pr i kazi - pol emi ki - r ecenzi i
presentations - arguments - reviews
P REGLED VO S OZDA VA WETO N A
I N S TI TUC I ON A LNI OT S I S TEM
ZA ZA [ TI TA , EDUKA C I JA I REHA
-BI LI TA C I JA ZA LI CATA S O
I N VA LI DN OS T VO REP UBLI KA
MA KEDON I JA VO P ERI ODOT
1946- 1996
SUR VEY OF ESTABLISHING
INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM FOR CARE,
EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION OF
DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE REPUBLIC
OF MACEDONIA IN THE PERIOD
1946-1996
Q up~o A JDI N S K I
Ljupcho
AJDINSKIVov ed
Introducion
P er i odot od sr edi nat a na
XIX
vek do
po-l ovi nat a na
XX
vek (1947), odnosno do do
-n esuvawet o -na S t at ut ot -na S vet skat a
zdr av st vena
or gani zac i ja, pr et st avuva
vr eme vo koe e sozdavan i i zgr aduvan ne
sa-mo konc ept ot i odnosot , t uku i i nst i t
u-c i onal ni ot si st em za za{ t i t a, edukau-c i ja i
r ehabi l i t ac i ja za l i c a so i nval i dnost vo
svet ot . Vo ovoj ednove koven per i od se
sozdavani i nst i t uc i onal ni obl i c i za soc i
-jal na za{ t i t a, spec i -jal no vospi t ani e i
obr azovani e, za pr of esi onal no osposob
u-vawe na ovi e l i c a.
Kaj nas, za ` al , nema{ e t akvo i st or i sko
i skus t vo. Mo` e da se ka` e deka op{ t
es-t voes-t o ne be{ e podgoes-t veno da gi pr i f aes-t i
novi t e i dei i vo pr akt i kat a da gi vgr adi
sovr emeni t e konc epc i i za odnosot i za{
t i t at a na popul ac i jat a { t o so vekovi bi
-l a dr ` ena na mar gi ni t e od ` i vot o t .
The period from the middle of the XIX to the
middle of the XX century (1947), i.e., till
pass-ing the Statute of the World Health
Organiza-tion, is a period in which not only the concept
and the relationship was created and built up but
also the institutionalized system for care,
edu-cation and rehabilitation of disabled people in
the world. During this onecenturyperiod, in
-stitutional forms of social care, special
educa-tion, professional training of disabled people
were created.
Unfortunately, our country did not have such a
historical background. The society was not
ready yet to accept the new ideas and to imple
-ment in practice the contemporary concepts in
regard to the social care of the population that
had been for ages on the margins of life.
A dr esa za kor espondenc i ja: Corresponding Address:
Q up~o A JDI N S K I Ljupcho AJDINSKI
Uni ver zi t et „S v. Ki r i l i Met odi ja” F i l ozof ski f akul t et
I nst i t ut za def ekt ol ogi ja Bul . „Kr st e Mi si r kov” bb,
1000 S kopje, Republ i ka Makedoni ja Ajdinski@freemail.com.mk
University “St. Cyril and Methodius” Faculty of Philosophy
Institute of Special Education and Rehabilitation Bull. “Krste Misirkov” bb,
Vo povoeni t e godi ni Republ i ka Mak
edo-ni ja nema{ e i nst i t uc i o nal na t r adi c i ja i
pr akt i ka, kadr i i nauka, { t o se osnovni
pr edusl ovi za edna op{ t est vena pr akt i ka.
(1)
Do 1946 godi na na t er i t or i jat a vo
Make-doni ja
nemal o or gani zi r ana za{ t i t a,
edu-kac i ja i r ehabi l i t ac i ja za l i c a so i
n-val i dnost . I mal o samo neor gani zi r ani
obl i c i od f i l ant r opsko i samar i jansko
zgr i ` uvawe na nezna~i t el en br oj l i c a so
t el esni , set i l ni i ment al ni pr obl emi od
r azni ver ski or gani zac i i i c r kovni
ust anovi . P o vospost avuvawe na op{ t
es-t ve no -pr avni es-t e es-t emel i na na{ aes-t a dr ` ava,
vo 1946 godi na se po~na so soc i jal
no-za{ t i t ni ust anovi za zgr i ` uvawe na
"
de-f ekt ni
#
l i c a
(kako { t o t oga{ se nar ek
u-vaa): gl uvi , sl epi , men t al no r et ar di r ani i
dr ugi . Del od ni v podoc na pr er as naa vo
speci jal no vospi t no-obr azovni us t anovi .
Vo me| uvr eme se f or mi r aa i ust anovi za
r abot no osposobuvawe na l i c a od opr
ede-l eni kat e gor i i i nvaede-l i dnost .
P ove}e pr i ~i ni ja namet naa pot r ebat a od
po~nuvawe so soci jal nat a za{ t i t na
komponent a. Zgr i ` uvawet o na vozr asni t e l i
-c a so i nval i dnost i ni vnot o osposobuvawe
za r abot a, pr et st avuva po~et ok na i nst i
-t uc i onal na za{ -t i -t a na ovi e l i c a koga se
ot vor i "
Dom za sl epi
# vo B i t ol a vo 1946
godi na, vo koj se vr { e{ e r abot no
osposb uvawe. P odoc na ovaa akt i vnost se pr
o-{ i r i so ot vor awe "
Dom za gl uvi
# vo
S kopje i "
Dom za vospi t no zapu{ t eni l i
-c a
# vo S ar aj, kr aj S kopje, odnosno vo Kr
a-t ovo, dodeka zgr i ` uvawea-t o na l i c aa-t a so
psi hi ~ka popr e~enost po~na vo du{ evni
-t e bol ni c i vo Demi r Hi sar i vo Bar dovc i .
Vospi t no-obr azovnat a komponent a se i
n-st i t uc i onal i zi r a koga of i c i jal no, so
r e{ eni e na Mi ni st er st vot o za soc i jal ni
gr i ` i , vo avgust 1949 godi na, se osnova
"
Dom za gl uvonemi dec a
# (i nt er nat so
u~i l i { t e) vo s. P et r ovec , kr aj S kopje, a
vo 1950 godi na "
Dom za sl epi
# vo S kopje.
(2)
In the period after the war, there was no
institu-tional tradition and practice, professional staff
and a science as a basic precondition for social
practice. (1)
Up to 1946 on the territory of Macedonia
there was not organized care, education and
re-habilitation of people with disabilities. There
were unorganized forms of philanthropic and
Samaritan care of insignificant number of
peo-ple with physical, sensitive and mental
prob-lems by different religious organizations and
church institutions. After establishing the social
and legal foundation of our country,
institu
-tions for social care of “defective” people
(as
they were called then): deaf, blind, mentally
retarded and others
were established in 1946
.
Some of them later became special education
institutions. In the meantime, institutions for
training people with certain categories of dis
-abilities were founded.
Many reasons imposed the need for the social
care component. Taking care of adults with dis
-abilities and their training for work was the
be-ginning of the institutionalized care of these
people when
“Home for blind”
was opened in
Bitola in 1946. They were also trained for work
there. These activities were broadened and
“Home for deaf”
in Skopje and
“Homes for
upbringing neglected people”
in Saraj (near
Skopje) and in Kratovo were opened, while
people with psychic disabilities were
hospital-ized in mental hospitals in Bardovci and Demir
Hisar. The educational component was
institu-tionalized when the Ministry for Social Care
with an official decision, in August 1949,
founded
“Home for deaf - mute children”
(a
boarding school) in Petrovec (near Skopje) and
K l u~ni zabor ov i :
i nst i t uc i onal en si
st em, za{ st i st a, eduk ac i ja, r ehabi l i st ac i
-ja, o{ t et en sl uh, o{ t et en vi d, psi hi ~k a
popr e~enost , t el esna i nval i dnost ,
go-vor na k omuni k ac i ja.
