A 13ª edição da pesquisa TIC Domicílios registra os avanços já alcançados no Brasil em relação ao acesso e uso das tecnologias da informação e comunicação ao longo dos últimos anos, mas também reitera importantes desafios a serem enfrentados. Desde 2008, o número de domicílios com acesso à Internet, bem como o de usuários de Internet, vem crescendo significativamente, sem que haja redução de diferenças regionais e socioeconômicas no acesso e uso das TIC.
Além das desigualdades no acesso domiciliar à rede, a pesquisa revela a permanência de disparidades nas características do acesso entre domicílios conectados em diferentes regiões e classes. Nos domicílios de classes mais altas e localizados em regiões do país com melhor infraestrutura, o acesso à Internet se dá, em geral, por meio de banda larga fixa de alta velocidade, enquanto em domicílios mais pobres, nos localizados em áreas rurais e das regiões Norte e Nordeste, o acesso à Internet ocorre em maior proporção por meio de conexões com menor velocidade ou por conexão móvel. Nesse sentido, é fundamental avançar na expansão da infraestrutura de acesso à Internet de qualidade e de baixo custo nas regiões menos atendidas e para as populações mais vulneráveis do país – o que permitiria maior equidade no acesso à práticas on-line e benefícios no campo da educação, cultura, saúde e emprego, entre outros.
Além disso, no âmbito do uso individual de Internet, a pesquisa revela que, atualmente, o celular é o dispositivo mais utilizado pelos brasileiros para acessar a rede. Pela primeira vez na pesquisa, metade dos entrevistados afirmou se conectar exclusivamente por meio do celular, chegando ao mesmo patamar dos usuários que utilizam tanto o celular quanto o computador para se conectar. Nesse sentido, fica evidente também a relevância de políticas que melhorem o uso da Internet por meio desses dispositivos a um preço acessível.
Ainda no intuito de melhorar a experiência daqueles que acessam a Internet, são necessárias também ações que incentivem a digitalização de serviços públicos, sobretudo no que diz respeito às aplicações para dispositivos móveis. A TIC Domicílios 2017 mostra que a proporção de usuários da rede que realizam serviços do governo pela Internet ainda é pequena, sendo que, mesmo entre aqueles que utilizam a Internet em busca de atendimento, a maior parte ainda precisa se deslocar até algum posto do governo para finalizar o serviço.
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Os resultados da TIC Domicílios 2017 também evidenciam a necessidade de iniciativas governamentais para o desenvolvimento das TIC no setor cultural. A pesquisa demonstra que a busca na Internet por atividades culturais a serem realizadas presencialmente, que envolvem, por exemplo, a visita a museus, teatros ou bibliotecas, é pouco frequente. Em conjunto com os dados da TIC Cultura 2016 sobre o uso das tecnologias pelos equipamentos culturais brasileiros (CGI.br, 2017b), isso demonstra a relevância de políticas que incentivem o aumento da oferta de informações sobre atividades culturais, bem como da disponibilidade de bens e serviços culturais na Internet.
Além disso, no que tange o uso da Internet, o consumo de conteúdos on-line pela população, sobretudo nos campos do audiovisual e da música, tem se ampliado nos últimos anos, colocando as atividades culturais dentre as mais realizadas pelos usuários da rede no Brasil e evidenciando o papel da Internet no acesso à cultura. Ainda assim, inúmeras desigualdades permanecem, seja como reflexo dos hábitos culturais de maneira mais ampla, seja por conta das barreiras existentes no próprio acesso à rede.
As evidências recolhidas pela pesquisa TIC Domicílios permitem identificar o perfil daqueles que mais se beneficiam da rede como mediadora das práticas culturais, bem como a influência da infraestrutura de conexão e das variáveis sociodemográficas sobre as atividades culturais realizadas na Internet. Assim, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que possibilitem a universalização do acesso à rede, a formação de repertório para a fruição cultural e a promoção da diversidade de conteúdos produzidos e disponibilizados on-line.
REFERÊNCIAS
Bourdieu, P. (2007). Distinção: Crítica social do julgamento. São Paulo: Edusp.
