de ³HQFRQWUDU´³WRSDU´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.910 (1). 34 Aqui IXQFLRQDFRPR4DOSDUWLFtSLR³LQLPLJR´³DGYHUViULR´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.38. 35 4DOSDUWLFtSLRGH : ³SHUGHU-VH´³GHVYLDU-VH´³YDJDU´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHr Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1766-/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.706. 36 (VVDFRQVWUXomRLQILQLWLYRLPSHUIHLWRGHXPPHVPRYHUERVHUYHSDUDUHIRUoDURXLQWHQVLILFDUDLGpLD YHUEDO$TXLXPKLI¶LOLQILQLWLYRDEVROXWRVHJXLGRGHXPKLI¶LOLPSHUIHLWRde ³UHFRQGX]LU´9HMD/XLV $ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.600-

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(28) /XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.204. 41 Qal infinitivo construto de ³DEDQGRQDU´³GHL[DU´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU%DXPJDUWQHU Lexicon, p.806-/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.487. 42 Qal infinitivo absoluto seguido de qal imperfeito de ³DEDQGRQDU´9HMDELEOLRJUDILDQDQ 43 +LI¶LOLPSHUIHLto de ³HVWLFDU´³WRUFHU´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.692 (5). 44 Adjetivo ³FDXVD´³GLUHLWR´Veja Gerhard /LHGNH³ ´ em Ernst Jenni e Claus Westermann, Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament, p.1391-1398 (3d). 45 Adjetivo ³SREUH´³QHFHVVLWDGR´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.5. 46 Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.211 (2). 47 Substantivo masculino ³IDOVR´³PHQWLUD´³IUDXGH´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1648-1650 (1c). 48 Qal imperfeito de ³DIDVWDU-VH´³UHWLUDU-VH´³GLVWDQFLDU-VH´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1221-1222 (2a). 49 Adjetivo masculino ³LQRFHQWH´³OLYUH´9HMD/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.448. 50 Adjetivo masculino ³MXVWR´³LQRFHQWH´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1001-1002 (2). 51 Qal imperfeito de ³PDWDU´³DVVDVVLQDU´. Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.255. 52 +LI¶LOLPSHUIHLWRGH ³MXVWLILFDU´³LQRFHQWDU´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1003. 53 Substantivo masculino ³VXERUQR´³SUHVHQWH´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.1457 (2). 54 Qal imperfeito de ³´UHFHEHU´³DFHLWDU´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.534 (3). 55 3L¶HOLPSHUIHLWRGH v ³FHJDU´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.802. 56 Adjetivo masculino plural ³FDSD]GHYHU´³SHUVSLFD]´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.959. 57 3L¶HOLPSHUIHLWRGH ³IDOVLILFDU´³WRUFHU´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU%DXPJDUWQHULexicon, S/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.468. 58 Substantivo masculino ³HVWUDQJHLUR´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.201..

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(32) GRYRQGHpVXJHULGRTXH. poderia ser lido como. (= grande, honrado), seguindo /HYtWLFR 19,15. Sendo assim, Martin Noth 66 em seu FRPHQWiULR HQWHQGH TXH R Y p XPD SURLELomR GH LQIOXHQFLDU GHVRQHVWDPHQWH R MXOJDPHQWRHPIDYRUGHXP³KRPHPSRGHURVR´.

(33) QmRGHXPRSULPLGR. ).. 3RUpPWDODUJXPHQWRQmRHVWiDSRLDGRQDKLVWyULDGRWH[WR 67 Nem a Septuaginta e nem D9XOJDWDWUDGX]HPRYHUERGRYSRU³JUDQGHKRQUDGRSRGHURVR´PDVVLPSRUSREUH (= penes na Septuaginta e pauper na Vulgata). Em um texto onde a honestidade e 59. Qal imperfeito de ³RSULPLU´³DSHUWDU´9HMD/XLV$ORQVR6FK|NHO'LFLRQiULR, p.342. Qal perfeito de ³FRQKHFHU´³VDEHU´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.390392 (3, 9, 10). 61 Substantivo feminino ³JDUJDQWD´³YLGD´³UHVSLUDomR´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.711-713 (3). 62 Qal perfeito de ³VHU´³HVWDU´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.243-244 63 Substantivo feminino ³SDtV´³WHUUD´Veja Ludwig Koehler e Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon, p.90-91 (1, 3). 64 Substantivo ³(JLWR´9HMD/XGZLJ.RHKOHUH:DOWHU%DXPJDUWQHULexicon, p.625 (1). 65 K. Elliger e W. Rudolph (editores), %tEOLD+HEUDLFD6WXWWJDUWHQVLD, Stuttgart, Deutsche BibelgesellschaftHGLomRS-124. 66 Martin Noth, Exodus: A Commentary, Philadelphia, The Westminster Press, 1962, p.189. 67 )UDQN&UVHPDQQ$7RUiWHRORJLDHKLVWyULDVRFLDOGDOHLGR$QWLJR7HVWDPHQWR, 3HWUySROLV9R]HV HGLomRp.269. 60.

