The NETmix® Reactor : strategies for optimizing mixing and development of new reactor designs
301
0
0
Texto
(2) # # !. .) +/",(+, ")! "!# ". ! "
(3) $! (" % $ *! # "% . (+-(+2( )+-"('' -"('' "' +"' )+-& '-( ' '!+".<&" # $ !
(4) " +.+2YWXX .
(5) . . .
(6) . ' '. .
(7) . %!'# #&"& ! "&! # - & # "&!&# -"# &#
(8) +'H"%/ +(% & "') %%(($H1( .,H " -! -! +"'. . SX^^]T. .
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`*2>! N#! *2(*/$'+! '1! 9')+12! S1%0*! *! 9+C3-$1! S1%0*4! /1+*.'2! *! '#$.12>! a! SC0$#'!;10'4!(*+'!.').'+&'-'!6C/$+!*!(*+'2!('32'2!-1!/'68>!a!;')0'!"A)'%0*24!(*+'2!('32'2!-1!/&C>! "1! N)03.)3+! N)b1F4! 3#! '#$.14! '.1)'! -$20'%0*4! #'2! /1#! D3*#! '()*%-$! %1! $%R/$1! -12! ()*2*%0*2! 0)'A'+&12>!"1!N%$2!:*A+*A$/$4!(*+1!'(1$1>!"1!X)3%1!c1%F'+,*24!d*+21%!K*.1!*!")$20$-*2!9')%*$)14! (*+12!'+#1F12!-*!Y'!6*$)'!*!'#$='-*>!"1!#*20)*!:3R2!9')+124!(*+'!'E3-'!()1%0'>!"2&')!J3+0'%4!"%%'! e')($%2b'4! 71'%'! 5*)*$)'4! U*+#1! J'%0124! ;')$%'! U1))*24! <f%$'! 91%20'%0$%14! #*#A)12! -1! .)3(1! !.
(10) . "'/ ,-" 87(J + 8( -( (, (, (% , ( H (& *. & )+-"%! " ).,, (', &(& '-(, (++ (+ *. "' '7( (+& & ' "(' (,J .,' +.3H ) %, #. , .+( +5-" ,H 4,,.,)+"' ,,H+' ", '-(, -"% '-(,H)(+& 3 + & ",-+"+ ( &.' ( .%-(J (, & ., &" (, %" ' "-.+ *. -&:& &+ +& '.& (.-(+& '-(H (& *. & )+-"%! " +.,-+8? ,H (&)'! "+",&( ,(+ -. (H &"3 I "( ( ' ,H " . % (.+7(H :,+ ."H"'-( (,- (7( ++J + 8(4( "(,-H) %) ";' "*. - / (&" ( .+'- +' )+- (& .-+%!( ) %,. (&)+ ',7(' (' )87( )+ , '- - , J + 8(-&:&(+( ,,(+ (,:(,-H ) %(, (', %!(, )+ ( .)8? ,H 4+J(,(,-H) %(,&"&(, .%"'5+"(, ) %,)%/+, (' (+-(H, &)+ *. ' ,,5+"(J (, & ., &" (, 8H &" (, , &)+ )+ , &)+ H & ,) "% ( . ( ( +" . , " + (%"/ "+H) %O) "-8P ) %, (++" "'!,4 "+&+J(' +:(.+H%5. " -(H .'(" + (H2%/" H%"'(+ -+< "'-(,H(+" ()(+ + "-+ &J (",&" (, (&)'! "+(,&."-( ,) "",H, &)+ )+ , '- ,H, &)+ (', %! "+(, , &)+ &" (,H (&( (,&" (, / &, +H'->'"((./ " "%") .+ "+J+" (L & + "& '-( ,) "%4"%")('8%/ , 3 / (H)(+- +) ";' " )(+& +-( (( , . )("( ' , , +"- - , H . '-' ( -( (, (, )+(% &, (& .& ,(++",( .& ,) +'8*. & )+ ' ! &J (+ A%-"&(H + 8( (, & ., )", )(+ -( ( ( )("( "' (' " "('%H '7( ,> .+'- ( ) +<( ( ,-- , H&,)(+-( /" J(& .)"H+' ", ((& ,H)(+- +, &)+ ," (.& 1 &)%( , ."+H ) %(, ',"'& '-(, *. & .H , , +"' "+, +"'8 (& .% , >(+ 5 .H+"' (K& ,,"&)(+- (,M %." (,NH-:4 (&)+ ',7() %"++ / +;' " #./ '-. H, &)+ (& (', %!()+('-(J&"'!&7 H .+ .'!H) %( +"'!( ( )(+ & - + "-( , &)+ , '-"+ )+- '-+% ( , . &.' (J , . )("( (" "&)+ , "' </ % ' ,,5+"(J ( & . "+&7(H .,-"'"'( (& ,H )(+ , + , &)+ .& + +;' " (, & ., (# -"/(, .&)("('!(+,&", " < ",J&"'! .'! H5++(+",H) %, (' ",,? ,J (& .,(+"'!(*. ,-5)+', +H" . %H)(+& 3 +- + ,) +'8'( .-.+(J,-- , :)+/>,H&"'! &<%"J. .