Key words
: institutionalized system, care,
edu-cation, rehabilitation, impaired hearing,
im-paired vision, psychic disabilities, physical
dis-abilities, speech communication.
Za{ t i t nat a i obr azovnat a, a podoc na i
r ehabi l i t ac i o nat a komponent a vo si st
e-mot u{ t e vo po~et okot bea kat egor i jal no
i nst i t uc i onal i zi r ani . S e po~nuva so
ot-vor awe ust ano vi za opr edel ena kat egor i ja
l i c a so i nval i dnost : gl uvi , sl epi ,
vospi t no zapu{ t eni , a podoc na i l i c a so psi
hi ~ka popr e~enost . N o, gol em br oj f akt o
r i namet naa pr omeni vo pr i st a pot i pr ak
-t i kt a na i ns-t i -t uc i onal i zac i jt a. Mor
a-{ e da dojde do f uzi oni r awe na novoot
vo-r eni t e ust anovi za gl uvi i sl epi vo edna
zaedni ~ka ust anova koja, so r e{ eni e na
Mi ni st er st vot o za soc i jal ni gr i ` i na
Makedoni ja, vo 1950 godi na pr er asna vo
"
Zavod za def ekt ni dec a
#. Vo u~ebnat a
1950/51 godi na Zavodot pr et st avuva
po~et ok i na i nspo~et i po~et uc i onal na r abopo~et a so l ogo
-p at i , odnosno dec a so govor ni -pr ob l emi i
dec a so psi hi ~ka popr e~enost .
"Zavodot za def ekt ni dec a#, koj vo 1951
godi na se pr esel i vo Bi t ol a, st ana sl o`
e-na i nst i t uc i ja vo koja se obezbedi ja
osnov-ni komponen t i za di f er enc i r ano i nst i t
uc i onal i zi r awe na edukat i vnat a i r ehabi
-l i t ac i onat a komponent a za r ehabi -l i t
a-c i ja na l i a-c a so i nval i dnost vo zemjat a. (3)
Zar adi obezbeduvawe uvi d vo r azvojni ot
pr o c es nu` no e da se dade pr egl ed na r
az-vojnat a hr onol ogi ja. O va go namet nuva i
f akt ot { t o na kat egor i jal en pr i nc i p e
sozdavan i nst i t uc i o nal ni ot si st em za
za{ t i t a, edukac i ja i r ehabi l i t ac i ja za l i
-c a so i nval i dnost vo zemjava.
The components of care, education and later the
component of rehabilitation in the system were
even in the beginning categorically
institution-alized. It started with the foundation of
institutions for certain category of people with dis
-abilities: deaf, blind, educationally neglected,
and later people with psychic disabilities. Many
factors imposed changes in the approach and
practice of institutionalization. There was a
need for merging with the newly opened
insti-tutions for deaf and blind in one joined
institu-tion, which with the decision of the Ministry for
Social Care in Macedonia, in 1950, became
“Institute for defective children”
. In the
school year 1950/1951 the Institute started work
with children with speech problems and psychic
disabilities.
The “Institute for defective children”, during
1951 was dislocated in Bitola, became a
com-plex institution with basic components for
dif-ferential institutionalization of education and
rehabilitation components for rehabilitation of
people with disabilities. (3)
In order to present an insight in the
develop-mental process, it is necessary to provide a
sur-vey of the developmental chronology. This is
also imposed by the fact that the categorical
principle is used in institutionalized system for
care, education and rehabilitation of disabled
people in our country.
1.Za{ t i t a, obr azov ani e, pr of esi ona l
-no o sp osob uv aw e i r eha bi l i t ac i ja za
l i c a so o{ t et en sl uh (gl uv i i nagl uv i )
1. Care, education, professional training and
rehabilitation of people with imapaired
hearing (deaf and hard- of-hearing)
P r va ust anova za dec a so posebni obr
azov-ni pot r ebi vo Republ i ka Makedo azov-ni ja, e
"Zavodot za def ekt ni dec a# vo s. P et r ovec
koj vedna{ pot oa (1951) se pr esel uva vo
Bi t ol a. P r i "Zavo dot za de f ekt ni dec a#
vo Bi t ol a e sozdadena i nst i t uc i onal na
o snova za za{ t i t a, pr edu~i l i { no i
osnovno obr azovani e, pr of esi onal osnovno or i ent i
-r awe, osposobuvawe i -r ehabi l i t ac i ja za
gl uvi i nagl uvi pr eku sl edni t e or gani
za-ci o ni edi ni c i :
Gr adi nka za gl uvi i nagl
u-vi dec a
;
Osnovno u~i l i { t e so oddel za
gl uvi i oddel za nagl uvi
;
S t opanska edi
-ni c a od ot vor en i zat vor en t i p
:
Zanaet
-~i ski pogon
(
model ar st vo
,
~evl ar st vo
,
dr
-vodel st vo
,
ki l i marst vo
),
zemjodel st vo
,
gr adi nar st vo
,
` i vi nar st vo
;
Do m-i nt er nat
so ambul ant a za zdr avst vena za{ t i t a so
i zol ac i ono oddel eni e
;
Edi ni c a za
zanaet-~i sko -pr of esi onal no osposobuvawe i
Ka-bi net ska edi ni c a
.
Gr adi nkat a za gl uvi i nagl uvi dec a
, vo
koja i st ovr emeno e ost va r uvan vospi t
no-obr azoven i habi l i t ac i sko -kor ekc i onen
pr o c es vr z sovr emena r ehabi l i t ac i ska i
n-t er di sc i pl i nar na osnova, so maksi mal na
pr i mena na pr i dobi vki t e od naukat a.
Vo
gr adi nkat a se post aveni t emel i t e na t e
or i ski ot i por i menet i ot del na suordol ogi
-jat a i audi ol ogi -jat a kako nau~ni di sc i
p-l i ni za r ehabi p-l i t ac i ja na gp-l uvi i nagp-l uvi
dec a
. S t r u~ni ot t i m na ovaa edi n i c a go
so~i n uvaa def ekt ol ozi , psi hol ozi , l
eka-r i , neguva t el ki i medi c i nski sest eka-r i .
Osnovnot o u~i l i { t e za dec a so o{ t et en
sl uh go so~i nuvaa t r i or gani zac i ski edi
-ni c i : Oddel za gl uvi dec a
,
Oddel za nagl
u-vi dec a i Kabi net ska edi ni c a
. Vo oddel i
-t e dec a-t a se r aspor eduvaa vr z osnova na
t i mska di jagnost i ~ka obr abot ka, a za
os-novni kl asi f i kac i ski kr i t er i umi se
ze-mani : vozr ast a, i nt el i genc i jat a, sost ojb
t a na sl uhot i govor ot , vr emet o na nas t
a-nuvawet o na o{ t et uvawet o na sl uhot i
vr emet o na opf a}awe na det et o. Rabot at a
vo oddel i t e be{ e or gani zi r ana i spr o
vedu-vana vr z di f er enci jal na nast ava i kor
ek-ci o nr ehabi l i t ac i ska t er apevt ska pr
o-gr ama. Vo O ddel ot za gl uvi dec a be{ e
f or mi r ana i r abot e{ e pr vat a par al el ka
za dec a so psi hi ~ka popr e~enost .
which was dislocated in Bitola in 1951. At the
“Institute for defective children” in Bitola, an
institutionalized basis was created for care,
pre-school and elementary education, professional
orientation, training and rehabilitation of deaf
and hardof hearing through the following in
-stitutionalized units:
kindergartens for deaf
and hard-of-hearing children; elementary
school with departments for deaf and
hard-of-hearing; commercial unit of opened and
closed type; Trade section (model airplanes
making, shoemaking, carpentry, carpet in
-dustry) agriculture, gardening, poultry
rais-ing; Boarding house with ambulance for
health care with isolation section; Unit for
vocational training and Cabinet Unit.
