ɍȾɄ
72.01
ȼ
.
ȼ
.
ɒɢɥɢɧ
,
Ƚ
.
Ɏ
.
Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ
ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɇɇȽȺɋɍ»ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄ
,
ɎɈɊɆȺ
,
ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼɈ
:
ȼɈɉɊɈɋɕ ɄɈɆɎɈɊɌɇɈɋɌɂ ȺɊɏɂɌȿɄɌɍɊɇɈ
-ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ ɁȾȺɇɂɃ
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹ -ɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ.ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ,ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ -ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ,ɮɨɪɦɚ,ɡɞɚɧɢɟ,ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ,ɦɨ -ɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ
-
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
(
Ⱥɉɋ
),
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
.
ɇɟ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢ
-ɟɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
.
Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬ
-ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
.
Ɉɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
,
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
—
ɷɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
,
ɱɬɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɡɵ
-ɜɚɯ ɨɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ
,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ
.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ
-ɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ
.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
,
ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɡ
-ɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
[1].
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬ
-ɜɭ
,
ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ
,
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
,
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪ
-ɦɨɣ
.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ
,
ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
,
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
.
ɂɡɦɟɧɹɹ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ
,
ɟɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫ
-ɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ
-
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
,
ɭɫɤɨ
-ɪɹɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɹ ɢɯ
.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
,
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɬɭ ɫɢɥɭ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɚ
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ
.
Ɏɢɝɭɪɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬ
-ɧɨ
,
ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɭ
.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
,
ɭɫɤɨ
-ɪɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
.
Ⱥ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɚɫ
-ɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
,
ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ
,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟ
-ɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɜɫɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤ
-ɬɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ
.
Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ
«
ɛɚɬɚɪɟɸ
»,
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ
.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
—
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹ
-ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ
ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜ
-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
.
ȼɨɫɟɦɶ ɬɪɚɧɫ
-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɦɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ
ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤ
-ɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡ
-ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫ
-ɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ
,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟ
-ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ
.
ɍ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
.
ɍ ɨɞ
-ɧɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬ
-ɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɋɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ
-ɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɯɨɜ-ɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
(
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ
,
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ
-
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨ
-ɧɚɥɶɧɨ
-
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ
,
ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
,
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ
,
ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɬ
.
ɩ
.).
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ
-
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
.
Ʉ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɳɭ
-ɳɟɧɢɹ
(
ɨɩɵɬɚ
).
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɲɤɚɥɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɨ
-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
,
ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
.
ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ
-ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
.
Ɍɚɤ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ
,
ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɪɢɟɧ
-ɬɢɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ
,
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ
,
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ
.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨ
-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ
,
ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
.
Ⱥɉɋ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ
.
ɋɜɨɟɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɨ
-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ
.
ȼ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɲɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
,
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ
,
ɥɟɝɤɨ
,
ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ
ɞɚɜɢɬ
,
ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ
.
ɒɢɪɨɤɢɣ
,
ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ
,
ɚ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɧɟɱɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ
.
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ
.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬ
-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ
,
ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
,
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɇɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨ
-ɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
.
Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ
,
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ
-ɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
,
ɲɤɨɥ
,
ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ
-
ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ
.
ɗɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
.
Ɍɚɤ
,
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɨɝɨɫɬɢ
,
ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɭɦɚ
.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɢɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɤɭɫɭ
.
ȼ
ɞɟɥɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɣ
,
ɢɯ ɹɫɧɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɬɚɤ
-ɬɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɲɬɪɢɯɚɦɢ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɧɚɪɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟ
-ɧɢɟ
,
ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ
:
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
,
ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
,
ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ
,
ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ
,
ɦɢɪɚɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɬ
.
ɞ
.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜ
-ɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ
.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤ
-ɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɬɶ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ
.
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɹɜ
-ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ
(
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ
,
ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ ɢ ɬ
.
ɞ
.).
ȼɚɠɧɚ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ
-ɫɬɜɚ
.
ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
,
ɫɨɡ
-ɞɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɭɸɬɧɨɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɦɵɫɥɹɦɢ
,
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
.
ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ
.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
,
ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ
-
ɡɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ
.
Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ
-ɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɬɨ
,
ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ
,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ
.
Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
,
ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ
.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨ
-ɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
,
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
.
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
-
ɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɵɦ
.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɹ ɤɚɤɭɸ
-
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɭ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɜɨɪ
-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ
,
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ
.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɸɬɚ
,
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ
ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
,
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɧɢ
-ɦɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ
.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤ
-ɬɭɪɧɨ
-
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
[2].
Ɂɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ
ɢ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
,
ɱɟɦ
ɡɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɣ
.
ȼ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɢ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ
-ɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɥɚɞ
.
Ɉɮɢɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢ
-ɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣ
-ɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɨɮɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɷɬɚɠɭ
.
ɉɨɦɟ
-ɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢɢ
,
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
,
ɡɚɥɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ
,
ɮɨɣɟ
,
ɡɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ
,
ɤɨɦ
-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
(
ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ
,
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ
,
ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɢ
) —
ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɮɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ
.
ɒɤɨɥɚ
.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ
,
ɫɤɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɫɤɥɢɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ
.
ɋɬɟɤɥɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɵ
,
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ
ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ
.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɬɭ ɝɪɚɧɶ
,
ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɨɦɟ
-ɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɸɬɚ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɞɭɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫ
-ɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
,
ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
.
Ⱦɟɬɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ
,
ɥɟɝɱɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɬ
-ɫɹ ɢ ɠɢɜɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ
.
ɇɸɚɧɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ
,
ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɸɚɧɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɤɭɫɚ
,
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ
.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɤɪɭɩɭɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨ
-ɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɛɵ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
.
ȼ ɫɩɨɪɬɡɚɥɟ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ
,
ɢɡɥɢɲɧɹɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ
.
ȼ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ
,
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
.
Ȼɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ
,
ɞɨɦɚ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ
.
Ȼɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ
,
ɤɨɬɨ
-ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ
.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɚɥɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɥɚ ɜɨɥɸ ɤ ɜɵɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ
.
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟ
-ɪɭ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ
,
ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɝɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶ
-ɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɫɤɭ
.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤ
-ɬɟɪɵ ɮɨɪɦ
.
ɀɢɡɧɟɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
.
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
(
ɪɢɫ
.)
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢ
-ɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ
-
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ
-ɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɟɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ
.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
1.ɒɢɧɝɚɪɨɜ Ƚ.ɏ.ɗɦɨɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.Ɇ. : ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1971. 223 ɫ.
2.ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ȼ.ɂɧɬɟɪɶɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ:ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ.,ɩɟ -ɪɟɪɚɛ.ɢ ɞɨɩ.Ɇ. : ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1991. 368 ɫ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 2011 ɝ.
Ɉ ɛ ɚ ɜ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɚ ɯ:ɒɢɥɢɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ—ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɪɯɢ -ɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ(ɇɇȽȺɋɍ), 8-(831) 222- 02-94, 8-962-510-75-15, arch@nngasu.ru.
Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ Ƚɚɥɢɧɚ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɧɚ—ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ,ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ
-ɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ -ɫɢɬɟɬ (ɇɇȽȺɋɍ), 8-(831) 277-64-26; gal-gorshk@yandex.ru.
Ⱦ ɥ ɹ ɰ ɢ ɬ ɢ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɹ:ɒɢɥɢɧ ȼ.ȼ.,Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ Ƚ.Ɏ.ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ,ɮɨɪɦɚ,ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ:ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɋɍ. 2012. ʋ 1. ɋ. 27—31.
V.V. Shilin, G.F. Gorshkova
THE PERSON, THE FORM, SPACE: QUESTIONS OF COMFORT OF THE ARCHITECTURAL — SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUILDINGS
Maintenance of comfort of the architectural — spatial environment of buildings is closely con-nected to a level of knowledge of the person. The author's model opens complexity of interrelations of the person and the architectural — spatial environment.
Key words: the architectural-spatial environment, the form, a building, the person, model of comfortable formation of space.
Referenɫe
1. Shingarov G.H. Inter'er obwestvennyh zdanij: Hudozhestvennye problemy [Emotion and feelings as forms of reflection of the validity]. Moscow, Science, 1971.
2. Novikova E.B. Jemocii i chuvstva kak formy otrazhenija dejstvitel'nosti [Interior of public buildings: Art problems]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1991.
A b o u t a u t h o r s: Shilin Vladimir Vladimirovich — Senior Teacher of Architectural Designing, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 65 Iljinskaya str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia, +7 (831) 433-73-66; fax: +7 (831) 430-17-83, arch@nngasu.ru;
Gorshkova Galina Fedorovna — Doctor of Architecture, Professor of Architectural Designing, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 65 Iljinskaya str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia, +7 (831) 433-73-66, fax: +7 (831) 430-17-83, gal-gorshk@yandex.ru.