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e < 400 H0!" !/ +" " -! 1",- ' ( -0( %(0 " % + "& ,I-! "+,-, + - ,-+ + +(&-! &"' %(00!"% -! , (' % ' ,(-!,) " ,J"1"' & !'",&,' %(0+ "& , 0! + /",.%%2 !+ - +"3 ' , +" .,"' !" !+ ,(%.-"('H!" ! + *. ' 2 & +' 0"-! (.+" + + *. ' 2 '%2,",J ! 2'(% , '.& + 0! + -! + "& -+',"-"(' ( .+, ", + ++ ,!# ' " $ !. (&).--"('% %." 2'&" ,H H -0(K)!, &( %H -+ + ' &"' %(0H 0, , -K.) -( (-"' "+ - .& +" % "&.%-"('H H + ,.%-J - 0, )(,,"% -( *.'-" 2 &"1"' .,"' "'- ',"-2 ( , + -"(' ' "'- + "% + J ! )+ /"(.,%2 (-"' %(0 + "& , 0 + " '-" " ' .+-! +,-. " J! &( %+ ,.%-,0 + "' (+ ' 0"-!-! 1) +"& '-% -J ! &"1V- !'(%( 20,))%" ,. ,, .%%2"'+ -"('0! + "'- ', &"1"' ",$ 2 )+& - +H -! )+( . -"(' ( ''( +2,-%%"' "( (&)-"% &- +"% 0"-! / +2 '++(0 ,"3 ",-+".-"('H-!.,/%" -"' &"1V- !'(%( 2, " " '-&"1 +' + -(+J. .
(12) . !# )+ , '- ",, +-87( + )(+- ( -+%!( , '/(%/" ( )+ + - +"3+ *.'-"--"/ *.%"--"/& '- (, & '",&(, &",-.+ ' - '(%( " &"1VJ + ( "-(H ,7( ., , -: '" , (&).- "('",H(&).--"('%%." 2'&" ,HH + - +"387( 1) +"& '-% ( , (& '-(J & '(/( )+(->-")( &"1V : )+(# - ( (',-+.< (H ('- ' ( & %!(+", ( )('-( /",-() + "('% *. ) +&"- &/+"+ ,*. &,+ "('",J)+( .87( .&''( &- +"% (& .& ",-+"."87( + .3" -&'!(, : ., )+ /%" + ) " , '/(%/ +&",-.+, +' "'- '," - '(%( "&"1VJ &'(/()+(->-")(&"1V (")+(# - ( (',-+.< (H (',",-"' ('.&+ &",,"&)% , (+& )(+ 6&+, "%<' +" , %" , '-+ ," -+/:, '", , 87( + -' .%+H & '(+ "6& -+(!" +5.%" (J,- )+(->-")()(,,."/5+"(,'</ ", "'# 87((%(' ( (+ -(+ .& '(/( & '",&( ",(%& '-(H ( *. )(,,""%"- .& +-.+ 5 "% )+ %"&) 3J (+& + %"3 , 1) +";' ", (& -+8 (+ )+ /%(+ , 'A& +(, 2'(% , (&)+ ' " (, '-+ 50 < Re < 400 J (", + "& , , (& '-( (+& " '-" " (,I '( )+"& "+( 1",- , + 87(-(-% '-+ -+8 (+ (++ '- )+"' ")%H '(, .' (( (++ &",-.+ '-+ &, ,): " ,)+ , '- ,J,+ "& , , (& '-( (,& '",&(, &",-.+ , '/(%/" (, (+& ,-. (, /",.%& '- H + (++ ' ( 6&+, % / + ,(%.87( + *.;' "H )(+ '%", + *.;' ",H , .' ( ( &:-( ( (.+" +J /%(+ 2'(% , )+ ( *.% (" / +" " -+',"87('(+ "& , (& '-(H: '(&"' ( + ! ' "!# J & &( %( (&).- "('% H $## $ ' "H : ., ( )+ ,"&.%+ ., , ,H -+8 (+ %." ( )+"' ")%H )+ (- + + ,.%- (, "+ -(,H , & + .+,( &( %(, -.+.%;' "H / %( " (. )+ ,,7(H "J J !# $ ! $# H . (" )(,,</ % % .