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First Component S e co n d C o m p o n e n t 0.50 0.25 0.00 -0.25 -0.50 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 S.A.R %T.N.V K P %OC PH EC %sp clay silt sand T& 3 -YZ X AL PCA NL L KS6 _ / ] %/ D 9 c G/ ) W30 4 ( h ^ w9 O ,Z R 1 a <& 1 -i ,: % , V y W 9)* < +z* . ' , V* ) clay ( n ) K ( ,S / ) P ( Z [ 0 1" ) sp ( , " <S47 ,Z R ' S 1 . . <" I ", <S47 H 1 j , dˆ* H , % " 0 " . W30 <" <; * " 4 NO% 4i H",& <& ,J ) OC ( #T ) silt ( , dˆ* H , % " 1 j c <S47 < 0 ) c !" ( H0 <& 4 g ) sand ( Z / 2 i ) T.N.V ( <S47 , S ,d # " < /,J # ; X c !" . 3 , 34 1 ) EC ( ,Y c 8y !" ,S / . . First Component S e co n d C o m p o n e n t 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 0.50 0.25 0.00 -0.25 -0.50 S.A .R %T.N.V K P %O C PH EC %sp clay silt sand T& 4 -YZ X AL PCA NL L KS6 _ 3 ] %/ D 9
First Component S e co n d C o m p o n e n t 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 p40 p39 p33 p29 p28 p27 p26 p25 p24 p22 p19 p18 p13 p10 p9 p3 p7 p6 p1 N(;\ N ?B G ) PCA ( NL L KS6 %/ 3% /% X -<& W30 5 H * 0 - % : ; < X ' KY ) h ^ < T " I * ( 1 ) <" p ,0 <S47 , ~, <& c # ' S % 0 " NO% 1 G/ <& < X ' KY 27 ) [ S* ",s < 1500 * 2000 ( 39 ) 4 X0 < [ S* " 1500 * 2000 ( ,J 2 ) ) , 1 j 1X ( ,Y < /,J " #, % " I * - % / 2 i Z H0 ) W30 2 (. ' KY < X 3 ) [ S* " ; $ " 2000 , ( 9 ) 4 X0 $ , X& [ S* " 1500 , ( <S47 1 j 1X " c 47 S 1X 4i H",& Z " <S 3 , 34 1 n ) W30 2 ( - % #, % " I * . < X ' KY 1 ) 4 X0 " [ S* $ " 2000 , ( 7 ) " ; " [ S* $ " 2000 , ( <S47 , S 1X " " - % I * . - + . X ' KY < 28 ) 4 X0 " [ S* 1500 * 2000 , ( 18 ) ",s < $ , X& [ S* " 1500 , ( 22 ) " ; " $ , X& [ S* 1500 , ( !" n xE; 1 h ^ & " < /,J ,Y c 8y - % #, % " I * . h ^ c G/ ) W30 6 ( !" + KY ' < X 33 ) [ S* " ",s 1500 * 2000 , ( 10 ) " ; " [ S* $ " 2000 , ( n " ,S / 4i H",& < X < KY 26 ) UK $ " 2000 , ( - % I * #T kg " . < X ' KY 1 ) [ S* " 4 X0 $ " 2000 , ( 7 ) " " ; [ S* $ " 2000 , ( p *, . ( " c !" . c !" < X ' KY 3 ) [ S* " " ; $ " 2000 , ( 18 ) $ , X& [ S* " ",s < 1500 , ( - % I * n xE; 1 " . < X ' KY 27 ) < [ S* " ",s 1500 * 2000 , ( 39 ) [ S* " 4 X0 < 1500 * 2000 , ( - % I * h ^ & H0 " c 8y !" ) W30 6 .( T& 5 -YZ X AL PCA NL L KS6 D 9 W ] %/
First Component S e co n d C o m p o n e n t 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 p40 p39 p33 p29 p28 p27 p26 p25 p24 p18 p13 p10 p3 p7 p1 T& 6 -YZ X AL PCA NL L KS6 D 9 _ / ] %/ <" < X ' KY h ^ n& GXR W 4 , % " W / , 10 ; c G/ 8 * 5 , # W / " c G/ . W30 <" <; * " 7 NO% <& 0 ‡ c G/ < X < KY ,Y !" # . c !" < X < KY 40 ) " ; < " [ S* 1500 * 2000 , ( h ^ & " < X < KY 39 ) 4 X0 < " [ S* 1500 * 2000 , ( " kg - % I * #T . c 8y !" < X < KY 3 ) " ; " [ S* $ " 2000 , ( . " < X < KY 13 ) < 4 X0 " , X& [ S* $ 1500 , ( " - % I * ,S / ) W30 7 .( First Component S e co n d C o m p o n e n t 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 p40 p39 p18 p13 p3 T& 7 -YZ X AL PCA NL L KS6 D 9 _ 3 ] %/
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Aas & Riedmiller, 1993
( - % . 2 u 4 & - 0i Q. pubescencs 9Y # 8& ^ x ; 0 D +J 2%^ 1 <" ) W R <& # D, J 0 & < J H - " . g - " 1 ,J 1 -i <" 1 - O , . I 9" + < J H /, $ ,l $ x y 4 * # f Y < ; $ " , # 80$ 1 $ 1 n8 h ^ 1… Sg K ) ) Anon., 1993 .( H " %& !* , 89: ; ' ( ()* < 7 $ <9 . / - !" #$ %& ' ( ()* +&, - J : G ()* H # ,; <& 3X < 9& # ,3%* ,J .
