Testicle size as indicator of fertility in bulls

(1)

ORIGINALNI RAD / ORIGINAL PAPER

* Rad primljen za štampu 27. 09. 2013. godine

,JRU3UNDVSHFGUYHWPHGĈRUÿHYLü%UDQLVODYDGLSOLQåSROM6WRþDUVNRYHWHULQDUVNLFHQ

-WDU.UQMDþD%HRJUDG6UELMD

DOI 10.2298/VETGL1406311P UDC 591.463.1+57.018-022.5: 616.699+599.735.5

9(/,þ,1$7(67,6$.$2,1',.$7253/2'1267,.2'%,.29$

7(67,&/(6,=($6,1',&$7252))(57,/,7<,1%8//6

3UND,ĐRUĀHYLý%UDQLVODYD

0XãNDWHODGGRELMHQDRGYLVRNRYUHGQLKURGLWHOMDELNRYVNLKRþH -YDLELNRYVNLKPDMNLXOD]HXL]ERUELNRYD]DYHãWDþNRRVHPHQMDYDQMH 3RVOHODERUDWRULMVNLKLVSLWLYDQMDWHODGVHSUHX]LPDMXXFHQWDU]DYRL QDNRQERUDYNDXNDUDQWLQXSUHOD]HXWHVWQXVWDQLFX1DNRQQDYUãHQLK GYDQDHVW PHVHFL YUãH VH PHUHQMD ]D RFHQX HNVWHULMHUD JUOD -HGQD RGPHUDNRMDVHHYLGHQWLUDMHLRELPWHVWLVD1DRVQRYXYHOLþLQHWHV -WLVDPRJXüHMHGRELWLSURJQR]XSRWHQFLMDODSURL]YRGQMHVSHUPH=D XWYUÿLYDQMHYHOLþLQHWHVWLVDWHVWLNXODUQDELRPHWULMDNRULVWHVHWUDNHLOL OHQMLUL

&LOMRYRJUDGDMHGDVHXWYUGLGDOLSRVWRMLXWLFDMYHOLþLQHWHVWLVD QDSURL]YRGQMXVSHUPHNRGPODGLKELNRYDNRMLVHNRULVWH]DYR8WX VYUKXNRULãüHQLVXSRGDFLRRELPXWHVWLVDNRGMHGQRJRGLãQMLKELNRYD NRMLWHNSRþLQMXVDSURL]YRGQMRPVSHUPHLXSRUHÿLYDQLVXVDRGUHÿH nim parametrima kvaliteta semena – volumenom ejakulata, koncen-WUDFLMRPLSURFHQWRPåLYLKLSURJUHVLYQRSRNUHWOMLYLKVSHUPDWR]RLGD

8DQDOL]XVXELOLXNOMXþHQLVYLPODGLELNRYLNRMLVXXSHULRGXRG GRJRGLQHSRþLQMDOLVDSURL]YRGQMRPLWRELNRYDUD]OLþL -WLKUDVDVLPHQWDOVNDKROãWDMQIUL]LMVNDPRQWDIRQVND1DNRQPHUHQMD RELPDWHVWLVDSUDüHQLVXSDUDPHWULNYDOLWHWDVSHUPHWRNRPQDUHGQLK JRGLQXGDQDNRULãüHQMD

(2)

PDQMLPRGFPSDGRLVSRGNRGELNRYDVDRELPRPWHVWLVD YHüLPRGFP

1DRVQRYXUH]XOWDWDGRELMHQLKXRYRPUDGX]DNOMXþDNMHGDYHOLþL -QDWHVWLVDMHVWHSRND]DWHOMSORGQRVWLELNDGDSRVWRML]QDþDMQDNRUHODFL -MDL]PHÿXRELPDWHVWLVDLYROXPHQDHMDNXODWDNDRLGDSRVWRMLSRWUHED GDVH]QDþDMQLMHLVSLWDJHQHWVNDSRYH]DQRVWL]PHÿXRELPDWHVWLVDNRG ELNRYDLSORGQRVWLQMLKRYLKNüHUNL

.OMXþQH UHþL ELNRYL RELP WHVWLVD WHVWLNXODUQD ELRPHWULMD SDUD -metri kvaliteta

2GDELUSORGQLKLJHQHWVNLNYDOLWHWQLKSULSORGQMDNDMHMHGDQRGSUHGXVORYD]D XQDSUHÿHQMHVWRþDUVNHSURL]YRGQMHXQDãRM]HPOML3ULSORGQLELNRYLELUDMXVHSUYHQ

-VWYHQRQDRVQRYXRGJDMLYDþNLKFLOMHYDRGQRVQRJHQHWVNRJSRWHQFLMDODURGLWHOMD SUHGDNDRGUHÿHQRJSULSORGQMDND

8]UDVW X NRP SRþLQMX GD IXQNFLRQLãX UHSURGXNWLYQH IXQNFLMH NRG åLYRWLQMD

VHGH¿QLãHNDRSXEHUWHW7RRGJRYDUDSURPHQDPDXQLYRXKRUPRQDLVSRVRE

-QRVWLMHGLQNLGDVHNVXDOQRIXQNFLRQLãXNDNRELVHUHSURGXNRYDOH3UHFL]QLMHSX

-EHUWHWNRGELNRYDPRåHGDVHGH¿QLãHLNDRX]UDVWXNRMHPMHåLYRWLQMDSUYLSXW VSRVREQDGDSURL]YHGHHMDNXODWNRMLVDGUåLQDMPDQMHPLOLRQDVSHUPDWR]RLGDVD PLQLPDOQRSRNUHWOMLYLK8]UDVWLWHåLQDNDGDSXEHUWHWSRþLQMH]DYLVLRGUDVHL NYDOLWHWDLVKUDQHXWRNXUD]YRMD,VWUDåLYDQMDVDUD]OLþLWLPUDVDPDVXSRND]DODGD MHSUDNWLþQLSRND]DWHOMSULVXWQRJSXEHUWHWDNDGDMHRELPWHVWLVDL]PHÿXLFP

