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THE PERSON, THE FORM, SPACE: QUESTIONS OF COMFORT OF THE ARCHITECTURAL - SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUILDINGS

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ɍȾɄ

72.01

ȼ

.

ȼ

.

ɒɢɥɢɧ

,

Ƚ

.

Ɏ

.

Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ

ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɇɇȽȺɋɍ»

ɑȿɅɈȼȿɄ

,

ɎɈɊɆȺ

,

ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼɈ

:

ȼɈɉɊɈɋɕ ɄɈɆɎɈɊɌɇɈɋɌɂ ȺɊɏɂɌȿɄɌɍɊɇɈ

-ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ ɁȾȺɇɂɃ

Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹ -ɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ.ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ,ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ -ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ,ɮɨɪɦɚ,ɡɞɚɧɢɟ,ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ,ɦɨ -ɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ

-

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ

(

Ⱥɉɋ

),

ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ

ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

.

ɇɟ

ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢ

-ɟɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ

.

Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬ

-ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

.

Ɉɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ

,

ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

,

ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ

.

ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

ɷɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ

ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

,

ɱɬɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɡɵ

-ɜɚɯ ɨɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ

,

ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ

.

Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ

-ɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ

.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ

,

ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɡ

-ɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

[1].

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

,

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬ

-ɜɭ

,

ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ

,

ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ

,

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪ

-ɦɨɣ

.

ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ

,

ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ

,

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ

,

ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ

.

ɂɡɦɟɧɹɹ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ

,

ɟɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ

,

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫ

-ɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ

-

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ

,

ɭɫɤɨ

-ɪɹɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɹ ɢɯ

.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ

,

ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ

,

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɬɭ ɫɢɥɭ

,

ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɚ

ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ

.

Ɏɢɝɭɪɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

.

ɂɡɜɟɫɬ

-ɧɨ

,

ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɭ

.

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɢ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ

,

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

,

ɭɫɤɨ

-ɪɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

.

Ⱥ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɚɫ

-ɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

,

ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ

,

ɨɩɪɟɞɟ

-ɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ

,

ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ

.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ

-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɜɫɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤ

-ɬɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ

,

ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ

.

Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ

-ɫɤɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ

«

ɛɚɬɚɪɟɸ

»,

ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ

.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹ

-ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

.

ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ

ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜ

-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ

.

ȼɨɫɟɦɶ ɬɪɚɧɫ

-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɦɟ

(2)

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

.

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ

ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

.

Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤ

-ɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡ

-ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫ

-ɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ

,

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟ

-ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ

.

ɍ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

.

ɍ ɨɞ

-ɧɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬ

-ɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ

.

Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ

ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

.

ɋɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ

ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ

-ɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɯɨɜ-ɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ

(

ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ

,

ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ

-

ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

,

ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨ

-ɧɚɥɶɧɨ

-

ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ

,

ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

,

ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ

,

ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɢ ɬ

.

ɩ

.).

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ

-

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ

ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

.

ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ

ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

.

Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

.

Ʉ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɳɭ

-ɳɟɧɢɹ

(

ɨɩɵɬɚ

).

ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɲɤɚɥɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɨ

-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

,

ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

.

ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ

-ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ

,

ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ

,

ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɪɢɟɧ

-ɬɢɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ

,

ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ

,

ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ

,

ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ

,

ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ

.

ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨ

-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ

.

ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ

,

ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ

.

Ⱥɉɋ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ

.

ɋɜɨɟɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɨ

-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ

.

ȼ

ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɲɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ

,

ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ

,

ɥɟɝɤɨ

,

ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ

ɞɚɜɢɬ

,

ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ

.

ɒɢɪɨɤɢɣ

,

ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ

,

ɚ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ

ɧɟɱɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ

.

Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ

.

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ

.

Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬ

-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ

.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ

ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ

,

ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

,

ɩɚɦɹɬɢ

,

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ

.

ɇɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨ

-ɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

.

Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ

ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ

,

ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ

-ɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ

,

ɲɤɨɥ

,

ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ

-

ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ

.

ɗɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ

ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ

ɫɬɪɨɝɨɫɬɢ

,

ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ

ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

.

ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɭɦɚ

.

ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ

ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɢɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɤɭɫɭ

.

ȼ

ɞɟɥɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɣ

,

ɢɯ ɹɫɧɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ

.

ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɬɚɤ

-ɬɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɲɬɪɢɯɚɦɢ

,

ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

,

ɧɚɪɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

.

ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

,

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

(3)

Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟ

-ɧɢɟ

,

ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ

:

ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ

,

ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ

,

ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ

,

ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ

,

ɦɢɪɚɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɬ

.

ɞ

.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜ

-ɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ

.

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟ

-ɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ

.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ

,

ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤ

-ɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɬɶ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ

.

Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɹɜ

-ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ

(

ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ

,

ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ ɢ ɬ

.

ɞ

.).

ȼɚɠɧɚ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ

-ɫɬɜɚ

.

ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ

,

ɫɨɡ

-ɞɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɭɸɬɧɨɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ

,

ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɦɵɫɥɹɦɢ

,

ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ

.

ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ

ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ

.

ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ

ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ

,

ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ

-

ɡɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ

.

Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ

.

ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ

-ɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɬɨ

,

ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ

,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ

,

ɞɨɥɠɧɵ

ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ

,

ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ

.

Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ

,

ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ

.

Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨ

-ɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

,

ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ

.

Ɉɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɜ

ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

-

ɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɵɦ

.

ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

,

ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɹ ɤɚɤɭɸ

-

ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɭ

,

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɜɨɪ

-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ

,

ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ

.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ

.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɸɬɚ

,

ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ

ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ

,

ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ

,

ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɧɢ

-ɦɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ

.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ

.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤ

-ɬɭɪɧɨ

-

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ

[2].

Ɂɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ

ɢ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ

,

ɱɟɦ

ɡɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɣ

.

ȼ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɢ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ

-ɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɥɚɞ

.

Ɉɮɢɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ

ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢ

-ɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦ

.

Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣ

-ɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɨɮɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɷɬɚɠɭ

.

ɉɨɦɟ

-ɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢɢ

,

ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ

,

ɡɚɥɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ

,

ɮɨɣɟ

,

ɡɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ

,

ɤɨɦ

-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ

(

ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ

,

ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ

,

ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɢ

) —

ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ

ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɮɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ

.

ɒɤɨɥɚ

.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ

ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ

,

ɫɤɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɫɤɥɢɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ

.

ɋɬɟɤɥɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɵ

,

ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ

ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ

.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɬɭ ɝɪɚɧɶ

,

ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɨɦɟ

-ɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɸɬɚ

.

ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɞɭɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫ

-ɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ

,

ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ

.

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ

ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ

.

Ⱦɟɬɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ

,

ɥɟɝɱɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɬ

-ɫɹ ɢ ɠɢɜɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ

.

ɇɸɚɧɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ

ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ

,

ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɸɚɧɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ

ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɤɭɫɚ

,

ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ

.

ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɤɪɭɩɭɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ

,

ɧɟɨɛɯɨ

-ɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɛɵ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

.

ȼ ɫɩɨɪɬɡɚɥɟ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ

,

ɢɡɥɢɲɧɹɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ

ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ

.

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ

ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ

.

ȼ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ

ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ

,

ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ

.

Ȼɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ

,

ɞɨɦɚ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ

.

Ȼɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ

,

ɤɨɬɨ

(4)

-ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ

.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɚɥɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ

,

ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɥɚ ɜɨɥɸ ɤ ɜɵɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ

.

ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟ

-ɪɭ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ

,

ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɝɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶ

-ɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɫɤɭ

.

Ȼɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤ

-ɬɟɪɵ ɮɨɪɦ

.

ɀɢɡɧɟɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ

.

ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ

(

ɪɢɫ

.)

ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢ

-ɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ

-

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ

-ɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ

ɟɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ

.

(5)

Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ

1.ɒɢɧɝɚɪɨɜ Ƚ.ɏ.ɗɦɨɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.Ɇ. : ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1971. 223 ɫ.

2.ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ȼ.ɂɧɬɟɪɶɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ:ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ.,ɩɟ -ɪɟɪɚɛ.ɢ ɞɨɩ.Ɇ. : ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1991. 368 ɫ.

ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 2011 ɝ.

Ɉ ɛ ɚ ɜ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɚ ɯ:ɒɢɥɢɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ—ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɪɯɢ -ɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ(ɇɇȽȺɋɍ), 8-(831) 222- 02-94, 8-962-510-75-15, arch@nngasu.ru.

Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ Ƚɚɥɢɧɚ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɧɚ—ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ,ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ

-ɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ -ɫɢɬɟɬ (ɇɇȽȺɋɍ), 8-(831) 277-64-26; gal-gorshk@yandex.ru.

Ⱦ ɥ ɹ ɰ ɢ ɬ ɢ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɹ:ɒɢɥɢɧ ȼ.ȼ.,Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ Ƚ.Ɏ.ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ,ɮɨɪɦɚ,ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ:ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɋɍ. 2012. ʋ 1. ɋ. 27—31.

V.V. Shilin, G.F. Gorshkova

THE PERSON, THE FORM, SPACE: QUESTIONS OF COMFORT OF THE ARCHITECTURAL — SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUILDINGS

Maintenance of comfort of the architectural — spatial environment of buildings is closely con-nected to a level of knowledge of the person. The author's model opens complexity of interrelations of the person and the architectural — spatial environment.

Key words: the architectural-spatial environment, the form, a building, the person, model of comfortable formation of space.

Referenɫe

1. Shingarov G.H. Inter'er obwestvennyh zdanij: Hudozhestvennye problemy [Emotion and feelings as forms of reflection of the validity]. Moscow, Science, 1971.

2. Novikova E.B. Jemocii i chuvstva kak formy otrazhenija dejstvitel'nosti [Interior of public buildings: Art problems]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1991.

A b o u t a u t h o r s: Shilin Vladimir Vladimirovich — Senior Teacher of Architectural Designing, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 65 Iljinskaya str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia, +7 (831) 433-73-66; fax: +7 (831) 430-17-83, arch@nngasu.ru;

Gorshkova Galina Fedorovna — Doctor of Architecture, Professor of Architectural Designing, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 65 Iljinskaya str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia, +7 (831) 433-73-66, fax: +7 (831) 430-17-83, gal-gorshk@yandex.ru.

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