100
V. Taxonomy
MACROBUNIDAE Petrunkevitch, 1928 new rank
Amaurobiidae Thorell, 1870 (in part).
Chummidae Jocqué, 2001 Syn. nov.
Type-genus. Macrobunus Tullgren, 1901
Diagnosis. Macrobunidae differs from the other spider families by the non
homoplastic presence, of a RTA and iRTA located on the apex of the male palpal tibia (Fig. 16B-D), which is mesally (Fig. 16E) or ventrally displaced in some Macrobuninae; by tricobothrial hood logitudinally striate (Fig. 3C) combined with lack of fused paracribellar spigots on the PMS; by the reduced AME compared to the PME (Fig. 1A-C), which is reverted several times to the same size as the PME (Fig.
1D-E); by well developed distal tegular process (DTP) when it is present; by the presence of a retroapical concavity on the palpal tibia.
Description. Tiny to medium sized spiders (1.73-16.00). Six or eight eyes. Eye rows
straight, recurved or procurved. Thoracic fovea longitudinal, shallow, deep or indistinct. Carapace usually piriform but can be circular in some males. Coloration (Fig. 28). Carapace: yellowish to dark brown, uniform or with darker pigmented areas presented as longitudinal stripes going from the cephalic to the thoracic area or forming radial stripes over the radial muscular lines (Foelix, 2010). Legs uniform or with alternating dark rings, complete or faint on the dorsal side. Sternum uniform or with pigment concentrated on its edge. Abdomen color very variable, with or
101 without guanine deposits. Cephalic area little higher than the thoracic area (but can be lower in Naevius). Chilum entire, divided or absent. Clypeal hood absent or present. Eyes. Anterior median eyes reduced in size if compared to PME (except in Neoporteria, Pseudauximus, Anisacate, Imbumbulu gen. nov., Pigozzoi gen. nov. and Segoko gen. nov. where they are as large or larger than the PME), or absent (Ijoubetumsam gen. nov. and Cavernocymbium). ALE enlarged in Emmenomma.
Tapetum canoe-shaped except grate shaped in Emmenomma and floculent in Storenosoma. Canoe tapetum median or inner (prolaterally) displaced. Chelicerae.
Cheliceral boss present. Chelicerae geniculate or not. Denticles between promarginal and retromarginal teeth rows only present in Pakehinae. Retromarginal face of cheliceral groove with a group of denticles near cheliceral gland area present except in Pakehinae. Cheliceral groove oblique except in Anisacate and Macrobunus madrynensis. Endites. Rectangular, longer than wide. Serrula with one row of denticles. Endite gland present with five to many openings. Labium. Longer than wide, wider than long or as wide as long. Sternum. Anterior margin straight, free from labium. Posterior margin projecting or not between legs IV. Legs. Retrocoxal hymen present on leg I and absent on others, except in some species of Rubrius where it is absent in all legs. Trochanter notched or unnotched. Calamistrum, when present, usually reduced in length and composed by one row of setae. Basal femoral spines usually absents, but present in Pakehinae and Retirinae and Macrobuninae Ibhulashi gen. nov.. Spines usually spaced apart, about 1/3 or 1/4 of the segment length, but some genera with long spines (half or more of the segment length) with prominent bases and overlapping. Tibial crack absent except in Samadhia gen. nov..
Preening combs present in Pakehinae and Naevius. Trichobothrial hood longitudinally striate, except smooth in Rubrius and transversally striate Callevopsis
102 and Chumma. Tarsal trichobothria present in a single row. Tarsal organ capsulate, flat, on a small mound or on a projection (Pakehinae), dorsally or laterally displaced, small or huge (Naynay gen. nov.). Trachea. Median trunks branched; except in Pakehinae subfam. nov.. Median tracheal trunks thick in Retirinae, Chumma and Naevius. Lateral tracheae absent, simple or branched. Spiracle as wide as the ALS outer margin distance in Retirinae) or with width 1/2 or less of the distance between ALS outer margin (Zanomyinae, Pakehinae and Macrobuninae). Spinnerets and spigots. Epiandrous spigots absent. Cribellum, when present entire, except in Retirinae and Anisacate where it is divided. Colulus, when present, reduced, fiting between the ALS in Ibhulashi gen. nov., Siyabonga gen. nov., Ushaka gen. nov. and Umunwe, or large. ALS usually larger than PLS and PMS, PLS larger than PMS except in Pakehinae and Macrobuninae genera Chumma, Ushaka gen. nov., Siyabonga gen. nov., Peckmaria gen. nov., Ibhulashi gen. nov. and Umunwe gen.
nov. where the PLS has the same size as the PMS. Males with reduced PLS may lack spigots on these. ALS with one or two MAP. PC spigots present or absent but never sharing a common base. MS present or absent, with or without flankers.
Male palp. Usually with dorsal spines on the femur. Patella with a retrolateral apophysis only in Chresiona. Tibia with more than one apophysis. RTA with an internal branch (iRTA), absent in Retiro, some Zanomys and Chumma. Ventral apophysis present or absent. Prolateral apophysis present or absent, when present it can be associated with a prolateral pocket or knob in the cymbium. DTA present or absent, single or divided, rigid or flexibly attached and can have a duct connected to a gland in the tibia. Cymbial apophysis present or absent on the median, prolateral or retrolateral basal side of the cymbium. Median apophysis present except in Naevius, Chresiona, Chumma Pseudauximus, Imbumbulu gen. nov., Madiba gen. nov.,
103 Ibhulashi gen. nov., Umunwe gen. nov. and Segoko gen. nov.. Conductor present in Pakehinae and some Macrobuninae (Callevopsis, Deusemais gen. nov., Naynay gen.
nov. and Macrobunus); distal tegular process present in all genera except in Callevopsis, Deusemais gen. nov., Naynay gen. nov. and Macrobunus Chumma, Yupanquia, Ijoubetumsam gen. nov. and Samadhia gen. nov.. Tegular apophysis 1 (TA1) present or absent. Tegular apophysis 2 (TA2) present only in Naynay gen.
nov. and South African Macrobuninae except Chresiona and Chumma. Tegular apophysis 3 (TA3) present only in Madiba gen. nov., Ushaka gen. nov. and Ibhulashi gen. nov.. Tegular apophysis 4 (TA4) present in some Madiba gen. nov.
and Pseudauximus.
Female genitalia. Entelegynae. Lateral lobes projected (Macrobunus) or not over the mid-field. Epigynum teeth present only in Emmenomma, Anisacate and Pakehinae.
Epigynum divided in transversal plates in Anisacate, Samadhia gen. nov., Deusemais gen. nov. and Yupanquia. Middle fied divided only in Siyabonga gen. nov. and Ibhulashi gen. nov.. Copulatory ducts usually short. Spermathecae round to oval.
Bennet's gland present or absent.
PAKEHINAE Almeida-Silva, Griswold and Brescovit subfam. nov.
Type-genus. Pakeha Forster & Wilton, 1973
Diagnosis. Differs from all other Macrobunidae by the presence of retrolateral spurs on the male palpal trochanter with corresponding stridulatory file on the prolateral
104 face of the coxae I (Milledge 2011: 4 figs. 3C-D) and by the presence of a intermarginal row of denticles on chelicerae (Fig. 8A, C).
Description. Differences and contrasting details are mentioned in the family
description.
Composition. Two genera: Pakeha, Storenosoma. It will probably include Oztira and
Otira (according to Milledge 2011); Tasmarubrius is also a candidate to join this subfamily due to the presence of intermarginal denticles on the chelicerae.
Distribution. Australia and New Zealand.