The kinder-garden for deaf and
hard-of-hearing children,
in which education and
ha-bilitation-corrective process on contemporary
rehabilitation interdisciplinary basis was carried
out with maximal implementation of scientific
achievements.
The fundaments of the
theo-retical and practical part of surdology and
audiology as scientific disciplines of
rehabili-tation of deaf and hard-of-hearing children
were set in the kinder-garden.
The profes
-sional team was composed of special teachers,
psychologists, doctors and nurses.
Kabi net skat a edi ni c a
ja so~i nuvaa: au di
o-l o{ ki kabi net so ve` bao-l ni so audi t or en
t r et man, f onet ski kabi net so akust i ~na
f onet i ka i f i zi ol o{ ka f onet ska ve`
bal na i sur dol o{ koaudi ol o{ ka ambul an
-t a od o-t vor en -t i p.
Edi ni c at a za zanaet ~i sko -pr of esi onal no
osposobuvawe ovozmo` uva{ e: r abot no
vospi t ani e
,
pr et pr of esi onal no
osposobu-vawe
,
pr of esi onal no or i ent i r awe i
ospo-sobuvawe na u~eni c i t e
. Del od nejzi nat a
or gani zac i ska st r ukt ur a, kako i del od
nejzi nat a pr ogr ama za r abot a, podoc na
st anaa osnova na novat a ust anova za r
eha-bi l i t ac i ja na gl uvi ml adi nc i , koja vo 1955
godi na se f or mi r a i po~na so r abot a vo
S kopje, kako N i ` o st r u~no zanaet ~i sko
u~i l i { t e so pr akt i ~na obuka za gl uvi
ml adi nc i .
P odocna (1953-1955), ot kako od ovaa
us-t anova se i zdvoi ja vo zasebni i nsus-t i us-t uc i i
za za{ t i t a, obr azovani e i r ehabi l i t ac i ja
za gl uvi ml adi nc i , sl epi i sl abovi dni
de-c a i dede-c a so psi hi ~ka popr e~enost ,
Zavodot pr er asna vo speci jal i zi r ana def ek
-t ol o{ ka us-t anova za r ehabi l i -t ac i ja samo
za gl uvi , n agl uvi i dec a l ogopat i .
Vo 1955 godi na O ddel ot za gl uvi i nagl uvi
i oddel ot za l ogopat i pr i Zavodot pr
er asnaa vo spec i jal i zi er ana l ogopedsko suer
-doaudi ol o{ ka ust anova so nazi v "
Zavod za
r ehabi l i t ac i ja i kor ekc i ja na govor ot
# -
Bi t ol a, so sl ednat a or gani zac i ska st r uk
-t ur a:
l abor at or i ski oddel
,
u~i l i { t e za
l ogopat i
,
ambul ant a za l ogopat i
,
gradi nka
za gl uvi i nagl uvi
,
u~i l i { t e za gl uvi i
nagl uvi so kabi net ska edi ni c a
,
st aci onar
za l ogopat i
,
i nt er nat za gl uvi i nagl uvi
.
S o r e{ eni et o za f or mi r awe na Zavodot e
ost var ena i nst i t uc i onal i zac i ja na l ogo
-p edi jat a, sur dol ogi jat a i audi ol ogi jat a,
kako podr a~ja na op{ t est venat a pr ak t i ka
vo Republ i ka Makedo ni ja. N avedeni t e
okol nost i namet naa kval i t et no nova i
ns-t i ns-t uci o nal na sns-t r ukns-t ur a vo si sns-t emons-t za
za{ t i t at a, edukac i jat a i r ehabi l i t ac i jat a
za gl uvi i nagl uvi l i c a. S e sozdade sl edn
a-t a mr e` a usa-t anovi :
The Cabinet Unit
was composed of: audio
logic cabinet with drill session with auditory
treatment, phonetic cabinet with acoustic
pho-netics and psychological phonetic cabinet with
acoustic and physiological phonetic drills as
well as surdological and audiological
ambu-lance of open type.
The Unit for trade and professional training
provided working education,
pre-profes-sional training, students’ profespre-profes-sional
orien-tation and training.
Part of its organizational structure, as well as its
working program, later became a basis for the
new institution for rehabilitation of deaf youth,
which was established in Skopje in 1955, as a
Lower Vocational trade school with practical
training of deaf youth.
Later (1953-1955), when institutional for care,
education and rehabilitation of deaf youth, blind
and with poor vision children and children with
psychic disabilities set aside, the Institute
be-came a specialized institution for education and
rehabilitation only for deaf, hard – of – hearing
and children with speech disabilities.
In 1955 the Unit for deaf and hard – of –
hear-ing children and the Unit for children with
speech disabilities at the Institute became a
spe-cialized logopedic and surdoaudiologic
institu-tion called “
Institute for rehabilitation and
speech correction”
– Bitola, with the following
organizational structure:
laboratory, school for
children with speech disabilities, ambulance,
a kinder-garden for deaf and hard-
of-hear-ing, school for deaf and hard-of-hearing with
cabinet unit, dispensary for children with
speech disabilities, boarding house for deaf
and hard- of-hearing.
The Institute, with the decision for its
estab-lishing, started the institutionalization of speech
therapy, surdology, and audiology as fields of
social practice in the Republic of Macedonia.
•
"
S pec i jal i zi r ana ust anova za pat ol
o-gi ja na sl uhot i govor ot za r ehabi l i t aci ja
na gl uvi
,
nagl uvi i l ogopat i
# -
S kopje
;
•"
Zavod za r ehabi l i t ac i ja na sl uh
,
go-vor i gl as
# -
Bi t ol a
;
•
"
Zavod za r ehabi l i t ac i ja na dec a so
o{ t et en sl uh
# -
Bi t ol a
;
•
"
C ent ar za pr of esi onal na r ehabi l i
-t ac i ja na ml adi nc i so o{ -t e-t en sl uh
# -
S kopje
;
•
P ar al el ki za gl uvi i nagl uvi dec a pr i
r edovni u~i l i { t a
vo S kopje i Ohr i d
. (3)
•
“Specialized institution of pathology of
hearing and speech for rehabilitation of deaf,
hard-of-hearing and people with speech
dis-abilities” – Skopje;
•
“Institute for rehabilitation of hearing,
speech and voice” – Bitola;
•
“Institute for rehabilitation of children
with impaired hearing” – Bitola
•
“Center for professional rehabilitation of
youth with impaired hearing” – Skopje;
•
Classes for deaf and hard of hearing
chil-dren at formal schools in Skopje and Ohrid.
(3)
2. Rehabi l i t ac i ja za l i c a so pat ol
o-gi ja v o gov or nat a komuni kac i ja
2. Rehabilitation of people with pathology
in speech communication
P o~et oc i t e na r abot a so l i c a so pat ol
o-gi ja na govor nat a komuni kac i ja vo zemjat a
dat i r aat od 1950 godi na, koga pr i
"Zavo-dot za def ekt ni dec a# vo S kopje po~na so
r abot a pr vat a l ogopedska ambul ant a. L
o-gopedskat a r abot a se i nst i t uc i o nal i zi r a
pr i Zavodot (koga se pr esel i vo Bi t ol a vo
1951 godi na) vo l ogopedska or gani zac i ska
edi ni c a so l ogopedsko u~i l i { t e, l
ogoped-ski l abor at or i i i st ac i onar za l ogopat i .