Bourdieu, P., & Darbel, A. (2007). O amor pela arte: Os museus de arte na Europa e seu público. São Paulo: Edusp.
Bruns, A. (2007). Produsage: Towards a broader framework for user-led content. Proceedings Creativity
& Cognition 6, Washington, DC. Recuperado em 10 setembro, 2018, de http://eprints.qut.edu.
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Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil – CGI.br (2017a). Cultura e tecnologias no Brasil: Um estudo sobre práticas culturais da população e o uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação. São Paulo: CGI.br.
Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil – CGI.br (2017b). Pesquisa sobre o uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação nos equipamentos culturais brasileiros: TIC Cultura 2016. São Paulo: CGI.br.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (2015). Perfil dos estados e dos municípios brasileiros:
Cultura 2014. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. Recuperado em 8 novembro, 2017, de https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/
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Jenkins, H. (2006). Fans, bloggers and gamers: Exploring participatory culture. Nova York: New York University Press.
Leadbeater, C., & Miller, P. (2004). The pro-am revolution: How enthusiasts are changing our economy and society. Recuperado em 10 setembro, 2018, de http://www.demos.co.uk/files/proamrevolutionfinal.pdf
PORTUGUÊS
Leiva, J. (2018). Cultura nas capitais: Como 33 milhões de brasileiros consomem diversão e arte. Rio de Janeiro: 17Street Produção Editorial.
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações – MCTIC (2018). Estratégia Brasileira para Transformação Digital – E-Digital. Brasília: MCTIC. Recuperado em 10 agosto, 2018, de http://www.mctic.
gov.br/mctic/export/sites/institucional/estrategiadigital.pdf
Schäfer, M. T. (2011). Bastard culture! How user participation transforms cultural production. Amsterdã:
Amsterdam University Press.
Sistema de Información Cultural de la Argentina – Sinca (2018). Encuesta Nacional de Consumos Culturales 2017. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Cultura.
União Internacional de Telecomunicações – UIT (2014). Manual for measuring ICT access and use by households and individuals – 2014 Edition. Genebra: UIT.
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FOREWORD
Brazil’s Internet governance model continues to stand out thanks to its multistakeholder structure guided by the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br), promoter of countrywide Internet expansion and development. Indeed, Brazil’s model now serves as an international benchmark for efficient and effective Internet management. The model, which has been gaining international recognition since 1995, was showcased at the 2014 NetMundial conference.
And examples such as the 2009 review and dissemination of the CGI.br “decalogue” and the adoption by Congress, in 2014, of the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet explain the accolades received over the years from the international community.
Internet management in Brazil has another unique feature: revenue from domain name registration (.br domain) is administered and allocated through the country’s registry, Registro.br. Proceeds from domain registrations are given back to society through a set of activities and projects – developed by the Brazilian Network Information Center (NIC.br), formalized in 2005 – that aim to continuously improve the Internet in Brazil. These include actions relative to traffic management, incentivizing and supporting IPv6 adoption, measuring the quality of broadband connections, managing security incidents, establishing standards for web applications, encouraging open data, and producing statistical data.
Throughout its history, NIC.br has conducted studies and produced indicators on the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) that have contributed to expanding knowledge about the social and economic implications of Internet growth in Brazilian society.
This is done through the work of the Regional Center for Studies on the Development of the Information Society (Cetic.br), which for 13 years has regularly produced and disseminated ICT indicators that are used by government, businesses, academia, and society as a whole.
Cetic.br’s surveys have contributed significantly to policymaking that promotes social inclusion through Internet use in addition to the strengthening of the digital economy.
Cetic.br, a Unesco Category 2 Center since 2012, produces statistics with solid technical foundations and promotes numerous capacity-building events on survey methodology. The Center also supports initiatives that contribute to improving and strengthening the comparability of statistics produced in Latin American countries and Portuguese-speaking Africa.
Over the last year, Cetic.br collaborated in the monitoring of the digital agenda for Latin America (eLAC), producing a regional report together with the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (Eclac). Cetic.br, in cooperation with the Brazilian National Computer Emergency Response Team (Cert.br), participated in the design of the data collection instrument to measure digital security risks in businesses of all sizes for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In the field of education, together with
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Unesco’s Institute of Statistics (UIS), the Center worked towards the production of a practical guide for measuring ICT adoption in schools, with the goal of producing regionally and globally comparable data.