%+ "'- '," , , + 87( 5+ , "'- + "", (', *. '- & '- *.'-" " + &",-.+ , '/(%/" J , (", + "& , , (& '-(H (-" (, 1) +"& '-%& '- H (+& '(/& '- (, +/ (, / +" " (.K, + ")+( " '-+ + ,.%- (, 1) +"& '-",J - '(%( " &"1V (" )%" '.& + 87( (' "'- '," &",-.+ : % & '-( !/ )+(,. ,,(H)+( .87( .&''(&- +"%"(K (&)-"/ % (&+ .3" ",-+"."87( -&'!(H/%" ' ( (', *. '- & '- - '(%( "&"1V (&(.&&",-.+ (+Q+ -(+ " " '- J . .
(13) . (!# ( -+/"% (' +' %U:/%.-"(' , &: '",& , &:%' ', % - !'(%( " &"1V ' - +& , *.%"--" , - *.'-"--" ,H / ,"&.%-"(' H $## $ ' "H - + -:+",-"(' 1):+"& '-% %U: (.% & '-J''(./ .)+(-(-2) +: - .+ ,- :/ %()): / '(./ %% , (' -"(''%"-:,*."&:%"(+ '-% ,)+( ,,.,():+-"('' %, -% ,,2,-9& , +: -"('J )+( . -"(' U.'''(K&-:+" %/ .' ",-+".-"(' -"%% ,+: ."- :-:.-"%",: )(.+/%" +% ) "-: &:%' , (+- "'- ',"-:/ %- !'(%( " &"1V. ' '(./ . )+(-(-2) +: - .+ &"1V :-: ('8. - (',-+."-H (',-"-.: U.' +:, . (+&: ,"&)% !&+ , 2%"' +"*. , ('' -: ,)+ , '.1 , -"('+ -' .%"+ H - )%., ) -"- "&9-+ !2 +.%"*. J )+(-(-2) )%.," .+, '"/ .1 U"'# -"(' % %(' . +: - .+ - .' &: '",& U",(% & '- &:%"(+:H *." ) +& - .' (./ +-.+ "% )(.+ % ' --(2 J , 1):+" ' , ('- :-: +:%",: , / .' (%(+'- %"*." )(.+ , '(&+ , 2'(% , (&)+", '-+ 50 < Re < 400 J .1 +: "& , U: (.% & '- ('- :-: " '-" ":,I % )+ &" + ,: +: . % (%(+'- %"*." %U: (.% & '- )+"' ")%H - % , (' &:%' % , .1 %." ,J , +: "& , U: (.% & '- - % , &: '",& , &:%' :/ %()):, ('- :-: :-. ":, /",. %% & '-H . &(2 ' N.' &:+ 4 !.- +:,(%.-"(' - !.- +:*. ' H - ' .-"%",'- %U'%2, +:*. ' )+ % &:-!( (.+" +J '(&+ 2'(% , (@ % +: "& -+',"-"(', )+( ."- ,- :," ': (&& ! ' "!# $. '&( 9% % .%:-:.-"%",:)(.+,"&.% + .1)!, ,H% (%(+'-%"*." -% %." )+"' ")%H -)(.+(- '"+ ,+:,.%--, "+ -H,',%U.-"%",-"(' &( 9% , -.+.% ' H/"- ,, (. )+ ,,"('H J4J J .' !# $ ! $# H J % :-: )(,,"% *.'-" " + % &:%' :/ %()): 4 %U" %U"'- ',"-: ,: +: -"(' - % 3(' ('- -J , +: "& , U: (.% & '- (- '., )+: : && '- ('- :-: " '-" ":, - ('- :-: :-. ":, )%., /'-J , +:,.%--, .&( 9% ('-:-: ' (' (+&"-:/ % ,+:,.%--, 1):+"& '-.1J - !'(%( " &"1 V :-: ))%"*.: / ,. 9, ', .' +: -"(' (@ %N"'- ',"-: &:%' ,-.')+&9-+ ,, '-" %H%)+( . -"(' U.'&-:+"."( (&)-"% H''( +",-%%"'H - / .' ",-+".-"(' +'.%(&:-+"*. -+9, :-+("- J - !'(%( " &"1V :-: /%" : (&& :-'-.'&:%' .+ -.'+: - .+ " ,J . .