Zavodot za r ehabi l i t ac i ja i kor ek c i ja na
govor ot ne mo` e{ e da go odr ` i ~ekor ot
so vr emet o i mor a{ e da se t r ansf or mi r a
vo t r i ust anovi :
•
Edukat i vna ust anova za gl uvi i nagl uvi
vo Bi t ol a
;
•
Logopedski edi ni c i pr i edukat i vni
ust anovi vo zemjat a
;
•
S amost ojna r epubl i ~ka audi ol o{ ka
ust anova vo S kopje
.
S ozdadeni t e pr et post avki i pot r ebi
na-met naa:
•
I nst i t uc i onal i zi r awe na l ogopedska
pr akt i ka vo zemjat a
,
so { t o dojde do pr
e-ras nuvawe na
"
A udi ol o{ ki ot c ent ar
#
vo
"
F oni jat r i sko -audi ol o{ ki c ent ar
#
na
N RM vo S kopje
;
•
P odoc na l ogopedskat a edi ni c a pr i
Za-vodot za r ehabi l i t ac i ja so o{ t et en sl uh
-Bi t ol a se pr i pojuva na
"
F oni jat r i sko
-The beginning of work with people with
pathol-ogy in speech communication in our Country
dates from 1950 when the first speech therapy
ambulance started work within the “Institute for
disabled children” in Skopje. Speech therapy
was institutionalized at the Institute (when it
was dislocated in Bitola in 1951) as a speech
therapy unit with speech therapy school, speech
therapy laboratories and dispensary for people
with speech disabilities.
The Institute for Rehabilitation and Speech
Cor-rection could not keep pace with time and had
to transform in three institutions:
•
Education institution for deaf and
hard-of-hearing in Bitola;
•
Speech Therapy units at education
institu tions in the country;
•
Independent republic audiological
institu tion in Skopje.
The assumptions and needs imposed the
fol-lowing:
•
Institutionalization of speech therapy in
the country, which developed the “Audi
-ological Center” into “Phoneatric-Audio
Center” of People’s Republic of Macedonia
in Skopje;
audi ol o{ ki ot c ent ar
# -
S kopje i pr odol
-` uva da rabot i kako de pandans na t oj c
en-t ar
;
•
Depandansot podoc na pr er asna vo
"
Zavod za r ehabi l i t ac i ja na sl uh govor i
gl as
# -
Bi t ol a
,
za po nekol ku godi ni da se
osamost oi
;
•
Vo S kopje ost ana da r abot i kako
samo-st ojna usamo-st anovat a pod nazi v
"
Zavod za r
e-habi l i t ac i ja na sl uh
,
govor i gl as
#
pr i
Kl i ni ~ki ot c ent ar vo S kopje
.
(3)
P okr aj spomnat at a spec i jal i zi r ana dr
-` avna l ogopedska ust anova, bea f or mi r
a-ni i l ogopedski ambul an t i pr i zdr avs t
ve-ni i edukat i vno-def ekt ol o{ ki ust anovi
vo S kopje, Vel es, Bi t ol a, [ t i p, Kavadar
-c i , N egot i no i Kumanovo.
Center” – Skopje and continued work as
branch of that center;
•
The branch later became “Institute for
Rehabilitation of Speech, Hearing and
Voice” – Bitola and a few years later it be
-came independent;
•
The Institution called “Institute for
Reha-bilitation of Hearing, Speech and Voice” at
the Clinical Center in Skopje continued to
work as an independent one.
(3)
Besides mentioned specialized state speech
therapy institution, speech therapy ambulances
were formed at the health and special education
and rehabilitation institutions in Skopje, Veles,
Bitola, Shtip, Kavadarci, Negotino and
Kuma-novo.
3. Za{ t i t a, edukac i ja i r ehabi l i
-t a ci ja za l i c a so o{ -t e-t en v i d
3. Care, education and rehabilitation of
people with impaired vision
O t kako se sozdadoa soodvet ni pr ost or ni
usl ovi vo S kopje (1954 godi na)
I zvr { ni ot
sovet na N RM ot vor i
"
U~i l i { t e za sl epi
dec a
#,
kako obr azovna def ekt ol o{ ka
us-t anova
,
za da ja i zveduva edukat i vnat a
komponen t a
,
odnosno osnovnot o obr
azova-ni e
,
vo sl o` eni ot pr oc es za r ehabi l i t
a-c i ja na ovaa popul aa-c i ja
.
P ot r ebat a za kompl et i r awe na
r ehabi l i
-t ac i ska pr ak-t i ka so sl epi i sl abovi dni
dec a i ml adi nc i dovede i do f or mi r awe
speci ja l i zi r ana ust anova za r abot no i
pr of esi onal no osposobuvawe.
Vo 1959
go-di na be{ e ot vor en
"
Zavod za r abot no
osposobuvawe na sl epi ml adi nc i
#
vo s
.
Dr a~evo
,
kr aj S kopje
.
F unkc i oni r awet o na dvet e ust anovi za
sl epi , odvoeni edna od dr uga, se poka` a
neekonomi ~no vo i skor i st uvawe na st r
u~-ni ot kadar , opr emat a i or gau~-ni zi r awe pr
o-c esot na pr of esi onal not o osposobuvawe
por adi oddal e~enost a na dvet e ust anovi .
Tr gnuvaj}i od t oa, vo
1962 godi na dve t e
ust anovi
"
U~i l i { t et o za sl epi
# -
S kopje
i
"
Zavodot za pr of esi onal no i r abot no
osposobuvaw e
# -
Dra~evo se i nt egri r aa vo
When appropriate facilities and conditions were
created in Skopje (1954),
the Executive Coun
-cil of People’s Republic of Macedonia opened
“School for blind children” as special
educa-tion and rehabilitaeduca-tion institueduca-tion to carry
out the educative component, i.e. elementary
education in the complex process of
rehabili-tation of this population.
The need for completion of rehabilitation prac
-tice for blind and with poor vision children and
youth imposed establishment of specialized in
-stitution for work and professional training.
Thus, in 1959 “Institute for Work Training
of Blind Youth” was opened in Drachevo,
near Skopje.
The functioning of both institutions for blind,
working separately, was uneconomical in
ex-ploiting professional staff, equipment and
or-ganization of professional training process, due
to the distance of the two institutions. Thus, in
edna ust anova pod nazi v
"
Zavod za sl epi
dec a i ml adi nc i
# -
S kopje
.
O t kako be{ e i zgr aden sovr emen objekt ,
r azr abot ena or gani zac i ja t a i koncepci
ja-t a i se sozdadoa osnovni kadr ovski i ja-t
eh-ni ~ko -t ehnol o{ ki usl ovi , ust anovat a pr
e-r as na vo "
Zavod za r ehabi l i t ac i ja na de ca
i ml adi nc i so o{ t et en vi d
# - S kopje i
po~na da gi vr { i dejnost i t e:
pr edu~i l i {
-no vospi t ani e
,
osnovno obr azovani e
,
ni
-` o muzi ~ko obr azovani e
,
sredno -st ru~no
obr azovani e
,
korekci ono -r ehabi l i t ac i
o-nen t r et man na vi dot
,
r abot no i pr of
e-si onal no osposobuvawe
. (
4
)
Vo st r ukt ur at a na konc epc i jat a za op { t
at a posat avenosat na r ehabi l i at ac i jaat a za l i
c a so i nval i dnost Zavodot be{ e pr oekt i
-r an kako ust anova { t o t -r eba da gi vt e mel i
i r azvi e osnovi t e za r ehabi l i t ac i jat a na
l i c a so o{ t et en vi d, odnosno osnovi t e na
t i f l ol o{ kat a t eor i ja i pr akt i ka kaj nas.