ZANOMYINAE Ubick, 2005 new rank
Type-genus. Zanomys Chamberlin, 1948
Diagnosis. Differs from other Macrobunidae by the presence of a well developed
retrolateral excavation on the male palpal cymbium (Fig. 17B, Fig. 20B); a triad of PC spigots on the PLS (Ubick, 2005: 323-324 figs. 5D or 6D) and rounded or conical iRTA, when it is present (Fig. 17B).
Description. Differences and contrasting details are mentioned in the family
description.
Composition. Zanomys Chamberlin 1948, Cavernocymbium Ubick 2005, Parazanomys Ubick 2005.
Distribution. North America.
105 RETIRINAE Almeida-Silva, Griswold & Brescovit subfam. nov.
Type-genus. Retiro Mello-Leitão, 1915
Diagnosis. Despites the lack of any non-homoplastic synapomorphie in the
phylogenetic hypotesis presented, males and females of Retirinae differs from all other Macrobunidae by their tracheal spiracle opening almost or as wide as the distance of the outer marging of the ALS spinnerets.
Description. Please see the family description.
Composition. Retiro (including species of Notholathys jun. syn. nov.) and Auximella (including species of Urepus jun. syn. nov.).
Distribution. South America.
MACROBUNINAE Petrunkevitch, 1928
Myropsisinae Petrunkevitch, 1928 (Invalid due to homonymy of the type-genus);
Macrobuninae: Bonnet 1957; Lehtinen, 1967; Griswold et al., 1999; Griswold et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2010.
Chumminae Jocqué 2001 syn. nov.
Type-genus. Macrobunus Tullgren, 1901
Diagnosis. Cymbium of the male palp with a stridulatory area on the retrolateral basal side associated with the presence of an iRTA (Fig. 20D-E). Stridulatory area of
106 the cymbium absent in Chresiona, Chumma, Callevopsis and Naevius. Many species can also be recognized by the DTA pointing to the retrolateral (Fig. 14B, E, G; Fig.
16B); and iRTA subtriangular (Fig. 16C).
Description. Differences and contrasting details are mentioned in the family description.
Fig. 28: Coloration in Macrobuninae. A. Chumma inquieta, ♀, carapace dorsal; B. Chumma gastroperforata, ♂; C. Chumma inquieta, ♀; D. and E. - Naevius calilegua; D. ♀, dorsal view; E. ♂, lateral view; F. Rubrius antarcticus, ♀. G. Naynay meikleae sp. nov.; H.
Pseudauximus sp.; I. Pseudauximus armatus comb. nov., dorsal view.
Composition. Twenty-six genera. Anisacate Mello-Leitão 1941, Callevopsis Tullgren 1902, Chresiona Simon 1903, Chumma Jocqué 2001, Emmenomma Simon 1884, Hicanodon, Tullgren 1901, Livius Roth 1967b, Macrobunus Tullgren 1901,
107 Naevius Roth 1967b, Neoporteria Mello-Leitão, 1943, Pseudauximus Simon 1902, Virgilus Roth, 1967 Yupanquia Lehtinen 1967 and thirteen new genera (Siyabonga gen. nov., Peckmaria fe. nov,, Imbumbulu gen. nov., Madiba gen. nov., Ushaka gen. nov., Ibhulashi gen. nov., Umunwe gen. nov., and Segoko gen. nov. from South Africa; Ijoubetumsam gen. nov., Deusemais gen. nov., Naynay gen. nov., Pigozzoi gen. nov. and Samadhia gen. nov. from South America).
Distribution. South America, South Africa and Lesotho.
Natural history notes. Macrobuninae species are usually live on the ground, under
logs, inside leaf litter or moss, or in moss patches on trees. They are usually collected with pitfall traps, berlese funel, winkler extractor or by hand in the cases of larger species of Emmenomma, Macrobunus and Rubrius. At least Piggozoi pifozonho sp. nov. is very abundant on fogging samples and some species of Naevius are collected with beating sheet. At least species of Samadhia and Madiba are very abundant in areas rencently burned out. Many species were collected in Podocarpus forest or Fynbos (especially South African genera Chresiona and Pseudauximus).
108 Anisacate Mello-Leitão, 1941
Anisacate Mello-Leitão, 1941: 113, type-species by monotypy and original
designation A. fragile Mello-Leitão, 1941; Lehtinen, 1967: 214; Ramirez, 1996: 7; Platnick, 2013.
Diagnosis. Anisacate differ from all other Macrobuninae except Emmenomma,
Naevius, Yupanquia, Samadhia gen. nov. and Ijoubetumsam gen. nov. by the presence of a gland on the male palpal tibia which discharges through an opening in the dorsal tibial apophysis; from Naevius and Emmenomma by the fixed DTA; from Ijoubetumsam gen. nov. and Samadhia gen. nov. by MA with a single branch; and from Yupanquia by the presence of a membranous distal tegular process (Fig. 29C).
The female epigynum with a transversal median depression simulating two transversal plates (Fig. 29D). The spermatheca is bent and rounded (Fig. 29E) to L- shaped.
Description. Total length: 3.43-8.40. Anterior and posterior eye rows nearly straight.
AME as large as ALE, PLE and PME. All indirect eyes with canoe shaped tapetum.
Tapetum prolaterally displaced on PME. Coloration varying from yellowish to orange brown; chevron marks present or absent on the posterior area of the abdomen, legs uniform or with alternating dark rings. Chilum absent or present.
Clypeal hood present. Chelicerae geniculate or not. Promargin with four to five teeth, retromargin with three to four teeth and one to four denticles. Labium wider than long. Sternum pointed behind. Trochanther unnotched. Calamistrum than half of the metatarsus length. Tracheal spiracle smaller than the cribellum width. Median tracheae tripartite, lateral simple. Cribellum wider than long, measuring at least 1/2
109 of the distance of the outer margin of the ALS. PMS smaller than ALS but larger than PMS. Cymbium sub-triangular without apophysis. Median apophysis retrolaterally placed, long and almost rectangular, sometimes with apex bent to prolateral side but never with multiple lobes. Embolus short, prolaterally originated and with a small hyaline expansion on its tip. Distal tegular process membranous.
Tegular apophysis absent. DTA short and blunt or long and slender. RTA small, knob-like with mutitple projections. iRTA triangular. PTA and VTA present. Tibia globose, as long as wide or longer than wide and with a gland that discharges through an opening on the DTA. Epigynum with a wide teeth anterior to CO area arising from lateral lobe. Middle-field partially projected posteriorly. Middle-field shape variable. Spermathecae round to L-shaped, Bennett's gland not observed.
Distribution. South west and south Brazil, south Chile and Argentina.
Composition. Anisacate fragile Mello-Leitão, 1941; Anisacate fuegianum (Simon
1884); Anisacate bransfieldi (Usher, 1983) new rank.; Anisacate tigrinum (Mello- Leitão 1941).
Undescribed species. There are at least four undescribed species from Brazil and
Argentina.
Synonymy. The subspecies Anisacate fuegianum bransfieldi is raised to species level
because of clear genitalic differences to Anisacate fuegianum: in A. bransfield the middle-field plate is triangular and in A. fuegianum it is rectangular.
Remarks. We decided to redescribe the genus Anisacate from A. fuegianum rather than the type-species Anisacate fragile because data are more complete for A.
fuegianum. The holotype of Anisacate fragile is a female, from Cordoba, Argentina,
110 collected in January 1939, by Birabén, deposited at Museu de La Plata (MLP 14640).
Only the holotype female is known, so studies of internal anatomy and SEM imaging were not possible, and there are no data for the male. We have no doubt that the two species are congeneric: Anisacate fragile and A. fuegianum share as diagnostic feature the presence of a wide teeth on the joint between the middle and lateral fields, anteriorly to the copulatory opening.