(14) . .
(15) !! & &%.
(16) 0,0 !&(&! ( ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0 0,1 %% &(% +!'& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 " 1,0 &$!'&! ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5 1,1 * $ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5 1,1,0 * +%& % ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7 1,1,0,0 #'- #' * ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7 1,1,0,1 ! - #' * ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7 1,1,0,2 %- #' * ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8 1,1,1 * % % #'- #'+%& %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8 1,1,1,0 $ * ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0/ 1,1,1,1 '$' & * ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0/ 1,1,2 * %%%% &,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 00 1,2 * #'" &% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 02 1,2,0 *$% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 02 1,2,0,0 * !) " $% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 03 1,2,0,1 !) " $%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 04 1,2,0,2 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05 1,2,1 - *$%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05 1,2,1,0 )%&&&- *$%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 06 1,2,1,1 &$'&'$&&- *$% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 06 1,2,1,2 !$&* $& &&- *$%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 07 1,2,1,3 ! &$"$ &$% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 07 1,2,2 $!- *$% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 1,3
(17) *.$&!$ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 1,3,0
(18) *. $!' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 1,3,1 !)$ %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13 1,3,2 ( &% *"&&! % ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 14 1,4 ! '%! % ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15 ! # 2,0 &$!'&! ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17 2,1
(19) *. ! !+ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18 2,2
(20) *.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2/ 2,2,0 *"$ & &-",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 2,3
(21) *.1 ! ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 22 2,4
(22) *. ' &- &&!$,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 23 2,5 %! %%
(23) ' $% &! %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3/ .
(24) !! & &% 4-7-2 + ! % ' $ & ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 4-7-3 %% --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 4-8 !) %&$ '&!$%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 4-8-2 ( '& ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4-8-3 $!&!&+" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57 4-9 ! '% ! % -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5:
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28) 5-2 &$!'& ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 5-3 *"$ & $!'$------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 5-4 %' &% %'%% ! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 5-4-2 $$ %' ,& ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7: 5-4-3
(29) % & ! $#' + +% % --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 5-4-4 '% ! &% +% % -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 5-5 ! '% ! % -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 6-2 &$!'& ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 6-3 !($ #'& ! %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 6-4 " && ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 6-4-2 $$ %"!$&#'& ! %$& ,& ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 95 6-4-2-2 "& %$& ,& ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 6-4-2-3 $ % & %$& ,& ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 6-4-3 !)! ($% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 6-4-3-2 $%%'$.%! ($ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 6-4-3-3 % &+.%! ($------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :2 6-4-4 $& ' $ ' & ! $ " & ! ------------------------------------------------- :2 6-4-5 ' & " % ' & ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :5 6-4-5-2 &$!'& ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :5 6-4-5-3
(30) ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :6 6-5 ' & ! ! %$ "& ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :9 6-5-2 ! &$+ ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :: 6-5-3 !' $+ & ! & ! % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------215 6-5-3-2 &!' $+! & ! % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------215 6-5-3-3 & & ! & ! % --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------216 6-5-3-4
(31) '& &!' $+! & ! %---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------217 6-5-3-5 !' $+! & ! % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------217 6-5-3-6 ' ,! / &$ !$0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------218 6-5-4 ' $ ' & ! &."-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------219 6-6 %' &% %'%% ! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21: 6-6-2 $ " & ! ( '& ! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------221 6-6-3 &+&& !) ' & ! % --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------223 6-6-4 $ % &&& !) ' & ! % --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------226 6-6-5 * ' & & ! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------232 6-6-5-2 !)&$ +% % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------232 .