Blind Children and Youth” – Skopje.
Later, contemporary premises with developed
technical and technological conditions,
organi-zation and conception, as well as qualified staff,
enabled the institution to become
“Institute for
Rehabilitation of Children and Youth with
Impaired Vision” –
Skopje. This institution
implemented the following activities:
preschool
education, elementary school education,
lower musical school education, secondary
school vocational education, vision correction
and rehabilitation treatment, work and
pro-fessional training
. (6)
According to the structure of conception for
general rehabilitation of people with disabilities,
the Institute was designed as an institution
aimed to develop basics for rehabilitation of
people with impaired vision, i.e. basics of
tiphlological theory and practice in our country.
4. Za{ t i t a, obr azov ani e i r ehabi l i
-t a c i ja na -t el es no i nv al i dni dec a i
ml adi nc i
4. Care, education and rehabilitation for
physically disabled children and youth
Do 1963 godi na nema{ e pr akt i ka za or
ga-ni zi r ana i nst i t uc i onal na za{ t i t a,
eduka-c i ja i r ehabi l i t aeduka-c i ja za t el esno i nval i
dni dec a i ml adi nc i . Vo i st at a go di na O r
-t opedska-t a kl i ni ka pr i Medi c i nski o-t
f akul t et vo S kopje vovede vospi t no-obr
a-zovna r abot a so dec a od pr edu~i l i { na i
osnovno u~i l i { na vozr ast , { t o bea na
po-dol g medi c i nski t r et man. I st o t aka, vo
Bol ni c at a za koskozgl obni zabol uvawa vo
O hr i d i vo Zavodot za medi c i nska r ehabi
-l i t ac i ja vo S kopje, se or gani zi r a i
zvedu-vawe nast ava za hospi t a l i zi r ani dec
a-u~e-ni c i od
I
do
VIII
oddel eni e vo podr a~ni
par al el ki , or gani zi r ani pr i najbl i ski t e
r edovni u~i l i { t a.
Vo 1971 godi na od Republ i ~ki ot or gan za
soc i jal na pol i t i ka, S obr ani et o na
op-{ t i na S t r umi c a i so mat er i jal na pomoop-{
na F ondaci jat a "S ju Rajder # od A ngl i ja,
be{ e f or mi r ana
speci jal i zi r ana ust
ano-va za r ehabi l i t ac i ja na t el esno i nano-val i dni
There was no practice for organized
institution-alized care, education and rehabilitation for
physically disabled children and youth before
1963. The same year, the Orthopedic Clinic at
the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje introduced
educational work with preschool and
elemen-tary school children who were hospitalized for
longer period. The hospital for bone and joint
diseases in Ohrid and the Institution for Medical
Rehabilitation in Skopje organized teaching
process for hospitalized school children from I
to VIII grade as branch classes of the closest
formal schools.
In 1971, the Republic organ for social policy,
Assembly of the municipality of Strumica,
fi-nanced by Foundation “Sue Ryder” from
Eng-land, a
specialized institution for
dec a i ml adi nc i
vo Bawa Bansko - S t r umi
~-ko. Konc epc i skat a, or gani zac i skat a, t
eh-ni ~ko-t ehnol o{ kat a i kadr ovskat a
pos-t avenospos-t obezbeduvaa usl ovi za ospos-t va r
uva-we na dejn o st i t e:
zgri ` uvawe i smes t
uva-we
,
osnovno i sr edno obr azovani e
,
r abot
-no osposobuvawe i pr of esi onal -no
okva-l i f i kuvawe
,
r ehabi l i t ac i ski t r et man
(
psi homot or na t er api ja
,
hi dr ot er api ja
,
f i zi ot er api ja
,
el ekt r ot er api ja
,
par af
e-met er api ja
,
bal neo t er api ja
)
i zdr avst ve na
za{ t i t a
. (4)
children and youth was established
in Banja
Bansko – Strumica. The conceptual,
organizational, technicaltechnological, as well as per
-sonnel enabled implementation of the following
activities:
board and lodging, elementary and
secondary school education, work training
and professional qualification, rehabilitation
treatment (psycho-motor therapy, hydro
therapy, physical therapy, electro therapy,
paraffin therapy, spa therapy) and health
care
. (4)
5. Za{ t i t a
,
edukac i ja i r ehabi l i t aci ja
za l i c a so psi hi ~ka popr e~enost
5. Care, education and rehabilitation for
peo-ple with psychic disabilities
I nst i t uc i onal ni ot si st em za za{ t i t a,
eduka ci ja i r ehabi l i t ac i ja za l i c a so l
es-na, umer ees-na, t e{ ka i dl aboka psi hi ~ka
po-pr e~enost }e se po-pr i ka` e spor ed i nst i t
u-c i i t e { t o se osnovani za ni v.
The institutionalized system for care, education
and rehabilitation of people with easy, moder
-ate, hard and severe psychic disabilities is
pre-sented according to the institutions.
O S N O VN O O BRA ZO VA N I E ZA DE C A S O L E S-N A P S I HI ^ KA P O P RE ^ E S-N O S T
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL EDUCATION FOR CHIL-DREN WITH EASY PSYCHIC DISABILITIES
Oddel eni jat a za dec a so psi hi ~ka popr
e-~ enost
{ t o r abot ea vo "Zavodot za de f
ek-t ni dec a# vo Bi ek-t ol a, por adi neposek-t oewe
soodvet ni usl o vi , a i por adi i nt er esot vo
gr adot za { kol uvawe na vakvi dec a, vo
u~ebnat a 1953/54 godi na s
e ot vor i pr vot o
o ddel eni e za vakvi dec a vo osnovnot o
u~i l i { t e
"
Kol e Kani nski
#,
a vedna{
po-t oa i vo osnovni po-t e u~i l i { po-t a
"
Goce Del
-~ev
#
i
"
Tri f un P anovski
#
vo Bi t ol a
.
N eposr edno so zgol emuvawe br ojot na
poseb ni t e oddel eni ja pr i spomnat i t e u~i
-l i { t a i pr i t i sokot za ot vo r awe poseb ni
oddel eni ja, osobeno vo S kopje, bea f or
-mi r ani gol em br oj po seb ni oddel eni ja i vo
dr ugi gr adovi :
Vo u~ebnat a 1956/ 57 godi na se otvor i ja
dve posebni oddel eni ja pr i OU
"
Br a} a Ri
-bar
#,
a vo 1959/60 godi na i pr i OU
"
Jane
S andanski
#
i edno posebno oddel eni e pr i
OU
"
S t i v N aumov
# -
S kopje
.
Classes for children with psychic disabilities
,
which were part of the “Institute for Disabled
Children” in Bitola, due to impropriate
condi-tions and interest in the town for education of
such children, in the school year 1953/54
the
first grade class for such children was opened
within the formal elementary school “Kole
Kaninski” and later in the schools “Goce
Del-chev” and “Trifun Panovski” in Bitola.
After the increased number of special classes at
the mentioned schools and the pressure for
opening special classes, especially in Skopje,
such special classes were opened within other
formal schools in different towns:
•
Vo i st o vr eme bea ot vor eni posebni
oddel eni ja pr i OU
"
Kl i ment Ohr i dski
#
vo P r i l ep i vo OU
"
Tr ajko A ndr eev
#
vo
Vel es
.