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-; ‹ ŒŒ; J #$ ŒŒ 8 . ‹ # ŒŒ g . oŒŒY d 4 ŒŒ † . n* ^ $ Œ c . 1381 . :Œ% $ Œ Œ ," Ulmus boissieri Grudz. „ * " Œ $ - Œ !Œ" * $ 1Œ/ # O" ) 8y . ' ( ()* - , ," Z W: ; 8 : 57 -1 . -c 4 . oY d 4 † . ‹ Œ; J #$ Œ 8; . 1385 . ŒX& ' ŒZ f^ Œ^," :Œ% $ Œ ," ŒŒŒ , I ŒŒŒ9" ŒŒS & )Quercus brantii Lindl. ( # 89: ; # O" ) 8y . ' ( ()* W: ; - , ," Z 14 ) 1 :( 79 -67 . -c g ŒŒ / . 1373 . .,ŒŒJ $ I ŒŒ9" # ŒŒ89: ; ŒŒ ," -i o ,O* W R H , X8 . Œ( ()* <Œ 7 ' % ' !* , 89: ; X0 101 63 <)SZ . -c ,; 8 # , . . 1363 . XŒ0 I Œ9" # Œ89: ; Œ ," ) - J,J 4 <(K .( XŒ0 - ,Œ !" <9z 37 : 56 -41 . -‹ Œ/ , . oŒY d 4 Œ † . g Œ / c . c # Œ . ‹ . 1384 . X& ' Z f^ ^," :% $ ," # <ŒŒ J ) Q. libani Oliv. ( ŒŒ ,& - ŒŒ . ' ( ()* - , ," Z W: ; 13 ) 4 (: 446 -417 . -# 8 ,/ . oŒY d 4 Œ † . 1385 . ŒX& ' ŒfO% < Œ0 <Œ(K $ :% ' Z f^ S & ,4 . ' ( ()* - ,Œ ," ŒZ WŒ: ; 14 ) 3 (: 206 -193 .
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Impact of environmental factors on distribution and some quantitative characteristics of Manna Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) in Fars province
K. Bordbar 1*, Kh. Sagheb-Talebi 2, M. Hamzehpour 3, L. Joukar 3, M. Pakparvar 3
and A.R. Abbasi 4
1*- Corresponding author, Assistant Prof. Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Fars Province, Shiraz, Iran.
E-mail: bordbar@farsagres.ir
2- Associate Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran.
3- Senior research expert, Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Fars Province, Shiraz, Iran. 4- Forest Expert, Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Fars Province, Shiraz, Iran.
Received: 31.12.2008 Accepted: 27.09.2009
Abstract
Tree species distribution in different ecological zones depends on their ecological demands including the physical and chemical properties of soils as well as different aspects and altitudes. In this research, several ecological characteristics of Quercus brantii were studied. This species is distributed in three altitudes of:1000-1500,1500-2000 and higher than 2000 m.a.s.l. Fifty two site samples, each covering 500m2, were selected in the basis of several parameters including aspect, land form and elevation classes.
Different variables such as species, diameter at breast height (dbh), tree height, trunk height, crown cover, origin (standard or coppice), age class, number of sprouts, accompanying species and forest type were measured or recorded in each sample plot. Moreover, a soil profile was dug in each sample plot. Results showed that natural distribution of Quercus brantii varies from 1050 to 2550 m.a.s.l in all land forms. The pH of the studied sites varied between 7.5 and 8.1, and the soil texture varied from clay, clay- loam to loam. The most important limiting factors in the soil of the studied area were the texture and organic matter, whereas the soil moisture was an important factor for the presence of this species. The eastern slopes had the highest density, while the flat area showed the highest crown cover and dbh. The average crown area of each tree in seed origin and coppice origin plots were 16.61 m2and 15.71m2, respectively.
The mean dbh was 20.2cm and the average number of sprouts per tree was 5.9. The mean total tree height was 6.1m in seed origin and 5.59m in the coppice origin plots.