(34) 22. imparcialidade no julgDPHQWR VmR GHIHQGLGRV R SREUH QmR HVFDSD GDV FDWHJRULDV GH LQRFHQWHHFXOSDGR3RUWDQWRRSWDPRVSRUPDQWHURYRFiEXOR. .. 1.2 Estrutura, estilo, JrQHUR, Sitz im Leben e GDWDomRda SHUtFRSHde Ç[RGR 23,1-9 Procuraremos, aqui nesse item, demonstrar como o QRVVRWH[WRHVWiHVWUXWXUDGR para depois WUDWDUPRVGRVHXHVWLORHPFRPSDUDomRFRPRHVWLORFDVXtVWLFRHDSRGtWLFR $SyVHVVHSURFHGLPHQWRLGHQWLILFDUHPRVRJrQHURGHÇ[RGR-SDUDGDtWLUDUXPD FRQFOXVmR D UHVSHLWR GH VHX OXJDU YLYHQFLDO (P VHJXLGD SURFHGHUHPRV j WHQWDWLYD GH ORFDOL]DUÇ[RGR-9 no tempo, em dar-lhe uma data.. 1.2.1 Estrutura e estilo. 2V YHUVtFXORV GH Ç[RGR 23,1- FRQWrP GLWRV H[RUWDWLYRV HVVHQFLDOPHQWH GH FDUiWHU SURLELWLYR TXH LQWHUSHODP os ouvintes sobre como proceder num processo/ (v.1-3, 6-8), como tratar o animal do inimigo/ estrangeiros/. (v.4-

(35) H VREUH D UHODomR FRP. , que foram pessoas sem direito (v.9).. Assim sendo os vv.1- HVWmR PDUFDGRV SHOD OLQJXDJHP SDUHQpWLFD TXH EXVFD H[RUWDUR³WX´GHVVHVYHUVtFXORVVREUHFRPRSURFHGHUQRSURFHVVR2YDSURtEH QmR - de se levantar TXDOTXHU WLSR GH QRWtFLD IDOVD v , e o v.1bc consequentemente SURtEH-. QmR- de se realizar qualquer acordo com uma pessoa culpada/. se prestar um testemunho injusto/. (QWmRDGHULUjPDLRULD. , a fim de (v.2) a fim de. LQWHUYLUQXPSURFHVVRGHIRUPDDFRPSURPHWHUDMXVWLoDWDPEpPpXPFRPSRUWDPHQWR SURLELGR $o}HV TXH S}H HP ULVFR R ERP DQGDPHQWR GD MXVWLoD QR WULEXQDO VmR DTXL proibidas.. O vv.1- WrP VHXV FRQWH~GRV UHWRPDGRV QRV YY-8, onde em v.7a a conversa falsa/. LVWRpRDFRUGRIUDXGXOHQWRpSURLELGRSRLVcausa a morte do inocente/. e do justo/. ) YEF

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(38) SRLVHOHV. FHJDP DWp PHVPR DTXHOHV FRP FDSDFLGDGH PDLV DJXoDGD SDUD R MXOJDPHQWR os perspicazes/. , RTXHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHFDXVDGHVYLRVQRDQGDPHQWRGDMXVWLoD. O v.3 surge com uma fRUPXODomR LQtrigante: fica proibido honrar/ magro/fraco/. o. em um processo, dispensar-lhe algum tratamento especial, se o mesmo. for culpado. 0DV WDPEpP QmR VH GHYH torcer/perverter/ pobre/escravo/. o direito do. , roubar-lhe RGLUHLWRSRUFDXVDGHVXDFRQGLomRVRFLDO (v.6).. Mas, e os versos 4-5? Neles o animal do inimigo/rival/ SURWHomR2DQLPDOSHUGLGRERL/. ou jumento/. p TXH UHFHEH. GHYHVHUUHFRQGX]LGRQmRSRGH. VHUDEDQGRQDGRSRUFRQWDGDULYDOLGDGH Y

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(40) QmR SRGH VHU DEDQGRQDGR 2 TXH ID]HU HQWmR FRPHVVHVYHUVtFXORVTXHSDUHFHPGHVWRDUGRFRQMXQWR"$TXLRDQLPDOVHULQGHIHVRHP UHODomR jV UHDo}HV KXPDQDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH TXDQGR HVVH DQimal pertence ao inimigo/rival/. no procesVR p SURWHJLGR SRU H[LJrQFLDV SUy[LPDV DR estilo. FDVXtVWLFR2IUDFRPHVPRVHQGRHOHXPDQLPDOGHYHVHUWUDWDGRFRPMXVWLoD. $LQGD WHPRV R Y TXH GLDQWH GDV FRORFDo}HV DQWHULRUHV SDUHFH HVWDU VR]LQKR 6HRREMHWLYRGRVQRVVRVYHUVtFXORVpDMXVWLoDQRWULEXQDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHDSURWHomRGR direito dos PDLV IUDFRV FRP H[FHomR GR Y3 que comentaremos mais a frente, uma FDWHJRULD VRFLDO GR DQWLJR ,VUDHO HVWi DTXL QR Y VHQGR SURWHJLGD WDPEpP 68 Fica proibido oprimir/. o estrangeiro/. DTXHOD SHVVRD TXH SRU QmR SRVVXLU WHUUD QmR. WHP GLUHLWRV $VVLP FRPR ,VUDHO IRL HVWUDQJHLUR QD WHUUD GR (JLWR H VDEH R TXH p D UHVSLUDomR/. GRHVWUDQJHLURHOHQmRGHYHRSULPLURHVWUDQJHLUR. *** Quanto ao estilo de nossa pertFRSHSUHGRPLQDDDORFXomR QDSHVVRDVLQJXODU (vv.1-3, 6-8, 9), GH HVWLOR SUy[LPR DR DSRGtWLFR 69 PDV QmR IDOWDP IRUPXODo}HV. 68. Milton Schwantes, Apostila6mR%HUQDUGRGRCampo, p.12. $OEUHFKW$OW³$VRULJHQVGRGLUHLWRLVUDHOLWD´HP$OEUHFKW$OWTerra prometida: ensaios sobre a KLVWyULDGRSRYRGH,VUDHO6mR/HRSROGR6LQRGDOS- (VWXGRV%tEOLFR-7HROyJLFRV$7