/XQVWUDLVDU0HÿXWLPþLQMHQLFDGDMHELNGRVWLJDRSXEHUWHWLGDSURL]

-YRGLVSHUPXQH]QDþLQXåQRLGDMHRQDYLVRNRIHUWLOQD5DVWWHVWLVDVHXEU]DYDX SXEHUWHWXGREPHVHFLDVDPRELPWHVWLVDVHSRYHüDYDVYHGRJRGLQH åLYRWD

,VKUDQDREURFLPDVDL]X]HWQRQLVNLPHQHUJHWVNLPVDGUåDMHPPRåHRGORåLWL SXEHUWHWLSRWHQFLMDOQRSURL]YRGQMXVSHUPH6HPWRJDELNRYLNRMLVXELOLL]JODGQ

-MLYDQLXPODGRVWLQLNDGDVHQHPRJXDGHNYDWQRUD]YLWLXSRUHÿHQMXVDELNRYLPD NRMLVXDGHNYDWQRKUDQMHQL9DQ'HPDUNLVDU7DNRÿHLQDVODJHPDVQRJ

tkiva u skrotumu mogu ugroziti pravilnu termoregulaciju.

.DNR VH SRYHüDYD RELP WHVWLVD WDNR VH SRYHüDYD GQHYQD SURL]YRGQMD VSHUPH YLVRNRJ NYDOLWHWD 7DNRÿH SRVWRML SR]LWLYQD JHQHWVND NRUHODFLMD L]PHÿX RELPDWHVWLVDELNRYVNRJRFDLRELPDWHVWLVDQMHJRYRJVLQDãWRXND]XMHQDWRGD ELNRYLVDYHüLPRELPRPWHVWLVDLVWRGDMXVLQRYHVDYHüLPRELPRPWHVWLVDâWRVH WLþHQLYRDVWHRQRVWLQMHJRYLKNüHUNLSRVWRMLSR]LWLYQDNRUHODFLMDGRN]DX]UDVWXODV

-NDMXQLFDXSXEHUWHWSRVWRMLQHJDWLYQDNRUHODFLMD7R]QDþLGDELNüHUNHELNRYDVD YHüLPRELPRPWHVWLVDWUHEDORGDXÿXXSXEHUWHWNDRPODÿH

(3)

9HWJODVQLN3UND,LĈRUÿHYLü%UDQLVODYD9HOLþLQDWHVWLVDNDR LQGLNDWRUSORGQRVWLNRGELNRYD

2ELPWHVWLVDNRGELNRYDGRMHGQHJRGLQHVWDURVWLWUHEDGDEXGHYHüLRG FPDNRGVWDULMLKELNRYDYHüLRGFP5D]YRMWHVWLVDNRGELNDMHYLVRNRQDVOHGQD RVRELQDKHULWDELOLWHWMHRNR8WDEHOLGDWLVXQHNLRGNULWHULMXPD]DYHOLþLQX WHVWLVDELND

7HVWLVLLPDMXGYHIXQNFLMHSURL]YRGQMXVSHUPDWR]RLGDLSURL]YRGQMXKRUPR -na, testosterona. Testisi su postavljeni izvan tela, u skrotumu. Ovo je od

suštinsk-RJ]QDþDMD]DQMLKRYRQRUPDOQRIXQNFLRQLVDQMHQDWHPSHUDWXULQLåRM]DQHNROLNR

stepeni u odnosu na normalnu telesnu temperaturu.

6NURWXPMHYDåDQUDGLUHJXOLVDQMDWHPSHUDWXUHWHVWLVD7RVHRGYLMD]DKYD OMXMXüLWHPSHUDWXUQRRVHWOMLYRPVORMXPLãLüDNRMLVHQDOD]LX]LGXVNURWXPDVOLND

2YDMPLãLüVHRSXãWDNDGDMHWRSORLNRQWUDKXMH NDGDMHKODGQR*XELWNRPSRNUHWOMLYRVWLGROD]LGR KLSHUWHUPLMHXXQXWUDãQMRVWLVNURWXPDLWHVWLVDãWR

za posledicu ima smanjenje kvaliteta ejakulata.

3RVWRMH WUL RVQRYQD REOLND VNURWXPD NRG ELNRYDVOLND3UYLMHQRUPDOQLLOLVNURWXPXREOL

-NXERFH$]DWLPVDUDYQLPLYLFDPD%LNOLQDVW VNURWXP & %LNRYL NRML LPDMX QRUPDOQL VNURWXP LPDMXLQDMEROMLUD]YRMLQDMEROMXNRQWUROXWHPSHUD -ture testisa.