(32) ##"("(' 5.5.4.2 &&& ( &#) ! .....................................................................................................157 5.5.4.3 "("' (,# & ( #"............................................................................................................158 5.5.4.4 "(& &.............................................................................................................................165 5.6 #!$& '#"* ( +$& !"( ') (' ..............................................................................................171 5.7 #" )' #"' ......................................................................................................................................................174 "
(33)
(34) #" 6.1 "(&#)( #" .....................................................................................................................................................176 6.2 #"#! (&"...............................................................................................................................................177 6.3 ,&#+,$( ( ...............................................................................................................................................182 6.4
(35) "#!(& ,&#+,$( (&#)( #" .............................................................................................184 6.4.1 +$& !"( (/)$ ............................................................................................................................186 6.5 ') ('" ')'' #"................................................................................................................................188 6.5.1 &#)( &(& -( #"...................................................................................................................188 6.5.2 &#''&#&!"...........................................................................................................................191 6.5.3 &! '( (, ...................................................................................................................................192 6.5.4 &#)(#!$& '#".............................................................................................................................194 6.5.5
(36) "#& '( "(&)()& ..................................................................................................................198 6.6 ""# .............................................................................................................................................................199 6.6.1 &#)( #"&#'' ..............................................................................................................................199 6.6.2 + '( " ""# &#)('...............................................................................................................202 6.7 ( & ,&#+,$( (&#)(' ..............................................................................................................203 6.7.1 ()&( #"($'")&("( "' ( ....................................................................................203 6.7.2 &#"#$ $ .....................................................................................................................................204 6.7.3 "#$ $ .....................................................................................................................................205 6.8 #" )' #"' ......................................................................................................................................................205 #
(37) $ 7.1 "& #" )' #"' .....................................................................................................................................208 7.2 )()&#& .....................................................................................................................................................214 $
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41) "
(42)
(43) ! .1 && ') -( #" .....................................................................................................................................235 .2 ' ( #"&%)"," ,' ' ...............................................................................................................266 . .
(44) # )&' *.
(45) )&9282-$'#, !$ &'15 (" ":87/5 #+# (--&## /5
(46) #(## / 5 (" ":8</5 & #"/5'&+ !$ &2 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 8< )& 9292 #+ !$ &'1 5 )' (#" ()& "/ 5 (3 ()& "/ 5 )&*3 ()& "/53= !$ &/53= !$ & 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 8= )&92:2,!$ '#(+ '('(( 3! ,&'15 ! "& " '"5(( #'& '222222222222 8> )&92;2,!$ '#'(&)()&'(( 3! ,&'15) .&
(47) /5 ! "&
(48) 2222222222222222222222 8? )&92<2,!$ '#*#&(,"&( "'(( 3! ,&'15 ! "&/5) .&#!$ 8? )& :282 ! ,6 ' !( &$&'"(( #"1 5"(+#& # !&' "(&#""( - "" '0 5 !&' " "" ' " &(& '( !"' #"'0 5" #) &$&'"(( #"#'"'#& !&'" "" '/&'$( * -22222222222222222222222222222 :7 )& :292 &"( (-$' # ! ,6 #!(& '1 5 + ( #& .#"( "" '0 5 + ( &"( !&" "" ' .' 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :7 )&:2:2 ! ,6)" ( * "'$ & !&'"- "& " "" '2 22222222222222222222 :8 )&:2;2 ! ,6:( " #"'(&)( #"&+ "'2 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :8 )&:2<2 ! ,6:' !( &$&'"(( #"#( ,$& !"( '(3)$ 222222222222222222222222222222222 :9 )&:2=2 ! ,6&- $&#(#(-$15 #&(#&-'(3)$05#)( (( + ( :3+-* *'0 5:3+- * *' #"(&# #, 4 #( #+ ( ! ,6 &(#&50 5$&#)( &#*&- ' '2 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :: )&:2>2 ! ,69)" ( "#&&'$#" " &(& '( !"' #"'2 22222222222222222222222222222 :; )&:2?*& * +#( ! ,69
(49) ) ( 3 " ((#&,$& !"( '(3)$2 2222222222222222222 :< )&:2@ +#( ! ,69
(50) ) ( 3 " ((#&2 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :< )&:2872 ! ,69
(51) ) ( 3 " (&(#&' "&+ "' #+ "( "(+#& # !&' " "" '2 &&(" '!& ( &'( (')$$#&(( ( #" " ( #"&#+' #"( &(#&22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :> )&:2882 ! ,69
(52) ) ( 3 " (&(#&' "&+ "' #+ "( #3& "' "'-'(! 4 " )52 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :? )& :2892 #'3)$ * + # ( ! ,6 9
(53) ) ( 3 " ( (#& ' #+ " ( &) & #3& " '-'(!"( #) &(") & "'2 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :? )&:28:2 #'3)$* +#( ! ,69
(54) ) ( 3 " ((#&' #+ " ( #" " ( #" &#+$#&('+ ( ( %) 3 (( "'-'(! 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :@ )&:28;2 !( &$&'"(( #"#( ,$& !"( '(3)$)'#&(&&,$& !"('2;7 )&:28<2 #+ '(& )(#&1&$&'"(( #"#( ) *# )!" &(& '( !"' #"'2 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ;; )&:28=2 #+ '(& )(#&' !) ( #"15'(&! "'5"#&! . #+&( '(& )( #"222 ;= )& :28> #+ '(& )(#&1 5 ,)( #" &+ "' ' !'0 5 # #+ #" '(&)()& ( + ( ' #"#3& "+ &( #" '# $&( ('05#" $&(( " ) " #"#" "#)( ('"&( #"'2 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ;= )&:28?2,$& !"( '(3)$)'#&* )( #"#( #+ '(& )(#&22222222222222222222222222222222222222 ;> )&:28@2 #+ '(& )(#&$&'')&&#$#!$& '#"(+"",$& !"( &') (' ')"( #"# # #)( ('2 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ;?. .