Anisacate fuegianum (Simon, 1884)
Amaurobius fuegianus Simon, 1884: 128, fig. 12-13 (Holotype female, from Tierra
del Fuego, deposited at MNHN (A472), examined); Simon, 1887 E20, fig. 5;
Platnick, 2013.
Auximus fuegianus: Simon, 1892a: 239; Tullgren, 1901b: 186, pl. 15, fig. 1
(redescr.), Platnick, 2013.
Anisacate fuegianus: Lehtinen, 1967: 214, fig. 150 (Transferred from Auximus=Lathys, spelled A. fuegiana in legend); Platnick, 2013.
Diagnosis. Females of Anisacate fuegianum differ from other Anisacate species by
the squareish to rectangular middle-field plate (Fig. 29D; Fig. 32A-D) with a length that is half of its width. The male palp of A. fuegianum can be recognized because of the hook shaped median apophysis (Fig. 29C) and by short DTA, with an acute tip and ridges (Fig. 29A-B). The tibia is longer than wide with apex broad (Fig. 29A-C).
Description. Male (AMNH/CASENT 9034230). Total length 3.43. Carapace piriform, length 1.68, width 1.34, height 0.50. Fovea deep and dividing carapace.
Anterior and posterior eye rows straight. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME:
111 0.07; ALE: 0.1; PME: 0.09; PLE: 0.08 AME-ALE: 0.03; PME-PLE 0.09; AME- PME: 0.01; ALE-PLE: 0.06; AME-AME: 0.07; PME-PME: 0.08. Tapetum prolaterally displaced on PME. Coloration: carapace brown with cephalic area delimited by dark brown pigment and dark brown pigment over the muscular attachments; chelicerae brown; labium, endites and sternum dark brown; legs with alternating dark rings; abdomen pale brown with brown marks on the anterior portion and these forming chevron marks on the posterior portion. Clypeus 0.09 high. Clypeal hood present. Chelicerae: fang 0.28; paturon 0.61, not geniculate.
Retromargin with one denticle and four teeth, promargin with four teeth. Chilum absent. Labium 0.19 long, 0.30 wide, slightly notched, not rebordered. Leg measurements. I: 2.25 femur/ 0.65 patella/ 2.00 tibia/ 1.75 metatarsus/ 1.00 tarsus/
7.65 total; II: 1.50/ 0.60/ 1.60/ 1.45/ 0.8/ 5.95; III 1.44/ 0.56/ 1.2/ 1.4/ 0.72/ 5.32;
IV: 1.56/ 0.56/ 1.68/ 1.8/ 0.8/ 6.40. Leg formula: 1423. Left legs spination: Femur I, II, III and IV: d 0-1-2(1r-1m), p 1sap, palp 0-1-1; Patella: III, IV and palp: d 0-0-1;
Tibia: I: v 2-2-0, p 1-0-0; II: v 0-1r-0, r 1-1-0, p 0-1d-1; III: r 1-0-1, d 0-1-0, p 0-1- 1; IV: v 1-1-1, r 0-2(1v-1d)-2(1d-1v), p 0-1-1; Metatarsus: I: v2-2-1m, r 1ap, p 1ap;
II: v 2-2-1m, r 1ap, p 0-1-1ap; III: v 2-2-1m, r 1ap, d 3(1-1p-1)- 2ap, p 1ap; IV: v 2- 2-1m, r 1ap, d 2-2, p 0-1-1; Tarsus III: v 0-1-0, p 1ap. Palp. Tibia subglobose, longer than wide and with a gland inside which discharges through the DTA. Cymbium triangular without apophysis (Fig. 29A-B). Median apophysis rectangular, distally bent to the prolateral side (Fig. 29C). Embolic base conductor rectangular and hyaline (Fig. 29C). Embolus short and arising at prolateral side of tegulum. RTA small with one extra ectal knob near the DTA and another subtriangular piece near iRTA (Fig. 29B). iRTA triangular and with a fold (Fig. 29C). DTA with a sharp tip, retrolaterally curved, with ridges near the gland opening (Fig. 29A).
112 Fig. 29: Anisacate fuegianum. A-C. Left male palp: A. Dorsal view; B. Retrolateral view; C.
Ventral View. D-F. Female epigynum: D. Ventral view; E. Dorsal view, F. Posterior view.
Female (AMNH/CASENT 9034230). Total length 4.95. Carapace piriform, length 1.87, width 1.44, height 0.78. Fovea and eye rows shape as in male. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09; ALE 0.11; PME 0.09; PLE 0.09; AME-AME 0.07;
AME-ALE 0.05; ALE-PLE 0.05; AME-PME 0.15; PME-PLE 0.1; PME-PME 0.11.
Tapetum as in male. Coloration as in male except for the fusion of the chevron marks on the posterior portion of the abdomen. Clypeus 0.11 high. Clypeal hood present. Chelicerae: fang 0.35; paturon 0.58, four to five teeth on the promargin, two denticles and three teeth on the retromargin. Chilum absent. Labium: 0.23 long, 0.39 wide, as in male. Leg measurements: I: 1.47 femur/ 0.72 patella/ 1.42 tibia/ 1.21 metatarsus/ 0.75 tarsus/ 5.59 total; II: 1.32/ 0.64/ 1.12/ 1.01/ 0.66/ 4.75; III 1.15/
0.58/ 0.91/ 0.91/ 0.53/ 4.08; IV 1.44/ 0.64/ 1.2/ 1.15/ 0.55/ 4.98. Leg formula: 1423.
113 Fig. 30: Anisacate fuegianum ♀. A. Right endite showing serrula. B. Retrocoxal hymen, Left leg I. C. Pedicel, dorsal view. D. Left chelicerae ectal view.
Left legs spination: Femur I: d 0-1-0, p 0-0-1; II: d 0-1-1r, p 0-0-1; III: d 0-1-1, r 0- 0-1, p 0-0-1; IV d 0-1-0, r 0-0-1; palp d 0-1-1, p 0-0-1; Patella: I and II: d 0-0-1; III and IV: d 1-0-1; Tibia: I: v 2-2-0; II: v 1p-2-1r; III: v 1p-2-2, r 0-1, d 1b, p 1-1; IV:
v 1p-2-2, r 1d-1d-1, p 0-0-1; Metatarsus: I and II: v 2-2-1m, r 1vap, p 0-1-1ap; III: v 2-2-1m, r 1-2, d 0-1-1p, p 1-1; IV: v 2-2-1m, r 0-0-2, d 0-0-1, p 0-1-1; tarsus III: v 0-1-0; IV: 1-1-1. Serrula with one row of denticles (Fig. 30A). One retrocoxal hymen on leg I (Fig. 30B). Pedicel sclerites free (Fig. 30C). Calamistrum with one row of calamistral setae, 2/3 of the metatarsus length (Fig. 31A). Palpal tarsal claw with 7 accessory teeth (Fig. 31C). Tarsal organ flat (Fig. 31E), trichobothrium longitudinally striate (Fig. 31F), third tarsal claw with two acessory teeth (Fig. 31B).
114 Fig. 31: Anisacate fuegianum ♀. A. Right leg IV showing the calamistrum; B. Right leg I claw; C. Right palp claw; D. Cutitular gland of the right metatarsus I; E. Tarsal organ; F.
Metatarsal tricobothrium; G. Left chelicerae retromargin.
115 Fig. 32: Anisacate fuegianum ♀. A-E. Female genitalia. A. Epigynum, ventral view. B.
Epigynum, anterior view. C. Left copulatory opening. D. Right copulatory opening, detail. E.
Epigynum, posterior view. F. Vulva, dorsal view. G. Right spermathecae, dorsal view. H.