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(46) HPIRUPDSDUWLFLSLDO 71 HRQGHMiVH GHVFUHYHRFDVRMXUtGLFRDRTXDOHVWiOLJDGDXPDIUDVHVXERUGLQDGDIRUPXODGDSRUPHLR GR SUHGLFDGR YHUEDO µFHUWDPHQWH PRUUHUi¶ . ), 72 HVSHFLILFDQGR D SHQD TXH p. FDSLWDOSRUPHLRGDFRQVWUXomRVLQWitica: infinitivo absoluto + imperfeito, a fim de dar IRUoD j IUDVH 73 Assim, Ç[RGR 21,12 diz:. v. /aquele que. EDWHU XP KRPHP H PRUUHU FHUWDPHQWH PRUUHUi, em um estilo simples e claro, sem PXLWDV HVSHFLILFDo}HV D UHVSHLWR GH GHWDOKHV dentro de um mesmo caso, como o faz o GLUHLWRHPHVWLORFDVXtVWLFR7HPRVHQWmRRFDVRMXUtGLFRaquele que bater um homem e morrer/. v. H D VHQWHQoD VHP PDLV URGHLRV FHUWDPHQWH PRUUHUi/. .. Em Ç[RGR 23,1-3.6- QmR WHPRV R HVWLOR DSRGttico da forma como descrita DFLPD$TXLRTXHHQFRQWUDPRVVmRDORFXo}HVQDSHVVRD singular, iniciadas por uma QHJDomR FDWHJyULFD UHSUHVHQWDGD SHOD FRQVWUXomR DGYpUELR . ) + imperfeito e com. VXMHLWR SURQRPLQDO ³WX´ DPERV VHJXLGRV SRU FRPSOHPHQWRV HVVH HVWLOR SUHGRPLQDUi QHVVHV YHUVtFXORV (VVDV VHQWHQoDV QmR FDUUHJDP D VDQomR FRPXP GD IRUPXODomR DSRGtWLFDSDGUmR.

(47) TXHQmRGHL[DEUHFKDSDUDSRVVtYHLVµVHSRUpP¶GD. IRUPXODomRFDVXtVWLFDPDVFRQGHQDPSHUHPSWRULDPHQWHXPDVpULHGHFRmportamentos UHSURYDGRV QR kPELWR GR MXOJDPHQWR H GDV UHODo}HV 2 HIHLWR p GH LQFRQGLFLRQDOLGDGH TXDQWRjTXHVWmRWUDWDGD. -DPHV*:LOOLDP³Concerning one of the ApRGLFWLF)RUPXODV´HPVetus Testamentum, Leiden, Brill, vol.14, n.4, 1964, p.1; Martin Noth, Exodus, p.174)UDQN&UVHPDQQ$7RUi, p.206-207. 70 Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, p.188-189; George V. Pixley, Ç[RGR6mR3DXOR3DXOLQDVS187 (ColeomR*UDQGH&RPHQWiULR%tEOLFR

(48) 71 Bruce Kenneth Waltke e Michael Patrick O'Connor, An Introduction Syntax, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 1990, p.69. 72 Bruce Kenneth Waltke e Michael Patrick O'Connor, An Introduction, p.71-72. 73 Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, p.210..

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(50) FRPRVXMHLWRSURQRPLQDOµWX¶VHJXLGRVGo objeto. v /QRWtFLDIDOVD.. (PYEDPHVPDFRQVWUXomRDSDUHFHDGYpUELRLPSHUIHLWR. QmRFRORFDUiV

(51) . , mas. H FRP HOH HVWi XP. PDV DTXL R DGYpUELR GH QHJDomR QmR p R HQIiWLFR. LPSHUIHLWRMXVVLYRTXHpRTXHVHHVSHUDQHVVDFRQVWUXomR 74 HVVDpVHJXLGDSHORREMHWR /FRP PmR GH FXOSDGR 2 YF p XP SUHGLFDGR YHUEDO VXERUGLQDGR DR que vem em v.1b que clareia a frase µQmRFRORFDUiVWXDPmRFRPDGHFXOSDGR¶, dizendo, com isso, para que serve esse gesto.. 1R LQtFLR GR YD o HVWLOR DSRGtWLFR PDUFDGR SHOD QHJDomR FDWHJyULFD HVWi representado por. QmRVHJXLUiVTXHpVHJXLGRSHORREMHWRTXHRFRPSOHPHQWD. H HVSHFtILFD TXHP QmR GHYH VHU VHJXLGR LVWR p D PDLRULD. , o que, formulado. QHJDWLYDPHQWHHYLWDSUDWLFDUTXDOTXHUWLSRGHDWRFRQVLGHUDGRPDOGRVR$FRQMXQomRv /e liga v.2b a v.2a, PDVDTXHOHSRGHPXLWREHPIXQFLRQDUFRPRIUDVHLQGHSHQGHQWHQmR VXERUGLQDGD DR FRQWH~GR GH YD 7HPRV HQWmR HP YE D QRVVD FRQVWUXomR Mi FRQKHFLGDDGYpUELRGHQHJDomRLPSHUIHLWR v. HQmRLQWHUYLUiV