(55) !&#$' &# 8/75/
(56) % )4 !( $%#&%!#$ "" %! $. 3 ! !# +#!&$ #%! $-3 $% $$$% !# !#%!#* !(%$%$-3 $% $$$% !# &$%# "" %! $-3 $% $$$% %$ #$ / ///////////////////////////////////////////// 9> 	/6/ %#"#$ %%! !% & %0 %
(57) )4%!#/ # # !##$"! $%!%%## % !%! ,%# %#*#$!##$"! %! %!! !! &% "%&##! $,#$"%' */ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :9 &# 9/7/ ## %! $* %#* !( "%%# !# %(! & * ' !" %*"$ ! !( !#. 3 Re = 50 ,!#%! $%! ) -3 Re = 300 ,%#%! $%! ) //////////////////////////////// :: &# 9/8/ ## )"# %$ !# Re = 50 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! &% #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :< &# 9/9/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 50 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// := &# 9/:/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 120 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! &% #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :> &# 9/;/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 120 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;5 &# 9/</ ## )"# %$ % Re = 150 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! &% #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;6 &# 9/=/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 150 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;7 &# 9/>/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 200 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! &% #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;8 &# 9/65/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 200 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;9 	/66/##)"# %$% Re = 300 ."!$%0"#!$$ $!% !#%!! &% #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;: &# 9/67/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 300 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;; 	/68/##)"# %$% Re = 400 ."!$%0"#!$$ $!% !#%!! &% #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;< &# 9/69/ ## )"# %$ % Re = 400 . "!$%0"#!$$ $ !% !# % !! #! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;= &# 9/6:/ !(# $"%# ! % '# ! !&# #*$ # % !# % !% ! #818 %!&% %.3 Re = 120 ,3 Re = 150 -3 Re = 200 -3 Re = 300 -3 Re = 400 ///// <: &#:/6/ x-momentum !'#'! & % ΔxΔyΔz * "!$$ $ $.% ##!($ %%#%! $!% &)$ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =7 &#:/7/
(58) )4$ %7! %# ! &$ $ & %! $.7< #$ !& #*! %! $/ //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////655 &# :/8/
(59) )4 & % ' * # % $ +! #$ #$"%' # %$!#$%*$%% ! %# $ %$%% ! ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////657 &# :/9/ '# '( ! & % $ &$ !#. 3 $%* $%% $ & %! $ 2#!& >><55 %$3-3%# $ %$%%$ & %! $2#!& ;;555 %$3/ /////////////////////////////////////////658 &# :/:/ % '($ ! %
(60) )4 & % # &$ %# $ % $%% $ & %! $. 3&"$%# %! %# # %#.+! -3!( $%# %! %# # %#.+! -3 # %#.+! $, -3 # %.+! $ / /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////658 &#:/;/"#$ %%! !%"#%&#%! P ( t ) $& %! !% !# +"$$% / //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////65;. .