Left spermathecae, lateral view.
116 Fig. 33: Anisacate fuegianum ♀ spinnerets. A. Spinnerets overview. B. Right ALS. C. PMS overview. D. Left PMS. E. Left PLS. F. Right PLS.
Epigynum middle-field straight, edge notched (Fig. 29D), rectangular shaped in ventral (Fig. 29D; Fig. 32B) and ventro posterior view (Fig. 32A). Wide teeth at the copulatory opening (Fig. 29D; Fig. 32A-D). Copulatory duct straight (Fig. 32F) and spermathecae round (Fig. 32G-H). Cribellum divided (Fig. 33A); ALS with two MAP (Fig. 33B); PMS with PCs, one mAP and two Cy (Fig. 33C-D); PLS with a MS between two PC spigots (Fig. 33E-F). All spigots with sculpturing on the shaft and base.
117 Variation. Length (10 ♀): total: 4.56-5.45; carapace: 1.41-2.03; femur I: 1.13-1.70.
Additional material examined. CHILE: Aisén, Reserva Cerro Castillo, elev. 500-
600m, 14♀, 1♂, 7.II.1985, N. I Platnick & O. F. Francke col. (AMNH/CASENT 9034230)*; Tierra del Fuego, near Vicuna, elev. 300m, 6 ♀ 1 imm, 30.XI.1966, E.
Schlinger & M. Irwin col. (CASENT 9036950). ARGENTINA: Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego, Cordón del toro, above Lago Roca, elev. 337m, 2♀, 3-5.II.1986, Coronel A. Kochalka col. (AMNH).
118 Callevopsis Tullgren 1902
Callevopsis Tullgren, 1902: 7, pl.1, fig. 1. Type-species by monotypy and original
designation Callevopsis striata; Lehtinen, 1967: 438, fig. 96; Schiapelli &
Gerschman, 1974: 81, f. 8-13 (Only female, male = Anisacate bransfieldi erroneusly described); Ramírez, 1996a: 2, f. 2-10; Platnick, 2013.
Opsaltella Mello-Leitão, 1941d: 115, fig. 13, pl. 3, fig. 9. Type-species by original designation Opsaltella diffusa; Ramirez 1996: 2 (Syn.); Platnick, 2013.
Diagnosis. Callevopsis differs from all Macrobuninae except Chumma, Chresiona
and Naevius by the lack of stridulatory file on the retrolateral basal side of the cymbium (Fig. 35B); differs from Naevius by the DTA not flexibly attached and palpal tibia withou a gland (Fig. 35A-C); differs from Chresiona by the absence of patellar apophysis and differs from Chumma by the RTA concave and presence of a iRTA (Fig. 35B).
Description. See Ramirez, 1996 for the generic description.
Distribution. Only know to Argentina and Chile.
Composition. Monotypic.
Undescribed species. None.
Callevopsis striata Tullgren 1902
Callevopsis striata Tullgren, 1902: 7, pl. 1, f. 1 (Syntypes ♀, 2imm, ♂ subadult, from Aysen Province, deposited in NRS, not examide);
119 Lehtinen, 1967: 438, f. 96. Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1974: 81, f. 8-13 (f, not m, =Anisacate bransfieldi) Ramírez, 1996: 2, f. 2-10
Opsaltella diffusa Mello-Leitão, 1941d: 115, f. 13, pl. 3, f. 9.
Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis.
Description. For a full detailed description see Ramirez, 1996. Here we include some additional information and images on the genitalia and spinnerets.
Fig. 34: Callevopsis striata,♂, spinnerets. A. Overview; B. Left ALS; C. Left PMS; D. Left PLS.
Male. Cribellum reduced to a colulus, wider than long (Fig. 34A). ALS with one MAP, one nubbin and several Pi spigots (Fig. 34B). PMS one mAP, several AC and most of the PC reduced to nubbins (Fig. 34C). PLS with several AC and MS and flankers reduced to nubbins (Fig. 34D). Male palp with RTA and iRTA partially
120 fused in a square centrally depressed (Fig. 35A-C). DTA rectangular retrolaterally projected (Fig. 35B-C). VTA and PTA present (Fig. 35A, C). Cymbium oval.
Tegular rim present (Fig. 35D). TA1 long, pointed and sclerotized (Fig. 35D-F), TA2 short, pointed and curved (Fig. 35B). Conductor subrectangular (Fig. 35E-F) arising on the retrolateral side and partially positioned behind the TA1 (Fig. 35E-F).
Embolus thin, arising on the apex of the prolateral side of the tegulum (Fig. 35F).
Fig. 35: Callevopsis striata, ♂, left palp. A. Tibia, ventral view; B. Tibia, retrolateral view; C.
Tibia, dorsal view; D. Palp, prolateral view; E. Bulb, ventral view; F. Bulb, apical view.
121 Female. Cribellum rectangular (Fig. 36A-B). ALS with two MAP and several Pi spigots (Fig. 36C). PMS with one mAP and four Cy surrounded by PC and AC spigots (Fig. 36D). PLS with four Cy, one MS with two PC flankers and several AC spigots. (Fig. 36E-F).
Fig. 36: Callevopsis striata ♀ Spinnerets. A. Overview; B.Cribellum; C. Left ALS; D. PMS;
E. Left PLS; F. Ledft PLS detail.
122 Chresiona Simon, 1903
Chresiona Simon, 1903d: 36 (Type species by monotypy and original designation, Chresiona nigrosignata); Lehtinen, 1967: 222, fig. 172.
Diagnosis. Chresiona differs from all Macrobuninae by the presence of a patellar
apophysis in the male palp (Fig. 37C).
Description. Total length: 2.99-4.89. Anterior and posterior eye rows straight. AME
round, smaller than ALE, PME and PLE. ALE are the largest, PME and PLE with similar sizes. All indirect eyes with canoe shaped tapetum, prolaterally displaced on PME. Coloration variable, from yellowish to brown; carapace with a median dorsal, dark brown line which extends towards the fovea; legs uniform or with alternating dark rings or not, abdomen with guanine deposits. Chilum absent. Chelicerae geniculate or not; promargin with five to six teeth, retromargin with one to three denticles and six teeth. Sternum pentagonal, longer than wide and projected between legs IV. Trochanter unnotched. Tracheal spiracle short, with 1/3 of the distance of the outer margin of the ALS. Median tracheae branched, lateral tracheae simple.
Colulus present, entire, wider than long and subtriangular. PLS smaller than ALS but larger than PMS. Male palpal cymbium sub triangular, without apophysis and without stridulatory area. Median apophysis absent. Distal tegular process (DTP) occupying most of the tegulum. Embolus moderately long, without modifications originating at prolateral proximal side of tegulum. PTA and VTA absent. DTA wide and flat, usually with a median long and subtriangular projection; laterally squarish, with a small, finger like-projection. RTA displaced to the base of the tibia. Patelar apophysis present, as long as RTA or reduced to a knob. Female epigynum well
123 delimited, with its posterior edge thickened. Copulatory ducts sinuous. Spermathecae rounded.
Distribution. South Africa.
Composition. Three species: Chresiona nigrosignata Simon 1903; Chresiona invalida (Simon 1898); Chresiona convexa Simon, 1903.
Undescribed species. Two.
Remarks. The type specimen of Chresiona nigrosignata was examined but no other
specimens were found in collection to allow us to present a detailed description of it.
In this way, here we present a description of Chresiona invalida including the first description of a male Chresiona.
Chresiona invalida (Simon, 1898)
Cybaeus invalidus Simon, 1898f: 5 (Holotype female, from Pretoria, South Africa,
deposited in MNHN (AR20935), examined).