N e{ t o podoc na vo u~ebnat a 1975/76
godi na bea ot vor eni posebni par al el ki
pr i r edovnot o OU
"
Manu{ Turnovski
#
vo
N ovo S el o - S t r umi ~ko
.
N epodgot venost a na r edovni t e osnovni
u~i l i { t at a za adekvat no pr i f a}awe, na
dec at a so l esna psi hi ~ka popr e~enost da
u~at zaedno so dec at a bez pr e~ki vo r
azvjot i neobezbedenost a na st r u~ndef ekt
o-l o{ ki kadr i , nu` no se namet na pot r eba
od pr ezemawe mer ki za sozdavawe adek vat
-ni usl ovi za r abot a so f or mi r awe
poseb-ni u~i l i { t a. Bea f or mi r aposeb-ni
spec i jal ni
t e osnovni u~i l i { t a za dec a so l esna psi
-hi ~ka popr e~enost
"
Mar ko C epenko v
#
vo
P r i l ep (1966/67)
,
"
Makar enko
#
vo Bi t o l a
(1967/68)
,
"
I dni na
#
(1971/72) i
"
D-r Zl
a-t an S r emac
#
(1972/73) vo S kopje
,
"
Mac a
Ov~ar ova
#
vo Vel es (1971/72) i spec i jal no
u~i l i { t e so u~eni ~ki dom za dec a so l
e-sna i umer ena psi hi ~ka popr e~ enost
"
25
Maj
# -
sega
"
S v
.
Kl i ment Ohr i dski
# -
(1985/86) vo N ovo S el o
-
S t r umi ~ko
,
kako
edi nst vena ust anova vo zemjat a za dec a koi
nemaat usl ovi da st ekat osnovno obr
a-zovani e vo svoi t e mest a na ` i veewe
. (3)
S pec i jal ni t e u~i l i { t a vo P r i l ep i Bi
t ol a se zat vor i ja. N amest o ni v pr odol ` i
-ja so r abot a posebni oddel eni -ja pr i r
e-dovni osnovni u~i l i { t a, dodeka dr ugi t e
~et i r i spec i jal ni u~i l i { t a vo S kopje,
Vel es i N ovo S el o pr odol ` i ja ponat amu
so r abot a.
O snovni kar akt er i st i ki na sovr emenat a
konc epc i ja i pr akt i ka za r ehabi l i t ac i ja
na ovi e dec a vo ovoj per i od bea: r ac i on
a-l i zac i ja na edukat i vno-habi a-l i t ac i oni ot
pr oc es so par al el no dejst vuvawe na
de-f ekt ol o{ ki ot , psi hol o{ ki ot i medi c i
n-ski ot kadar ; nast ojuvawe da se kompl et i r a
t r et manot so neophodni t e komponent i ,
mak-si mal na di f er enci jac i ja na ust anovi t e,
kl asi f i kac i ja na sl u~ai t e i popol nuvawe
na ust anovi t e so po t r ebni ot def ek t o l o{
-ki kadar .
•
At the same time, special classes at the
elementary school “Kliment Ohridski” in
Prilep and the elementary school “Trajko
Andreev” in Veles were opened. In the school
year 1975/76, special classes were opened
within the elementary school “Manush
Turnovski” in Novo Selo, Strumica.
Formal elementary schools were not ready for
adequate acceptance of children with easy
psy-chic disabilities to have classes together with
children without developmental disabilities.
Lack of professional special teachers imposed
the need for undertaking measures to establish
adequate conditions for work in special schools.
Special elementary schools for children with
easy psychic disabilities were formed:
“Marko Cepenkov” in Prilep (1966/67),
“Makarenko” in Bitola (1967/68), “Idnina”
(1971/72) and “Dr. Zlatan Sremac” (1972/73)
in Skopje, “Maca Ovcharova” in Veles
(1971/72) and Specialized school with
boarding house for children with easy and
moderate psychic disabilities “25 Maj”, now
“Sv. Kliment Ohridski” (1985/86) in Novo
Selo, Strumica, as unique institution in the
country for education of children from
dif-ferent parts of the country where special
classes could not be organized. (3)
Special schools in Prilep and Bitola were closed
and special classes continued in formal
ele-mentary schools, while the other four special
schools in Skopje, Veles and Novo Selo contin
-ued to work.
S RE DN O O BRA ZO VA N I E ZA ML A DI N C I S O L E S N A P S I HI ^ KA P O P RE ^ E N O S T
SECONDARY EDUCATION OF YOUTH WITH EASY PSYCHIC DISABILILTIES
[ i r ewet o na mr e` at a na osnovni u~i
-l i { t a, odnosno o dde-l eni ja za osnovno
obr azovani e za dec at a so l esna psi hi ~ka
popr e~enost , kako i s¡ pogol emi ot br oj
u~eni c i { t o go zavr { uvaa ova obr
azova-ni e, go akt uel i zi r aa pr obl emot za sr
ed-not o obr azovani e. P or adi t oa u~i l i { t at a
za osnovno obr azovani e, dr u{ t vat a za
pomo{ na l i c at a so psi hi ~ka popr e~enost
i st r u~ni t e sl u` bi pr i nadl e` ni t e or
-gani na upr avat a vo zemjat a, pr avea napor i
da se r e{ i ovoj pr obl em. S e pr edl o` i ja
soodvet ni r e{ eni ja od koi najpovol no
be-{ e o tvor awet o sr edni u~i l i be-{ t a za ml
a-di nc i so l esna psi hi ~ka popr e~enost , vo
koi }e se i zveduva i t eor i ski ot i pr ak
-t i ~ni o-t del na nas-t ava-t a. O r gani zi r ano-t o
sr edno obr azovani e za ovi e ml adi nc i
po~-na vo
C ent ar ot za r ehabi l i t ac i ja i obr
a-zovani e
"
Makedoni ja
# -
sega
"
S v
.
N aum
Ohr i dski
# -
S kopje i vo C ent ar ot za sr
ed-no obr azovani e
"
I skr a
# -
[ t i p za l i c a so
l esna psi hi ~ka popr e~enost
. (5)
Spreading of the elementary school network, i.e.
classes for elementary education for children
with easy psychic disabilities, as well as bigger
number of children completing this education
initiated the issue of the secondary school
edu-cation. The elementary schools, associations for
assistance to people with psychic disabilities
and professional services at the state organs in
the country tried to solve that issue. Among the
proposed appropriate solutions, the most
con-venient was opening of secondary schools for
youth with easy psychic disabilities, including
theoretical and practical part of the educational
process. The organized secondary school
edu-cation for those students started in:
Center for
Rehabilitation and Education “Makedonija”
– now “ Sv. Naum Ohridski” in Skopje and
Center for Secondary School education
“Iskra” – Shtip for people with easy psychic
disabilities.
(5)
RE HA BI L I TA C I JA ZA L I C A S O UME RE N A P S I HI ^ KA P O P RE ^ E N O S T
REHABILITATION OF PEOPLE WITH EASY PSY -CHIC DISABILITIES
P r vi t e r azmi sl uvawa za or gani zi r ano
po~nuvawe so za{ t i t a i r ehabi l i t ac i ja za
l i c a so umer ena psi hi ~ka popr e~enost kaj
nas dat i r aat od 1957, odnosno od 1962
godi na vo anal i zi t e i i st r a` uvawat a { t o
se napr avi ja od st r u~nat a sl u` ba pr i t o
-ga{ ni ot r epubl i ~ki or gan za soc i jal na
pol i t i ka.