(61)
(62) 0%2% " Re = 100 $ ( " #
(63) ( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,. 0%3% " Re = 150 $ ( " #
(64) ( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,. 0%4% " Re = 200 $ ( " #
(65) ( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,/ 0%,+% " Re = 300 $ ( " #
(66) ( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,/ 0%,,% " Re = 400 $ ( " #
(67) ( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,/ 0%,-% " Re = 600 $ ( " #
(68) ( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,0 0%,.% " Re = 800 $ ( " #
(69) ( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,0 0%,/% " Re = 200 ' -++) )-2
(70) % (%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,2 0%,0% " Re = 200 ,+ ' -++) )-2
(71) % (% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,3 0%,1% " Re = 400 ' /++) )-2
(72) % (%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,,4 0%,2% " Re = 400 ,+ ' /++) )-2
(73) % (% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,-+ 0%,3% Re = 100
(74) ,&,$
(75) ' τ cell = 0.380 s (% %%%%%%%%%,-/ 0%,4% !* -&- Re = 100 $ ( t τ cell = 15.38 t τ cell = 16.08 #
(76) ( t τ cell = 22.68 t τ cell = 23.38 # ( t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00 %
(77) " Δt = 0.10τ cell τ cell = 0.380 s % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,-0 0%-+% !* .&, Re = 100 $ ( t τ cell = 15.74 t τ cell = 16.40 #
(78) ( t τ cell = 22.84 t τ cell = 23.54 # ( t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00 %
(79) " Δt = 0.10τ cell τ cell = 0.380 s % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,-1 0%-,% !* 0&, Re = 100 $ ( t τ cell = 16.38 t τ cell = 17.08 #
(80) ( t τ cell = 23.20 t τ cell = 23.90 # ( t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00 %
(81) " Δt = 0.10τ cell τ cell = 0.380 s % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,-2 0%--% Re = 150
(82) ,&,$
(83) ' τ cell = 0.253 s (% %%%%%%%%%,-3 0%-.% !* -&- Re = 150 $ ( t τ cell = 15.36 t τ cell = 16.06 #
(84) ( t τ cell = 22.68 t τ cell = 23.38 # ( t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00 %
(85) " Δt = 0.10τ cell τ cell = 0.253 s % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,-4 0%-/% !* .&, Re = 150 $ ( t τ cell = 15.68 t τ cell = 16.38 #
(86) ( t τ cell = 22.84 t τ cell = 23.54 # ( t τ cell = 29.30 . .
(87)
(88) t τ cell = 30.00
(89) Δt = 0.10τ cell &(%
(90) τ cell = 0.253 s.
(91) * '* $ *!&
(92) Re = 150 # t τ cell = 16.34 t τ cell = 17.04 # t τ cell = 23.18 t τ cell = 23.88 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(93) Δt = 0.10τ cell &(&
(94) τ cell = 0.253 s
(95) * '+
(96) Re = 200 &!& .
(97)
(98) " τ cell = 0.190 s # &('
(99) * ', $ '!'
(100) Re = 200 # t τ cell = 15.30 t τ cell = 16.00 # t τ cell = 22.60 t τ cell = 23.30 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(101) Δt = 0.10τ cell &((
(102) τ cell = 0.190 s
(103) * '- $ (!&
(104) Re = 200 # t τ cell = 15.60 t τ cell = 16.30 # t τ cell = 22.80 t τ cell = 23.50 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(105) Δt = 0.10τ cell &()
(106) τ cell = 0.190 s
(107) * '. $ *!&
(108) Re = 200 # t τ cell = 16.30 t τ cell = 17.00 # t τ cell = 23.20 t τ cell = 23.90 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(109) Δt = 0.10τ cell &(*
(110) τ cell = 0.190 s
(111) * (%
(112) Re = 300 &!& .
(113)
(114) " τ cell = 0.127 s # &(+
(115) * (& $ '!'
(116) Re = 300 # t τ cell = 15.34 t τ cell = 16.04 # t τ cell = 22.66 t τ cell = 23.36 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(117) Δt = 0.10τ cell &(,
(118) τ cell = 0.127 s
(119) * (' $ (!&
(120) Re = 300 # t τ cell = 15.66 t τ cell = 16.36 # t τ cell = 22.82 t τ cell = 23.52 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(121) Δt = 0.10τ cell &(-
(122) τ cell = 0.127 s
(123) * (( $ *!&
(124) Re = 300 # t τ cell = 16.38 t τ cell = 17.08 # t τ cell = 23.20 t τ cell = 23.90 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(125) Δt = 0.10τ cell &(.
(126) τ cell = 0.127 s
(127) * ()
(128) Re = 400 &!& .
(129)
(130) " τ cell = 0.095 # &)%
(131) * (* $ '!'
