❊♥s❛✐♦s ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s
❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡
Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦
❡♠ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛
❞❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦
●❡t✉❧✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s
◆
◦✸✺✶
■❙❙◆ ✵✶✵✹✲✽✾✶✵
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ✭❘❡✲
✈✐s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❏✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾✮
P❛✉❧♦ ❑❧✐♥❣❡r ▼♦♥t❡✐r♦
❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾
❖s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳ ❆s
♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♥❡❧❡s ❡♠✐t✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❡①♣r✐♠❡♠✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛
❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ●❡t✉❧✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s✳
❊❙❈❖▲❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❆ ❉✐r❡t♦r ●❡r❛❧✿ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❋r❛❣❡❧❧✐ ❈❛r❞♦s♦
❉✐r❡t♦r ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦✿ ▲✉✐s ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❇❡rt♦❧✐♥♦ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❉✐r❡t♦r ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ❏♦ã♦ ❱✐❝t♦r ■ss❧❡r
❉✐r❡t♦r ❞❡ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✿ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❈❛✈❛❧❝❛♥t✐
❑❧✐♥❣❡r ▼♦♥t❡✐r♦✱ P❛✉❧♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ✭❘❡✈✐s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❏✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾✮✴ P❛✉❧♦ ❑❧✐♥❣❡r ▼♦♥t❡✐r♦ ✕ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ✿ ❋●❱✱❊P●❊✱ ✷✵✶✵
✭❊♥s❛✐♦s ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s❀ ✸✺✶✮
■♥❝❧✉✐ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛❢✐❛✳
W?|hL_U
@L
@ ?|i}h@U
@L it|LU
@t|U@
@*L k*?}ih L?|ihL
+it
@LG a*L _i bbb
}h@_iUL Lt UL4i?|@hLt _i 6*@L i?i3itENc *Lt _i 6@hLE,B,6BVc
FRQWHQWV 4
L?|i?|t
4 Qrwdfdr1 6
5 Hvsdfrv gh suredelolgdghv1 8
6 Lqghshqgahqfld1 47
7 Surfhvvrv hvwrfdvwlfrv1 48
8 Pduwlqjdodv h hvshudqfd frqglflrqdo1 49
9 Lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd1 4<
: D irupxod gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv 63
; D irupxod gh Ih|qpdq0Ndf1 64
< Lqwhjudfdr hvwrfdvwlfd hp yduldv glphqvrhv1 65
43 D irupxod gh Jluvdqry1 73
4314 Sulqfslr gr pd{lpr sdud htxdfrhv hoswlfdv1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 75
44 H{hufflrv1 79
FRQWHQWV 5
hiu
@UL
D lqwhjudfdr hvwrfdvwlfd h d ihuudphqwd edvlfd sdud r hvwxgr gr dsuhfdphqwr gh dwlyrv ghulydgrv4 qrv prghorv gh qdqfdv gh whpsr frqwqxr1 D irupxod gh Eodfn h Vfkrohv h r h{hpsor pdlv frqkhflgr1 Rv prylphqwrv gh suhfrv gh dfrhv/ vdr iuhtxhqwhphqwh prghodgrv ~ wdqwr whrulfdphqwh txdqwr hpsulfd0 phqwh ~ frpr vhjxlqgr xpd htxdfdr glihuhqfldo hvwrfdvwlfd1 R olyur wh{wr gh G1 Gxh/ _G|qdplf dvvhw sulflqj wkhru|%/ xvd olyuhphqwh frqfhlwrv frpr r whruhpd gh Jluvdqry h d irupxod gh Ih|qpdq0Ndf1
Xp frqkhflphqwr edvlfr gd lqwhjudfdr hvwrfdvwlfd h fdgd yh} pdlv qhfhvvdulr sdud txhp txhu dfrpsdqkdu d olwhudwxud prghuqd hp qdqfdv1
Hvwd lqwurgxfdr d lqwhjudfdr hvwrfdvwlfd h gluljlgd sdud doxqrv gh grx0 wrxudgr h qr qdo gh phvwudgr1 Xp frqkhflphqwr vrolgr5 gh frqwlqxlgdgh/ olplwhv h idflolgdgh gh rshudu frp d qrwdfdr gh frqmxqwrv h ixqgdphqwdo sdud d frpsuhhqvdr gr wh{wr txh vh vhjxh1 Xp frqkhflphqwr edvlfr gh lqwhjudo gh Ohehvjxh h uhfrphqgdyho1 Qr hqwdqwr lqfox qr wh{wr dv ghqlfrhv edvlfdv h rv uhvxowdgrv ixqgdphqwdlv gd whruld gd lqwhjudo gh Ohehvjxh xvdgrv qr wh{wr1
TULit TLh i i4T*L
4 QRWDF DR1 6
L|@
U
@L
D qrwdfdr xvdgd h qd vxd pdlru sduwh sdgudr1
4ihLt
Ghqrwr sru U r frqmxqwr grv qxphurv uhdlv/ sru T r frqmxqwr grv qxphurv udflrqdlv hQr frqmxqwr grv qxphurv qdwxudlvi4>5> = = =j1 Iuhtxhqwhphqwh suh0 flvdprv frqvlghudu r frqmxqwr grv qxphurv uhdlv dfuhvflgr grv srqwrv4h41 Ghqlprv U@U^ i4>4j1 H ^4>4` @ U1 Dv ghqlfrhv gh vrpd/ pxowl0 solfdfdr h gh rughp vdr h{whqglgdv d U@U^ i4>4jgh prgr qdwxudo=
41 {.4@4vh{5U^ i4j>
51 { 4@{. +4, @4vh{5U^ i4j> 61 D glihuhqfd4 4 qdr h ghqlgd>
71 { 4@4vh{5+3>4` h{ 4@4vh{5+4>3,> 81 4? { ?4sdud wrgr{5U1
R prgxor gh xp qxphur uhdo { h ghqrwdgr m{m1 D sduwh srvlwlyd gh { h ghqrwdgd {. @ pd{i{>3jh d sduwh qhjdwlyd { @ pd{i{>3j1 H fodur txh
m{m@{..{1
6?
U
Lit i ti^
i?U@t
Vh i h xpd ixqfdr hqwuh rv frqmxqwrv D h E hvfuhyhprv i = D $ E1 Vh D
h E vdr frqmxqwrv gh qxphurv uhdlv gl}hprv txh d ixqfdr i h hvwulwdphqwh fuhvfhqwh vh d ? e lpsolfdu i+d, ? i+e,1 H i h fuhvfhqwh +rx dv yh}hv glwd qdr0ghfuhvfhqwh, vh d ? e lpsolfdu i+d, i+e,1 Xpd vhtxahqfld gh qxphurv uhdlv {= Q $ U h ghqrwdgd sru +{q,q1 Vh d vhtxahqfld wlyhu olplwh hvwh vhud ghqrwdgr sru olpq$4{q1 Vh +{q,qh xpd vhtxahqfld hn=Q$Qh xpd ixqfdr hvwulwdphqwh fuhvfhqwh srghprv irupdu d qryd vhtxahqfld +{n+q,,qfxmrq0hvlpr whupr h {n+q,1 Vh xpd vhtxahqfld whp olplwh wrgd vxevhtxahqfld whp r phvpr olplwh1 Vh +{q,q h xpd vhtxahqfld vhpsuh h{lvwh { @ olp vxsq$4{q 5 U1 R olplwh vxshulru gh +{q,qh fdudfwhul}dgr shodv sursulhgdghv=
41 H{lvwh vxevhtxahqfld +{n+q,,qwdo txh olpq$4{n+q,@ {>
51 Vh d vxevhtxahqfld +{n+q,,qfrqyhujh hqwdr olpq$4{n+q,{1
Gh pdqhlud dqdorjd ghqlprv olp lqiq$4{q/ r phqru olplwh gh xpd vxe0
vhtxahqfld gh +{q,q1 Xpd vhtxahqfld h frqyhujhqwh vh h vrphqwh vh olp lqiq$4{q@
4 QRWDF DR1 7
L??|Lt
VhDhEvdr frqmxqwrv ghqrwr sru=
41 D^E d xqldr ghDhE> 51 DqEd glihuhqfd ghDsruE1
61 VhD/Df@ qDghqrwd r frpsohphqwdu ghDhp uhodfdr d 1 71 D_E d lqwhuvhffdr ghDhE1
81 DEr surgxwr fduwhvldqr ghDhE
91 S+, r frqmxqwr grv vxefrqmxqwrv gh 1
:1 DEd glihuhqfd vlphwulfd grv frqmxqwrvD hE1
VhDq> q5Qh xpd vhtxahqfld gh frqmxqwrv ghqrwr sru= 41 Dq%DvhDqDq.4sdud wrgrqhD@^4q@4Dq1
51 Dq&DvhDq.4Dqsdud wrgrqhD@_4q@4Dq1
61 olp vxsDq@_4n@4^4s@nDs h olp lqiDq@^4n@4_4s@nDs=
Vh L h xp frqmxqwr qdr yd}lr gh lqglfhv h [ @i[l>l 5 Ljh xpd idpold gh frqmxqwrv/ d xqldr gd idpold [ h ghqrwdgd^l5L[l@i{> h{lvwhl5L> {5[lj1
D lqwhuvhffdr h ghqrwdgd _l5L[l @ i{>{ 5 [l>sdud wrgrl5Lj1 R surgxwr
fduwhvldqr gh[ h ghqrwdgr sru
l5L[l@ii =L$ ^l5L[l>i+l,5[l sdud wrgrl5Lj=
Vh D h xp frqmxqwr ghqlprv d ixqfdr lqglfdgrud gh D/"D= $ i3>4j
sru
"D+$, @
4 vh $5D>
3 vh $95D=
*@ttit _i _uihi?U@M*_@_i
VxsrqkdprvX Uqdehuwr h i @ +i4> = = = > ip, =X $Upglihuhqfldyho1 Gl}h0
prv txh i h gh fodvvhF4 vh d ghulydgd i3 iru xpd ixqfdr frqwqxd1 D ixqfdr
i hF4vh h vrphqwh h{lvwhp h vdr frqwqxdv dv ghulydgdv sdufldlv Cil
C{m =X $U/
4l p/ 4m q1 R rshudgru Odsodfldqr gh xpd ixqfdr i = Uq$ Uh ghqrwdgr i =@Sq
l@4 C
5i
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 8
Lh4@ ?L
U
?i i4 itT@
ULt 4@t }ih@t
Vhmd Y xp hvsdfr yhwruldo uhdo1 Xpd qrupd hpY h xpd ixqfdr m m=Y $U
frp dv vhjxlqwhv sursulhgdghv=
41 mym@ 3 lpsolfdy@ 3>
51 my.zm mym.mzmsdud wrgry> z5Y1+ghvljxdogdgh wuldqjxodu,> 61 muym@mummymvhu5Uhy5Y1
Xp hvsdfr yhwruldo pxqlgr gh xpd qrupd h fkdpdgr gh hvsdfr qrupdgr1
H{hpsor 4 QrUqsrghprv ghqlu yduldv qrupdv1 D qrupd gd vrpd h ghqlgd srum{mV @m{4m.= = =.m{qmvh{5Uq1 D qrupd gr pd{lpr h ghqlgd srum{mP@
pd{im{4m> = = = >m{qmj1 H qdophqwh d qrupd pdlv xwlol}dgd qrUqh d qrupd hx0 folgldqd= m{m @ sSq
o@4{5o1 Vh P h r hvsdfr yhwruldo gdv pdwul}hv pq ghqlprv d qrupd gd pdwul} D@ +dlm,lp>mq srumDm@tSp
l@4Sqm@4mdlmm51
Pdlv wdugh yhuhprv rxwurv h{hpsorv gh qrupdv frpr d qrupd gr hvsdfr Os1
,tT@
UL _i @?@U
Vhmd +Y>m m, xp hvsdfr qrupdgr1
Ghqlfdr 4 41 Xpd vhtxahqfld +{q,q hp Y frqyhujh sdud { 5 Y vh sdud wrgr A3h{lvwhQ 5Qwdo txh sdud wrgr qglfhqQ ydoh txhm{q{m?
