ɍȾɄ
69:658.511
Ɉ
.
ȼ
.
ɂɝɧɚɬɶɟɜ
*,
Ⱥ
.
ɋ
.
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ
,
ɉ
.
Ⱥ
.
Ʌɚɜɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ
*ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ«ɊɍȾɇ»,ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɆȽɋɍ»
ɋɂɋɌȿɆɇɕɃ ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
ɂ ȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ȼ ɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɆ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂɂ
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ,ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ.Ɉɬɞɟɥɶ -ɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɣ-ɥɚɯ,ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɬɢɩ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɟ -ɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ
-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ
,
ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ
.
ȼ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ
,
ɫɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢ
-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ
(
ȽɈɋɌ
6.01.1—87,
ȽɈɋɌ
6.10.1—88,
ȽɈɋɌ Ɋ
6.30—97,
ȽɈɋɌ Ɋ
51141—98,
ɈɄɍȾ
011—93,
ȿɋɄȾ ɢ ɞɪ
.).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨ
-ɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
.
Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
,
ɩɪɟɞ
-ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɭɸ
,
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
,
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
,
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɸ
.
ȼɵɞɟɥɢɦ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ
.
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ
,
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ
-ɤɭ
(
ɚɜɬɨɪɭ
),
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ
,
ɜɢɞɭ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ
,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ
.
ɞ
.
Ɍɚɤ
,
ɩɨ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
:
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
(
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
,
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
,
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
,
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ
.);
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
(
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ
-
ɫɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɭɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
-ɰɢɸ
,
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ
,
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
,
ɞɨɤɭ
-ɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
,
ɩɚɬɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ
.);
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ
-
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
(
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ
,
ɬɟɧɞɟɪɧɨ
-
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ
,
ɚɤɬɵ ɜɵ
-ɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ
);
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨ
-
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
(
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ
-
ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
,
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɬɧɵɟ
,
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ
,
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ
,
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨ
-
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
,
ɞɨ
-ɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɞɭ ɢ ɬ
.
ɩ
.).
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ
,
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
,
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɢɧ
-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
,
ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ
,
ɱɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
,
ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ
,
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɭɸ
,
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
,
ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
,
ɢ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪ
-ɦɚɰɢɸ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
.
-ɬɨɪ
,
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨ
-ɝɭɬ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɧɚ
-ɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
,
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪ
-ɠɚɧɢɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
:
ɡɚɤɨɧ
,
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ
,
ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
,
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
,
ɩɪɨ
-ɟɤɬ
,
ɫɦɟɬɚ
,
ɫɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ
,
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ
,
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬ
,
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹ
,
ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
,
ɧɚɪɹɞ
,
ɬɚɛɟɥɶ
ɢ ɞɪ
.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɜ ɢ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
,
ɱɟɦ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ
.
Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦ
,
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ
,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ
,
ɧɚ
-ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
:
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
,
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
,
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
,
ɤɧɢɝɚ
,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
,
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
,
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
,
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ
ɢ ɞɪ
.
ɉɨ
ɜɢɞɭ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ȽɈɋɌ
7.72—96
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭ
-ɦɟɧɬɵ
,
ɦɢɤɪɨɮɢɥɶɦɵ
,
ɤɢɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
,
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɮɨɥɟɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɮɨɤɚɪɬɚɯ
,
ɞɨ
-ɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ
,
ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
,
ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ
.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧ
-ɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
(
ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
)
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ
,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ
ɢɯ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ
,
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
,
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ
,
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢɧ
-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ
,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ
.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚ
-ɥɢɡɚ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɧɚɢ
-ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɢɩɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸ
-ɳɟɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
(
ɬɚɛɥ
.).
Ɍɢɩɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Ɍɢɩ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Ɂɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ Ⱥɭɞɢɨɡɚɩɢɫɶ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɞɨɤɥɚɞ, ɡɜɭɤɨɡɚɩɢɫɶ, ɥɟɤɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɮɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚ -ɩɢɫɶ,ɨɬɜɟɬ,ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ
Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ Ⱥɤɬ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚ, ɡɚɩɪɨɫ,ɡɚɹɜɤɚ,ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ, ɨɛɡɨɪ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚ -ɧɢɟ,ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,ɩɪɢɤɚɡ,ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ,ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ,ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ,ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɹ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ,ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ,ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ,ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ,ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɇɚ ɛɥɚɧɤɟ ɫɬɪɨ
-ɝɨɣ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥɤɰɢɹɩɚɬɟɧɬ,,ɩɨɥɢɫɚɬɬɟɫɬɚɬ,ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ,ɛɢɥɟɬ,ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ,ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬ,ɞɢɩɥɨɦ,,ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɢɹɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ,ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɹ,ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ, Ɍɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ,ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɚ, ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ, ɧɚɪɹɞ,ɨɩɢɫɶ,ɩɥɚɧ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ,ɩɨ -ɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬ,ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ,ɫɦɟɬɚ,ɫɨɫɬɚɜ,ɫɩɟɰɢ -ɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ,ɫɩɢɫɨɤ,ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ,ɫɱɟɬ,ɬɚɛɟɥɶ,ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ,ɬɚɪɢɮ,ɮɨɪɦɭɥɹɪ Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɫ ɢɥɥɸɫɬ
-ɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ Ⱥɬɥɚɫɬɪɭɞɵ, ɛɭɤɥɟɬ, ɝɚɡɟɬɚ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥ, ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ, Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɨ -ɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ȼɢɞ,ɝɪɚɮɢɤ,ɞɟɬɚɥɶ,ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ,ɤɚɪɬɚ,ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ,ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ,ɩɥɚɧ, ɪɚɡɪɟɡ,ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ,ɫɥɚɣɞ,ɫɯɟɦɚ,ɫɴɟɦɤɚ,ɱɟɪɬɟɠ,ɮɚɫɚɞ,ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
Ⱦɜɢɠɭɳɟɟɫɹ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɧɢɦɚɰɢɹ,ɜɢɞɟɨɡɚɩɢɫɶ,ɮɢɥɶɦ,ɜɢɞɟɨɮɢɥɶɦ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ -ɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɥɚɧ,ɛɪɨɲɸɪɚ,ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ,ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ,ɡɚɤɨɧ,ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ,ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨ -ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ,ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ,ɤɧɢɝɚ,ɤɨɞɟɤɫ,ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ,ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ,ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ,ɧɨɪɦɵ,ɨɫɧɨɜ -ɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɨɬɱɟɬ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɩɪɨ -ɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ,ɩɪɨɟɤɬ,ɪɚɛɨɬɚ,ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ,ɫɜɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ,ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ,ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ,ɬɨɦ,ɭɫɬɚɜ,ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ
ɍɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ȼɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɛɚɡɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɛɚɧɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ, ɤɚ -ɞɚɫɬɪ, ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
,
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
:
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ
.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɟ
-ɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸ
-ɱɢɬɶ
,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ
(
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ
)
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟ
-ɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨ
-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ
:
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ
(
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
);
ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ
(
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
,
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
);
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ
(
ɱɢɫɥɚ
,
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
,
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
,
ɤɨɞɵ
,
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨ
-ɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɞɪ
.);
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
(
ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
,
ɫɫɵɥɤɢ
,
ɨɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ
.);
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
(
ɜɢɞ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ
,
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ
,
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢɥ
-ɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ
,
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɪ
.,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɨ
-ɫɨɛ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɢ
,
ɢɥɢ ɫɬɢɥɶ
).
ȼ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
,
ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ
,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
-ɫɹ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ
(
ɛɚɣɬɚɦɢ
).
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɞɢ
-ɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɚɣɬɨɦ
(
ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ
ASCII-
ɤɨɞɵ
)
ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɛɚɣɬɚɦɢ
(Unicode),
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɠɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ
.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɟ ɞɨɤɭ
-ɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɞɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɚɣɬɨɜ
,
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡ
-ɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
(
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
, RTF, HTML).
Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
.
ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ
,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɋȺɉɊ
.
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ
IGES,
DXF, SAT, GDL
ɢ ɞɪ
.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ
-ɧɢɹ
,
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɬɶ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
, VRML,
X3D.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ
-ɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
(
ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ
,
ɮɨɧ
,
ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɬ
.
ɩ
.).
Ⱦɥɹ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ
,
ɩɨɞ
-ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
(
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
,
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
,
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
,
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɬ
.
ɩ
.).
Ⱦɥɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜ
-ɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ
:
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɨɜ
;
ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ
.
Ʉ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɚɦ ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ
:
ɬɨɱɤɭ
,
ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ
,
ɤɪɭɝɨɜɭɸ ɞɭɝɭ
(
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ
ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɶ
),
ɞɭɝɭ ɷɥɥɢɩɫɚ
(
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɷɥɥɢɩɫ
),
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɟ
-ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ
(
ɤɥɨɬɨɢɞɚ
,
ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɚ
,
ɷɤɜɢɞɢɫɬɚɧɬɚ
,
ɫɩɥɚɣɧ
),
ɡɚɥɢɜɤɭ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭ
-ɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ
.
ɂɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ
ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
:
ɩɨɥɢɥɢɧɢɹ
(
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ
),
ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɤɚ
,
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
,
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ
,
ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ
-ɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɞɚɧ-ɧɵɯ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ
.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɫ
-ɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
—
ɩɢɤɫɟɥɢ
(
ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥ
.
pic-sel — PICture Single ELement,
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
pixel),
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪ
-ɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
,
ɬ
.
ɟ
.
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
(
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ppi – pixel per inch,
ɬ
.
ɟ
.
ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɸɣɦ
).
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɢɡɨ
-ɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɷɤɪɚɧɚ
,
ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
(
ɫɤɚɧɟɪɚ
,
ɩɥɚɧɲɟɬɚ
,
ɩɪɢɧɬɟ
-ɪɚ
,
ɩɥɨɬɬɟɪɚ
).
Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɪɚɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
96…128 ppi,
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɸɳɢɯ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
—
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ
2880 dpi (dot per inch,
ɬ
.
ɟ
.
ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɞɸɣɦ
).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵ
-ɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɱɚɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
.
ȼɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ
-
ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɤɢɧɟɫɤɨɩɚ
.
ȿɳɟ ɜ
1920
ɝ
.
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ
CIE (Communication Internationale de
l'Eclairage)
ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
,
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɰɜɟɬ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
.
ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
CIE
ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
YCC
ɢ
LAB,
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɪɟɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
:
ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ
,
ɠɟɥɬɨ
-ɫɢɧɟɣ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɨ
-
ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
RGB (
ɬ
.
ɟ
. red-green-blue),
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɬɨɱ
-ɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ
,
ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɢɧɟɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨ
-ɝɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
3
ɛɚɣɬɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ
16,8
ɦɥɧ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ
.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɛɚɣɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɹ
(
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚɯ
PCX, BMP).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
RGB
ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɚ
,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚ
-ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɟɥɭɸ
,
ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ
,
ɚ ɝɪɹɡɧɨ
-
ɛɭɪɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ
.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜ ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ
(
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ
)
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow),
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɢɧɟ
-
ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ
,
ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟ
-ɬɨɜ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ
.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɫ
-ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
4
ɛɚɣɬɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ
RGB
ɢ
CMYK,
ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ
,
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
CIE.
ɇɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɦ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
BMP (bit map),
ɤɨ
-ɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɧɵɦ
(
ɱɟɪɧɨ
-
ɛɟɥɵɦ
).
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ
.
Ɍɚɤ
,
ɱɟɪɬɟɠ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ Ⱥ
1
ɜ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɦ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚ
-ɠɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
1200
u1200 ppi (
ɬ
.
ɟ
.
ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ
0,02
ɦɦ
)
ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɮɚɣɥɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ
3
Ƚɢɝɚɛɚɣɬ
.
ȼ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɧɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ
(
ɩɪɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱ
-ɤɢ ɜ
1
ɛɢɬɟ
)
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ
133
ɆȻ
.
ȼ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɱɟɪɬɟɠ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
1…2
ɆȻ
.
ɂɡ
-
ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɝɨ
-ɪɢɬɦɵ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬ
-ɤɟ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ
PCX, GIF, TIFF, PNG, JPEG,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ
-ɧɵɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
.
Ɍɚɤ
,
ɮɨɪɦɚɬ
PCX
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɟ ɫ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
.
Ɉɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɜ
4…8
ɪɚɡ
.
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ
GIF
(Graph-ics Interchange Format),
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ
CompuServe.
ȼ ɧɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ
ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
LZW (Lempel-Ziv
ɢ
Welch)
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɤɨɞɨɜ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɥɢɛɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
,
ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
.
ɉɪɢɦɟ
-ɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɜ
10…15
ɪɚɡ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɮɚɣɥ
GIF
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨ
-ɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɢ
«
ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɢ
».
-ɜɟ ɮɨɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
(
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ
-
ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ
)
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨ
-ɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɨɜ
.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
,
ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɭɸ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ
-ɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ
.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ
-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ
-ɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ
.
Ɂɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ
ɢ
ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚ
-ɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ
,
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɨɜ ɛɭɞɭ
-ɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ
.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
(
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ
«
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɚ
»)
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
«
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
».
Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɞ
-ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ
AVI, MPEG.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɦ
,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟ
-ɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ
(
ɋɍȻȾ
).
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧ
-ɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧ-ɧɵɯ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨ
-ɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ȻȾ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɞɚɥɟɟ
.
ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
(
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢ
-ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɚɹ
)
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
,
ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢ
-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
,
ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
,
ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ
,
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ
-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɬ
.