(132) Re = 400 # t τ cell = 15.38 t τ cell = 16.08 # t τ cell = 22.68 t τ cell = 23.38 # t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00
(133) Δt = 0.10τ cell &)&
(134) τ cell = 0.095 s
(135) * (+ $ (!&
(136) Re = 400 # t τ cell = 15.74 t τ cell = 16.44 # t τ cell = 22.86 t τ cell = 23.56 # t τ cell = 29.30 . .
(137)
(138)
(139) t τ cell = 30.00 "
(140)
(141)
(142)
(143)
(144) Δt = 0.10τ cell
(145)
(146)
(147)
(148) τ cell = 0.095 s " """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(+).
(149) ,"*." &
(150) ,#(
(151)
(152)
(153)
(154)
(155) Re = 400
(156) ! % t τ cell = 16.58 t τ cell = 17.28 % t τ cell = 23.30 t τ cell = 24.00 % t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00 "
(157)
(158)
(159)
(160)
(161) Δt = 0.10τ cell
(162)
(163)
(164)
(165) τ cell = 0.095 s " """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(+*
(166) ,"*/"
(167)
(168)
(169)
(170)
(171) Re = 600
(172)
(173)
(174)
(175) (#(!
(176)
(177)
(178)
(179)
(180)
(181)
(182)
(183)
(184)
(185)
(186)
(187) $ τ cell = 0.063 s %" """""""""(++
(188) ,"*0" &
(189) )#)
(190)
(191)
(192)
(193)
(194) Re = 600
(195) ! % t τ cell = 15.46 t τ cell = 16.16 % t τ cell = 22.72 t τ cell = 23.42 % t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00 "
(196)
(197)
(198)
(199)
(200) Δt = 0.10τ cell
(201)
(202)
(203)
(204) τ cell = 0.063 s " """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(+,
(205) ,"+'" &
(206) *#(
(207)
(208)
(209)
(210)
(211) Re = 600
(212) ! % t τ cell = 15.76 t τ cell = 16.46 % t τ cell = 22.88 t τ cell = 23.58 % t τ cell = 29.30 τ = 30.00 "
(213)
(214)
(215)
(216)
(217) Δt = 0.10τ cell
(218)
(219)
(220)
(221) τ cell = 0.063 s """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(+-
(222) ,"+(" &
(223) ,#(
(224)
(225)
(226)
(227)
(228) Re = 600
(229) ! % t τ cell = 16.56 t τ cell = 17.26 % t τ cell = 23.28 t τ cell = 23.98 % t τ cell = 29.30 t τ cell = 30.00 "
(230)
(231)
(232)
(233)
(234) Δt = 0.10τ cell
(235)
(236)
(237)
(238) τ cell = 0.063 s " """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(+.
(239) ,"+)"
(240)
(241)
(242)
(243)
(244) Re = 800
(245)
(246)
(247)
(248) (#(!
(249)
(250)
(251)
(252)
(253)
(254)
(255)
(256)
(257)
(258)
(259)
(260) $ τ cell = 0.047 s %" """""""""(+/
(261) ,"+*" &
(262) )#)
Documentos relacionados
Diagnosticou-se com este trabalho que é possível a gestão do sistema de qualidade com pequenas mudanças e implantação de registros, bem como a produção do manual de
Foram apresentados também os sistemas construtivos mais comuns em edifícios destes séculos (XVII, XVIII e XIX) fazendo o paralelismo com os sistemas construtivos origi- nais da
Os resultados de Lead Time e valor acrescentado do estado actual do processo produtivo Toyota 1 para as famílias de produtos Dyna Simples, Dyna Dupla e Hiace 8/9 Lugares
Pastoreio Racional Voisin é definido por Machado (2004) como sendo uma tecnologia de produção animal à base de pasto, em que o manejo das pastagens, os tempos de repouso
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluated the efficacy of the Old Way/New Way methodology (Lyndon, 1989/2000) with regard to the per- manent correction of a consolidated
The present paper addresses the NFC option and implication of a LWR reactors scenario development and of a fast reactor park developed after 2035 and 2050, and covers the
a discrete equation encloses nonlinear difference equations for the recurrence relation coefficients of the Laguerre-Hahn orthogonal polynomials, which can be viewed as comparable
We investigate four different model specifications: (1) a model without correlations among the intensities (DSW), (2) a model where only the current value of frailty affects
