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Algumas aplicações do kig no estudo da geometria analítica

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Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará

Biblioteca do Curso de Matemática

S235a Santos, Fabrício Veras dos

Algumas aplicações do Kig no estudo da geometria analítica / Fabrício Veras dos Santos. – 2014. 61 f. : il., enc.; 31 cm

Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Matemática, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática em Rede Nacional, Fortaleza, 2014. Área de Concentração: Ensino de Matemática

Orientação: Prof. Dr. Marcos Ferreira de Melo.

1. Geometria analítica. 2. Ensino auxiliado por computador. 3. Software livre. I. Título.

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