ɞ
.
ȼɫɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋȺɉɊ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬ
-ɤɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
,
ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɋȺɉɊ
,
ɢɡ
-
ɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧ
.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɋȺɉɊ
[1—4]
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ
-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɢ
-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ
.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
1.Ƚɭɫɚɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.Ɇ. : ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1993. 368 ɫ.
2. Ɇɚɥɵɯɚ Ƚ.Ƚ. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ : ɞɢɫɫ. … ɞ-ɪɚ ɬɟɯɧ.ɧɚɭɤ.Ɇ. : ɆȽɋɍ, 1999. 299 ɫ.
3.ɉɚɜɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫ -ɬɟɦɚɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ : ɞɢɫɫ. … ɞ-ɪɚ ɬɟɯɧ.ɧɚɭɤ.Ɇ. : ɆȽɋɍ, 2003. 357 ɫ.
4. ȼɚɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ Ɇ.ɋ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ -ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ : ɞɢɫɫ. … ɞ-ɪɚ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ɇ. : ɆȽɋɍ, 2005. 377 ɫ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 2011 ɝ.
Ɉ ɛ ɚ ɜ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɚ ɯ:ɂɝɧɚɬɶɟɜ Ɉɥɟɝ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ,ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,ɡɚɜ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ,ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɊɍȾɇ», 117198, ɝ.Ɇɨ -ɫɤɜɚ,ɭɥ.Ɇɢɤɥɭɯɨ-Ɇɚɤɥɚɹ,ɞ. 6, 8-(495)-434-32-44, oleg_ignat@mail.ru;
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ,ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ,ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɇɈɐ ɂɋȺɉɋɂɌ),ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ
«ɆȽɋɍ», 129337, ɝ.Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,əɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɟ ɲ.,ɞ. 26, 8-(499)-183-24-74, ksi@mgsu.ru;
Ʌɚɜɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɉɚɜɟɥ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ,ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ,ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,ɡɚɜ.ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ,ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɆȽɋɍ», 129337, ɝ.Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,əɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɟ ɲ., ɞ. 26, 8-(499)-183-26-74, syau@mgsu.ru;
Ⱦ ɥ ɹ ɰ ɢ ɬ ɢ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɹ:ɂɝɧɚɬɶɟɜ Ɉ.ȼ.,ɉɚɜɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ.,Ʌɚɜɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɉ.Ⱥ.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
O.V. Ignatiev, A.S. Pavlov, P.A. Lavdansky
SYSTEM TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The authors review the general types of documentation used in construction. Much attention is given to the different kinds of information contained in electronic files as well as data processing and transmission.
Key words: construction documentation, types of information, system engineering, data processing and transmission.
References
1. Gusakov A.A. Sistemotehnika stroitel'stva [Building’s system engineering]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1993. 368 p.
2. Malykha G.G. Nauchno-metodologicheskie osnovy avtomatizacii proektirovanija v mezhdu-narodnyh stroitel'nyh proektah [Scientific and methodological principles of design automation in interna-tional construction projects], Moscow, MSUCE, 1999, 299 p.
3. Pavlov A.S. Nauchnye osnovy peredachi informacii i raspoznavanija objektov v sistemah stroi-tel'nogo proektirovanija [Scientific principles of information transmission and objects identification in con-struction computer aided design systems], Moscow, MSUCE, 2003, 357 p.
4. Vainstein M.S. Metodologija mnogofunkcional'noj avtomatizacii pojelementno-invariantnogo proektirovanija zdanij i sooruzhenij [Methodology of multifunctional automation of elemental and invariant design process of structures and buildings], Moscow, MSUCE, 2005, 377 p.
A b o u t a u t h o r s: Ignatiev Oleg Vladimirovich — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head Department of Information Technologies in Lifelong Learning, People’s Friendship University of Rus-sia, 6, Mikluho-Maklaj, Moscow, 117198, +7-(495)-434-32-44, oleg_ignat@mail.ru;
Pavlov Aleksandr Sergeevich — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher, Re-search and Education Center in Engineering construction, Computer-aided design, Construction, Informa-tion technology, MSUCE, 26, Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia, +7-(499)-183-24-74, ksi@mgsu.ru;
Lavdansky Pavel Aleksandrovich — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of Depart-ment of Construction of Nuclear Facilities, MSUCE, 26, Jaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia, +7-(926)-910-40-51, isc@mgsu.ru;