•
Vo 1962 godi na I zvr { ni ot sovet na
S RM donese r e{ eni e za o snovawe ust
ano-va za r abot a so l i c a so umer ena psi hi ~ka
popr e~enost
,
koja po~na so r abot a vo
adap-t i r ani adap-t e pr osadap-t or i i na por ane{ naadap-t a usadap-t
anova za sl epi l i c a vo Dr a~evo (1963 godi
-na)
;
•
Vo 1970 godi na, ot kako se i zgr adi ja
no-vi t e namenski pr ostor i i vo Skopje
,
ust
a-novat a se pr esel i vo ni v i po~na so r abot a
vr z nova sovr emena konc epc i ja i or gani
za-c i ja pod nazi v
"
Zavod za r ehabi l i t ac i ja
na dec a i ml adi nc i
#
.
The first thoughts for organizing care and
rehabilitation for people with moderate psychic dis
-abilities in our country date from 1957, i.e. 1962
in analyses and research made by the profes
-sional service of republic organs for social
pol-icy.
•
In 1962, the Executive Council of
Socialistic Republic of Macedonia brought a
decision for establishing institution for
peo-ple with moderate psychic disabilities, which
started work in adapted premises within the
previous Institution for blind people in
Drachevo (1963);
Toa be{ e pr va spec i jal i zi r ana ust anova
za vakvi l i c a za za{ t i t a, edukac i ja i r
eha-bi l i t ac i ja vr z sovr emena nau~na osnova
vo na{ at a zemja so i zveduvawe na:
opserva-c i ja
,
di jagnost i ka i kl asi f i kac i ja
;
evi
-den c i ja i st at i st i ka
;
pr event i va na
pod-r a~ jet o na psi hi ~kat a poppod-r e~enost
;
t er
a-pevt ski (kor ekt i vno-habi l i t ac i ski ) t r
et-man
;
edukac i ja
,
odnosno el ement ar no
os-novno obr azovani e
;
r abot na or i ent ac i ja
,
r abot no osposobuvawe vo i ndust r i ska
,
za-naet ~i ska
,
zemjodel ska i ` i vi nar s ka
na-soka
;
zgr i ` uvawe
,
vospi t uvawe i smest
u-vawe
;
zdr avst vena za{ t i t a
;
sovet odavna
r abot a so r odi t el i t e na vakvi t e dec a i
ml adi nc i
.
Za i zvr { uvawe na ovi e dejnost i Zavodot
gi i ma{ e sl edni ve or gani zac i ski edi ni
-c i :
opser vac i ono-di jagnost i ~ka edi ni c a
so sovet uval i { t e
;
edi ni c a za habi l i t
a-ci o no-kor ekc i onen t r et man
;
l abor at or i
s-ko-i st r a` uva~ka edi ni c a so bi ohemi ska i
c i t ogenet ska l abor at or i ja
;
edi ni c gr
a-di nka za pr edu~i l i { no vospi t uvawe
;
edi
-ni c a-u~i l i { t e za el ement ar no osnovno
obr azovani e
;
edi ni c a za edukac i ja
,
odnos-no za habi l i t ac i oodnos-no-kor ekc i ona r abot a
so umer eno psi hi ~ki popr e~eni dec a i so
pot e{ ki r ast r ojst va vo sl uhot i govor ot
;
edi ni c au~i l i { t e za r abot na or i ent ac i
-ja
,
kako i za r abot no osposobuvawe vo
oddel ni r abot ni or gani zac i i vo indust r i
-ska i zanaet ~i -ska r abot a
;
edi ni c a za r
a-bot no osposobuvawe vo zemjodel st vot o
(gr adi nar st vo
,
ovo{ t ar st vo i ` i vi nar
-st vo)
;
st ac i onar so kabi net za doma} i
n-st vo
,
ambul ant a i i zol ac i ono o ddel eni e
.
O r gani zac i jat a na ust anovat a, a osobeno
i zveduvawet o na r ehabi l i t ac i oni ot pr
o-c es, be{ e post aveno vr z sovr emeni osnovi
od st eknat ot o i skust vo, od napr aveni t e
spec i jal i zac i i vo svet ot i kor i st ej}i gi
sovr emeni t e dost i gnuvawa pr i sposobeni
na na{ i t e usl ovi .
That was the first specialized institution for
such people in our country for care, education
and rehabilitation on contemporary scientific
basis, implementing the following:
observa-tion, diagnosis and classification; evidence
and statistics; prevention in the field of
psy-chic disabilities; therapeutic (correction and
habilitation) treatment; education, i.e. ele
-mentary school education; work orientation,
work training in industry, trade, agriculture
and poultry raising division; care, education
and lodging; health care; consultations with
parents of such children and youth.
For performing these activities, the institution
had the following organization units:
observa-tion and diagnosis unit with counseling
ser-vice; unit for habilitation and correction
treatment; laboratory and research unit with
biochemistry and cito-genetic laboratory;
kindergarten with preschool education unit;
elementary school education unit; unit for
habilitation and correction treatment of
chil-dren with moderate psychic disabilities and
with severe impairments of hearing and
speech; unit - school for work orientation, as
well as work training in different work
or-ganizations in industry and trade; unit for
work training in agriculture (gardening, fruit
growing and poultry raising); dispensary
with cabinet for household, ambulance and
isolation section.
The organization of the institution and
especially implementation of the rehabilitation proc
-ess was set up on contemporary basis and
gained experience, specializations in the world
and contemporary achievements adapted in our
ZA [ TI TA , HA BI L I TA C I O N E N I KO RE K-C I O N E N TRE TMA N ZA L I K-C A S O TE [ KA I DL A BO KA P S I HI ^ KA P O P RE ^ E N O S T
CARE, HABILITATION AND CORRECTION TREAT MENT OF PEOPLE WITH SEVERE AND DEEP PSY -CHIC DISABILITIES
P r vi t e r azmi sl uvawa za posebno or gani
-zi r ana za{ t i t a na l i c a so t e{ ka i dl
abo-ka psi hi ~abo-ka popr e~enost gi zabel e` uvame
vo i zgot veni ot mat er i jal od st r u~nat a
sl u` ba pr i r epubl i ~ki ot or gan za soc i
-jal na pol i t i ka vo 1957 go di na.
S o r e{
e-ni e na I zvr { e-ni ot sovet na N RM vo 1958
godi na be{ e f or mi r ana ust anova za l i c a
so t e{ ka i najt e{ ka
(
dl aboka
)
psi hi ~ka
popr e~enost
,
so nazi v
"
S pec i jal en zavod
#
so sedi { t e vo Demi r Kapi ja
.
S o t oa pr
vpat vo na{ at a zemja be{ e po~nat a or gani
-zi r ana i nst i t uc i onal na def ekt ol o{ ka
za{ t i t a i t r et man za t akvi l i c a kako
dej-nost vo obl ast a na soc i jal nat a za{ t i t a,
koja r abot i i denes.
P r vi t e kor i sni c i vo
Zavodot bea pr ezemeni od du{ evni t e bo l
-ni c i o d Bar dovc i i Demi r Hi sar i od
smejst vat a kade { t o t i e pr etst avuvaa t
e-` ok soc i jal en pr obl em
.
Vo po~et ni ot per i od ust anovat a i ma{ e
pr et e` no azi l ski kar akt er , a podoc na se
i zmeni so podobr uvawe na usl ovi t e za r
a-bot a i anga` i r awe st r u~ni kadr i od r
az-l i ~ni pr o f i az-l i :
l ekari
,
t erapevt i
,
medi
-ci nski sest r i i negovat el ki
,
def ekt ol
o-zi
,
i nst r ukt or i za r abot no osposobuvawe
,
soc i jal ni r abot ni c i i dr ugi
.