These are but some of the actions that explain the international recognition earned by Brazil’s ICT statistics production model – they are essential to NIC.br’s efforts to develop strategies that contribute to an open Internet for all.
Enjoy your reading!
Demi Getschko
Brazilian Network Information Center – NIC.br
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PRESENTATION
To reap the benefits of the information and knowledge society – and to tackle the downsides of the digital revolution – Brazil must make powerful, competitive, and all-inclusive strides to transform itself. These are the principles that guided the creation of the Brazilian Strategy for Digital Transformation (E-Digital). Launched in 2018, E-Digital gives a broad perspective of the challenges ahead, a vision for the future, and a set of strategic actions and indicators for monitoring the country’s progress towards its goals.
E-Digital – coordinated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communication – is the product of a federal government initiative. The strategy is based on public consultations with numerous stakeholders from the public and private sectors, the scientific community, and civil society. Significant participation in the seminars and workshops held to formulate the policy, as well as during public consultations on an initial version, resulted in an improved text. The final document now serves as a public policy whose implementation will bolster transformation as paradigms shift towards a digital economy.
The effectiveness of Brazil’s digital strategy depends on constant and systematic monitoring of each of the actions defined by the government. And the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br) – having made essential contributions to the production of statistics and indicators on access to and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the country – is central to this task. Thanks to the Brazilian Network Information Center (NIC.br) and the Regional Center for Studies on the Development of the Information Society (Cetic.br), ICT adoption has been monitored in strategic sectors: households; businesses; government entities;
public services related to health, education, and culture; Internet access providers.
The data generated by Cetic.br not only enables the extensive monitoring of Brazil’s digital agenda, but it is also essential to international benchmarking and tracking of global agendas such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
This publication is yet another example of CGI.br’s commitment to producing relevant information for Internet development in Brazil and to implementing an agenda that strengthens an inclusive digital economy.
Maximiliano Salvadori Martinhão Brazilian Internet Steering Committee – CGI.br
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INTRODUCTION
There is growing recognition by international organizations and governments that information and communication technologies (ICT) are crucial to socioeconomic development and, consequently, to achieving the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The adoption of digital technologies is a relevant variable in long-term development agendas, particularly to eliminate possible sources of structural social contrast and disparities, especially in the Global South. This impact is even more significant when the adoption of these technologies is integrated into other agendas, such as education, health, and safety.
The ICT Households survey has been conducted annually in Brazil since 2005 by the Regional Center for the Development of the Information Society (Cetic.br). In its 13th edition, the survey reiterates the important challenges to expanding access to ICT. The historical series of surveys has shown that the number of households with Internet access and the number of Internet users has been growing continuously. However, there has been no reduction in the regional and socioeconomic differences that have marked the process of Internet dissemination in the country.
Another significant aspect is the rapid growth of mobile devices as the main means of accessing the Internet among all social classes. This phenomenon is even more noticeable among less-favored populations, whose only experience with Internet access occurs on mobile phones.
On analyzing the activities carried out online, the data also provide a broader outlook on digital inclusion. This concept must be understood as extending beyond just access to ICT, enabling more in-depth analysis of issues related to inequalities in Internet usage. Digital competencies and skills are the determining factors that allow individuals to enjoy the potential benefits and opportunities provided by new technologies.
Online communication activities (such as accessing social networking websites and exchanging instant messages) presented the same trend observed throughout the survey’s history, being the most common type of activity carried out by Brazilian Internet users. Similarly, growth was observed in activities related to multimedia content, with emphasis on watching videos, programs, films or TV series online and listening to music online.
Over the years, the results of the survey have shown the increasing importance of the Internet in the everyday lives of Brazilians, especially because of the popularization of mobile devices associated with the intensive use of social media. Among youths, the Internet has already been consolidated as a central element of daily life. These factors certainly influence the cultural habits of Brazilians, who spend a significant amount of time connected to the Internet.