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(55) QmRGHYHID]HUDRLQWHUYLUem um processo.. 7UDWDQGR GR Y SHUFHEHPRV XPD PXGDQoD HVWLOtVWLFD LQWHUHVVDQWH $TXL QmR WHPRVDRUGHPQRUPDOGDVSDODYUDVHPXPDIUDVHKHEUDLFDTXHpFRPSRVWDGHYHUER sujeito + objeto. 75 Um dos objetos (v. /e magro) encontra-VH DQWHSRVWR HP UHODomR. DRYHUERRTXHQDJUDPiWLFDKHEUDLFDVLJQLILFDGDUrQIDVHDRHOHPHQWRTXH vem antes GR YHUER 6HJXLQGR R REMHWR GR LQtFLR GD IUDVH WHPRV R DGYpUELR LPSHUIHLWR QmRKRQUDUiV)TXHFDUUHJDFRQVLJRRVXMHLWRSURQRPLQDOµWX¶HTXHVmRVHJXLGRV por objeto direto. 74. /em processo seu.. Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, SYHMDWDPEpPDQRWDQ,VVRQmRGL]TXHHVVDQHJDomRQmRVHMD HQIiWLFDWDPEpPVeja para isso -RKQ%ULJKW³7KH$SRGLFWLF3URKLELWLRQ6RPH2EVHUYDWLRQV´HP Journal of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, vol.92, n.2, 1973, p.185-204. 75 Page H. Kelley, Hebraico, p.118-119; Thomas Oden Lambdin, *UDPiWLFDGRKHEUDLFREtEOLFR6mR 3DXOR3DXOLQDVHGLomRS-72..

(56) 26 Nos vv. 4-5 encontram-se formuODo}HV SUy[LPDV DR HVWLOR FDVXtVWLFR 76 QmR HP VXD IRUPD PDLV FRPXP FRPSRVWD SRU SUyWDVH FRQVWLWXtGD GH XPD SULPHLUD RUDomR FRQGLFLRQDOLQLFLDGDFRPDFRQMXQomR VHVHJXLGDGHRUDomRFRQGLFLRQDOFRQVHFXWLYD e essa iniciada com. /se onde se apresentam R FDVR MXUtGLFR H VXDV HVSHFLILFLGDGHV. HVVD SRU VXD YH] VHJXLGD SHOD DSyGRVH LQWURGX]LGD SHOD FRQMXQomR v /e, onde se especifica as penalidades. 77. (QWmR WHPRV QR Y D SUyWDVH FRP D RUDomR FRQGLFLRQDO SULQFLSDO LQLFLDGD SRU /se, mas falta-nos a oraomR FRQGLFLRQDO FRQVHFXWLYD LQLFLDGD FRP. VH $OpP GR. PDLV HP YE IDOWD R LQtFLR WtSLFR GH XPD DSyGRVH LQWURGX]LGD SRU v H $OpP GD DXVrQFLDGHVVHVHOHPHQWRVRXWUDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDTXHGLIHUHQFLDHVWHYHUVRpTXHRPHVPR HVWi IRUPXODGR QD SHVVRD GR VLQJXODU 2 FRPXP HP RUDo}HV FDVXtVWLFDV p D IRUPXODomRQDSHVVRD 78 (PWRGRFDVRWHPRVXPDEUHYHGHVFULomRGRWLSRGHFDVR boi ou jumento perdido (v.4a). O que se deve fazer com esses animais perdidos? 5HFRQGX]LUDRGRQR YE

(57) 1mRWHPRVDTXLQDDSyGRVHDGHVFULomRGHTXDOTXHUWLSRGH SHQDOLGDGHFRPXPQDIRUPXODomRFDVXtVWLFDDSHQDVXPDLQVWUXomRGHFRPRWUDWDUHVVHV DQLPDLV2µWX¶VXMHLWRGDRUDomRpLQWHUSHODGRPDVQmRVDQFLRQDGR. 1RYDIRUPXODGRQDSHVVRDGRVLQJXODUFRPRRYWDPEpPHVWiDXVHQWHD RUDomRFRQVHFXWLYDHQFDEHoDGDSRU. /seRTXHQmRLPSHGHGHHVSHFLILFDURFDVRXP. MXPHQWR FDtGR VRE D FDUJD TXH WUDQVSRUWD (VVH DQLPDO QmR SRGH VHU DEDQGRQDGR GH DFRUGRFRPDDSyGRVHLQLFLDGDFRPv /e, mas aqui, de fato, como parte da SUyWDVHGH forma peculiar. 79 6HHPYDIRLGLWRTXHRDQLPDOQmRGHYHULDVHUDEDQGRQDGRYED DSyGRVHUHIRUoDGHIRUPDLGLRPiWLFDWDOUHFRPHQGDomR 76. Milton Schwantes. Apostila, p.31. Veja por primeiro Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, p.188-)UDQN&UVHPDQQ$7RUi, p.206-207; Werner H. Schmdit, ,QWURGXomR, p.110-111; 'DOH3DWULFN³&DVXLVWLF/DZ*RYHUQLQJ3ULPDU\5LJKWVDQG 'XWLHV´HPJournal of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, vol.92, n.2, 1973, p.1-6; &iVVLR0XULOR'LDVGD6LOYD³/HLWXUDVVRERDVSHFWRGLDFU{QLFRFUtWLFDOLWHUiULDFUtWLFDGRVJrQHURV OLWHUiULRVHSitz im Leben´HP&iVVLR0XULOR'LDVGD6LOYD RUJDQL]DGRU

(58) Metodologia de exegese EtEOLFD6mR3DXOR3DXOLQDVHGLomRS-RVp/XLV6LFUH,QWURGXomRDR$QWLJR7HVWDPHQWR, 3HWUySROLV9R]HVHGLomRS5LIDW6RQVLQR³/DZ)RUPVRI%LEOLFDO/DZ´HP'DYLG1RHO Freedman (editor), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Nova York, Doubleday, 1992, vol.4, p.252-254, especialmente p.252. 78 1HVVDPXGDQoDSRGHUtDPRVYHUDPmRGHXWHURQRPLVWD"Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, p.188, nota n.19. 79 $OODQ&RRSHU³7KH3ODLQ6HQVHRI([RGXV´HPHebrew Union College Annual, Cincinnati, Jewish Institute of Religion, vol.59, 1988, p.4. 77.