Chresiona invalida: Lehtinen, 1967: 222, fig. 177 (Transf.); Platnick, 2013.
Diagnosis. Females of Chresiona invalida differ from C. nigrosignata and from C.
convexa by the shape of the epigynum which has only its posterior end thickened and a pair of projections of the lateral lobes similar to a wide tooth (Fig. 40A-F).
Males of other species are unknown.
124 Fig. 37: Chresiona invalida ♂, right palp. A. Bulb, retrolatero anterior view; B. Tibia, ventral view. C. Tibia retrolateral view; D. Bulb, prolateral view; E. Tibia, dorsal view; F. Bulb, ventral view; G. Ditto, apex of the embolic base conductor.
Description. Male (CASENT 9029820). Total length 3.55. Carapace piriform, length 1.38, width 0.11, height 0.32. Fovea shallow and short. Anterior and posterior eye rows straight. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.05 wide; ALE 0.08; PME
125 0.08; PLE 0.07; AME-AME 0.02; AME-ALE 0.02; ALE-PLE 0.01; AME-PME 0.04;
PME-PLE 0.04; PME-PME 0.06. Tapetum prolaterally displaced on PME.
Coloration: carapace and chelicerae yellowish brown with a median dorsal dark brown line that goes from cephalic area towards the fovea; endites, sternum labium and legs yellowish brown; abdomen maculate with dark median spots and lateral guanine deposits. Clypeus 0.05 high. Clypeal hood present. Chilum absent.
Chelicerae: fang 0.29; paturon 0.50; promarging with six teeth, retromargin with one denticles and five teeth. Leg measurements. I: 1.04 femur/ 0.41 patella/ 1.06 tibia/
0.80 metatarsus/ 0.54 tarsus/ 3.85 total; II: 0.91/ 0.37/ 0.79/ 0.63/ 0.45/ 3.15; III:
0.80/ 0.34/ 0.61/ 0.64/ 0.38/ 2.77; IV: 1.05/ 0.38/ 0.96/ 0.97/ 0.51/ 3.87. Leg formula: 4123. Left legs and palp spination. Femur: I and II: d 0-1-1p; III and IV: d 0-0-2; Palp: d 1ap; Patella: III, IV and palp: d 0-1; Tibia I: v 2-2-2-1p; II: v 1r-1r;
III: v 0-1p-0-2ap, r 0-0-1d, p 0-0-1d, d 1r-0-1m; IV: v 1p-1p-2ap, r 1d-1d, p 1d-1d, d 1r-0-1; Metatarsus: I: v 2-0-2-0, r 1sap, p 0-1-0-1sap; II: v 1r-2-1map, r 1sap, p 0- 1-0-1; III: v 1m-2-1map, d 0-2-2ap; IV: v 1p-2-1m, d 2-2-2ap. Cymbium subtriangular without stridulatory area and without apophysis. DTA broad with three prongs, one median with rounded apex and two laterals, one of it with transversal striae and other finger-like (Fig. 37B, C, E). RTA flat and laterally projected and displaced almost to the base of the tibia (Fig. 37B-C). iRTA subtriangular (Fig.
37C). Patelar apophysis well developed and a little longer than the RTA (Fig. 37C).
Bulb without median or tegular apophysis. Tegular distal process covering most of the tegulum (Fig. 37A, F, G). Embolus straight and well deattached from tegulum (Fig. 37D, F). PMS similar to ALS in size (Fig. 38A). ALS with one MAP (Fig.
38B). PMS with one mAP (Fig. 38C) and eight AC spigots (Fig. 38C). PLS without MS and with several AC spigots (Fig. 38D).
126 Fig. 38: Chresiona invalida, ♂ spinnerets. A. overview; B. Left ALS; C. Left PMS. D. Right PLS.
Female (CASENT 9029820). Total length 4.00. Carapace length 1.97, width 1.20, height 0.50. Eye rows (Fig. 39B) and fovea as in male. Eye diameter and interdistances: AME 0.05; ALE 0.08; PME 0.06; PLE 0.08; AME-AME 0.02; AME- ALE 0.03; ALE-PLE 0.02; AME-PME 0.03; PME-PLE 0.04; PME-PME 0.06.
Clypeus 0.06 high. Chelicerae: 0.3 fang; 0.44 paturon. Promargin with five to six teeth, retromargin with one denticle and four to five teeth (Fig. 39E-F). Tapetum, coloration and clypeus as in male. Legs. I: 0.87 femur/ 0.38 patella/ 0.79 tibia/ 0.60 metatarsus/ 0.44 tarsus; II: 0.75/ 0.35/ 0.56/ 0.50/ 0.31; III 0.65/ 0.33/ 0.50/ 0.51/
0.29; IV 0.84/ 0.38/ 0.83/ 0.75/ 0.38. Left legs spination: Femur: I: d 0-1-1p; II and IV: d 0-1-0; III: 0-1-2; Tibia: I: v 2-2-2-1p, p 0-1-0; II: v 0-1r-0-1r-0; III: v 0-1p-0- 1ap, d 1r-0-1m, p 1d-1d; r 1d-1d; IV: v 1p-1p-2ap; r 1d-1d, p 1d-1d, d 1r-0-0;
Metatarsus: I: v 2-2-1map, r 1sap, p 0-1-0-1sap; II: v 1r-2-1map, r 1sap, p 0-1-0-
127 1sap; III: v 0-2-1map, r 0-1-0, d 0-2-2; IV: v 1p-2-1m, d 0-2-2sap. Cuticular gland small and projected, with a single terminal pore (Fig. 39A). Third claw with two accessory teeth (Fig. 39D). Trichobothrium hood longitudinally striate (Fig. 39C).
Middle-field thickened on its posterior end as an inverted "m" (Fig. 40A). Lateral lobes with wide teeth (Fig. 40A-B). Copulatory ducts sinuous and bent (Fig. 40C, D,F). Spermathecae rounded, with Bennett's pore on its retrolateral side (Fig. 40E).
Fig. 39: Chresiona invalida ♀. A. Left leg I, metatarsus, cuticular gland pore; B. Eyes. C.
Left leg I tarsal trichobothrium; D. Tarsal claw; E. Left chelicerae; F. Right chelicerae.
128 Fig. 40: Chresiona invalida ♀, genitalia. A.Epigynum, ventral view; B. Right copulatory opening; C. Vulvae, dorsal view. D. Left spermathecae and copulatory duct; E. Bennett pore from the left spermathecae; F. Copulatory duct.
Colulus plate wider than long, with several setae. PLS similar to ALS in size (Fig.
41A). Female ALS with one MAP and one nubbin (Fig. 41B) surrounded by eleven Pi gland spigots. PMS with one mAP, two Cy and four to five AC (Fig. 41C). PLS without MS, with only one AC and around ten AC spigots (Fig. 41D).
129 Variation. Length (10♀): Total: 3.53-4.08; Carapace: 1.55-2.08; Femur I: 0.75-1.00.
Length (5♂): Total: 2.99-3.63; Carapace: 1.35-1.68; Femur I: 1.00-1.14.
Additional Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Transvaal, 14Km S. Belfast,
Oarigstad, 3♀, 2♂ 2imm., 27-29.XII.1990, V. & B. Roth, deposited at CAS (CASENT 9029820); Mpumalanga, Machadodorp, Elandshoogte Plantation, (S 25º 34º 01"; E 30 34' 01"), 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 10.XII.1981; A. Bruzas coll., deposited in PPRI (AcAT 83/120); Gauteng, Pretoria National Botanical Garden, (S 25º 44 24; E 28º 11'24" E), 1♂, 5 ♀, 12.VIII.2007, E. Kassimatis coll., deposited in PPRI (AcAT 2010/2579); LESOTHO, Ha Liphapang Village (S 30º 33' 36", E 28º 05' 24"), 1 ♂, 15.XI.2003, C. Haddad coll., deposited in PPRI (AcAT 2009/1010).