Therefore, it has become clear that there is a need to create a group of new indicators for the ICT Households survey that allow for a more in-depth investigation of this topic.
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This edition presents new indicators for cultural activities, developed with the support of a group of experts from the ICT Households and ICT in Culture surveys. This data resulted in a more thorough understanding of access to cultural goods and content by Brazilians on the Internet, the creation and posting of online content, and how the Internet is used to access information about cultural activities.
Thus, in 2017, the survey began a process of incorporating a new thematic module that will allow the inclusion and alternation of questions to be investigated with each new edition of the survey.
Over its history, the data produced by the ICT Households survey has provided input for public policy decision-making about digital inclusion and the universalization of broadband connection. The collection of historical data produced by the survey has also consolidated its position as the main source of internationally comparable statistics about access to and use of digital technologies in the country. The ICT Households survey relies on internationally agreed-upon definitions for measuring access to and use of ICT, which allows for the production of internationally comparable data. Currently, the survey uses the concepts and definitions presented in the most recent version of the Manual for Measuring ICT Access and Use in Households and by Individuals, published by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in 2014. The experience acquired over 13 years of conducting this survey has made Cetic.br an important player in international discussions on the standardization of indicators and methodological definitions for the production of ICT statistics.
In addition to international recognition, the ICT surveys conducted by Cetic.br are also supported by a group of experts whose invaluable contributions in the planning and analysis stages have provided legitimacy to the process and enhanced the transparency of the methodological choices.
ICT HOUSEHOLDS: DIGITAL INCLUSION AND INEQUALITIES IN INTERNET USE IN BRAZIL In 2017, the data showed that Internet access in households began growing again, while mobile access continued to be more common than fixed connection among low-income households and in the North region. However, striking inequalities persisted according to socioeconomic class and between urban and rural areas. Additionally, 19% of connected households did not have computers, representing 13.4 million residences. In 2014, this proportion was only 4%.
The proportion of Internet users in Brazil reached 120.7 million. The most common online activities continued to be sending messages and accessing social networking websites;
however, access to audiovisual content has presented growth in recent years.
For the first time in the history of the ICT Households survey, the proportion of users that access the Internet only on mobile phones surpassed that of those who use both mobile phones and computers. Half of the population that was connected to the Internet accessed it exclusively on mobile phones, representing 58.7 million Brazilians. Exclusive mobile use was more common among users in classes DE and in rural areas. This reflects a reality in which citizens with lower incomes do not have multiple devices to access the Internet, as is the case in classes A and B.
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NEW DATA ABOUT ONLINE CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
The survey showed that in 2017, access to music, films and TV series through streaming platforms was on the rise, in contrast with downloading the same content. Paying for access to this content was not very common among the Brazilian population. The survey also investigated the origin of content, showing that Brazilian music was consumed by a greater percentage of the population than foreign music, the opposite of what occurred with films and TV series.
Another dimension that was further investigated by the survey was the creation and dissemination of user-created content. The most common type of content published on the Internet was images, which were more related to individuals’ private social networks. The proportion of those who said they published content as a form of artistic expression was low, as was the proportion of those who reported receiving remuneration for it.
This publication is structured as follows:
Part 1 – Articles: Unpublished contributions from specialists that address issues such as digital skills, cultural practices on the Internet, the universalization of broadband, estimating the demand for broadband, the role of algorithms, and the Internet of Things;
Part 2 – ICT Households: Presents the methodological report, the data collection report, and the analysis of results obtained in this year’s edition of the survey;
Part 3 – Tables of results: Presents tables containing indicators from the survey, allowing for a reading of intercrossing variables;
Part 4 – Appendix: Glossary of terms used in the survey intended to assist the reader.
The primary goal of the effort expended on the implementation of the ICT surveys by the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br) is to produce reliable, up-to-date and relevant data for our readers. We hope that the data and analyses in this edition of the survey provide important input for public managers, academic researchers, private sector companies, and civil society organizations in initiatives that are targeted at building an information and knowledge society.
Enjoy your reading!
Alexandre F. Barbosa
Regional Center for Studies on the Development of the Information Society – Cetic.br
ARTICLES —
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