7DEHOD0LQLPDOQLNULWHULMXPL]DYHOLþLQXWHVWLVD

Table 1. Minimum requirements for testicle size

Starost (meseci) /

$JHPRQWKV Obim testisa (cm) / 7HVWLFXODUVFRSHFP

ޒ 30

16 31

19 – 21 32

22 – 24 33

ޓ 34

3UHPD%XVFKLVDU

6OLND*UDÿDWHVWLVDELND&HUJROM

3ROQLRUJDQLELND0&±PXVFXOXVFUHPDVWHU6±VHPHQRYRG 79&±WXQLFDYDJLQDOLVFRPPXQLV7(±WHORHSLGLGLPLVD7± WHVWLV5(±UHSHSLGHGLPLVD

(4)

ýHVWLVOXþDMHYLVODEHSORGQRVWLNRGELNRYDVXDEQRUPDOQLWHVWLVL7HVWLVLWUH

-EDGDVXVLPHWULþQLSULEOLåQRLVWHYHOLþLQHLVORERGQRSRNUHWQLXVNURWXPX0DOD YHOLþLQDLOLGHJHQHUDFLMDþHVWRSRJDÿDMXMHGDQWHVWLVLSUHGVWDYOMDMXSUREOHP%OH

zinger, 2002) .

0HUHQMHRELPDWHVWLVDMHLQGLUHNWQRSURFHQMLYDQMHPDVHWNLYDWHVWLVD=DXW

-YUÿLYDQMHYHOLþLQHWHVWLVDWHVWLNXODUQDELRPHWULMDNRULVWHVHWUDNHLOLOHQMLUL3DODFL RVWDOLSUVWLVHSRVWDYHQDVNURWXP5XSHVKLVDU

2GELNRYDELORNRMHJX]UDVWDVDRELPRPWHVWLVDRGPPLYLãHPRåHVH RþHNLYDWLGDLPDMX]DGRYROMDYDMXüXSURL]YRGQMXVSHUPH0HÿXWLPNRGELNRYDVWD

-URVWLSUHNRPHVHFLVDRELPRPWHVWLVDPDQMLPRGPPSURL]YRGQMDVSHUPH üHELWL]QDþDMQRPDQMD/DWLPHULVDU

1HRSKRGQRMHREDYLWLSUHJOHGELNDGDVHSRWYUGLRGQRVQRGDVHQDYUHPH GLMDJQRVWLNXMHHYHQWXDOQDQHSORGQRVW3RVOH]DYUãHQRJRSãWHJNOLQLþNRJSUHOD]L VHQDDQGURORãNLSUHJOHG3RVOHSUHJOHGDVSROMDãQMLKSROQLKRUJDQDSDåOMLYRVHSDO

-SLUDMXWHVWLVLHSLGLGLPLVLNRåDVNURWXPDSRNUHWOMLYRVWWHVWLVDXVNURWXPXLIXQLFX -lus spermaticus.

3UHJOHGRPVNURWXPDLWHVWLVDRFHQMXMHVHRGJRYDUDOLYHOLþLQDX]UDVWXELND VLPHWULþQRVWOHYHLGHVQHVWUDQHVNURWXPDLHYHQWXDOQRSULVXVWYRSDWRORãNLKSURP

-HQDQDNRåLVNURWXPDHNFHPLUDQHSRYUHGHHNWRSDUD]LWL9HOLþLQDVNURWXPDL WHVWLVDPRUDRGJRYDUDWLX]UDVWXLUDVLSULSORGQMDNDDOHYDLGHVQDVWUDQDWUHEDGD EXGXSULEOLåQRVLPHWULþQHEH]SDWRORãNLKSURPHQD

&LOMRYRJUDGDMHGDVHXWYUGLGDOLSRVWRMLXWLFDMYHOLþLQHWHVWLVDQDSURL]YRGQMX VSHUPHNRGPODGLKELNRYDNRMLVHNRULVWH]DYR

8DQDOL]XVXELOLXNOMXþHQLVYLPODGLELNRYLNRMLVXXSHULRGXRGGR JRGLQHSRþLQMDOLVDSURL]YRGQMRPVSHUPHLWRELNRYDUD]OLþLWLKUDVDVLPHQWDO

-6OLND2EOLFLVNURWXPDELND&RXOWHU

Figure 2. Forms of a bull scrotum (Coulter, 1987)

(5)

VND KROãWDMQ IUL]LMVND PRQWDIRQVND .RG QMLK VX QDNRQ PHUHQMD RELPD WHVWLVD SUDüHQLSDUDPHWULNYDOLWHWDVSHUPHWRNRPQDUHGQLKJRGLQXGDQDNRULãüHQMD

8WXVYUKXNRULãüHQLVXSRGDFLRRELPXWHVWLVDNRGMHGQRJRGLãQMLKELNRYDNRML WHNSRþLQMXVDSURL]YRGQMRPVSHUPHLXSRUHÿLYDQLVXVDRGUHÿHQLPSDUDPHWULPD NYDOLWHWDVHPHQD±YROXPHQRPHMDNXODWDNRQFHQWUDFLMRPLSURFHQWRPåLYLKLSUR