S odr ` i nat a na t r et manot se zbogat uva{ e
so sovr emeni soznani ja od obl ast a na
so-c i jal nat a, zdr avst venat a i def ek t ol o{ k
a-t a pr ak a-t i ka, pr i { a-t o sevkupni oa-t pr oc es
pr i mi humani t ar en, za{ t i t en i habi l i t
a-ci o nen kar akt er . Toa osobeno mo` e{ e da
se zabel e` i so ot vor awe na Depandans pr i
ovoj Zavod za l i c a so t e{ ka psi hi ~ka
popr e~enost vo 1970 godi na, kade { t o se or
-gani zi r aa:
vospi t ni gr upi spor ed vozras t a
i st epenot na pr eost anat i t e psi hof i zi
-~ki spo sobnost i za st eknuvawe el
emen-t ar no vospi emen-t ani e i obr azovani e i r aboemen-t ni
gr upi od ml adi nc i za opr edel eni r abot ni
oer ac i i vo r abot i l ni c i (t kaewe
,
pl et
e-we
,
vezewe
,
{ i ewe i dr
.
) i vo zemjo del
-st vot o (gr adi nar -st vo
,
l ozarst vo
,
` i vi nar
-st vo
,
st o~ar st vo i sl
.
)
.
The first thoughts for special organized care for
people with severe and deep psychic disabilities
are noticed in the material prepared by profes
-sional service at republic organ for social policy
in 1957.
With decision of the Executive
Council of People’s Republic of Macedonia
in 1958, an institution for people with severe
and deep psychic disabilities called “Special
Institute “ in Demir Kapija was formed
. That
marked the beginning of organized institutional
special education and rehabilitation process for
such people in the field of social care.
The first beneficiaries in the Institute were
brought from mental hospitals in Bardovci
and Demir Hisar and from families where
they presented a difficult social problem.
At the beginning, the institution had mostly
asylum character and later it changed and
im-proved its conditions of work and engaged
pro-fessional staff from different profiles:
doctors,
therapists, nurses; special teachers,
instruc-tors for work training; social workers and
others.
The content of the treatment was enriched with
contemporary knowledge in the field of social,
health and special education and rehabilitation
practice, and the process itself acquired
humanitarian, protective and habilitation charac
-ter. That was noticeable when the Branch at the
Institute for people with severe psychic dis
-abilities in 1970 was opened implementing the
following:
education group according to the
Vo 1970 godi na t r et manot i za l i c at a so
dl aboka psi hi ~ka popr e~enost be{ e or
-gani zi r an na pohumani i posovr emeni
za{ t i t ni osnovi . S e vovede:
zdrav st ve na
za{ t i t a (i nt er ni st i ~ka
,
gi nekol o{ ka
,
st o mat o l o{ ka
,
r ent genol o{ ka i dr ugi
zdr avst veni sl u` bi )
;
pr avi l na i shr ana i
samoposl o` uvawe i habi l i tac i sko-t er
a-pevt ska r abot a
(
r abot na okupac i ja
,
f i
-zi ot er api ja
,
muzi kot er api ja i dr
.). (3)
I nst i t uc i onal i zi r awet o na za{ t i t at a,
edu kac i jat a, ospos o buva wet o i r ehabi l i
-t ac i ja-t a za l i c a-t a so psi hi ~ka po pr e~
e-nost vo Rep ubl i ka Makedoni ja pr ets t
avu-va vt emel uavu-va we i r azvoj na ol i gof r enol
o-gi jat a kako avt ent i ~na nau~na di sc i pl i na
na def ekt ol ogi jat a.
In 1970, the treatment for people with deep
psy-chic disabilities was organized in more human
and more contemporary conditions. The
fol-lowing was introduced:
health care (internal
medicine, gynecology, stomatology, X-ray
and other health services); healthy nutrition
and self-service and habilitation-therapeutic
work (work occupation, physical therapy,
musical therapy etc.). (3)
Institutionalization for care, education, training
and rehabilitation of people with psychic dis
-abilities in the Republic of Macedonia is the
foundation and development of oligo-
phrenol-ogy as an authentic scientific discipline of
spe-cial education and rehabilitation.
P r of esi onal no or i ent i r aw e
,
r abot
-no os posobuv aw e
,
pr of esi onal na kv
a-l i f i ka ci ja i v r abo t uv aw e za a-l i c a so
i nv al i dnost
Professional orientation, work training,
professional qualification and employment
of people with disabilities
A ko se napr avi anal i za na or gani zac i sk
a-t a posa-t avenosa-t , kako i na dejnosa-t i a-t e na
si t e def ekt ol o{ ki ust anovi kaj nas, }e se
vi di deka soc i jal nat a komponent a na
pr edmet ot na def ekt ol ogi jat a e zast apena
u{ t e vo ni vni ot ni kul ec .
Vo ni v bea
zas-t apeni
:
pr of esi onal nat a i r abot na or i
-ent ac i ja
;
pr of esi onal not o okval i f i
ku-vawe i r abot not o osposobuku-vawe
.
S ost ojbat a na psi hof i zi ~ki t e sposob
nos-t i , kar aknos-t er onos-t na p opr e~enosnos-t a i snos-t epenonos-t
na osposobenost a za r abot a, ja namet naa
pot r ebat a od pr eze mawe mer ki za adekvat
-no vkl u~uvawe na l i c at a so i nval i d-nost
vo r abot ni ot pr oc es.
P o~na vr abot uvawe
vo st opanski or gani zac i i
,
vo or gani zac i
s-ki edi ni c i od zat voren t i p i gr upno i
poe-di ne~no vkl u~uvawe vo ot vor eno st o
pan-st vo
. Be{ e sozdadena mr e` a od spec i jal i
-zi r ani r abot ni or gani zac i i "za{ t i t ni
r abot i l ni ci #
i "za{ t i t ni r abot ni or gani
zaci i # koi sozdadoa pr akt i ka i p omognaa
kval i t et no da se i zmeni javnot o mi sl ewe
za mo` nost i t e, vakvat a popul ac i ja da bi de
vkl u~ena vo pr oi zvodst veni ot pr oc es i da
se i nt egr i r a vo soc i jal nat a sr edi na. (4)
If analysis for organizational structure is made,
as well as the activities of all special education
and rehab ilitation institutions in our country, it
will be noticed that the social component of
special education and rehabilitation was present
even in their beginning.
These institutions
im-plemented: professional and work
orienta-tion; professional qualification and work
training.
The condition of psycho-physical abilities, the
character of disabilities and the level of work
qualification imposed the need for undertaking
measures for adequate inclusion of people with
disabilities in the working process.
Employ-m ent in working organizations, in
organizational units of closed type and group and in
-dividual inclusion in the open economy
started.
Special working organization network
was established: “shelter workshops” and
“shelter work organizations” with practice
w hich qualitatively changed public opinion
about the possibilities such population to be in
-cluded in the process of production and in social
L i t er at ur a / References
1. A jdi nski Q. I nt egr al na r ehabi l i t ac i ja na ment al no r et ar di r ani l i c a, Bel gr ad, 1982.
2. Ajdinski Lj, Florian L. Special education in
Ma-cedonia, Europen Journal of Special Needs Education, Vol. 12, No. 2/1997.
3. A jdi nski Q , A ndr eevski V. 50 godi ni za{ t i -t a, r ehabi l i -t ac i ja, vospi -t ani e i obr azovani e na l i c at a so pr e~ki vo r azvojot vo Republ i ka Makedoni ja, 1949-1999, S kopje, 2001.