Fig. 41: Chresiona invalida ♀, spinnerets. A. Overview; B. Left ALS; C. Left PMS; D. Left PLS.
130 Chumma Jocqué 2001
Chumma Jocqué 2001: 482 (Type species by original designation, Chumma inquieta); Platnick, 2013.
Diagnosis. Chumma differs from all other Macrobuninae by have a dorsal scutum in
the abdomen.
Remarks. Since we only have SEM images for the male of C. gastroperforata and
for the female of C. inquieta we decided to add all extra information under the generic description and we do not redecribe any of the genus Chumma. The information included here are either new or represent desagreements with the original description presented by Jocqué 2001.
Description. See Jocqué 2001 for the generic description. Here we add some
information on spinnerets and palpal morphology.
Male. PMS and PLS reduced in size and probably without spigots since in female those spinnerets only have Cy spigots. DTA retrolaterally positioned (Fig. 42D).
RTA thick, ventrally projected and close to cymbium (Fig. 42B). Emboolus twisted near the tip, relatively thick and with opening subdistal (Fig. 42B-C). TA1 present, membranous to hyaline subrectangular with some oval projections (Fig. 42A, C).
Tefular rim present (Fig. 42B).
Female. Tarsal organ flat (Fig. 43A). Trichobotrium hood transversally striated (Fig.
43B). ALS with one MAP, a nubbin and four Pi spigots (Fig. 44A-D). Palpal claw with one acessory teeth (Fig. 43C). Abdominal scutum (Fig. 43D) present. Fovea absent (Fig. 43F). Chelicerae groove oblique, retromargin without denticles (Fig.
131 43E). PMS with two Cy and PLS with onde Cy spigots (Fig. 44E-F). Both reduced in size (Fig. 44A-B).
Fig. 42: Chumma gastroperforata, ♂ right palp, expanded. A. Bulb, prolateral proximal view;
B. Bulb, retrolateral view; C. Bulb, prolateral view; D. Tibia, retrolateral view.
Distribution. Only know from South Africa.
Composition. Two species: Chumma inquieta and Chumma gastroperforata both Jocqué (2001).
Undescribed species. None.
132 Fig. 43: Chumma inquieta, ♀, somatic features. A. Tarsal organ, leg I; B. Tarsal trichobothrium, leg I. C. Left palp, claw. D. Abdomen, lateral view; E. Right chelicerae, retromargin; F. Carapace, dorsal view.
133 Fig. 44: Chumma inquieta, ♀, spinnerets. A. Overview; B. ALS apex; C. Left ALS; D. Right ALS. E. Left PLS and PMS; F. Left PMS.
134 Emmenomma Simon 1884
Emmenomma Simon 1884: 136, pl. 3, fig. 8-11. (Type-species by original
designation and monotypy Emmmenomma oculatum); Lehtinen, 1967: 232;
Platnick, 2013.
Diagnosis. Emmenomma differ from all Macrobuninae by the enlarged ALE and PLE
(Fig. 45A-B), and recurved posterior eye row and grate-shaped tapetum in all indirect eyes. The males resemble Anisacate, Naevius, Yupanquia and Ijoubetumsamgen. nov. and Samadhia gen. nov., by the presence of a gland on the male palpal tibia which discharges through an opening on the DTA (Fig. 47A-B), but differ from the aforementioned except Naevius by the presence of a mobile DTA (Fig. 47A-B) and from Naevius by the presence of a bifid median apophysis (Fig.
46B), by having the DTA elbowed and the RTA not ventrally displaced (Fig. 47B).
Females differ from all Macrobuninae by having a teeth at the posterior end of lateral lobe of the epigynum (Fig. 48B).
Description. Total length: 4.90-15.00. Anterior eye row straight and posterior eye
row recurved; ALE enlarged, around twice the size of PME, AME reduced, around 1/2 size of PME, PLE and PME about same size. All indirect eyes with grate-shaped tapetum. Thoracic fovea long and shallow or deep. Coloration variable with legs usually maculate, except in E. obscurum. Chilum absent. Clypeal hood absent or present. Chelicerae geniculate or not. Promarging with four teeth, retromargin with three or four denticles and two to four teeth. Labium slightly wider than long.
Sternum longer than wide, projected or not between legs IV. Trochanter shallowly notched. Calamistrum absent. Tracheal spiracle around the same size as colulus.
135 Median tracheae branched and laterals simple. Colulus entire, wider than long, measuring around 1/4 of the distance of the outer margin of ALS. PLS smaller than ALS but longer than PMS. Male palp with triangular cymbium, longer than wide and cymbial apophysis present or absent. Median apophysis bifid with a triangular branch and a flat, almost rectangular, concave branch. Embolus rising at prolateral side of bulb. Tegular apophysis present, located between embolic base conductor (EBC) and median apophysis. Distal tegular process (DTP) membranous. DTA elbowed and retrolaterally projected with an opening for tibial gland. RTA reduced, laminar, longer than wide and strongly sclerotized. iRTA small, triangular, bifid or not. Female epigynum with teeth. Copulatory duct wall heavily sclerotized and composing the main area of the mid field. Spermathecae round to oval. Bennett's gland pore unobserved. Epigynum with well developed posterior plate.
Distribution. South of Chile and Argentina including Falkland Islands and Islands
around Tierra del Fuego.
Composition. Emmenomma oculatum Simon, 1884; Emmenomma obscurum Simon,
1905 new rank; Emmenomma joshuabelli sp. nov.
Undescribed species. None.
Emmenomma oculatum Simon 1884
Emmenomma oculatum Simon, 1884: 136, pl. 3, fig. 8-11 (Lectotype male and
paralectotype female designated by Roth (1967) from Tierra del fuego, deposited in MNHN 6687, examined); Simon, 1887: E19, pl. 2, fig. 8; Simon, 1898a: 247, f. 231-232; Tullgren, 1901: 251, pl. 19, fig. 8; Roth, 1967: 317, pl.
136 51, fig. 12-13; Lehtinen, 1967: 443, f. 179-180; Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1974: 88, fig. 39-42; Griswold et al., 2005: 9, fig. 183D; Platnick, 2013.
Emmenomma falklandicum Hogg, 1913: 45, pl. 1, f. 2 (holotype female, from
Falkland Islands, deposited in BMNH 1924.III.1.948, examined); Roth, 1967:
317 (Syn.).
Emmenomma beauchenicum Usher, 1983: 557, pl. 1, fig 3 (holotype female, from Falkland Islands, deposited in BMNH 1982.9.16.35, examined) Syn. nov.
Synonymy. We conclude that Emmenomma beauchenicum Usher, 1983 from the
Falkland Islands is a junior synonym of E. oculatum. The few differences found in E. beauchenicum (lack of one spine in the retrolateral face of the metatarsus I, smaller size of the PME and PLE, darker coloration and larger size) are not strong enough to support its status as a species. The few differences in the shape of the epigynum of E. oculatum and E. beauchenicum are here considered part of an intra- specific variation. On the other hand, Emmenomma oculatum obscurum is removed from the synonym with E. oculatum and is erected to the species level due to its clear differences in the shape of the epigynal plate and vulvae compared to E.
oculatum.
Diagnosis. Females of Emmenomma oculatum differ from Emmenomma obscurum
new rank and Emmenomma joshuabelli sp. nov. by the divided epigynum middle- field; males of E. oculatum differ from E. joshuabelli sp. nov. by the sharp pointed TA in E. oculatum rather than round in E. joshuabelli sp. nov..