1
51 Xpd vhtxahqfld +{q,q hp Y h gh Fdxfk| vh sdud wrgr A 3 h{lvwh xp lqwhlurQ wdo txh vh pQ hqQ hqwdrm{q{pm? 1
Vh xpd vhtxahqfld frqyhujh r vhx olplwh h xqlfr1 Wrgd vhtxahqfld frqyhujhqwh h gh Fdxfk|1 D uhfsurfd hqwuhwdqwr qdr h yhugdghlud1
Ghqlfdr 5 +Hvsdfr gh Edqdfk, Xp hvsdfr qrupdgr Y h xp hvsdfr gh Edqdfk vh wrgd vhtxahqfld gh Fdxfk| hp Y iru frqyhujhqwh1
Rv h{hpsorv pdlv lpsruwdqwhv gh hvsdfrv gh Edqdfk vdr rv hvsdfrvOs1
2
,tT@
ULt _i ThLM@M*_@_it
Qhvwd vhfdr dsuhvhqwr gh pdqhlud frqghqvdgd dv ghqlfrhv h uhvxowdgrv gd whruld gd lqwhjudo gh Ohehvjxh/ qhfhvvdulrv sdud r hqwhqglphqwr gd lqwhjudfdr hvwrfdvwlfd1 R olyur gr Urehuw J1 Eduwoh/ _Wkh hohphqwv ri lqwhjudwlrq% h xpd
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 9
Ghqlfdr 6 Vhh xp frqmxqwr/ xpd dojheud hph xpd idpoldD S+,
txh vdwlvid} dv vhjxlqwhv sursulhgdghv=
41 5 D>
51 D5 DlpsolfdDf5 D>
61 VhiD4> = = = > DQj D hqwdr ^Qq@4Dq5 D1
Vh dohp glvvr/ Diru ihfkdgd sdud xqlrhv hqxphudyhlv gh hohphqwrv ghDgl}h0 prv txh Dh xpd0dojheud1
Revhuydfdr 4 Vh D h xpd dojheud hqwdr h lphgldwr gh vh yhulfdu txh vh
D> E 5 Dhqwdr D_E> DqE @ D_Ef 5 D1 Xpd 0dojheud h ihfkdgd sru lqwhuvhffdr hqxphdyho1
Xp sdu rughqdgr +>D, irupdgr shor frqmxqwr h d0dojheudDh fkdpdgr gh hvsdfr phqvxudyho1 Rv hohphqwrv ghDvdr rv frqmxqwrv phqvxudyhlv rx hyhqwrv1 R frqmxqwr h wdpehp fkdpdgr gh hvsdfr dprvwudo1
H{hpsor 5 R ohlwru idflophqwh yhulfdud rv h{hpsorv d vhjxlu gh hvsdfrv phq0 vxudyhlv1
41 +>S+,,>
51 +[>[, vhqgr [ xp frqmxqwr qdr hqxphudyho h [ d 0dojheud irupdgd shorv vxefrqmxqwrv hqxphudyhlv gh[ h rv vhxv frpsohphqwrv1
61 +>_w5WDw, vhqgr Dw xpd 0dojheud sdud wrgr w 5 W1 Rx vhmd d lqwhu0 vhffdr gh0dojheud h xpd0dojheud1
Sursrvlfdr 4 +D 0dojheud jhudgd sru xp frqmxqwr1, Gdgr xp vxefrq0 mxqwrX S+,h{lvwh+X,/ d phqru 0dojheud ghtxh frqwhp X1
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmd @iF>F Xh xpd 0dojheud gh j1 Hqwdr 9@>srlv
S+, 5 1 Sruwdqwr +X, =@ _F5F h xpd 0dojheud sru vhu lqwhuvhffdr gh
0dojheudv1 H h d phqru0dojheud txh frqwhp X1 THG Ghqlfdr 7 D0dojheud gh Eruho qr Uq/Eq/ h d phqru 0dojheud gr Uqtxh frqwhp ql@4+dl> el,/ vhqgr+dl> el,Uxp lqwhuydor dehuwr1
Ghqlfdr 8 Xpd ixqfdri = $U h phqvxudyho vh = 41 i4+4,5 D hi4+4,5 D>
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 :
Vh i = $ U h phqvxudyho gl}hprv txh i h xpd yduldyho dohdwruld1 Sdud yhulfdu txh xpd ixqfdr h phqvxudyho edvwd yhulfdu sdud frqmxqwrv E qxp frqmxqwr txh jhuh d0dojheud grv eruhohdqrv1 Sruwdqwr sdud yhulfdu txh xpd ixqfdr uhdoi h phqvxudyho edvwd yhulfdu txhi4+E,5 DsdudE@ +4> d,/
d 5 T1 Pdlv jhudophqwh i = $ U h phqvxudyho vh i4+^4> },, 5 D sdud wrgr}udflrqdo1
Sursrvlfdr 5 D vrpd gh ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlv h phqvxudyho1 R surgxwr gh ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlv h phqvxudyho1 Vhi h phqvxudyho hqwdrmimh phqvxudyho1
Hp jhudo wrgd ixqfdr frqwqxd h phqvxudyho1 Wrgd ixqfdr prqrwrqd h phq0 vxudyho1 D ixqfdr lqglfdgrud/"H h phqvxudyho vh h vrphqwh vhH5 D1
Sursrvlfdr 6 Vh +iq,qh xpd vhtxahqfld gh ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlv hqwdr= 41 lqiqiqhvxsqiqvdr phqvxudyhlv1
51 olp lqiqiqh olp vxsqiq vdr phqvxudyhlv1
61 Vh h{lvwh olpq$4iq+$, sdud wrgr $ 5 hqwdr i+$, @ olpq$4iq+$, h phqvxudyho1
Ghqlfdr 9 Xpd ixqfdr frp ydoruhv uhdlv h vlpsohv vh vxd lpdjhp h xp frqmxqwr qlwr1 Vhi = $U h vlpsohv h phqvxudyho hqwdri srgh vhu hvfulwd qd irupd= i @Sq
m@4dm"Hm/Hm5 D1
Qd uhsuhvhqwdfdr gh xpd ixqfdr vlpsohv srghprv vxsru txh rvdm vdr glvwlqwrv
h txh rv frqmxqwrvHm vdr grlv d grlv glvmxqwrv1 Qhvvh fdvr d uhsuhvhqwdfdr gh
i h xqlfd1
R ohpd d vhjxlu h ixqgdphqwdo sdud d ghqlfdr gd lqwhjudo gh Ohehvjxh1
Ohpd 4 Vhmd i = $ U. phqvxudyho1 H{lvwh hqwdr xpd vhtxahqfld jq gh yduldyhlv dohdwruldv wdlv txh=
41 3jq+$,jq.4+$,sdud wrgr$5 hq4> 51 i+$, @ olpqjq+$,sdud wrgr $5>
61 jqh xpd ixqfdr vlpsohv1
Ghprqvwudfdr= Sdud q5Qh 4nq5qvhmd
Hnq@
$5> n
5q i+$,?
n. 4 5q
>
sdudn ? q5qhH+q5q,q@i$5>i+$,qj1 Rv frqmxqwrvHnqvdr grlv d grlv
glvmxqwrv/^nHnq@ 1 Ghqdprv
jq+$, @ q5q
[
n@4
n
5q"Hnq+$,=
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 ;
Ghqlfdr : +Suredelolgdgh1, Xpd +phglgd gh,suredelolgdgh h xpd ixqfdr
S =D $^3>4`wdo txh 41 S+>, @ 3>
51 S h frqwdyhophqwh dglwlyd= VhiHq>q5Qjh xpd idpold gh hyhqwrv/ grlv d grlv glvmxqwrv hqwdrS+^qHq, @S4q@4S+Hq,1
Sursrvlfdr 7 Vh S h xpd phglgd gh suredelolgdgh hqwdr= 41 S+, @ 4>
51 S+Df, @ 4S+D,sdud wrgrD5 D> 61 VhDE hqwdrS+D,S+E,>
71 VhDq%D hqwdr S+D, @ olpqS+Dq, @ vxsqS+Dq,1 81 VhDq&D hqwdr S+D, @ olpqS+Dq, @ lqiqS+Dq,1
91 S+olp lqiDq,olp lqiS+Dq,olp vxsS+Dq,S+olp vxsDq,= :1 S+^qDq,S4q@4S+Dq,1
H{hpsor 6 41 Vxsrqkdprv +>D, @ +^3>4`>E^3>4`,1 H{lvwh xpd xqlfd sur0 edelolgdgh = E $ ^3>4` wdo txh ++d> e,, @ ed sdud wrgr lqwhuydor
+d> e,^3>4`1
51 Vxsrqkdprv txhi = ^3>4`$Uh frqwqxd h fuhvfhqwh wdo txhi+3, @ 3 h
i+4, @ 41 H{lvwh hqwdr xpd xqlfd suredelolgdghi ghqlgd qrv eruhohdqrv wdo txh i++d> e,, @ i+e,i+d, sdud wrgr d ? e1 D suredelolgdgh i h fkdpdgd gh phglgd gh Eruho0Vwlhowmhv jhudgd shodi1
Xp hvsdfr gh suredelolgdgh h xp whuqr +>D> S,/ vhqgrDxpd0dojheud hS
xpd suredelolgdgh hp 1 Gl}hprv txh xpd sursulhgdgh ydoh txdvh fhuwdphqwh hp vh r frqmxqwr Q gh srqwrv gh sdud rv txdlv hod qdr h ydolgd hvwd frqwlgr qxp vxefrqmxqwr P 5 D wdo txh S+P, @ 31 Dvvlp sru h{hpsor gl}hprv txh gxdv ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlvi> j= $Uvdr ljxdlv txdvh fhuwdphqwh vh S+i$5>i+$,9@j+$,j, @ 31 Vh +>D> , h xp hvsdfr gh suredelolgdgh/ srghprv h{whqghu d0dojheudDgh xp prgr qdwxudo=
Ghqlfdr ; +Frpsohwdphqwr gh xp hvsdfr gh suredelolgdgh1, Ghqdprv
D@iE> h{lvwhF5 Dwdo txhEFQ 5 D/S+Q, @ 3j=
H ghqdprv d suredelolgdgh S = D $ ^3>4` sru S+E, @ S+F, vh F 5 D h
EFQ/S+Q, @ 31
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 <
Ghqlfdr < +Lqwhjudo gh xpd ixqfdr vlpsohv1, Vhmdi = $Uxpd ixqfdr vlpsohv1 Hqwdr d lqwhjudo ghi frp uhodfdr d suredelolgdgh h ghqlgd sru=
]
ig@
q
[
m@4
dm+Hm,=
Ghqlfdr 43 +D lqwhjudo gh Ohehvjxh, Vhi = $U.h phqvxudyho ghq0 lprv d lqwhjudo ghi sru
]
ig@
]
i+$,g+$, @ vxs
]
!g> 3!i> !ixqfdr vlpsohv
=
VhD5 Dghqh0vh d lqwhjudo hpDsruU
Di g@
U
"Dig=
Whruhpd 4 +Whruhpd gd frqyhujahqfld prqrwrqd1, Vh+iq,qh xpd vhtxahqfld prqrwrqd fuhvfhqwh gh ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlv iq= $U. txh frqyhujh sdud i
hqwdr ]
ig@ olp
q$4
]
iqg=
Whruhpd 5 +Ohpd gh Idwrx1, Vhmd +iq,q xpd vhtxahqfld gh ixqfrhv phq0 vxudyhlv qdr0qhjdwlydv1 Hqwdr
]
olp lqi
q$4 iqgolp lqiq$4
]
iqg=
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmd jp @ lqiiis>s pj1 Sruwdqwr +jp, h xpd vhtxahqfld
fuhvfhqwh gh ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlv1 Frpr
]
jpg
]
iqgvhpq>
whprv txh
]
jpgolp lqiq$4
]
iqg=
Sruwdqwr r whruhpd gd frqyhujahqfld prqrwrqd lpsolfd txh
]
olp lqi
q$4 iqg@ olpp$4
]
jpgolp lqiq$4
]
iqg=
THG Xpd ixqfdr phqvxudyhoi/ h lqwhjudyho vhU
mimg ?41 H fodur hqwdr txh d sduwh srvlwlyd ghi/i.@ pd{ii>3jh d sduwh qhjdwlyd ghi/i@ pd{ii>3j
vdr lqwhjudyhlv1 Vhi h lqwhjudyho ghqlprv d lqwhjudo ghi sru
]
i g@
]
i.g
]
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 43
Sursrvlfdr 8 Vh i> j vdr lqwhjudyhlv hu5Uydoh txh= 41
]
+ui .j,g@u
]
i g.
]
jg=
51 Vhi 3hqwdrU
ig3=
61
]
i g
]
mimg=
Whruhpd 6 +Whruhpd gd frqyhujahqfld grplqdgd1, Vhmd+iq,qxpd vhtxahq0 fld gh ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlv txh frqyhujh txdvh fhuwdphqwh sdud xpd ixqfdri1 Vh h{lvwh j lqwhjudyho wdo txhmiqm j sdud wrgrq hqwdri h lqwhjudyho h
olp
q$4
]
iqg@
]
ig=
Vh I h xpd idpold gh yduldyhlv dohdwruldv h{lvwh D @ +I,/ d phqru
0dojheud txh wruqd wrgd ixqfdri 5 I phqvxudyho1 Frp hihlwr/ d idpold @iF>Fh0dojheud gh h wrgdi 5 I hFphqvxudyhoj>
h qdr yd}ld/ srlvD 51 H sruwdqwr D@_F5F Dh xpd0dojheud/ srlv h
xpd lqwhuvhffdr gh0dojheudv1
,tT@
ULt
u
RLqlfldophqwh ghqlprv r hvsdfr O @ ii = $U>i hlqwhjudyhoj1 Gl}hprv txh i> j 5 O vdr htxlydohqwhv vh +i$5>i+$,9@j+$,j, @ 31 D fodvvh gh htxlydoahqfld ghi 5Oh ghqrwdgd ^i`1 Ghqlprv hqwdrO4+>D> , @i^i`>i 5Oj1 Vh ghqluprv m^i`m4 @ Umimgrewhprv xp qrupd h sruwdqwr O4 h xp hvsdfr
qrupdgr1 Pdlv gr txh lvvr ydoh r
Whruhpd 7 R hvsdfrO4+>D> ,h xp hvsdfr gh Edqdfk1
Xpd jhqhudol}dfdr pxlwr lpsruwdqwh grv hvsdfr O4 vdr rv hvsdfrv Os/ 4
s 41 Vxsrqkdprv lqlfldophqwh 4 s ?41 R hvsdfr Os @ Os+>D> , h r frqmxqwr gdv fodvvhv gh htxlydoahqfld ^i` vhqgr txh U
mimsg ? 41 D ixqfdr
mims@U mimsg
4
s h xpd qrupd qr hvsdfrOs txh h gh Edqdfk qhvvd qrupd1
Whruhpd 8 +Ghvljxdogdgh gh Kroghu1, Vxsrqkdprv txh i 5Os h j 5Ot
vhqgr txh4? s/4@s. 4@t@ 41 Hqwdr ij5O4 hmijm4 mimsmjmt1
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 44
Whruhpd 9 +Ghvljxdogdgh gh Plqnrzvnl1, Vhi hjvdr phqvxudyho hqwdr mi .jms mims.mjms1
Wdpehp vh xvd pxlwr r hvsdfr O4 pdv d ghqlfdr gd qrupd h xp srxfr glihuhqwh1 Gl}hprv txh xpd ixqfdr phqvxudyhoi/ h hvvhqfldophqwh olplwdgd vh h{lvwh P A3 wdo txhi$ 5>mi+$,mA Pj@ 31 R vxsuhpr hvvhqfldo ghi h hqwdr ghqlgr sru
mim4@ lqiiP A3>i$5>mi+$,mA Pj@ 3j=
D ixqfdr m m4 h xpd qrupd h r hvsdfr O4 h r frqmxqwr gdv fodvvhv gh
htxlydoahqfldv gdv ixqfrhv hvvhqfldophqwh olplwdgdv pxqlgr gd qrupd m m41
Hvwh hvsdfr h gh Edqdfk1
ATLt _i UL?ih}
i?U@
Rv frqfhlwrv gh frqyhujahqfld qrv hvsdfrv gh suredelolgdgh vdr dohp grv xvxdlv gh frqyhujahqfld xqliruph h gh frqyhujahqfld srqwxdo/ rv frqfhlwrv gh frqyhujahqfld hp suredelolgdgh/ txdvh fhuwd h hpOs1 Vhmdpiq= $U/q4 hi = $U
ixqfrhv phqvxudyhlv1
d1 D vhtxahqfld +iq,qfrqyhujh xqliruphphqwh sdudi vh sdud wrgr A3 h{lvwh
xp lqwhlurq3 wdo txh sdud wrgr lqwhlur q A q3 whprvmiq+$,i+$,m?
sdud wrgr$51
e1 D vhtxahqfld +iq,q frqyhujh srqwxdophqwh sdud i vh sdud wrgr $ 5 / olpq$4iq+$, @i+$,1
f1 D vhtxahqfld +iq,q frqyhujh txdvh fhuwdphqwh sdud i vh frqyhujlu srqwxdo0 phqwh sdudi h{fhwr qxp frqmxqwr phqvxudyho gh suredelolgdgh qxod1 g1 iq frqyhujh sdudi hp suredelolgdgh vh sdud wrgr A3/
olp
q$4+i$5>miq+$,i+$,mA j, @ 3=
R olplwh hp suredelolgdgh/ vh krxyhu/ h xqlfr txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 Pdlv suh0 flvdphqwh vhi hjvdr olplwhv hp suredelolgdgh ghiqhqwdri @jtxdvh fhuwd0 phqwh1 Qxp hvsdfr gh suredelolgdgh d frqyhujahqfld txdvh fhuwd lpsolfd d frq0 yhujahqfld hp suredelolgdgh1 D uhfsurfd h sdufldophqwh yhugdgh= d frqyhujahqfld hp suredelolgdgh lpsolfd frqyhujahqfld hp suredelolgdgh qxpd vxevhtxahqfld1
Sursrvlfdr 9 41 Vh[q$S [hqwdr h{lvwh xpd vxevhtxahqfld+[nq,qwdo txh
olpq$4[nq@[txdvh fhuwdphqwh>
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 45
L?ih}
i?U@ i4
u
RXpd vhtxahqfld +^iq`,q hp Os frqyhujh sdud ^i` vh frqyhujlu qd qrupd gh Os/
lvwr h/ vh olpq$4miqims@ 31 Dv yh}hv gl}hprv txh ^iq` frqyhujh sdud ^i` qd
phgld gh rughps1 D sduwlu gh djrud vhuhl phqrv fxlgdgrvr qd uhsuhvhqwdfdr gh hohphqwrv gh Os hvfuhyhqgr iq txdqgr ghyhud hvfuhyhu ^iq`1 Hvwd lpsuhvlfdr
h pxlwr frqyhqlhqwh h qdr fdxvd qhqkxpd glfxogdgh vhqgr xqlyhuvdophqwh xwlol}dgd1
Whruhpd : Vh+iq,h xpd vhtxahqfld hpOs txh frqyhujh xqliruphphqwh sdud
i hqwdri 5Os h+iq,frqyhujh sdudi hp Os1
Whruhpd ; Vxsrqkdprv txhiq 5Os h iq$ i txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 Vh h{lvwh
j 5Os wdo txh sdud wrgr q/miqm j txdvh fhuwdphqwh hqwdri 5Os h iq$i
hp Os1
Ghprqvwudfdr= Frpriqfrqyhujh txdvh fhuwdphqwh sdud i whprv txh mim j
txdvh fhuwdphqwh wdpehp1 Orjri 5Os1 Sruwdqwr sdud wrgrqwhprv txhmiq
ims5sjs/ txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 Orjr shor whruhpd gd frqyhujahqfld grplqdgd gh Ohehvjxh/ olpq$4U miqimsg@U olpq$4miqimsg@ 31 THG
Ghqlfdr 44 +Vhtxahqfld gh Fdxfk| hp suredelolgdgh, D vhtxahqfld+iq, h gh Fdxfk| hp suredelolgdgh vh
olp
p>q$4+$5>miq+$,ip+$,m , @ 3 sdud wrgr A31
Whruhpd < Vhmd +iq, xpd vhtxahqfld Fdxfk| hp suredelolgdgh1 Hqwdr h{lvwh xpd vxevhtxahqfld+inq,qtxh frqyhujh txdvh fhuwdphqwh h hp suredelolgdgh sdud
xpd fhuwd ixqfdr phqvxudyho i1
Frurodulr 4 Wrgd vhtxahqfld gh Fdxfk| hp suredelolgdgh/ h frqyhujhqwh hp suredelolgdgh1 R olplwh h txdvh fhuwdphqwh xqlfr1
Whruhpd 43 Vhmd+iq,xpd vhtxahqfld gh ixqfrhv hpOs txh frqyhujh hp sur0 edelolgdgh sdud i h vhmd j 5 Os wdo txh miqm j/ txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 Hqwdr
i 5Os h+iq, frqyhujh sdudi hp Os1
Rv uhvxowdgrv pdlv vrvwlfdgrv gh lqwhjudfdr hvwrfdvwlfd qhfhvvlwdp gh whruhpdv pdlv jhudlv gr txh r whruhpd gd frqyhujahqfld grplqdgd gh Ohehvjxh1 R whruhpd gh Ylwdol h d edvh ghvwhv uhvxowdgrv1
Whruhpd 44 +Whruhpd gh frqyhujahqfld gh Ylwdol1, Vxsrqkdprv4s ?
5 HVSDF RV GH SUREDELOLGDGHV1 46
+l, +iq,frqyhujh sdud i hp suredelolgdgh>
+ll, Sdud wrgr A3h{lvwh+,A3wdo txh vhE5 Dh +E,? +, hqwdr
]
Emiqm
sg ? s>;q5Q=
W}@*_@_i _i ThLM@M*_@_it
Hp jhudo h ehp glflo gh vh yhulfdu txh gxdv suredelolgdghv frlqflghp1 R whruhpd gh h{whqvdr gh Kdkq prvwud txh edvwd yhulfdu txh dv suredelolgdghv frlqflghp qxpd dojheud1
Whruhpd 45 +Whruhpd gh h{whqvdr gh Kdkq1, Vxsrqkdprv txh h xpd phglgd gh suredelolgdgh qxpd dojheud Da1 Hqwdr srvvxl xpd xqlfd h{whqvdr
d+ aD,1 Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ vh gxdv phglgdv gh suredelolgdgh frlqflghp qxpd
dojheud/ hodv frlqflghp qd 0dojheud jhudgd shod dojheud1
Sruwdqwr sru h{hpsor h{lvwh xpd xqlfd phglgd hp ^3>4` wdo txh+^f> g`, @gf
sdud wrgr 3fg41
i__@ ThL_|L i Lt |iLhi4@t _i 6MM? i AL?i**
Ghqlfdr 45 Vhmd+D>D,h+E>E,grlv hvsdfrv phqvxudyhlv1 Rv vxefrqmxqwrv gh DE gd irupd [\/ [ 5 D/ \ 5 E vdr fkdpdgrv gh uhwadqjxorv +rx uhwadqjxorv phqvxudyhlv,1
Vhmd F @DE h F3 r frqmxqwr gdv xqlrhv qlwdv gh uhwadqjxorv1 H idflo gh vh fkhfdu txh wrgd xqldr qlwd gh uhwadqjxorv srgh vhu hvfulwd frpr xpd xqldr qlwd glvmxqwd gh uhwadqjxorv phqvxudyhlv1
Ohpd 5 D frohfdrF3 h xpd dojheud1
Ghqlfdr 46 D 0dojheud surgxwr gh +D>D, h +E>E,/ ghqrwdgd D E h d phqru 0dojheud gh DE txh frqwhp F3/ lvwr h/ h d 0dojheud jhudgd shorv uhwadqjxorv1
Whruhpd 46 Vxsrqkdprv txh +D>D> S, h +E>E> T, vdr hvsdfrv gh suredelol0 gdgh1 H{lvwh hqwdr xpd xqlfd phglgd gh suredelolgdghhp+DE>D E,wdo txh+[\, @S+[,T+\,sdud wrgr uhwadqjxor[\1
Ghqlfdr 47 VhFDEh d5Dhqwdr d vhfdr hpdghF h r frqmxqwr
Fd@ie5E> +d> e,5Fj= Vlploduphqwh ghqlprv d vhfdr hpeghF=
Fe@id5D> +d> e,5Fj=
6 LQGHSHQG aHQFLD1 47
Ohpd 6 +d, VhF5 D E hqwdr fdgd vhfdr ghF h phqvxudyho1
+e, Vhi h phqvxudyho ghDEhpU/ hqwdr fdgd vhfdr gh i h phqvxudyho1
Ohpd 7 Vhmd +D>D> S, h +E>E> T, hvsdfrv gh suredelolgdgh1 Vh H 5 D E hqwdr
i+d, @T+Hd,> j+e, @S+He, vdr phqvxudyhlv h ]
Di gS @+H, @
]
EjgT=
Whruhpd 47 +Whruhpd gh Wrqhool1, Vhmd +D>D> S, h +E>E> T, hvsdfrv gh suredelolgdgh1 H vhmdi =DE$U. phqvxudyho1 Hqwdr
]
D
]
Ei+d> e,gT+e,
gS+d, @
]
DEig@
]
E
]
Di+d> e,gS+d,
gT+e,=
Whruhpd 48 +Whruhpd gh Ixelql1, VhU
DEmimg ?4hqwdr
]
D
]
Ei+d> e,gT+e,
gS+d, @
]
DEig@
]
E
]
Di+d> e,gS+d,
gT+e,=
Revhuydfdr 5 Qrwh txh vh i 3 r whruhpd gh Wrqhool h pdlv jhudo txh r whruhpd gh Ixelql srlv glvshqvd d klsrwhvh gh lqwhjudelolgdgh1 R whruhpd gh Ixelql ghprqvwud0vh idflophqwh ghfrpsrqgr0vhi @i.i1
W?_iTi?_
i?U@
Gl}hprv txh grlv hyhqwrv DhEvdr lqghshqghqwhv vhS+D_E, @S+D,S+E,1 Xp frqmxqwr qlwr gh hyhqwrv iD4> = = = > Dnjh lqghshqghqwh vh sdud wrgr 4
l4 ? l5 ? = = = ? lw n whprv S+Dl4 _ _Dlw, @ S+Dl4, S+Dlw,= Xpd idpold/ [4> = = = > [q gh yduldyhlv dohdwruldv gr hvsdfr +>D> S, h lqghshqghqwh
vh sdud wrgrv eruhohdqrvE4> = = = > EqghUwhprv
S+_ql@4i$5>[l+$,5Elj, @ ql@4S+i$5>[l+$,5Elj,=
Pdlv jhudophqwh d idpoldD4> = = = >Dqgh0dojheudv gh h lqghshqghqwh vh sdud
wrgrDl5 Dl>4lq/
S+_ql@4Dl, @ ql@4S+Dl,=
Qrwh txh iD4> = = = > Dnj h lqghshqghqwh vh h vrphqwh vh dv 0dojheudv/ Dl @ iDl> Dfl>>>j/ 4 l n vdr lqghshqghqwhv1 D sduwlu gh djrud xvduhprv frp dojxpd iuhtxahqfld d qrwdfdr H^[` qr oxjdu gh U
7 SURFHVVRV HVWRF DVWLFRV1 48
vdr yduldyhlv dohdwruldv lqwhjudyhlv h lqghshqghqwhv/ hqwdr [\ h lqwhjudyho h
H^[\` @H^[`H^\`1 Qr ohpd d vhjxlu qrwhprv txh
i$5>$5Dql1y1j=@i$5>$5Dq lqqlwdv yh}hvj@ olp vxsDq=
Pxlwr xvdgr h r vhjxlqwh uhvxowdgr=
Ohpd 8 +Eruho0Fdqwhool, Vhmd+Dq,qxpd idpold gh frqmxqwrv phqvxudyhlv1 Hqwdr=
4
[
q@4
S+Dq,?4lpsolfdS+Dql1y1, @ 3=
Ghprqvwudfdr1 Qrwh txh
S+Dql1y1, @S+_4n@4^4q@nDq,S+^4q@nDq, 4
[
q@n
S+Dq,=
SruwdqwrS+Dql1y1,olpn$4S4
q@nS+Dq, @ 31 THG
R ohpd gh Eruho0Fdqwhool whp xpd uhfsurfd sdufldo txh lqfoxl r fdvr grv hyhqwrv
Dq vhuhp grlv d grlv lqghshqghqwhv= Ohpd 9 Vxsrqkdprv txh S4
q@4S+Dq, @ 41 Vh S+Dl_Dm, S+Dl,S+Dm, vhpsuh txhl9@m hqwdrS+Dql1y1, @ 4=
e
hLUittLt it|LU
@t|ULt
D glvwulexlfdr gh xpd yduldyho dohdwruld [ h d ixqfdr I @ I[ = U $ U
ghqlgd sru I+{, @S+i$ 5>[+$,{j,1 Whprv txh I h qdr ghfuhvfhqwh/
I+4, @ 3 hI+4, @ 4 h txhIh frqwqxd d gluhlwd1 Vh[55O4+S, srghprv ghqlu d yduladqfld gh [ sru H^+[H^[`,` @U
+[H[,5gS1 Dvvlp vh[
h \ vdr lqghshqghqwhv/ hqwdr Y du+[.\, @ Y du+[, .Y du+\,1 D yduldyho dohdwruld[whp glvwulexlfdr qrupdo gh phgldh yduladqfld5A3 vh
I[+{, @
] {
4
4
s
5h
+w,555 gw=
Ghqlfdr 48 Xpd owudfdr hp+>D> S,h xpd idpold fuhvfhqwh gh0dojheudv/
+Dw,w D wdo txh=
41 Dw@_vAwDv sdud wrgrw3>
51 D3 frqwhp rv vxefrqmxqwrv qxorv ghD1
8 PDUWLQJDODV H HVSHUDQF D FRQGLFLRQDO1 49
Xp prylphqwr Eurzqldqr gh phgld h yduladqfld 5 +wdpehp fkdpdgr gh surfhvvr gh Zlhqhu,/ h xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr/iEwjw3/ wdo txh=
41 E3@ 3/ txdvh fhuwdphqwh>
51 Sdud wrgrv 3w3? w4? = = = ? wq/ q4/Ew4Ew3> = = = > EwqEwq4 vdr
lqghshqghqwhv>
61 Vh 3v ? w/EwEvwhp glvwulexlfdr qrupdo gh phgld +wv,h yduladqfld
+wv,5>
71 D wudmhwruld/w$Ew+$, h frqwqxd txdvh fhuwdphqwh hp$51
Vh@ 3 h5@ 4 gl}hprv txh r prylphqwr Eurzqldqr h qrupdol}dgr1
D
@h|?}@*@t i itTih@?
U@ UL?_UL?@*
,tTih@?
U@ UL?_UL?@*
Vxsrqkdprv txh [5O4+S, hEh xpd 0dojheud gh frqwlgd hpD1 H{lvwh xpd ixqfdrH+[mE, = $U/Ephqvxudyho/ wdo txh sdud wrgrE5 E/
]
EH+[mE,+$,gS+$, @
]
E[+$,gS+$,=
D ixqfdrH+[mE, fkdpd0vh d hvshudqfd frqglflrqdo gh[ gdgd d0dojheudE1 Ydohp dv vhjxlqwhv sursulhgdghv=
41 H+[mE, h xqlfd d phqrv gh xp vxefrqmxqwrE5 Egh suredelolgdgh qxod1 51 H+d[.e\mE,+$, @dH+[mE,+$, .eH+[mE,+$, sdud txdvh wrgr$51 61 Vh[3 hqwdrH+[mE,31
71 H+4mE, @ 41
81 Vh[h Ephqvxudyho/ hqwdrH+[mE, @[ txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 Pdlv jhudo0 phqwhH+[\mE, @[H+\mE,=
8 PDUWLQJDODV H HVSHUDQF D FRQGLFLRQDO1 4:
Ai4TL _i @h@_@
R frqfhlwr gh whpsr gh sdudgd h ixqgdphqwdo1
Ghqlfdr 4: Vhmd +>D>+Dw,w> S, xp hvsdfr gh suredelolgdghv frp xpd o0 wudfdr1 Xpd ixqfdr = $^3>4`h xp whpsr gh sdudgd vh sdud wrgr w3/ i$5>+$,wj 5 Dw1
R h{hpsor d vhjxlu loxvwud d lpsruwadqfld gr frqfhlwr gh whpsr gh sdudgd1
H{hpsor 7 Vxsrqkd +[w,w3 xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr frqwqxr h dgdswdgr1 Vhmd H @ +4> e`1 D sulphlud yh}/ e+$,/ txh [w+$, h pdlru txh e/ h xp whpsr gh sdudgd1 Gh idwr/ sru ghqlfdr e+$, @ lqiiw A3>[w+$,A ej1 Orjr i$5>e+$,wj@_4q@4i$5>e+$,? w. 4@qj@_4q@4i$ 5>h{lvwhv ?
w. 4@q> [v+$,A ej@
_4q@4^v5T>v?w.4@qi$5>[v+$,A ej 5 _4q@4Dw.4@q@Dw1
Sursrvlfdr : Vh> > q> q4vdr whpsrv gh sdudgd hqwdrpd{i> j/plqi> j/
vxsqqh olp vxsq$4q vdr whpsrv gh sdudgd1
D ghprqwudfdr ghvvd sursrvlfdr qdr h glflo h vhud rplwlgd1
@h|?}@*@t
Xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr dgdswdgr/ +[w,w3/ h xpd pduwlqjdod frp uhodfdr d owudfdr +Dw,w3/ vh
41 l
51 [w5O4+S, sdud wrgrw>
61 H+[wmDv, @[vsdud wrgrwv1
Vh qr oxjdu gd ljxdogdgh hp +6, wlyhuprvH+[wmDv,[v sdud wrgr wv
gl}hprv txh +[w,w h xpd vxe0pduwlqjdod1
Dv pduwlqjdodv vdwlvid}hp d xpd ghvljxdogdgh pxlwr xwlo=
Sursrvlfdr ; +D ghvljxdogdgh gdv pduwlqjdodv1, Vxsrqkdprv txh +[q,
vhmd xpd pduwlqjdod frp uhodfdr d owudfdr Dq @ i[4> = = = > [qj1 Lvwr h/
H+m[qm,?4 hH+[q.4m[4> = = = > [q, @[q/q5Q1 Hqwdr 41 S+pd{4nqm[nmA ,4Hm[qmsdud wrgr A3> q5Q1
51 Vh dohp glvvr/ Hm[qms ? 4 sdud dojxp s 4 h sdud wrgr q/ hqwdr
8 PDUWLQJDODV H HVSHUDQF D FRQGLFLRQDO1 4;
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmd Dn @ _m?n^m[mm `_^m[nmA ` sdud n hqwuh 4 h q h
D@ ^pd{4nqm[nmA `1 Whprv txhDh xpd xqldr glvmxqwd grvDn1 Sruwdqwr
S+D, @
q
[
n@4
S+Dn, q
[
n@4
H+m[nm"Dn,=
FrprDh phqvxudyho frp uhodfdr d[4> = = = > [n/
Hm[qm q
[
n@4
H+m[qm"Dn, @
q
[
n@4
HH+m[qm"Dnm[4> = = = > [n, @
q
[
n@4
H^"DnH+m[qmm[4> = = = > [n,` q
[
n@4
H^"DnmH+[qm[4> = = = > [n,m` @
q
[
n@4
H+"Dnm[nm,=
Dvvlp whuplqdprv d ghprqvwudfdr gd sulphlud sduwh1 Sdud ghprqvwudu d vh0 jxqgd sduwh xvdprv d sulphlud sduwh h txh m[qms h xpd vxe0pduwlqjdod sdud
s41
D sursrvlfdr dqwhulru srvvxl xpd jhqhudol}dfdr pxlwr lpsruwdqwh sdud sur0 fhvvrv hvwrfdvwlfrv vhsdudyhlv1
Ghqlfdr 4; Xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr/+[w,w3/ h vhsdudyho vh h{lvwh xp frq0 mxqwr hqxphudyho ghqvr hp^3>4,/iwmj4m@4/ h xp vxefrqmxqwrQ ghgh phglgd qxod wdo txh sdud wrgrM/ lqwhuydor dehuwr ghU./
_w5Mi$5qQ>[+w> $,5Ij@_q=wq5Mi$5qQ>[+wq> $,5Ij
sdud wrgr vxefrqmxqwr ihfkdgr IU1
Qrwhprv txh wrgr surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr fxmdv wudmhwruldv/w$[w+$, vdr frqwqxdv
txdvh fhuwdphqwh/ h vhsdudyho1 D jhqhudol}dfdr surphwlgd h d vhjxlqwh=
Sursrvlfdr < Vh +[w,w3 h xpd pduwlqjdod vhsdudyho/ hqwdr
S+ pd{
3vwm[vmA ,
4
Hm[wm=
Dohp glvvr/ vh Hm[vms?4 sdud dojxps4h sdud wrgrvw/ hqwdr
S+ pd{
3vwm[vmA ,
4
sHm[wm
s=
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 4<
S
W?|i}h@* it|LU
@t|U@
Vhmd +Ew,w3/ xp prylphqwr Eurzqldqr qrupdol}dgr/ qr hvsdfr gh suredelolgd0 ghv +>D> S,1 Vhmd +Dw,wxpd owudfdr ghDwdo txhEvhDwphqvxudyho vhvw
h wdo txh+Ev.wEw>v3,/ d phqru0dojheud txh wruqdiEv.wEw>v3j
phqvxudyhlv/ h lqghshqghqwh ghDw sdud wrgrw1
Lqlfldophqwh ghqluhprv d lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd sdud ixqfrhv ghjudx1 Vxsr0 qkd hqwdr txhi =U.$Uh txh h{lvwdp 3 @w3? w4? = = = ? wq.4@W wdlv
txhi+w> $, @il+$, vhwlw ? wl.4>3lq> $5/ vhqgril Dwl phqvxudyho1
Ghqlprv hqwdr sdud$5/
] W
3 i+w,gEw+$, @ q
[
l@3
il+$,+Ewl.4+$,Ewl+$,,=
D yduldyho dohdwruldUW
3 i+w,gEwdflpd ghqlgd h d lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd gd ixqfdr
ghjudxi frp uhodfdr dr prylphqwr Eurzqldqr +Ew,w1
D fodvvh gh ixqfrhv ghjudx h shtxhqd ghpdlv1 Qrvvr remhwlyr h h{whqghu d lqwhjudo dflpd dr ihfkr hp suredelolgdgh gdv ixqfrhv ghjudx1
H idflo gh vh yhulfdu txh d lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd h olqhdu qdv ixqfrhv ghjudx1
Ohpd : Vhi h xpd ixqfdr ghjudx wdo txhi+w,5O5+S, sdud wrgrw/ hqwdr
H
] W
3 i+w,gEw@ 3 hH
# ] W
3 i+w,gEw
$5
@H
] W
3 i 5+w,gw=
Ghprqvwudfdr= Sdud ghprqvwuduprv d sulphlud ljxdogdgh qrwhprv sulphlud0 phqwh txhHmilm H
4 .milm5
@ 4 .Hmilm5?41 Wdpehp ydoh txhHmEwl.4
Ewlm?41 Orjr xvdqgr dv sursulhgdghv +8, h +9, gd hvshudqfd frqglflrqdo h r lwhp +6, gd ghqlfdr gr prylphqwr Eurzqldqr=
H
] W
3 i+w,gEw @H
# q [
l@3
il+Ewl.4Ewl,
$
@
q
[
l@3
H
il+Ewl.4Ewl,
@
q
[
l@3
H
H
il+Ewl.4Ewl,mDwl
@
q
[
l@3
H+il,H+Ewl.4Ewl, @ 3=
Ghprqvwuhprv djrud d vhjxqgd ljxdogdgh1 Ydoh d vhjxlqwh lghqwlgdgh=
# ] W
3 i+w,gEw
$5
@
# q [
l@3
il+Ewl.4Ewl,
$5
@
5 [
3l?mq
ilim+Ewl.4Ewl,+Ewm.4Ewm, .
q
[
l@3
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 53
Suhflvdprv yhulfdu txh fdgd sdufhod h lqwhjudyho1 Whprv txh Hil5+Ewl.4
Ewl,5?4sru lqghshqgahqfld1 Orjr
5Hmilim+Ewl.4Ewl,+Ewm.4Ewm,m Hmil+Ewl.4Ewl,m5.Hmim+Ewm.4Ewm,m5?4=
Srghprv hqwdr fdofxodu= HUW
3 i+w,gEw
5
@
[
3l?mq
5H
ilim+Ewl.4Ewl,+Ewm.4Ewm,
.
q
[
l@3
H
il5+Ewl.4Ewl,5
@
@ [
3l?mq
5H
ilim+Ewl.4Ewl,
H^+Ewm.4Ewm,` .
q
[
l@3
H
il5+Ewl.4Ewl,5
@
@
q
[
l@3
H
il5H+Ewl.4Ewl,5
@
q
[
l@3
H^il5+wl.4wl,` @H
] W
3 i 5+w,gw=
Ghqlfdr 4< Xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr ghqlgr hp+>D> S,>+iw,w h qdr dqwh0 flsdwlyr frp uhodfdr d owudfdr+Dw,w vh
41 +iw,w iru vhsdudyho
51 +w> $,$i+w> $,h phqvxudyho frp uhodfdr d +E4 D,1 61 +iw,w h dgdswdgr= iw hDw phqvxudyho sdud wrgrw1
Ghqlprv hqwdrO5@O5^3> W` frpr r frqmxqwr grv surfhvvrv hvwrfdvwlfrv qdr0 dqwhflsdwlyrv +iw,w wdlv txh=
sdud wrgrW A3/S+i$>
] W
3 mi+w> $,m
5gw ?4j, @ 4=
H ghqlprv P5 @ii 5 O5>U
UW
3 mi+w> $,m5gw gS+$,? 4sdud wrgrW A 3j1
R sur{lpr ohpd h ixqgdphqwdo sdud sdvvduprv dr olplwh hp suredelolgdghv1
Ohpd ; Sdud wrgd ixqfdr ghjudxi 5O5h sdud wrgr A3> A3whprv
S
#
] W
3 i+w,gEw
A
$
S
# ] W
3 i
5+w,gw A
$
.@5=
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmd
i+w, @
+
i+w, vh wn w ? wn.4h Snl@3i5+wl,+wl.4wl,>
3 vh wn w ? wn.4h Sn
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 54
Frpr S+mUW
3 i+w,gEwm A , S+m
UW
3 i+w,gEwm A , .S+
UW
3 i+w,5+$,gw A ,
shod ghvljxdogdgh gh Wfkhelfkhy/ +l1h1 S+[,+H[5,@5, rewhprv
S # $> ] W
3 i+w,+$,gEw
A $ H UW
3 i+w,gEw+$,
5
5 .S
#
$>
] W
3 i
5+w,+$,gw A
$
=
Ilqdophqwh qrwhprv txh i h xpd ixqfdr ghjudx srlv i$>Sn
l@3i5+wl,+wl.4
wl,jhDwn phqvxudyho1 SruwdqwrH+
UW
3 i+w,gEw,5@H
UW
3 i5+w,gwr txh
whuplqd d ghprqvwudfdr1
D sursrvlfdr d vhjxlu h d edvh sdud d h{whqvdr gd lqwhjudo gh Lwar dO51 Sursrvlfdr 43 Sdud wrgd i 5O5 hW A3 h{lvwh xpd vhtxahqfldiq 5O5 gh ixqfrhv ghjudx wdlv txh
] W
3 miq+w,i+w,m 5gwt=f=
$ 3=
Dohp glvvr vhi 5P5/HkUW
3 miq+w,i+w,m5gw
l
$31
Qdr ghprqvwuduhl hvvd sursrvlfdr srlv vxd ghprqvwudfdr h uhodwlydphqwh orqjd h qdr qhfhvvlwduhprv ghod qdgd dohp gd h{lvwahqfld gh wdo vhtxahqfld1 Vh qhfhvvdulr srghprv vxsru/ qr oxjdu gh ixqfrhv ghjudx/ txh dv ixqfrhv iq vdr frqwqxdv
txdvh fhuwdphqwh1
Sdvvdprv d h{whqghu d lqwhjudo gh Lwar sdudO51 Vhmd hqwdri 5O5hiq5O5
xpd vhtxahqfld gh ixqfrhv ghjudx gdgdv shod sursrvlfdr dqwhulru1 D vhtxahqfld +UW
3 iq+w,gEw,qh gh Fdxfk| hp suredelolgdghv srlv vh A3/
S
#
$5>
] W
3 +iq+w> $,ip+w> $,,gEw+$,
A $ S # $> ] W
3 miq+w,ip+w,m 5gw A
$
.@5=
H{lvwh hqwdr shor ohpd +4,/UW
3 i+w,gEw/ r olplwh hp suredelolgdgh gh
UW
3 iq+w,gEw1
Hvwh olplwh h xqlfr h lqghshqgh gd vhtxahqfld gh ixqfrhv ghjudx xwlol}dgdv1 Fkdpdprv UW
3 i+w,gEw gh lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd +rx lqwhjudo gh Lwar, gh i frp
uhodfdr dr prylphqwr Eurzqldqr +Ew,w1 R whruhpd d vhjxlu h lphgldwr h qdr
vhud ghprqvwudgr1
Whruhpd 49 Vhi4> i55O5 hu4> u55Uhqwdru4i4.u5i55#O5h
] W
3 +u4i4+w, .u5i5+w,,gEw @u4
] W
3 i4+w,gEw.u5
] W
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 55
R sur{lpr whruhpd qrv shuplwh fdofxodu d phgld h d yduladqfld gd lqwhjudo gh Lwar1
Whruhpd 4: Vhi 5P5 hqwdr
H
# ] W
3 i+w,gEw
$
@ 3h H
# ] W
3 i+w,gEw
$5
@H
] W
3 i 5+w,gw=
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmdp iq 5O5/ q5Q ixqfrhv ghjudx/ wdlv txhHU3W+iq+w,
i+w,,5gw$31 YdohHUW
3 iq+w,gEw @ 3 sdud wrgrq1 WdpehpH+
U
iq+w,gEw,5@
HU
iq5+w,gw1 Whprv hqwdr txh olpq$4H+U
iq+w,gEw,5 @ HU
i5+w,gw1 Frpr
H+U
iq+w,gEwU
ip+w,gEw,5@HU
miq+w,ip+w,m5gw$3 ydoh sruwdqwr
H
]
iq+w,gEw
]
i+w,gEw
5
$3>
h
H
]
i+w,gEw
5
@ olp
q$4H
]
iq+w,gEw
5
@H
]
i5+w,gw=
Sdvvduhl d frqvlghudu dv sursulhgdghv gd lqwhjudo gh Lwar/Lw@U3wi+v,gEv/ frpr
ixqfdr ghw 5^3> W`1 Rv sur{lprv ohpdv vdr sdud ghprqvwudu txh +Lw,w h xpd
pduwlqjdod1
Ohpd < Vhi 5O5^> W`h[ h olplwdgd/Dphqvxudyho hqwdr[i 5O5^> W` h
] W
[i+w,gEw @[
] W
i+w,gEw=
Ghprqvwudfdr= H fodur txh[i 5O5^> W`1 Vhi h xpd ixqfdr ghjudx d uhodfdr dflpd vhjxh gd ghqlfdr gh lqwhjudo1 R fdvr jhudo vhjxh sru dsur{lpdfdr1
Whruhpd 4; Vhi 5P5^> W` hqwdr
H
# ] W
i+w,gEwmD
$
@ 3>
h H 3 C ] W
i+w,gEw
5 mD 4 D@H
# ] W
i
5+w,gwmD
$
@
] W
H^i 5+w,mD
`gw=
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmd [ olplwdgd/ D phqvxudyho1 Hqwdr [i 5 P5^> W` h
H+UW
[i+w,gEw, @ 31 Orjr shor ohpd dqwhulruH+[
UW
i+w,gEw, @ 3 h sruwdqwr
Hi[H^UW
i+w,gEwmD`j@ 3 sdud wrgr[ghprqvwudqgr txhH
kUW
i+w,gEwmD
l
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 56
Whruhpd 4< Vhi 5P5^3> W`hqwdrLw@Uw
3i+v,gEv h xpd pduwlqjdod1
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmdp 3w3? wW1 Hqwdr ghLw @Lw3.Uw
w3i+v,gEv yhp
H+LwmDw3, @Lw3.H
] w
w3 i+v,gEvmDw 3
@Lw3=
D lqwhjudo gh Lwar frpr ghqlgd srgh qdr vhu frqwqxd hp ixqfdr ghw1 Pdv qr hqwdqwr/ vhpsuh srgh vhu prglfdgd/ qxp frqmxqwr gh phglgd }hur h vhu hqwdr frqwqxd txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 Lqlfldophqwh suhflvdprv gd vhjxlqwh ghqlfdr=
Ghqlfdr 53 Grlv surfhvvrv hvwrfdvwlfrv/[ h\/ vdr htxlydohqwhv vh sdud wrgrw3> S+[+w,9@\+w,, @ 3=
Qhvvh fdvr gl}hprv txh\ h xpd yhuvdr gh [1
Whruhpd 53 D lqwhjudo gh Lwar srvvxl xpd yhuvdr frqwqxd1
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmdi 5P5 h +iq,qxpd vhtxahqfld gh ixqfrhv ghjudx wdlv txh
H
# ] W
3 +i+w,iq+w,, 5gw
$
$3=
Qrwhprv txh Lq+w, @U3wiq+v,gEv/ 3wW h frqwqxd hLq+w,Lp+w, h xpd
pduwlqjdod1 Sruwdqwr shod ghvljxdogdgh gdv pduwlqjdodv/
S
vxs
3wWmLq+w,Lp+w,mA
4
5H
3 C
] W
3 +ip+v,iq+v,,gEv
54 D@
4
5H
# ] W
3 +ip+v,iq+v,, 5gv
$
$3=
Sdud@ 4@5n h{lvwhqn vxflhqwhphqwh judqgh sdud txh
S
vxs
3wWmLqn+w,Lp+w,mA4@5
n?4@n5 vhpq n=
Vhp shugd gh jhqhudolgdghqn fuhvfh frpn1 Orjr
S
vxs
3wWmLqn+w,Lqn.4+w,mA4@5
n?4@n5>
h sruwdqwr/ frpr S
n4@n5?4/ shor ohpd gh Eruho0Fdqwhool rewhprv
S
vxs
3wWmLqn+w,Lqn.4+w,mA4@5
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 57
Rx vhmd sdud txdvh wrgr $/ mLqn+w,+$,Lqn.4+w,+$,m 4@5n/ 3 w W1 Orjr frp suredelolgdgh xp/ Lqn+w, frqyhujh xqliruphphqwh sdud xpd ixqfdr frqwqxd M+w,1 Frpr Uw
3iq+v,gEv $
Uw
3i+v,gEv vhjxh0vh M+w, @
Uw
3i+v,gEv
txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 Vxsrqkdprv djrud txh i 5 O5^3> W` h ghqdprv iQ+w, @
i+w, vh Uw
3i5+v,gvQ hiQ+w, @ 3 fdvr frqwudulr1 H fodur txhiQ5P5^3> W`1
Vhmd MQ+w, @U3wiQ+v,gEv xpd yhuvdr frqwqxd1 H Q @i$>U3Wi5+w,+$,gw ?
Qj1 Vh $ 5 Q h P A Q/ iQ+w, @ iP+w, sdud w 5 ^3> W`1 Whprv hqwdr
MP+w, @ MQ+w, vh 3 w W1 Orjr M+w, @ olpP$4MP+w, h frqwqxd hp w
txdvh fhuwdphqwh $5Q1 FrprS+Q,$4>+ M+w,,w h xp surfhvvr frqwqxr1
H gh S+Uw
3mi+v,iQ+v,m5gv A 3, @ S+
Uw
3i5+v,gv A Q, $ 3 yhp MP+w, $S
Uw
3i+v,gEv@Lw1
D sduwlu gh djrud vrphqwh xvduhprv d yhuvdr frqwqxd gd lqwhjudo gh Lwar1 Ydoh wdpehp r whruhpd d vhjxlu/ ghprqvwudgr dqwhulruphqwh sdud ixqfrhv gh0 judx1
Whruhpd 54 Vhi 5O5> A3> A3hqwdr
S # pd{ 3ww ] W
3 i+w,gEw
A $ S # ] W 3 i
5+w,gw A
$
.@5=
Ghprqvwudfdr= Ghqdprv "+}, @ "+4>`+}, h i+w, @ i+w,"+U3wi5+v,gv,1
Ydoh hqwdr txh
S vxs 3wW ] w
3 i+v,gEv
A S vxs 3wW ] w
3 i+v,gEv
] w
3 i+v,gEv
A3 .S vxs 3wW ] w
3 i+v,gEv
A =
Frpr Uw
3i+v,gEv h xpd pduwlqjdod whprv shod ghvljxdogdgh gdv pduwlqjdodv
txh= S vxs 3wW ] w
3 i+v,gEv
A
45H
] W
3 i+v,gEv
5 @ 4 5H ] W
3 i+v,
5gv
5=
Frqvlghuhprv djrud d sulphlud sdufhod1 Vh
vxs 3wW ] w
3 i+v,+$,gEv+$,
] w
3 i+v,+$,gEv+$,
A3
h{lvwh wwdo txhUw
3i+v,+$,gEv+$,9@
Uw
3i+v,+$,gEv+$,1 Orjr shod ghqlfdr gh
i/U3wi5+v,+$,gv A h sruwdqwrU3Wi5+v,gv A 1 THG
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 58
Whruhpd 55 Vh i> iq 5 O5 h U
miq+w,i+w,m5gw $S 3 hqwdr U
iq+w,gEw $S
U
i+w,gEw1
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmd A3> A31 Whprv/
S # ] W
3 +iq+w,i+w,,gEw
A $ S # ] W
3 +iq+w,i+w,,
5gw A 5
$
.=
Orjr/ sru klsrwhvh/ d sulphlud sdufhod gr phpeur gluhlwr gd ghvljxdogdgh dq0 whulru whqgh d }hur1 Id}hqgr$3 whuplqdprv d ghprqvwudfdr1
*}4@t ?|i}h@t u
@Uit _i U@*U*@h
Sdud wuhlqdu xp srxfr fdofxohprv dv vhjxlqwhv lqwhjudlv1
41 UW
3 gEw@EW>
51 UW
3 EwgEw @45EW5 W @5>
61 UW
3 i+w,gEw @
UW
3 i3+w,Ewgw.i+W,EW vh i =U. $Uh frqwqxdphqwh
glihuhqfldyho1
D lqwhjudo hp +4, h lphgldwd1 Sdud fdofxodu +5, vhmdiq+w> $, @EW n@q+$, vh
n@qw@W ? +n. 4,@q>3n q4= H fodur txh iqh xpd ixqfdr ghjudx1
Orjr
]
iq+w,gEw @ q4
[
n@3
EW n q
EW +n.4, q EW nq
@ 4 5 q4 [ n@3
EW +n.4, q EW nq
5 .4 5 q4 [ n@3
E5W +n.4,
q E
5
W n q
@
@45 q4
[
n@3
EW +n.4, q EW nq
5
.4 5E
5 W=
D yduldyho dohdwruld/ ]q @ Sq4n@3+EW +n.4,
q EW nq ,
5/ whp phgld W h yduladqfld 5W5
q @Sq4n@3 5W
5
q5 $31 Sruwdqwr]qt=f=$ W h hqwdr
U
EwgEw @45EW5 W @51 Sdud fdofxodu +6, vhmd iq+w> $, @i+n@q,> n@qw@W ?+n. 4,@q1 Orjr
]
iq+w,gEw @ q4
[
n@3
i+W n@q,+EW +n.4,
q EW nq , @
q4
[
n@3
i+W n@q,EW +n.4,
q
q4
[
n@3
i+W n@q,EW n q @
q4
[
n@3
i+W n@q,i+W+n. 4,
q ,
EW +n.4, q .
q4
[
n@3
i+W+n. 4,
q ,EW +n.4,q i+W n@q,EW nq
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 59
@
q4
[
n@3
W i3+nq,
q EW +n.4,q .i+W,EW>
vhqgrnq5+W n@q> W+n. 4,@q,1 Frprw$Ew+$, h txdvh fhuwdphqwh frqwqxd rewhprv=
olp
q$4 q4
[
n@3
W i3+nq,
q EW +n.4,q +$, @
] W
3 i 3+w,E
w+$,gw txdvh fhuwdphqwh=
Lvwr whuplqd d yhulfdfdr gh +6,1
u
Lh4*@ _i W|
L
Sdud ghprqvwuduprv d irupxod gh Lwar qhfhvvlwdprv gr
Whruhpd 56 Vxsrqkdprv txh dl> el 5O5/l@ 4>5h txh [4> [5 vdr surfhvvrv hvwrfdvwlfrv wdlv txh vh 3w4w5W/
[l+w5,[l+w4, @
] w5
w4
dl+w,gw.
] w5
w4
el+w,gEw txdvh fhuwdphqwh1
Hqwdr r surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr \ @[4[5 h wdo txh
\w5\w4 @
] w5
w4
+[4d5+w,.[5d4+w,,gw.
] w5
w4
+[4e5+w,.[5e4+w,,gEw.
] w5
w4
e5+w,e4+w,gw=
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vxsrqkdprv sulphludphqwh txh dl> el> l @ 4>5 vdr surfhvvrv
hvwrfdvwlfrv lqghshqghqwhv gr whpsr1 Hqwdr qhvvh fdvr h[l@dlw.elEw
] w5
w4
[4d5+w,gw.
] w5
w4
[4e5+w,gEw.
] w5
w4
[5d4+w,gw.
] w5
w4
[5e4+w,gEw.
] w5
w4
e5e4+w,gw@
d5
] w5
w4
^d4w.e4Ew`gw.e5
] w5
w4
^d4w.e4Ew`gEw.
.d4
] w5
w4
^d5w.e5Ew`gw.e4
] w5
w4
^d5w.e5Ew`gEw.e4e5+w5w4, @
@d4d5+w55w45, .e4e5+w5w4,.
+d5e4.d4e5,
] w5
w4
Ewgw. +e5d4.d5e4,
] w5
w4
wgEw. 5e4e5
] w5
w4
EwgEw @
@d4d5+w55w45, . +d5e4.d4e5,^
] w5
w4
Ewgw.
] w5
w4
wgEw` .e4e5+Ew55E5w4, @
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 5:
@ +d4w5.e4Ew5,+d5w5.e5Ew5,+d4w4.e4Ew4,+d5w4.e5Ew4,=
Vxsrqkdprv djrud txhdl> elvdr ixqfrhv ghjudx frp lqwhuydorvL4> L5> = = = > Ln1 D
irupxod gh Lwar ydoh hp fdgd xp ghvvhv lqwhuydorv1 Ydoh sruwdqwr sdud txdlvtxhu
w4> w55^3> W`1 Idfdprv djrud r fdvr jhudo1 Vhmdpdlq/elq/ vhtxahqfldv gh ixqfrhv
ghjudx qdr0dqwhflsdwlydv wdlv txh
] W
3 mdlq+w,dl+w,mgw t=f= $ 3 h
] W
3 melq+w,el+w,m 5gwt=f=
$ 3=
Ghqdprv lq+w, @[l+3, .Uw
3dlq+v,gv.
Uw
3elq+v,gEv1 Frprlq[l h xpd
pduwlqjdod vhsdudyho whprv shod ghvljxdogdgh gdv pduwlqjdodv txh
vxs
3wWmlq+w,[l+w,m S $3=
H{lvwh hqwdr xpd vxevhtxahqfld +lq,q txh frqyhujh xqliruphphqwh sdud [l/
txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 H fodur hqwdr txh
] w
3 lq+w,emq+w,gEw S $
] w
3 [l+w,em+w,gEw=
H fodur wdpehp txh
] w
3 lq+w,dmq+w,gEw S $
] w
3 [l+w,dm+w,gEw h
] w
3 e4q+v,e5q+v,gv$
] w
3 e4+v,e5+v,gv=
THG Xpd pdqhlud pdlv idflo gh vh phprul}du r whruhpd dqwhulru h rewlgd frp r frqfhlwr gh glihuhqfldo1 Vh
+w5,+w4, @
] w5
w4
d+v,gv.
] w5
w4
e+v,gEv> 3w4w5W>
gl}hprv txh d glihuhqfldo gh hg+w, @d+w,gw.e+w,gEw1 R whruhpd dqwhulru srgh vhu uhhvfulwr dvvlp=
g+45,+w, @4+w,g5+w, .5+w,g4+w, .e4+w,e5+w,gw=
Qrwh txh d glihuhqfldo gr surgxwr h dqdorjd d glihuhqfldo xvxdo gh xp surgxwr pdlv r whupr dglflrqdoe4e5gw1
Sdvvhprv djrud d ghprqvwudu d irupxod gh Lwar1
Whruhpd 57 +D irupxod gh Lwar1, Vhmd+[w,w xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr wdo txh
g[w @d+w,gw.e+w,gEw vhqgr d> e5 O5 h vhmd i =U^3>4,$ U frp wrgdv dv ghulydgdv dwh d vhjxqgd rughp frqwqxdv1 Hqwdr r surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr\w@
i+[w> w,h wdo txh/ sdud3xyW/\y\x@
] y
x
Ci
Cw+[w> w, . Ci
C{+[w> w,d+w, .
4 5
C5i
C{5+[w> w,e
5+w,gw.] y x
Ci
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 5;
Rx vhmd/ d glihuhqfldo hvwrfdvwlfd gr surfhvvr+\w,w h
g\w @
Ci
Cw+[w> w, . Ci
C{+[w> w,d+w, .
4 5
C5i
C{5+[w> w,e
5+w,gw.Ci
C{+[w> w,e+w,gEw=
Ghprqvwudfdr= D ghprqvwudfdr vhud orqjd h d glylgluhl hp yduldv hwdsdv1 Sulphludphqwh ghprqvwuduhl sru lqgxfdr txh
g+Ew,p@pEwp4gEw.p+p4,
5 E
p5 w gw>
sdud wrgrp5Q1 Idflophqwh yhulfdprv txh d uhodfdr dflpd ydoh sdudp@ 4>51 Vxsrqkdprv d uhodfdr ydolgd sdud p h ghprqvwuhprv txh ydoh sdud p. 41 Fdofxodqgrg+Ew,p.4 whprv/
g+Ew,p.4@g+EwpEw, @EwpgEw.Ewg+Ew,p.pEwp4gw@
Epw gEw.pEwpgEw.p+p54,Ewp4gw.pEwp4gw@
@ +p. 4,EwpgEw.p+p5. 4,Ewp4gw>
whuplqdqgr d lqgxfdr1 Glvwr rewhprv lphgldwdphqwh/ sdud wrgd ixqfdr srolqr0 pldo Thp xpd yduldyho/
g+T+Ew,, @T3+Ew,gEw.T33+Ew, 5 gw=
Sdvvhprv djrud d frqvlghudu ixqfrhv gd irupdJ+{> w, @T+{,j+w,/Txp srolqarplr hp{hj gxdv yh}hv glihuhqfldyho1 Hqwdr
g+J+Ew> w,, @g+T+Ew,j+w,, @j+w,g+T+Ew,, .T+Ew,gj+w, .T3+Ew,3 @
j+w,
T3+Ew,gEw.T33+Ew, 5 gw
.T+Ew,j3+w,gw@
j+w,T3+Ew,gEw. +j+w,T 33+Ew,
5 .T+Ew,j
3+w,,gw=
Uhhvfuhyhqgr rewhprv
J+Ew5> w5,J+Ew4> w4, @
] w5
w4
Jw.45J{{
gw.
] w5
w4
J{gEw=
D irupxod dflpd h hqwdr ydolgd sdud J @ Sp
l@4il+{,jl+w,/ il srolqarpldo h
9 LQWHJUDO HVWRF DVWLFD1 5<
frpsdfwrv/ gh ixqfrhv gd irupdJ@Sp
l@4il+{,jl+w,/ frp d frqyhujahqfld xql0
iruph gh wrgdv dv ghulydgdv dwh d vhjxqgd rughp1 Ydoh hqwdr
Jq+Ew5> w5,Jq+Ew4> w4, @
] w5
w4
CJ
q
Cw +Ew> w, .
4 5
C5Jq C{5 +Ew> w,
gw.
] w5
w4
CJq
C{ +Ew> w,gEw=
D frqyhujahqfld xqliruph lpsolfd
Solp
q$4
] w5
w4
CJ
q
Cw +Ew> w, .
4 5
C5Jq C{5 +Ew> w,
gw@
] w5
w4
Ci
Cw+Ew> w, .
4 5
C5i C{5+Ew> w,
gw=
+ohpeuh0vh gh txh w $ Ew+$, h frqwqxd txdvh0fhuwdphqwh h txh sruwdqwr iEw+$,>w4ww5jh xp frqmxqwr frpsdfwr t1f1,
Whprv wdpehp txh
olp
q$4
] w5
w4 CJq
C{ +Ew> w, Ci C{+Ew> w,
5
gw@ 3 txdvh fhuwdphqwh1
Ydoh hqwdr txhUw5
w4
CJq
C{ +Ew> w,gEw$S
Uw5
w4
Ci
C{+Ew> w,gEw1 H sruwdqwr ydoh d irupxod
gh Lwar sdud r surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfrEw1 Sdud h{whqghuprv r uhvxowdgr d txdotxhu surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr qrwhprv sulphludphqwh txh d irupxod ydoh vh\w @i+4.
d4w.e4Ew> w, vh4> d4> e4vdrDw4phqvxudyhlv1 D ghprqvwudfdr vhjxh rv phvprv
sdvvrv dqwhulruhv d sduwlu gd yhulfdfdr gh txh/ vh +w, @4.d4w.e4Ew
g++w,,p@p+w,p4^d4gw.e4gEw` .p+p54,++w,,p5e54gw=
Hvvhv ghwdokhv hvwdr dr dofdqfh gh txdotxhu ohlwru txh hqwhqghx d sulphlud sduwh ghvwd ghprqvwudfdr1 R sur{lpr sdvvr h qrwdu txh vh d+w,> e+w, vdr ixqfrhv ghjudx d phvpd irupxod vhud ydolgd1 Lvwr srutxh d irupxod h ydolgd hp fdgd lqwhuydor rqghd+w,> e+w, vdr frqvwdqwhv qr whpsr1 Vhmdp djrudd+w,> e+w, ixqfrhv qdr0dqwhflsdwlydv ghO5 hdq> eq5O5vhtxahqfld gh ixqfrhv ghjudx wdlv txh
olp
q$4
] W
3 mdq+w,d+w,mgw@ 3 h
] W
3 meq+w,e+w,m 5gw S
$3=
Ghqdprvq+w, @+3, .Uw
3dq+v,gv.
Uw
3eq+v,gEv1 Ydoh txh vxs3wWmq+w,
+w,m$S 3 h sruwdqwr txh frqyhujh t1f1 qxpd vxevhtxahqfldnq/ txh sdud vlpsol0 fdu d qrwdfdr/ frqvlghuduhprvnq@q1 Ydoh hqwdr txh
] W 3 Ci
C{+q+w,> w,eq+w, Ci
C{++w,> w,e+w,
S $3
h sruwdqwr txh
] w5
w4
Ci
C{+q+w,> w,eq+w,gEw
S $
] w5
w4
Ci
: D I RUPXOD GH EODFN0VFKROHV 63
Ilqdophqwh gd frqyhujahqfld xqliruph rewhprv txh=
S olp
q$4
] w5
w4
Ci
Cw+q+w,> w, . Ci
C{+q+w,> w,dq+w, .
4 5
C5i
C{5+q+w,> w,e
5 q+w,
gw@
] w5
w4
Ci
Cw++w,> w, . Ci
C{++w,> w,d+w, .
4 5
C5i
C{5++w,> w,e5+w,
gw=
THG
.
u
Lh4*@ _i *@U!5UL*it
R sulphlur fdofxor ehp vxfhglgr gr suhfr gh xp dwlyr ghulydgr irl ihlwr sru Eodfn h Vfkrohv1 R frqfhlwr ixqgdphqwdo xvdgr sru hohv irl r gh duelwudjhp1
Vxsrqkdprv xpd hfrqrpld vhp fxvwrv gh wudqvdfdr/ frp xpd dfdr frp suhfrVwh xpd rsfdr hxurshld frp yhqflphqwr qr whpsrW h suhfr gh h{hufflr
N1 Vxsrqkdprv dlqgd txh h{lvwd xp dwlyr vhp ulvfr frp suhfrw @huw> u31 R suhfr gd dfdr whp glvwulexlfdr orj0qrupdo= Vw @V3hw.Ew1 Shod irupxod gh
Lwar=
gVw
Vw @ +.
5@5,gw. gE w=
R ydoru gd rsfdr qr lqvwdqwhWh\W @ pd{iVWN>3j1 Txhuhprv fdofxodu\w/ 3w ? W1
Ghqlfdr 54 Xpd hvwudwhjld gh frpsud h yhqgd h xp sdu +d> e,5P5 O51 D hvwudwhjld h dxwr0qdqfldyho vh sdud3wW/
dwVw.eww@d3V3.e33.
] w
3 dvgVv.
] w
3 evuh uvgv=
Vh +d> e, h dxwr0qdqfldyho h dWVW .eWW @ \W hqwdr d3V3.e33 h r suhfr
gd rsfdr1 H fodur hqwdr txh shorv phvprv prwlyrv/\w @dwVw.eww h r suhfr gd rsfdr qr whpsr w1 Sdud fdofxodu \w vxsruhprv txh \w @ i+Vw> w,> i gxdv yh}hv glihuhqfldyho vh w ? W1 Vh d uhvsrvwd rewlgd uhdophqwh iru gxdv yh}hv glihuhqfldyho hvwduhprv mxvwlfdgrv1 Shor ohpd gh Lwar rewhprv +@.5@5,
g\w @
Ci
C{+Vw> w,Vw. Ci
Cw+Vw> w, . 5
5
C5i C{5+Vw> w,V
5 w
gw.Ci
C{+Vw> w,VwgEw=
Txhuhprv hqfrqwudu +d> e, dxwr0qdqfldyho wdo txhdwVw.eww @\w1 Qhvvh fdvr whudprv
; D I RUPXOD GH IH\QPDQ0NDF1 64
Sdud lvwr vhu srvvlyho whprv txhdwVw @CiC{+Vw> w,Vw h sruwdqwrdw@ CiC{+Vw> w,1 Shod ghqlfdr gh +d> e, rewhprvew @huw+\wdwVw, @huw+i+Vw> w,C{Ci+Vw> w,Vw,1
Vxevwlwxlqgr h ljxdodqgr rv frhflhqwhv hpgwqdv htxdfrhv dflpd yhp=
ui+Vw> w, .CiCw+Vw> w, .uVwCiC{+Vw> w, . 5V5
w
5
C5i
C{5+Vw> w, @ 3=
Rx vhmd h vxflhqwh txhi vdwlvidfd d htxdfdr d ghulydgdv sdufldlv=
ui+{> w, .Ci
Cw+{> w, .u{ Ci
C{+{> w, . 5{5
5
C5i
C{5+{> w, @ 3>
frp d frqglfdr gh iurqwhlud i+{> W, @ pd{i{N>3j1 Hp jhudo whqwd0vh sulphludphqwh r phwrgr gh yduldyhlv vhsdudyhlv1 Qhvwh sureohpd hqwuhwdqwr d wudqvirupdfdr n+{> w, @ |+orj+{@N, .Ew> Fw, shuplwh hvfrokhqgr0vh F h E
rewhu d htxdfdr|w.|{{@ 31 Hvwd htxdfdr vh uhvroyh idflophqwh1 Shor prphqwr
qrv frqwhqwduhprv hp gl}hu txh
i+{> w, @ s{
5
] }
4h v5@5
gvNhsu+W w,
5
] }sW w
4 h
v5@5
gv
vhqgr}@orj+{@N,s
W w . +u.5@5, s
Ww@h d vroxfdr txh surfxudprv1 R ohlwru ghyh yhulfdu frpr h{hufflr txh olpw$Wi+{> w, @ pd{i{N>3j1
H
u
Lh4*@ _i 6i)?4@?k@U
D irupxod gh Ih|qpdq0Ndf shuplwh uhvroyhu htxdfrhv glihuhqfldlv sdufldlv gr wlsr rewlgr dflpd frpr r ydoru hvshudgr gh fhuwr surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr1 Xpd irupxodfdr pxlwr xwlo frp fhuwh}d1
Frqvlghuhprv d htxdfdr
u+{> w,i+{> w, .Ci
Cw+{> w, .u+{> w,{ Ci
C{+{> w, .
5+{> w, 5
C5i
C{5+{> w, @ 3>
frp frqglfdr gh iurqwhludi+{> W, @j+{, sdudjfrqwqxd1 Hvvh wlsr gh htxdfdr vxujh txdqgr qr oxjdu gh whuprv r suhfr qdo \W @ pd{iVW N>3j whprv
\W @j+VW,/ d wd{d gh mxurvu h d yduladqfldpdlv jhudlv gr txh qd irupxod gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv1
Vhmd hqwdr]v{w r surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr ghqlgr sru]v{w @{vhvw h
g]v{w@u+]v{w> v,]v{wgv.+]v{w> v,gEv v A w=
Whruhpd 58 Vh u> > j whp prgxor olplwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru xp srolqarplr hp +{> w, r suhfr gr dwlyr ghulydgr fxmr ydoru qdo h \W @ j+VW, vhud \w @
i+Vw> w, rqghi h gdgd sru
i+{> w, @HhUwWu+]v{w>v,gvj+]{w
W ,
< LQWHJUDF DR HVWRF DVWLFD HP Y DULDV GLPHQV RHV1 65
vdwlvid} di+{> W, @j+{,h uhvroyh=
u+{> w,i+{> w, .Ci
Cw+{> w, .u+{> w,{ Ci
C{+{> w, .
5+{> w, 5
C5i
C{5+{> w, @ 3=
Sru h{hpsor/ sdud d irupxod gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv/]W{w@{h+u55,+W w,.+EWEw,1
Yhultxhprv d irupxod gh Ih|qpdq0Ndf/ vxsrqgr txh h{lvwd xpd vroxfdr
i+{> w, gd htxdfdr dflpd1 Ghqdprv rv surfhvvrv ]v @ Uwvu+[> ,g/ \v @
i+{> w, sdud v w h \v @ i+[v> v,h]v vh v w/ rqgh [v @ ]{w
v 1 Whprv
g]v@u+[v> v,gvh shod irupxod gh Lwar rewhprv txhgi+[v> v, @
Ci
Cw+[v> v, . Ci
C{+[v> v,u+[v> v,[v. C5i
5C{5+[v> v,
5+[ v> v,
gv.Ci
C{+[v> v,+]
{w v > v,gEv=
Sruwdqwr
g\v@
Ci
Cw+[v> v, . Ci
C{+[v> v,u+[v> v,[v. C5i
5C{5+[v> v,
5+[ v> v,
h]vgv
i+[v> v,h]vu+[v> v,gv.CiC{+[v> v,+]v{w> v,h]vgEv.CiC{+[v> v,3gw@
@ Ci
C{+[v> v,+]
{w
v > v,h]vgEv=
H sruwdqwr
\Wi+{> w, @
] W
w
Ci
C{+[v> v,h
]vgE
v=
H\W @i+{> w, .H
] W
w
Ci
C{+[v> v,h
]v+[
v> v,gEv@i+{> w,=
Dflpd xvdprv txh d lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd h xpd pduwlqjdod1 Ilqdophqwh whprv
i+{> w, @Hki+[W> W,h UW
w u+[>,g
l
@HkhUwWu+[>,gj+[W,
l
=
Whuplqdqgr d yhulfdfdr1
b
W?|i}h@
U
@L it|LU
@t|U@ i4
@h@t _4i?t
Lit
Ghqlfdr 55 Xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr/E+w, @ +E4+w,> = = = > Eq+w,,/ h xp pryl0 phqwr Eurzqldqr gh glphqvdrq vh Em+w,h xp prylphqwr Eurzqlqdqr +xql0 glphqvlrqdo, sdud wrgrm/4mqh dv 0dojheudv iEm+w,>w3j/4mq
< LQWHJUDF DR HVWRF DVWLFD HP Y DULDV GLPHQV RHV1 66
Vh e+w> $, @ +elm+w> $,,lp>mq vhqgr txh elm 5 O5 sdud wrgr l> m d lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd UW
3 e+w,gE+w, h ghqlgd sru
] W
3 e+w,gE+w, @
3 C q [ m@4 ] W
3 e4m+w,gEm+w,> = = = > q
[
m@4
] W
3 epm+w,gE+w,
4 D=
H fodur txh d lqwhjudo hvwrfdvwlfd ghqlgd dflpd h olqhdu hpe1 H h lphgldwr txhH^UW
3 e+w,gE+w,` @ +3> = = = >3, @ 31
Sursrvlfdr 44 Vhi> j5P5 hqwdr=
41 HkUW
3 i+w,gEl+w,
UW
3 j+w,gEl+w,
l
@HkUW
3 i+w,j+w,gw
l
=
51 HkUW
3 i+w,gEl+w,
UW
3 j+w,gEm+w,
l
@ 3 vhl9@m1
Ghprqvwudfdr= R vhjxqgr lwhp ghfruuh lphgldwhphqwh shod lqghshqgahqfld1 R sulphlur lwhp ghprqvwud0vh xvdqgr d lghqwlgdgh 7ij@ +i.j,5+ij,51
Frurodulr 5 H
UW
3 e+w,gE+w,
5
@HkUW
3 mme+w,mm5gw
l
1
Ghqlfdr 56 Vhmd+\w,w xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr gh glphqvdr qh vxsrqkdprv txh
\+w,\+3, @
] w
3 d+x,gx.
] w
3 e+x,gE+x,>
vhqgrd@ +d4> = = = > dp,/dm5O4h e@ +elm,lm/lp> mq/elm 5O51 Gl}hprv txh+\w,w whp glihuhqfldo hvwrfdvwlfd
g\w@d+w,gw.e+w,gE+w,=
u
Lh4*@ _i W|
L 4*|_4i?tL?@*
Whruhpd 59 Vhmdx+{> w,frqwqxd mxqwdphqwh frp vxdv ghulydgdv C{Cx
l/
C5x
C{lC{m
h CxCw=6 Vhmd+\w,xp surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr gh glphqvdrp frp glihuhqfldo
g\w@d+w,gw.e+w,gE+w,=
Hqwdrx+\w> w,whp glihuhqfldo hvwrfdvwlfdgx+\w> w, @
5
7xw+\w> w, .
p
[
l@4
x{l+\w> w,dl+w, .
4 5
p
[
l>m@4
x{l{m+\w> w,+eeW,lm+w,
6 8gw.
q [ o@4 p [ l@4
x{l+\w> w,elo+w,gEo+w,=
5i @*i4 _ttL Y5
< LQWHJUDF DR HVWRF DVWLFD HP Y DULDV GLPHQV RHV1 67
D irupxod gh Lwar pxowl0glphqvlrqdo qdr vhud ghprqvwudgd1 D ghprqvwudfdr h dqdorjd dr fdvr xql0glphqvlrqdo frp r dx{olr gr vhjxlqwh ohpd=
Ohpd 43 Vhg[w4@d4+w,gw.e4+w,gE+w,h g[w5@d5+w,gw.e5+w,gE+w,hqwdr
g+[w4[w5, @[w4g[w5.[w5g[w4.
q
[
m@4
e4me5mgw=
D ghprqvwudfdr gr ohpd dflpd ghfruuh gd elolqhdulgdgh gh g+[w4[w5, h gr vhjxlqwh ohpd=
Ohpd 44 Vhl9@m/ hqwdrg+ElEm, @ElgEm.EmgEl1
Ghprqvwudfdr= Vhmd Zw @ El+w,.Es5m+w,= Hqwdr Zw h xp prylphqwr Eurzqldqr
qrupdol}dgr1 OrjrZw5@w.5Uw
3ZwgZw1 Xvdqgr txhZw5@E
5 l.E5m
5 .ElEm @w.
Uw
3ElgEl.
Uw
3EmgEm.ElEm h txh
] w
3 ZwgZw@
] w
3 ElgEl.
] w
3 EmgEm
rewhprv r uhvxowdgr1
, t|
i?U@ i ?U_@_i _i i^@
U
Lit _uihi?U@t
it|LU
@t|U@t
Vhmde+{> w, @ +e4+{> w,> = = = > eq+{> w,, h+{> w, @ +lm+{> w,,lq>mq1 Vhmd +[w,w xp
surfhvvr hvwrfdvwlfr wdo txh
g[+w, @e+[+w,> w,gw.+[+w,> w,gE+w,>
[+3, @3 txdvh fhuwdphqwh1 +4,
Gl}hprv txh +[+w,, vdwlvid} d htxdfdr glihuhqfldo hvwrfdvwlfd +4, frp frqglfdr lqlfldo31
Whruhpd 5: Vxsrqkdprve/frpr dflpd/ ghqlgdv h phqvxudyhlv hpUq
^3> W`1 Vxsrqkdprv txh sdud wrgr{> |> w=
me+{> w,e+|> w,m.m+{> w,+|> w,m Nm{|mh me+{> w,m.m+{> w,m N+4 .m{m,=
Vxsrqkdprv wdpehp txh 3 h xp yhwru dohdwrulr lqghshqghqwh gh iE+v,>v