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(62) MiWUDWDGRDFLPD-iYFp uma frase subordinada a v.7b, relacioQDGD DVVLP SHOD FRQMXQomR /pois, composta de DGYpUELRLPSHUIHLWRPDVDTXLDFRPSDQKDGDGHVXMHLWRSURQRPLQDOQDSHVVRDµHX¶ Segue-se a ambos o objeto direto indefinido. /culpado.. Com respeito ao v.8a, temos o objeto v. /e suborno anteposto ao verbo e. DR VXMHLWR TXH VHJXHP R REMHWR QD Mi EHP FRQKHFLGD IRUPD GR HVWLOR DSRGtWLFR Ge QHJDomR FDWHJyULFD DGYpUELR. QmR LPSHUIHLWR. DFHLWDUiV DFRPSDQKDGR GR. VXMHLWR SURQRPLQDO µWX¶ 7HPRV HP YE XPD IUDVH VXERUGLQDGD D YD UHODFLRQDGD DVVLP SHOD FRQMXQomR. SRLV SRVLFLRQDGD QR LQtFLR GD IUDVH 7DPEpP QR LQtFLR. encontra-se o objeto direto. /suborno, seguido pelo verbo no imperfeito. /cegar mais o sujeito. SHUVSLFD]HV $ IUDVH GH YF HVWi VXERUGLQDGD D. 80. De acordo com Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, p.217 na nota n.90, tir aq WHDIDVWDUiV

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(64) 28. YESHODFRQMXQomRv /e fixada ao verbo no imperfeito v sujeito HPXPDUHODomRGHFRQVWUXWR. /falsificar, seguida do. /quest}HV de justos.. 3RU ILP QR YD DQWHSRVWR DR YHUER HVWi R REMHWR GLUHWR LQGHILQLGR v estrangeiro. Segue-VH D HVVH R DGYpUELR. QmR + imperfeito. /e. RSULPLUiV. DFRPSDQKDGRGRVXMHLWRSURQRPLQDOµWX¶1DIUDVHHPYEWHPRVRVXMHLWRSURQRPLQDO QD pessoa do plural, 81 anteposto ao verbo no perfeito, seguidos por objeto direto em uma UHODomR GH FRQVWUXWR. UHVSLUDomR GH HVWUDQJHLUR (P YF WHPRV. XPD IUDVH VXERUGLQDGD D YE LQLFLDGD SRU FRQMXQomR /pois, ligada a parte do objeto anteposto ao verbo. /pois estrangeiros. Segue-se a isso o verbo no perfeito mais. RVXMHLWRSURQRPLQDOµWX¶HRUHVWDQWHGRREMHWR. /na terra do Egito.. &RP HVVDV FRORFDo}HV GHVFUHYHPRV R HVWLOR GDV IUDVHV H YHUVRV GH QRVVD SHUtFRSH 0DV H R OXJDU RQGH HVVH HVWLOR IRL FXOWLYDGR" 6HUi TXH R SUySULR HVWLOR GH QRVVD SHUtFRSH SRGH QRV GL]HU DOJXPD FRLVD GR OXJDU QD YLGD RQGH HOH foi cultivado? Vejamos isso.. 1.2.2 *rQHUR e Sitz im Leben. 8PGHWDOKHHQWUHPXLWRVRXWURVVHVREUHVVDLHPQRVVDSHUtFRSHVXDOLQJXDJHP QmR p ULJRURVDPHQWH QHP DSRGtWLFD H QHP FDVXtVWLFD 6H SRGHPRV IDODU GH GLUHLWR HP HVWLORFDVXtVWLFRHDSRGtWLFRHPQRVVDSHUtFRSHHVVHVMiVHHQFRQWUDPWUDQVPXWDGRV Acima, quando foram tratados os vv.4- GH QRVVD SHUtFRSH RV TXDLV VH DSUR[LPDPGRGLUHLWRFDVXtVWLFRH[HPSOLILFDPRVDIRUPDFRPRHVVHGLUHLWRDSDUHFHQD %tEOLD HP VXD IRUPXODomR SDGUmR 2 FDVR SULQFLSDO p DSUHVHQWDGR QD SULPHLUD IUDVH iniciada por. VH DFRPSDQKDGD SRU IUDVH FRP R FDVR VXERUGLQDGR HQFDEHoDGD SRU. VH DPEDV VHJXLGDV SHOD IUDVH TXH GHWHUPLQD D VDQomR D VHU DSOLFDGD LQLFLDGD SRU v HQWmR0DVKiIUDVHVIRUDGHQRVVDSHUtFRSHPDVGHQWURGR&yGLJRGD$OLDQoDGR 81. Aqui no plural, o que faz com que PXLWRVDILUPHPTXHpXPDFUpVFLPRGHXWHURQ{PLFRVeja Julius Wellhausen, Die CompositionS)UDQN&UVHPDQQ$7RUi, p.167..