137 Fig. 45: Emmenomma oculatum. A. Eyes, ♀; B. Eyes detail, AME and ALE, ♀; C. Tarsal organ, ♂ palp; D. Right endite, ♀. E. Right chelicerae teeth; F. Palpal tarsal claw, ♀.
Description. Male (AMNH*). Total length 7.20. Carapace piriform, length 3.00,
width 2.38, height 0.95. Fovea long and deep, dividing the carapace. Anterior eye row straight, slightly procurved, posterior recurved. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08; ALE 0.40; PME 0.14; PLE 0.23; AME-AME 0.10; AME- ALE 0.03; ALE-PLE 0.36; AME-PME 0.36; PME-PLE 0.25; PME-PME 0.14.
Coloration: carapace brown with some darker pigmentation departing from fovea and covering muscular attachments; chelicerae, sternum, labium and endites brown;
abdomen maculate, with cardiac area dark, guanine deposits laterally to cardiac area and chevron marks on the posterior dorsal area. Clypeus 0.11 high. Clypeal hood absent. Chelicerae: fang 0.65; paturon 1.10. Retromargin with three teeth and three denticles, promargin with four teeth. Chilum absent. Labium 0.40 long, 0.46 wide, not rebordered, slightly notched. Leg measurements. I: 2.90 femur/ 1.15 patella/ 3.10
138 tibia/ 3.05 metatarsus/ 2.10 tarsus/ 12.30 total; II: 2.95/ 1.20/ 2.9/ 3.00/ 1.23/ 11.28;
III 2.60/ 1.05/ 2.4/ 3.05/ 1.6/ 10.70; IV 3.10/ 1.10/ 3.15/ 4.00/ 1.95/ 13.30. Leg formula: 4123. Left legs and palp spination: Femur: I: d 0-1-3; II: d 0-3-3; III: d 0- 2(1r-1)-3; IV: d 0-2(1p-1)-3; palp: d 1-1; Patella: I to IV and palp: d 1-0-1; Tibia: I:
v 2-2-2, r 1-1-1, d 1-1, p 1-1-1; II: v 2-2-2, r 1-2(1d-1)-1, d 0-1, p 1-1; III and IV:
v2-2-2, r 1d-1d-1d, d 1-1, p 1d-1d-1d; Metatarsus: I: v 2-2-1m, r 1-1-2, p 1-1-2; II: v 2-2-1m, r 0-0-2, d 1-1, p 0-0-2; III: v 2-2-1m, r 1-1-2(1-1v), d 1-1-0, p 1-1-2(1-1v);
IV: v 2-2-1m, r 0-0-2(1-1v), d 1-1-0, p 1-1-2(1-1v). Palp. Cymbium triangular, without apophysis (Fig. 47A), with a rounded and flat tarsal organ (Fig. 45C).
Embolus short, arising on prolateral side (Fig. 47F). MA bifid with a triangular basal lobe and a rectangular, distaly curved apical lobe (Fig. 46B-D; Fig. 47D-F). TA small and pointed, near base of MA (Fig. 46B-D). Distal tegular process subrectangular and membranous (Fig. 46A, C, D). DTA composed of a mound from which an elbowed, retrolaterally displaced apophysis arises, that discharges the tibial gland content (Fig. 47A, B, D). RTA sharp pointed, partially hidden by DTA (Fig. 47B). iRTA triangular (Fig. 47C). PTA present (Fig. 47A). VTA present (Fig.
47F). Colulus entire. ALS similar in size and shape to PLS (Fig. 49A). ALS with one MAP and the other reduced to a nubbin (Fig. 49A). PMS with 1 mAP and PLS with AC spigots (Fig. 49C-D).
Female (AMNH*). Total length 8.00. Carapace piriform, length 3.28, width 2.40, height 1.36. Fovea and eye rows as in male. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.19; ALE 0.40; PME 0.20; PLE 0.23; AME-AME 0.11; AME-ALE 0.03; ALE-PLE 0.35; AME-PME 0.38; PME-PLE 0.32; PME-PME 0.16. Coloration as in male.
Clypeus 0.15 high. Clypeal hood present. Chelicerae: fang 0.7; paturon 1.39.
139 Fig. 46: Emmenomma oculatum right palp. A. Prolateral view; B. median apophysis detail; C.
ventral view; D. Apical view.
Retromargin with four denticles and three teeth (Fig. 45E). Promargin with four teeth. Chilum bilateral. Labium 0.4 long, 0.5 wide, as in male. Leg measurements: I:
2.55 femur/ 1.25 patella/ 2.60 tibia/ 2.30 metatarsus/ 1.20 tarsus/ 9.90 total; II: 2.75/
1.25/ 2.50/ 2.25/ 1.15/ 9.90; III 2.30/ 1.15 / 2.05/ 2.50/ 1.20/ 9.20; IV 2.55/ 1.20/
2.85/ 3.40/ 1.60/ 11.60. Leg formula: 4123. Left legs spination: Femur: I to III: d 3- 3; IV: d 2-3; palp: d 1-1; Patella: I to IV and palp: d 1-1; Tibia: I: v 2-2-2, r 0-1, d 1- 1, p 1-1-1; II and III: v 2-2-2; r 1-1, d 1-1, p 1-1-1; IV: v 2-2-2, d 1-1, p 1-1-1; palp:
140 v 1-2-1r; Metatarsus: I and II: v 2-2-1, r 1-1-1, p 1-1-1; III and IV: v 2-2-1, d 1-1- 2(1r-1p), p 1-1-1; Tarsus: III and IV: v 1-2; palp: r 0-2-2-1, d 2-0. Palpal claw with 10 accessory teeth (Fig. 45F). Serrula in a single row (Fig. 45D). Epigynum with triangular teeth (Fig. 48 A-C). External wall of the copulatory duct divided, not forming a plate. Copulatory ducts straight (Fig. 48D-F) and spermathecae round (Fig. 48D-F). Colulus entire (Fig. 49E). ALS with two MAP invaginated into the piriform fied (Fig. 49F). PMS with one mAP and one Cy (Fig. 49G-H). PLS with two Cy (Fig. 49I).
Variation. Length (4 ♂): Total: 5.75-7.20; Carapace: 2.75-3.00; Femur I: 2.65-2.90.
Length (10 ♀): Total: 8.20-10.6; Carapace: 3.2-4.1; Femur I: 2.55-3.05.
141 Fig. 47: Emmenomma oculatum ♂. A. Right palp dorsal view. B. Left palp retrolateral view showing RTA and DTA. C. Left palp, retrolateral view, iRTA. D. Left palp retrolateral view, bulb. E. Left palp prolateral view, bulb. F. Left palp ventro-porlateral view.
142 Fig. 48: Emmenomma oculatum ♀. A. Epigynum, ventral view. B. Epigynum, ventro- posterior view. C. Epigynum, posterior view; D. Epigynum Left spermathecae. E. Vulva, dorsal view. F. Vulva, anterior view.
Additional material examined. ARGENTINA: Tierra del Fuego, Carbajal Valley,
10♀, 3♂, 6imm, 17.II.1961, B. Malkin coll. (AMNH*); 13♀, 1 imm, same data (AMNH); La Patita, 1♀, 20-23.II.1961, B. Malkin coll. (AMNH); Falkland Islands, 52º54'S 59º09'W, 7♀, 1♂, 4imm, R. L. Lewis-Smith coll. (BMNH 1982.9.16.38;
1982.9.16.35; 1982.9.16.36; 1982.9.16.37; 1982.9.16.30; 1982.9.16.34; 1982.9.16.3;
1982.9.16.31; 1982.9.16.28; 1982.9.16.27; 1982.9.16.29; 1982.9.16.32); CHILE:
Magallanes & Antarctica Chilena: Tierra del Fuego, Camerón, 1♀, 14-17.I.1960, L.