-JUHVLYQRSRNUHWOMLYLKVSHUPDWR]RLGD

1DNRQãWRVHELN¿NVLUDL]PHÿX]DGQMLKQRJXSDOSLUDQLVXVDREHUXNHQMH

-JRYLSROQLRUJDQL3ULOLNRPSDOSDFLMHVNURWXPDSDåQMDMHREUDüHQDQDWHPSHULUD

-QRVWEROQRVWYHOLþLQXNRQ]LVWHQFLMXLSRNUHWOMLYRVWWHJODWNRüXWHVWLVDLHSLGLGLPLVD

Oni su lako palpirani kroz zid skrotuma i pokretljivi su u skrotumu, glatke i ravne

SRYUãLQHWHHODVWLþQHNRQ]LVWHQFLMH1DSDWRORãNRVWDQMHXSXüXMXWHVWDVWDNRQ]L

-VWHQFLMDNRåHVNURWXPDÀXNWXDFLMDXQMHJRYRMãXSOMLQLQHSRNUHWOMLYRVWWHVWLVDQD

-OD]þYRULüD]DGHEOMDQMDRWYGQXüDSURPHQDNRQ]LVWHQFLMHWHYLGQRVPDQMHQMHLOL SRYHüDQMHMHGQRJLOLREDWHVWLVD6NURWXPLWHVWLVLWUHEDGDEXGX¿]LRORãNLEH]EROQL LWHPSHUDWXUHSULEOLåQHRVWDOLPGHORYLPDNRåH7HPSHULUDQRVWMHRGUHÿLYDQDWDNR GDVHQDGODQLFDSULVORQLQDVNURWXP1DURþLWRMHYDåQRGDWHVWLVLEXGXSRNUHWOMLYL MHUMHXSURWLYQRPRQHPRJXüHQDQMLKRYDWHUPRUHJXODFLMDNRMDVHVSURYRGLSULEOLåD -vanjem ili udalja-vanjem od tela.

2ELPWHVWLVDMHPHUHQPHWDOQRPSDQWOMLNRPQDVDPRSRYODþHQMHVOLND %LNMHSUYR¿NVLUDQUXGRPLDONRPVWDQHVHL]DELNDMHGQRPUXNRPVHXKYDWL]D YUDWVNURWXPDLX]EODJLSULWLVDNSRYXþHQDGROH3DODFLRVWDOLSUVWLVHSRVWDYHQD VNURWXP5XSHVKLVDU

.DG MH KODGQR YUHPH WHVWLVL NRG ELNRYD VH SRYODþH RWHåDYDMXüL QMLKRYR PHUHQMH0RUDGDVHSD]LGDVXWHVWLVLSR]LFLRQLUDQLQDGQXVNURWXPDDQDERUHQD VNURWXPXWUHEDHOLPLQLVDWLãWRMHYLãHPRJXüH 'RN VH MHGQRP UXNRP WHVWLVL GUåH X SR]LFLML RPþDSDQWOMLNHVHVWDYLGUXJRPUXNRP7UDND MHSDåOMLYRVWDYOMDQDRNRQDMãLUHJRELPDVNUR

-WXPD 7UHED L]EHüL VWDYOMDQMH SDOFD L]PHÿX WHVWLVD MHU üH WR SRYHüDWL RELP *ODYQL IDN

-WRULNRMLRGUHÿXMXYHOLþLQXWHVWLVDVXX]DVWEL

-ND UDVD L QLYR XKUDQMHQRVWL 8 SUDNVL X]UDVW MHQDM]QDþDMQLML2þHNLYDQHUD]OLNHPHÿXUDVD

-PDVXUHODWLYQRPDOH1XWULWLYQLVWUHVPRåHGD

prouzrokuje zastoj u razvoju testisa kod

mla-GLKELNRYDSRVHEQRDNRVHMDYLL]PHÿX PHVHFDNDGDMHUD]YRMWHVWLVDXNULWLþQRMID]L

6OLNDMerenje obima testisa bika RULJLQDOIRWR,3UND

Figure 3. Measuring of a bull testicle scope (original photo, I.Prka)

(6)

(MDNXODWL VD PDQMH RG SURJUHVLYQR SRNUHWOMLYLK VSHUPDWR]RLGD VH RG

-EDFXMXLQLVX]DXSRWUHEXXYHãWDþNRPRVHPHQMDYDQMX=DRFHQXSRNUHWOMLYRVWLX]

-LPDMXVHXRE]LUVDPRRQLVSHUPDWR]RLGLNRMLVHSUDYROLQLMVNLLSURJUHVLYQRNUHüX 3ULOLNRP SUHJOHGD VSHUPH PRJXüH MH XRþLWL JRPLOX DJOXWLQRYDQLK VSHUPDWR]RL

-GDNRMLVXSRVOHGLFDSURPHQHS+DXWRLQWRNVLNDFLMHJXELWNDHOHNWULþQRJQDERMDL GU7DNYDVSHUPDQLMHSRJRGQD]DGDOMXWHKQRORãNXREUDGX2VWDOLREOLFLNUHWDQMD NUXåQRQHSUDYROLQLMVNRLOLNUHWDQMHXPHVWXXND]XMXQDUD]QDSDWRORãNDVWDQMD VSHUPHL]QDFLVXEOLVNHVPUWLVSHUPDWR]RLGD

$QDOL]LUDQRMHXNXSQRELNRYDUD]OLþLWLKUDVD2ELPWHVWLVDVHNUHWDRRG PDQMHRGFPGRSUHNRFPWDEHOD3RGDFLRELNRYLPDVXSRGHOMHQLSR JUXSDPDXVNODGXVDRELPRPWHVWLVDD]DWLPXSRUHÿLYDQLVDRVQRYQLPSDUDPHW

-ULPDNYDOLWHWDVSHUPHYROXPHQEURMVSHUPDWR]RLGD±NRQFHQWUDFLMDLåLYLKL SURJUHVLYQRSRNUHWOMLYLKVSHUPDWR]RLGDNDRLRGEDþHQLKHMDNXODWD3DUDPHWUL NYDOLWHWDVSHUPHVXSUHGVWDYOMHQLNDRSURVHþQHYUHGQRVWLYDOMDQLKHMDNXODWDGREL

-MHQLKWRNRPPHVHFLNRULãüHQMDWLKELNRYD9HüLQDELNRYDRGLOLVX LPDOLRELPWHVWLVDYHüLRGPLQLPXPDSRWUHEQRJGDELXãOLXSURL]YRGQMXVSHUPH

2EUDÿHQLSRGDFLVXSUH]HQWRYDQLXWDEHOLLJUD¿NRQLPDL

=DXWYUÿLYDQMHXWLFDMDRELPDWHVWLVDQDYROXPHQHMDNXODWDNRULãüHQMHNRH¿

-FLMHQWNRUHODFLMH.RH¿FLMHQWNRUHODFLMHRELPDWHVWLVDLYROXPHQDSRND]XMHGD

je zavisnost pozitivna i vrlo jaka.

.DRãWRMHSUHGVWDYOMHQRXJUD¿NRQXYLGLVHGDMHVDSRUDVWRPRELPDWHV

-WLVDUDVODLSURVHþQDNROLþLQDHMDNXODWDLWRRGPO]DJUXSXELNRYDVDRELPRP WHVWLVDLVSRGFPGRPO]DELNRYHNRMLVXLPDOLRELPWHVWLVDSUHNRFP

.DGDVHUDGLREURMXVSHUPDWR]RLGDGRELMHQLUH]XOWDWLSRND]XMXGDMHWUHQG GDVDSRUDVWRPRELPDWHVWLVDUDVWHLNRQFHQWUDFLMDVSHUPDWR]RLGDJUD¿NRQ 9UHGQRVWLUDVWXGRRELPDWHVWLVDRGFPGDELSRVOHWRJDLGDOMHELOHYLVRNHDOL

sa oscilacijama.

8JUD¿NRQXLWDEHOLYLGLVHRGQRVRELPDWHVWLVDLåLYLKLSURJUHVLYQR SRNUHWOMLYLKVSHUPDWR]RLGD2FHQDSRNUHWOMLYRVWLVSHUPDWR]RLGDMHMHGDQRGQDM YDåQLMLK SUHJOHGD 1RUPDOQD VSHUPD RGPDK SR X]LPDQMX SRND]XMH SURJHVLYQR SUDYROLQLMVNRNUHWDQMHâWRVHWLþHRYRJSDUDPHWUDNYDOLWHWDVSHUPHLQMHJRYDOLQL

-MDWUHQGDSRND]XMHSRUDVWNDNRUDVWHLRELPWHVWLVDNRGELNRYDX]HWLKXDQDOL]X

3URFHQDWRGEDþHQLKHMDNXODWDVHNUHüHRGNRGELNRYDVDRELPRPWHVWL

-VDPDQMLPRGFPGRLVSRGNRGELNRYDVDRELPRPWHVWLVDYHüLPRGFP 9HOLNLSURFHQDWRGEDþHQLKHMDNXODWDNDRLRVFLODFLMHXRYRMYUHGQRVWLVXUD]XPOMLYL VRE]LURPGDVXXSLWDQMXPODGLMHGQRJRGLãQMLELNRYLNRMLVXWHNSRþLQMDOLVDSURL] -vodnjom sperme.

(7)

7DEHOD3DUDPHWULNYDOLWHWDVSHUPHXSRUHÿHQMXVDRELPRPWHVWLVDQ / Table 2. Parameters of semen quality in comparison to testicle scope (n=36)

Red. br. / 1XPEHU

Grupa bikova prema obimu testisa (cm) /

%XOOJURXSLQUHJDUG WRWHVWLFOHVFRSHFP

Broj bikova / 1XPEHURIEXOOV

(n)

Parametri kvaliteta sperme valjanih ejakulata za 12 meseci SURVHN6'SURVHþQDYUHGQRVW±

3DUDPHWHUVRIVHPHQTXDOLW\RIYDOLGHMDFXODWHVIRUPRQWKV DYHUDJH¸6'DYHUDJHYDOXH

RGEDþHQLK ejakulata / RIUHMHFWHG HMDFXODWHV volumen (ml) /

YROXPHPO koncentracija (mlrd/ml) / FRQFHQWUDWLRQPOUGPO RIDOLYHDQGSURJUHVLYHO\PRYDEOHåLYLKLSURJSRNUHWOMLYLK

1. ޒ 2 3,7 0,85 78 72

2. 31 2 4,6 1,23 81 39

3. 32 2 5,1 1,28 84 25

4. 33 2 5,3 1,32 86 15

5. 34 5 5,8 1,35 84 13

6. 35 6 6,0 1,45 82 11

7. 36 3 6,5 1,58 86 10

8. 37 2 6,7 1,49 85 7

9. 38 4 6,6 1,38 87 8

10. 39 3 6,8 1,41 86 9

11. ޓ 5 6,7 1,46 84 7

x 5,99 1,38 84 15,8

6' 0,82 0,14 2,26 15,5

9HW

JODVQLN

3UND,L

ĈRUÿHYLü%UDQLVODYD

9

HOLþLQDWHVWLVDNDR

LQGLNDWRU

SORGQRVWL

(8)

8VWUDQRMOLWHUDWXULYHüLQDWHNVWRYDVHEDYLSURQDODåHQMHPãWRMHGQRVWDYQLMHJ QDþLQDSUHGYLÿDQMDEXGXüHSURL]YRGQMHVSHUPHNRGJHQHWVNLYLVRNRYUHGQLKSUL

-SORGQLKELNRYD0HUHQMHRELPDWHVWLVDMHVYDNDNRQDMMHGQRVWDYQLMLLQDMEUåLQDþLQ GD VH QDSUDYL VHOHNFLMD PHÿX ELNRYLPD NRML XOD]H X SURL]YRGQMX X FHQWULPD ]D YHãWDþNRRVHPHQMDYDQMH

*UD¿NRQ2ELPWHVWLVDELNRYDXSRUHÿHQMXVDYROXPHQRPHMDNXODWDQ

±ELNRYDXNOMXþHQLKXDQDOL]XMHSRGHOMHQRXJUXSDSUHPDL]PHUHQRPRELPXWHVWLVD Graph 1. Bulls testicle scope in regard to ejaculate volume (n=36)*

(* – 36 bulls included in research were divided into 11 groups according to obtained testicle scope)

*UD¿NRQ2ELPWHVWLVDELNRYDXSRUHÿHQMXVDNRQFHQWUDFLMRPVSHUPDWR]RLGDQ

±ELNRYDXNOMXþHQLKXDQDOL]XMHSRGHOMHQRXJUXSDSUHPDL]PHUHQRPRELPXWHVWLVD Graph 2. Bulls testicle scope in regard to concentration of sperms (n=36)*

(9)

%LNRYL VD PDOLP WHVWLVLPD QHPDMX VDPR PDOX SURL]YRGQMX VSHUPH YHü MH WRLþHVWRXGUXåHQRVDGUXJLPSUREOHPLPDNRMLLKþLQHVXEIHUWLOQLPLOLQHSORGQLP 1HSORGQRVWXGUXåHQDVDPDOLPWHVWLVLPDMHþHVWRSRVOHGLFDQHUD]YLMHQRVWLLOLQH

-GRYROMQH UD]YLMHQRVWL RYLK RUJDQD LOL MH SRVOHGLFD GHJHQHUDFLMH WHVWLVD 3RQHNL ELNRYLVDRELPRPWHVWLVDRGFPLPDQMHQHPDMXSURL]YRGQMXVSHUPHXRSãWH 0DWKXULVDU

3UHJOHGLVSHUPHREDYOMDMXVHNRGåLYRWLQMDVWDURVWLRGGRPHVHFLSUL þHPXVHREUDüDSDåQMDQDRVFLODFLMHXYROXPHQXLNYDOLWHWXHMDNXODWD%LNRYLNR

-MLWUHEDGDVHXYRGHXFHQWUH]DYRUDGLSURL]YRGQMHVSHUPHWUHEDGDLPDMXQD

-MPDQMHHMDNXODWDRGNRMLKYDOMDQLK

• 9HOLþLQDWHVWLVDMHYDåDQSRND]DWHOMSORGQRVWLELND

• 3RVWRML]QDþDMQDNRUHODFLMDL]PHÿXRELPDWHVWLVDLYROXPHQDHMDNXODWDNRH¿FL -jent korelacije 0,95 pokazuje pozitivnu i vrlo jaku zavisnost.

• 3RVWRMLWDNRÿHSRWUHEDGDVHSRGUREQLMHLVSLWDJHQHWVNDSRYH]DQRVWL]PHÿX

RELPDWHVWLVDNRGELNDLSORGQRVWLQMLKRYLKNüHUNL

1. %DUWK$'2PLQVNL.+7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVFURWDOFLUFXPIHUHQFHDWZHDQLQJDQGDWRQH\HDU

DIDJHLQEHHIEXOOV&DQ9HW-*UD¿NRQ2ELPWHVWLVDELNRYDXSRUHÿHQMXVDåLYLKLSURJUHVLYQRSRNUHWOMLYLK VSHUPDWR]RLGDQ

±ELNRYDXNOMXþHQLKXDQDOL]XMHSRGHOMHQRXJUXSDSUHPDL]PHUHQRPRELPXWHVWLVD Graph 3. Bulls testicle scope in regard to % of alive and progressively movable spermatozoa (n=36)*

(* – 36 bulls included in research were divided into 11 groups according to obtained testicle scope)

=DNOMXÿDNConclusion

/LWHUDWXUD5HIHUHQFHV

(10)

2. %OH]LQJHU6$JHDWSXEHUW\DQGVFURWDOFLUFXPIHUHQFHDUHLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVLQEXOOVHOHFWLRQ

&DWWOHWRGD\

3. %XVFK:/RKOH.3HWHU:.XQVWOLFKH%HVDPXQJEHL1XW]WLHUHQ*XVWDY±)LVFKHU±9HUODJ-H

-QD6WXWJDUW

4. &HUJROM06DPDUGåLMD09HWHULQDUVNDDQGURORJLMD9HWHULQDUVNLIDNXOWHW=DJUHE 5. &RH3+*LEVRQ&'$GMXVWHGGD\VFURWDOVL]HDVDSUHGLFWRURIGD\VFURWDOFLUFXPIHU

-HQFH7KHULRJHQRORJ\

6. &RXOWHU*+0DSOHWRIW5-.R]XE*&&DWHV:)6FURWDOFLUFXPIHUHQFHRIWZR\HDUROGEXOOVRI

VHYHUDOEHHIEUHHGV7KHULRJHQRORJ\

7. /DWLPHU)*:LOVRQ//&DLQ0)6WULFNOLQ:5%UHHGDQG7HVW6WDWLRQ(IIHFWV6FURWDO0HDVXUH

-PHQWVLQ%HHI%XOOV+HULWDELOLW\(VWLPDWHV-$QLP6FL

8. /XQVWUD'')RUG--(FKWHUQNDPS6(3XEHUW\LQEHHIEXOOV+RUPRQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVJURZWK

WHVWLFXODUGHYHORSPHQWVSHUPSURGXFWLRQDQGVH[XDODJJUHVVLYHQHVVLQEXOOVRIGLIIHUHQW EUHHGV-$QLP6FL

9. 0DWKXU$.0DQGDO'..XPDU07\DJL6%LRPHWU\RIWHVWHVLQIULHVZDOEXOOV,QG-$QLP6FL

10. 5XSHVK-0RKDQW\DG7.3DQND\3.6WXG\RIUHODWLRQVKLSRIDJHWHVWLFXODUELRPHWU\DQGVH

-PHQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQEXOOVRIVDKLZDODQGIULHVLDQFURVVHV-'DLU\QJ)RRGV+6

27(3-4): 175-80.

11. Van Demark et al(IIHFWRI(QHUJ\,QWDNHRQ5HSURGXFWLYH3HUIRUPDQFHRI'DLU\%XOOV,*URZWK 5HSURGXFWLYH2UJDQVDQG3XEHUW\-'DLU\6FL

TESTICLE SIZE AS INDICATOR OF FERTILITY IN BULLS

3UND,ĈRUÿHYLü%UDQLVODYD

0DOHFDOYHVIURPWKHKLJKYDOXHSDUHQWVEXOOIDWKHUVDQGEXOOGDPVHQWHUWKHVHOHF

-WLRQIRUDUWL¿FLDOLQVHPLQDWLRQ$IWHUODERUDWRU\WHVWVWKHFDOYHVDUHWDNHQWRWKHFHQWHUIRU DUWL¿FLDOLQVHPLQDWLRQDQGDIWHUDVWD\LQTXDUDQWLQHWKHDUHPRYHGWRDWHVWVWDWLRQ$WWKH DJHRIWZHOYHPRQWKVWKH\DUHPHDVXUHGIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHYDOXHRIHDFKFDOIH[WHULRU2QH RIWKHPHDVXUHVUHFRUGHGZDVWKHWHVWLFOHVFRSH2QWKHEDVLVRIWHVWLFOHVL]HLWLVSRVVLEOH WRSUHGLFWVSHUPSURGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDO)RUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWHVWLFOHVL]HWHVWLFXODUELR PHWU\WDSHVRUUXOHUVZHUHXVHG

7KHDLPRIWKLVZRUNZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHSRVVLEOHHIIHFWRIWHVWLFOHVL]HRQVSHUP SURGXFWLRQ LQ \RXQJ EXOOV XVHG IRU DUWL¿FLDO LQVHPLQDWLRQ )RU WKDW SXUSRVH WKHUH ZHUH XVHGWKHGDWDRQFLUFXPIHUHQFHRIWHVWLFOHVRIRQH\HDUROGEXOOVMXVWVWDUWLQJSURGXFWLRQRI VSHUPDQGWKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKFHUWDLQVHPHQTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVYROXPHRIHMD FXODWHDQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGSHUFHQWDJHRIDOLYHDQGSURJUHVVLYHO\PRELOHVSHUPDWR]RD

7KHLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQFOXGHGDOO\RXQJEXOOVWKDWVWDUWHGSURGXFWLRQLQWKHSHULRGIURP WRWKDWLVEXOOVRIYDULRXVEUHHGV6LPPHQWDO+ROVWHLQ)ULHVLDQ0RQWDIRQ $IWHUWKHWHVWLFOHVFRSHPHDVXULQJLQWKHVHEXOOVWKHUHZHUHREVHUYHGWKHSDUDPHWHUVRI WKHVSHUPTXDOLW\GXULQJWKHIROORZLQJRQH\HDUSHULRG

7KHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHLQFUHDVHGWHVWLFOHVL]HZDVIROORZHGE\WKHLQ

-FUHDVHGDYHUDJHHMDFXODWHTXDQWLW\LQRWKHUZRUGVPOLQJURXSRIEXOOVZLWKWHVWLFOHFLU

-FXPIHUHQFHEHORZFPWRPOLQEXOOVZKRVHWHVWLFOHFLUFXPIHUHQFHZDVRYHUFP

(11)

$OVRWKHUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHUHZDVDFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQFUHDVHGWHVWLFOHVL]H DQGWKHLQFUHDVHGVSHUPDWR]RDFRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KHYDOXHVJURZWRWHVWLFOHVFRSHRIFP DQGDERYHWKDWWKH\ZHUHVWLOOKLJKEXWZLWKVRPHRVFLOODWLRQV:KHQLWFDPHWRUHODWLRQEH

-WZHHQWHVWLFOHVFRSHDQGWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIDOLYHDQGSURJUHVVLYHO\PRELOHVSHUPDWR]RD WKHWUHQGOLQHVKRZHGWKHLUSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQ7KHSHUFHQWDJHRIUHMHFWHGHMDFXODWHVYD ULHGIURPLQEXOOVZLWWHVWLFOHVFRSHEHORZFPWRLQEXOOVZLWKWHVWLFOHVFRSH DERYHFP

2QWKHEDVLVRIWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGLQWKLVZRUNWKHFRQFOXVLRQLVWKDWWHVWLFOHVL]HLV DQLQGLFDWRURIEXOOIHUWLOLW\WKDWWKHUHLVDVLJQL¿FDQWFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWHVWLFOHVL]HDQG HMDFXODWHYROXPHDQGWKDWWKHUHLVDQHHGWRH[SORUHDJHQHWLFOLQNEHWZHHQWHVWLFOHVL]H DQGWKHIHUWLOLW\RIWKHLUGDXJWHUV

.H\ZRUGVEXOOVWHVWLFOHVFRSHWHVWLFXODUELRPHWULFVTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUV

ȼȿɅɂɑɂɇȺɋȿɆȿɇɇɂɄɈȼɄȺɄɂɇȾɂɄȺɌɈɊɎȿɊɌɂɅɖɇɈɋɌɂɍȻɕɄɈȼ ɉɪɤɚɅȾɠɨɪɞɠɟɜɢɱȻɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜɚ

Ȼɵɱɤɢɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟɨɬɜɵɫɨɤɨɰɟɧɧɵɯɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɵɯɨɬɰɨɜɢɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣɜɯɨɞɹɬɜɝɪɭɩɩɭɛɵɤɨɜɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɯɞɥɹɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɫɟɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɛɵɱɤɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɜɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɟɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɢɩɨɫɥɟɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹɜɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹɧɚɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɭɸɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɉɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɶɟɪɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɯɜɚɬ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɫɩɟɪɦɵɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɬɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɥɟɧɬɚɢɥɢɥɢɧɟɣɤɚ

ɐɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ± ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭɫɩɟɪɦɵɭɦɨɥɨɞɵɯɛɵɤɨɜɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯɞɥɹɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɫɟɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɋɷɬɨɣɰɟɥɶɸɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶɞɚɧɧɵɟɨɛɨɛɯɜɚɬɟɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɭɝɨɞɨɜɚɥɵɯɛɵɤɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹɫɩɟɪɦɚɢɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɫɟɦɟɧɢɨɛɴɟɦɨɦɷɹɤɭɥɹɬɚɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɦɠɢɜɵɯɢɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ

ȼɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɛɵɥɢɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵɜɫɟɦɨɥɨɞɵɟɛɵɤɢɜɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɩɨ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫɢɦɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɥɲɬɢɧɨɮɪɢɡɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɧɬɚɮɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɉɨɫɥɟɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɨɛɯɜɚɬɚɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɭɧɢɯɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɟɪɦɵɜɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨɝɨɞɚɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɱɬɨɫɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦɨɛɯɜɚɬɚɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɷɹɤɭɥɹɬɚɨɬɦɥ±ɞɥɹɝɪɭɩɩɵɛɵɤɨɜɫɨɛɯɜɚɬɨɦ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɦ ɞɨ ɦɥ ± ɞɥɹ ɛɵɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɯɜɚɬɨɦ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɜɵɲɟ ɫɦ Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɬɚɤɠɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɞɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɫɦɚɡɚɬɟɦɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢɧɨɨɫɰɢɥɥɢɪɭɸɬɉɪɢɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɯɜɚɬɚɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɢɠɢɜɵɯɢɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜɬɟɧɞɟɧ

ɊɍɋɋɄɂɃ

(12)

ɰɢɹɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɫɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦɨɛɯɜɚɬɚɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɭɛɵɤɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɛɪɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɹɤɭɥɹɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɭɛɵɤɨɜɫɨɛɯɜɚɬɨɦɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɦɟɧɟɟɫɦɢɦɟɧɟɟɭɛɵɤɨɜɫɨɛɯɜɚɬɨɦ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɛɨɥɟɟɫɦ

ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯɜɯɨɞɟɞɚɧɧɨɣɪɚɛɨɬɵɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜɦɨɠɧɨɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɱɬɨɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦɮɟɪɬɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɤɚ ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɯɜɚɬɨɦ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦɷɹɤɭɥɹɬɚɢɱɬɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɛɨɥɟɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɦɟɠɞɭɨɛɯɜɚɬɨɦɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɛɵɤɨɜɢɮɟɪɬɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸɢɯ ɞɨɱɟɪɟɣ