(65) 29. TXDOHODID]SDUWHTXHFRPS}HPRHOHQFRGDVIUDVHVGRFKDPDGRGLUHLWRFDVXtVWLFRPDV DLQGD QmR HVWmR IRUPDOPHQWH WmR GHILQLGDV DVVLP 2 GLUHLWR FDVXtVWLFR YDL VH GHVHQYROYHQGR GH IRUPD PDLV VLPSOHV DWp IRUPDV PDLV FRPSlexas? Vejamos Ç[RGR 22,4: 4. ³6H. XPKRPHPLQFHQGLDUURoDRXYLQKDHGHL[DUVROWRVHXJDGRHLQFHQGLDURXWUD URoDGRPHOKRUGHVXDURoDHGRPHOKRUGHVXDYLQKDUHVWLWXLUi´.. 1HVVD IRUPXODomR VLQWpWLFD R FDVR p XPD URoD RX YLQKD LQFHQGLDGD SRU XP homHPTXHSRUGHL[DURJDGRVROWRDFDEDSRUSHUPLWLUTXHRXWUDURoDVHMDLQFHQGLDGD 3RU FRQWD GLVVR QD IUDVH TXH FRQVWD D VDQomR, o autor de nossa frase preocupa-se em GHL[DU FODUR TXH HOH R KRPHP FXOSDGR SHOR LQFrQGLR UHVWLWXLUi DR GRQR GD URoD RX vinha GRPHOKRUGHVXDURoDHGHVXDYLQKD$DWHQomRHVWiYROWDGDSDUDDVDQomRPDVR FDVRQmRGHL[DGHVHUH[HPSOLILFDGR-iHPÇ[RGR 21,33-34 temos: 33. E se/v -. um homem mantiver aberto uma cova ou se/. cavar um homem um. EXUDFRHQmRRFREULUHFDLUDOi boi ou jumento, 34 RGRQRGDFRYDUHVWLWXLUiSUDWDDVHX proprLHWiULRHPRUWHOKHDFRQWHFHUi´.. 1HVVH H[HPSOR R FDVR SULQFLSDO YDL VH FRPSOH[LILFDQGR e EHP GLIHUHQWH XP EXUDFRFRYD TXH Mi HVWDYD DEHUWR H QmR IRL WDPSDGR H R EXUDFR TXH QmR p WDPSDGR dXUDQWHRSURFHVVRGHDEHUWXUDGRPHVPR1mRVRPHQWHRFDVRSULQFLSDOYDLVHWRUQDQGR PDLVFRPSOH[RGLDQWHGDVYDULDo}HVSRVVtYHLVPDVQDVDQomRRFRUUHWDQWRDIL[DomRGD UHVWLWXLomRSDUDDTXHOHTXHSHUGHXRERLRXMXPHQWRFRPRDSDVVDJHPGHSURSULHGDGH do boi ou jumento para aquele que indenizou o ex-SURSULHWiULR 2V FDVRV H VXDV UHVSHFWLYDVVDQo}HVVHGHVHQYROYHPGRPDLVVLPSOHVSDUDRPDLVFRPSOH[RjPHGLGD TXH QRYDV VLWXDo}HV GD YLGD SUHFLVDP VHU FRQWHPSODGDV SHOR GLUHLWR FDVXtVWLFR Passemos a dois e[HPSORV TXH HVSHOKDP GLIHUHQFLDomR VRFLDO VmR HOHV Ç[RGR 21, 1819.20-21:.

(66) 30 18. ³E se/v -. brigarem homens e ferir um homem ao outro com pedra ou com punho 82 e. QmRPRUUHUHFDLUGHFDPD19se/. OHYDQWDUHDQGDUQDUXDVREUHVHXEDVWmRILFDUi. impune o que o feriu; somente seu aquietar-VHGDUiHFHUWDPHQWHILFDUiVDUDGR´ 20. ³E se/v -. bater um homem em seu escravo ou escrava com vara, e morrer sob sua. PmRFHUWDPHQWHVHUiYLQJDGR 21mas se/. XPGLDRXGLDVILFDUGHSpQmRVHUi. vingado, pois prata sua (p

(67) HOH´ Os vv.18-19 foram separados acima dos vv.20-VySDUDDIHLWRGHYLVXDOL]DomR GRV FDVRV PDV HOHV IRUPDP XP ~QLFR SDUiJUDIR QR KHEUDLFR ,VVR VH Yr DWp PHVPR SHORVSUySULRVFDVRVWUDWDGRVRQGHRTXHHVWDHPTXHVWmRpDOHVmRFRUSRUDOVHJXLGDGe PRUWHRXQmRHPYY-RFDVRpGHOHVmRFDXVDGDDRXWUHPGXUDQWHXPDGLVFXVVmR MiHPYY-RFDVRpDPRUWHFDXVDGDDXPHVFUDYRRXHVFUDYDQDDSOLFDomRGHXPD VXUUDFRPSDX)ODJUDQWHpTXHQRFDVRGHXPDOHVmRFDXVDGDSRUXPKRPHPDRXWUR homePVRPHQWHHPFDVRVPXLWRHVSHFLDLVHOHWHUiTXHLQGHQL]DURSUHMXGLFDGRPDVQR FDVR GR HVFUDYR RX HVFUDYD R DXWRU GR HVSDQFDPHQWR Vy SDJDUi DOJXPD FRLVD VH R HVFUDYRRXHVFUDYDPRUUHUDSyVRHVSDQFDPHQWRVHPRUUHUXPRXGRVGLDVGHSRLV

(68) R GRQR QmR VRIUHUi VDQomR QHQKXPD SRUTXH R HVFUDYR RX D HVFUDYD p VHX µGLQKHLUR¶ 83 )LFD FODUD D GLIHUHQFLDomR VRFLDO QD VDQomR DSOLFDGD QR FDVR GH XPD OHVmR GH KRPHP SDUD KRPHP H GH KRPHPSDUDHVFUDYRD+RPHP DTXL QmRHVWiDSHQDVQR VHQWLGRGH JrQHUR PDV p XPD FDWHJRULD VRFLDO GH ,VUDHO VmR DTXHOHV TXH SRVVXHP WHUUD H TXH SRUWDQWRWrPGLUHLWRVSOHQRV 84 2HVFUDYRQmRHOHSHUGHXDWHUUDSRUFRQWDGHGtYLGDV &DGDFDVRpWUDWDGRGHIRUPDtPSDUHUHIOHWHXPDVRFLHGDGHFDGDYH]PDLVFRPSOH[D Se uma linguagem corrHVSRQGHDXPDGHWHUPLQDGDVLWXDomRQDYLGDRQGHHODHUD XWLOL]DGDHQWmRHPTXHVHWRUGDYLGDYLYLGDRGLUHLWRHPIRUPXODomRFDVXtVWLFDWLQKDR VHXOXJDU"eERPFRPHoDUSHODVFRQVWDWDo}HVIHLWDVSRU$OEUHFKW$OW 85. 82. ([SUHVVmRGHVLJQLILFDGRREVFXURVHJXQGRD6HSWXDJLQWD³SXQKR´ )UDQN&UVHPDQQ$7RUi, p.216-227. 84 Hans Jochen Boecker, 2ULHQWDomRSDUDDYLGDGLUHLWRHOHLQR$QWLJR7HVWDPHQWR6mR/HRSROGR Sinodal, 2004, p.16. 85 Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, p.186-203. 83.

(69) 31. 8PD GHVVDV FRQVWDWDo}HV p TXH DV OHLV FDVXtVWLFDV QmR FDUUHJDP FRQWH~GRV UHOLJLRVRV LVWR p HODV QmR VmR GR WHPSOR GR FXOWR (ODV WUDWDP VLP GH FDVRV GD YLGD FRWLGLDQD 4XDQGR R XQLYHUVR UHOLJLRVR p SRU HODV WUDWDGR p Vy HP FDVR HVSHFLDO Ç[RGR 22,8). $V TXHVW}HV SRU HODV FRQWHPSODGDV QmR DEUDQJHP D UHOLJLmR &RP LVVR ILFD HYLGHQWH TXH HODV QmR SURFHGHP GH HVSHFLDOLVWDV GD UHOLJLmR RX VHMD VDFHUGRWHV OHYLWDVHWF(ODVVmRGHSURFHGrQFLDODLFD0LOWRQ6FKZDQWHV 86 GL]TXHHODVWDPEpPQmR VmR OHLV GD IDPtOLD extensiva (=. ). Os casos FRQWHPSODGRV QmR DEUDQJHP DV. UHODo}HVSDL-filho, marido-esposa.. )HLWDV HVVDVFRQVLGHUDo}HVGHFDUiWHUQHJDWLYRTXHH[S}HPPDLVR TXHDVOHLV FDVXtVWLFDV QmR VmR SRGHPRV VXJHULU HQWmR R TXH HODV VmR $V OHLV FDVXtVWLFDV FRP maior certeza aquelas do CyGLJR GD $OLDQoD GHQRPLQDGDV WHFQLFDPHQWH GH , 87 VmROHLVTXHUHJXODPDUHODomRHQWUHDV. IDPtOLDVH[WHQVLYDV(ODV. WUDWDPGDUHODomRHQWUHHVVDVIDPtOLDVHVHXVEHQVFRPRERLVMXPHQWRVHVFUDYRVURoDH vinha. Evidenciam a inter-UHODomR HQWUHHVVDVIDPtOLDVTXHSDUHFHPWUDEDOKDUSDUDTXH RVFDVRVFKHJXHPDXPFRQVHQVR(VVDDILUPDomRSRGHVHUFRUURERUDGDSHORIDWRGHTXH WDLV OHLV QmR HVWmR YLQFXODGDV D QHQKXPD GDTXHODV DXWRULGDGHV GR DQWLJR ,VUDHO PDLV conhecidas: sacerdote, rei e juiz. Pode-VHSUHVVXSRUTXHSDUDFDGDFDVRHUDQHFHVViULD GLVFXVVmRTXH GHVHPERFDVVH QD GHOLPLWDomRH GHILQLomR H[DWD GRGHOLWR6HQGR DVVLP SRGHPRV GL]HU TXH D QHJRFLDomR GRV FDVRV HVWi QD EDVH GHVVH GLUHLWR H TXH R PHOKRU lugar, no antigo Israel, para tal QHJRFLDomR HUD R SRUWmR RX DTXHOH OXJDU QD YLOD TXH FRUUHVSRQGLD DR SRUWmR (UD QHVVH OXJDU TXH VH UHXQLDP DTXHOHV TXH SDUWLFLSDYDP GR M~UL0DVHTXHPVmRHOHV". 6H GHILQLUPRV SULPHLUR DTXHOHV TXH QmR SDUWLFLSDYDP GD MXULVSUXGrQFLD QR SRUWmRGDFLGDGH RXYLOD WDOYH] D TXHVWmRVHMDPHOKRUHVFODUHFLGD2V H[FOXtGRVGHVVH HVSDoR VmR DV PXOKHUHV FULDQoDV HVFUDYRV H HVFUDYDV H HVWUDQJHLURV (OHV QmR WrP GLUHLWR GH SDUWLFLSDUHP GD FRPXQLGDGH MXUtGLFD 0XOKHUHV H FULDQoDV HVWmR VRE D autoridade patriarcal GRFKHIHGDIDPtOLDHVFUDYRVHHVWUDQJHLURVFRPRSHUWHQFHQWHVj IDPtOLD WDPEpP HVWmR VRE HVVD DXWRULGDGH 88 Os 86. tratam, de forma. Milton Schwantes, Apostila, p.23. )UDQN&UVHPDQQ$7RUi, p.206-216. 88 Hans Jochen Boecker, 2ULHQWDomR, p.8-12; Christopher J. H. Wright, ³)DPLO\´HP'DYLG1RHO Freedman, The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol.2, 1992, p.761-767, especialmente p.763-764; Hanoch 87.

(70) 32. FRQVLGHUiYHOSUREOHPDVHQWUHKRPHQVOLYUHV(VVHHVSDoRHUDSUHHQFKLGRSHORVKRPHQV livres/. . Quando eles falam de. /homens ou. KRPHP QmR p TXDOTXHU. KRPHP LVWR p VmR DTXHOHV TXH SRVVXtDP WHUUD TXH WLQKDP GLUHLWRV SOHQRV SRU WHU KHUDQoDFRPRGLWRDFLPD 89 Eram uma categoria social, porque o escravo poderia ser do VH[R PDVFXOLQR PDV HOH QmR WHP GLUHLWRV SRU QmR SRVVXLU WHUUD $V PXOKHUHV QmR SRVVXtDPWHUUDHUDSUHUURJDWLYDPDVFXOLQD 90PXLWRPHQRVDVFULDQoDV3DUHFHTXHHVVH µKRPHP OLYUH¶ WLQKD DFHVVR D WRGDV DV IXQo}HV SRVVtYHLV QD FRPXQLGDGH MXUtGLFD defender, acusar, testemunhar, sentenciar e executar. De acordo com Milton Schwantes 91 HVVDV IXQo}HV DGHQWUDP DWp PHVPR QR SHUtRGR PRQiUTXLFR SHOR IDWR GH QHPPHVPRQHVVDpSRFDKDYHUMXt]HVSURILVVLRQDLVDQmRVHUQDVJUDQGHVFLGDGHVaonde DEXURFUDFLDPRQiUTXLFDFKHJDYDFRPPDLRUIDFLOLGDGH Sendo DVVLP VXJHULPRV TXH R OXJDU YLYHQFLDO GDV OHLV FDVXtVWLFDV VmR RV FRQIOLWRV HQWUH µKRPHQV OLYUHV¶ H VXD PHGLDomR QD SUiWLFD MXUtGLFD H[HUFLGD QR SRUWmR SHODFRPXQLGDGHMXUtGLFDFRPSRVWDSHORVPHVPRs. 92 0DVLVVRQmRSDUHFHVHUYHUGDGH para aqueles dois verVtFXORV TXH FRPS}HP D QRVVD SHUtFRSH YY-

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(72) HTXHDVDQomRLPSRVWDpDSHQDOFDSLWDOµFHUWDPHQWH mRUUHUi¶. ). Esse tipo de direito encontra-VHHQWUHODoDGRFRPRGLUHLWRHP. IRUPXODomR FDVXtVWLFD GRV. (Ç[RGR 21,2-22,19), mas claramente se destaca. FRPR HOHPHQWR GLIHUHQWH H HP PHQRU Q~PHUR HP UHODomR jV OHLV FDVXtVWLFDV dos Reviv, The Elders in Ancient Israel, Jerusalem Magness Press, 1989, p.9-11. 0DVLVVRQmRTXHUGL]HUTXH o lugDUGDPXOKHUQDIDPtOLDLVUDHOLWDGRDQWLJR,VUDHOIRVVHLQVLJQLILFDQWH9HMD&DURO0H\HUV³7KH )DPLO\LQ(DUO\,VUDHO´HP'RQ6%URZQLQJH,DQ6(YLVRQ HGLWRUHV

(73) Families in Ancient Israel, Louisville, Westminster John Knox Press, 1989, p.1-³3URcreation, Production, and Protection: Male)HPDOH%DODQFHLQ(DUO\,VUDHO´HPJournal of the American Academy of Religion, Missoula, American Academy of Religion, vol.51, n.4, 1983, p.569-593. 89 Veja a nota n.86 acima. 90 Exceto o intrigante caso de 1~PHURs 36,1. 91 Milton Schwantes, ApostilaS)UDQN&UVHPDQQ$7RUi, p.249. 92 Albrecht Alt, Direito israelita, p.190-191; Milton Schwantes, Apostila, p.25; Martin Noth, Exodus, p.174-175; George V. Pixley, Ç[RGR, p.185-186; Hans Jochen Boecker, 2ULHQWDomR, p.15-16..

(74) 33 . 93 Pode-VHYHULILFDUHVVDFRQVWDWDomRQmRVySHORDVSHFWRIRUPDOGHVVDVOHLV PDVSHORFRQWH~GRHWDPEpPSHORWLSRGHSHQDDSOLFDGDDRFDVRHODpFDSLWDO. $VOHLVHPIRUPXODomRDSRGtWLFDTXHHVWmRLQFRUSRUDGDVQRV de assassinato de um homem/. , tratam. (Ç[RGR

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