Pena coll. (MCZ); Rusfin, SE Camerón, 19♀, 1♂, 1imm, 17-21.XI.1960, L. Pena Coll. (MCZ); Near Vicuña, elev. 300m, 3 ♂ 6 ♀ 12 imm, 30.XI.1966, E. Schlinger &
M. Irwin col. (CASENT 9020935); 1 imm same data (CASENT 9029034); Navarino Islands, Puerto Williams, 11♀, 3imm, XII/1962-i/1963, P. J. Darlington coll. (MCZ).
143 Fig. 49: Emmenomma oculatum, spinnerets. A.-D. ♂. A. Overview. B. Left ALS; C. Left PMS; D. Right PLS. E-I. ♀. E. spinnerets overview. F. Left ALS. G. PMS overview; H.
Right PMS. I. Right PLS.
Emmenomma obscurum Simon, 1905 sp. reval. new rank
Emmenomma oculatum obscurum Simon, 1905: 14 (holotype female, from Santa Cruz, Argentina, deposited in MNHN (AR315), examined); Roth, 1967: 317 (Syn. with E. oculatum); Platnick, 2013; revalidated, new rank
144 Synonym. Regarding Emmenomma oculatum obscurum we examined the holotype
and confirm that it is a mature female not conspecific with Emmenomma oculatum according to its epigynum and vulvae shape. Therefore it should be removed from the synonym and raised to the species level Emmenomma obscurum new rank.
Diagnosis. Emmenomma obscurum differs from E. oculatum and E. joshuabelli sp.
nov. by the shape of middle-field plate in the female epigynum (Fig. 50A, C)
Description. Female (Holotype). Total length 6.32. Carapace piriform, length 3.04,
width 1.96, height 0.84. Fovea long and shallow. Anterior eye row straight, posterior eye row recurved. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06; ALE 0.22; PME 0.13; PLE 0.13; AME-AME 0.10; AME-ALE 0.11; ALE-PLE 0.42; AME-PME 0.35;
PME-PLE 0.28; PME-PME 0.14. Tapetum prolaterally displaced on PME.
Coloration: Carapace reddish brown with cephalic area very dark; endites, labium and sternum brown; chelicerae reddish brown; legs brown with faint dark rings on the ventral face of the femur; abdomen greenish brown with pale paired spots along the dorsal line, ventral face low pigmented. Clypeus 0.34 high. Clypeal hood present. Chelicerae geniculate, fang 0.52; paturon 0.83; promargin with four teeth, retromargin with four denticles and four teeth. Chilum absent. Labium: 0.34 long, 0.41 wide, not rebordered. Leg measurements. I: 2.28 femur/ 0.97 patella/ 2.22 tibia/
1.88 metatarsus/ 1.00 tarsus/ 8.34 total; II: 2.20/ 1.00/ 2.00/ 2.41/ 0.94/ 8.55; III:
2.00/ 0.92/ 1.86/ 2.18/ 0.98/ 7.94; IV: 2.53/ 1.00/ 2.5/ 3.03/ 1.29/ 10.34. Leg formula: 4213. Right legs and palp spination: Femur: I: 0-2(1r-1)-3; II to IV: d 0-3- 3; Patella: III and IV: d 0-1; Tibia: I: v 2-2-0-0; II: v 2-2-0-1p, r 0-0-1-0, p 1-1-1-0;
III: v 2-2-2ap; IV: v 1p-1p-1r-2ap; III and IV: r 1d-1d-1d, d 1r-0-1, p 1d-1d-1d;
Metatarsus: I: v 2-1-1pap, r 0-1-0-1-1v; p 1-0-1-1d; II: r 1-1-1, p 1-1-1, d 0-1p-2;
145 III: v 1r-2-1map, r 1-1-1, d 1p-1p-2, p 1-1-1; IV: v 2-2-1map, r 1sap, d 1p-2-2, p 1- 1-1sap. Colulus entire, 1/4 of the distance of the outer margin of the ALS. PLS as ALS. Middle-field as a fused subtriangular plate, projecting dorsally on the posterior view (Fig. 50A, C). Lateral lobes with a very pointed teeth (Fig. 50A). Copulatory ducts straight and spermathecae globose but with a projection on the prolateral basal side (Fig. 50B).
Male. Unknown.
Variation. Unknown.
Additional Material Examined. None.
Fig. 50: Emmenomma obscurum, ♀, epigynum. A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view; C. Posterior view.
Emmenomma joshuabelli Almeida-Silva, Griswold & Brescovit sp. nov.
Type-material. Holotype male from Tierra del Fuego, Mission du Cap Horn, Baie
Orange, Canal du Beagle, deposited in MNHN jar 1933. Paratypes: one female (MNHN); one male and one female (IBSP) with the same data as the holotype.
Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in honor to the great violinist Joshua Bell.
146 Diagnosis. Females of Emmenomma joshuabelli sp. nov. differ from E. oculatum and
E. obscurum by its subrectangular middle-field (Fig. 51D); by the sinuous posterior border of the MF (Fig. 51D-F); and by the wide teeth of the lateral lobe (Fig. 51D).
Males of E. josuabelli sp. nov. differ from E. oculatum by the presence of a cymbial apophysis (Fig. 51A-B); by the extra branch on DTA retrolaterally pointed; and by the rounded tegular apophysis (Fig. 51A-C).
Description. Male (Holotype). Total length 5.69. Carapace piriform, length 2.69,
width 1.80, height 1.00. Fovea long and shallow. Anterior eye row straight, posterior recurved. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.03; ALE 0.19; PME 0.11; PLE 0.15; AME-AME 0.11; AME-ALE 0.12; ALE-PLE 0.35; AME-PME 0.32; PME-PLE 0.22; PME-PME 0.15. Coloration: Carapace dark brown with a pale area that starts behind the PME and goes towards the fovea where it narrows to 1/3 of its width;
chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum dark brown; legs brown with dark brown spots; abdomen dark brown with oblique yellow lines starting at the median line and going towards the side. Clypeus 0.30 high. Clypeal hood present. Chelicerae: fang 0.42; paturon 0.83. Chelicerae not geniculate. Promargin with four teeth, retromargin with three denticles and three or four teeth. Chilum absent. Labium 0.24 long, 0.34 wide. Leg measurements. I: 1.75 femur/ 0.78 patella/ 1.72 tibia/ 1.42 metatarsus/ 0.90 tarsus/ 6.57 total; II: 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.54/ 1.58/ 0.82/ 6.44; III: 1.66/
0.78/ 1.43/ 1.74/ 0.77/ 6.37; IV 2.16/ 0.83/ 1.88/ 2.18/ 1.00/ 8.04. Leg formula:
4123. Left legs spination: Femur: I: d 0-1-3; II: d 0-2-3; III: d 0-2-3; IV: d 0-2-0;
Patella: III and IV: d 0-1; Tibia: I: v 2-2-2ap, r 0-1, p 0-1-0-1-0, II: v 2-2-2ap, p 0-1- 0-1; III: v 2-1p-2ap, r 0-1-0-1-0, d 1r-0-0-1-0, p 0-1-0-1-0; IV: r 0-1-0-1-0, d 1r-0-0- 1-0, p 0-1-0-1-0; Metatarsus: I: v 2-2-1map, r 1sap, p 1-0-1-2; II: v 2-2-1map, r 1-1- 0, p 1-1-0, d 0-1m-2; III: v 2-2-1map, r 1sap, p 1sap, d 2(1r-1p)-3(1r-1m-1p)-2; IV:
