THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET OF THE PRODUCTION OF WIND ENERGY IN POLAND AND SELECTED EU COUNTRIES

Production Engineering

-A stra t:

The paper dis usses the pro le of re e a le e ergy sour es, ith pari ular fo us put o i d e ergy. “pe ial ate -io is paid to the de elop e t of this se tor of produ -io i Pola d a d sele ted UE ou tries i the re e t years. Further ore, sele ted legal a ts a d strategi do u e t regulai g the i d produ io arket i Pola d are pre se t-ed. At the sa e i e the de elop e t pote ial of this are of e ergy produ io i Pola d is dis usst-ed.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET OF THE PRODUCTION

OF WIND ENERGY IN POLAND AND SELECTED EU COUNTRIES

INTRODUCTION

The de elop e t of i ilizaio a d ode te h olog o situtes a e o ous su ess i the histo of hu a i-t , ei-t i-the esuli-ts of i-these ha ges e e i-t egai e i pa i-t o the atu al e i o e t hi h fo s the asis of

hu-a e iste e. The hu-atu hu-al e i o e t o sist of a i ate a d i a i ate ele e ts hi h su ou d li i g eatu es a d to a la ge e te t depe d o o e a othe . The ele e ts of the atu al e i o e t i lude a o e all li i g o

gais s, soil, topog aphi p oile, li ate, h d og aphi o -diio s a d geologi al fo aio [ ]. I iiall the ajo th e-at to the e-atu al e i o e t o sisted i the of the o u -e -e of polluio f o Vol a o -e upio s, -e osio of o ks, o i e esuli g f o lo g-te d oughts. At p ese t

ho-e ho-e , thho-e atu al ho-e i o e t is e da ge ed a th o-pologi al th eats esuli g f o the de elop e t of hu a

i ilizaio , a d i pa i ula the de elop e t of the of the se to of p odu io of e e g o the asis of o e io al sou es [ ]. This se to a d its de elop e t elated ith the i easi g de a d a d fo e e g i esult of the e pa sio of iies o i dust ial e te , hi h sig ii a tl o t i ute to the g o th i the e issio of a o dio ide i to the at osphe e, e e t a ulidi e sio al i pa t o the atu al e i o e t. The diag a elo Fig. sho s that et ee the ea s a d the le el of e issio

ea hed illio Mg.

The p o ess esults i the o u e e of g ee house efe t, a id ai a d othe i e e si le phe o e a. Re

e-a le e e g sou es RES e-a o situte e-a soluio hi h i futu e ould lead to the de ease of the polluio of the e i o e t a d i p o e the o diio of the atu al e

i-o e t a d the ualit of life o the Ea th.

Ba kg ou d lite atu e as ell as e pe ie e of de elo-ped e o o ies of EU ou t ies, i di ate that p odu io of

i d e e g p odu io o situtes a d a i all de

elo-pi g i st u e t fo sol i g su h p o le s. That is h the pape dis usses sele ted p o le s of this se to of e e g p odu io .

RES AND WIND ENERGY – HISTORICAL OUTLINE

With the sig ii a t i ease i the th eat to the atu al e i o e t as ell its o se ue es, people ish to

edu-e thedu-e i pa t of ha ful su sta edu-es o thedu-e edu-e i o e t ea s of use of atu al e e g sou es. I Pola d i the sha e of e e g f o e e a le sou es i the p odu -io of ele t i e e g ea hed the le el of % [ ]. The

ha a te isi s of pa i ula t pes of RES o situtes a i -po ta t ele e t of the a al sis. Bio ass f o o ga i

ate , hi h u de goes iodeg adaio , is the oldest fo , a d its sha e i the fuel ala e oth i Pola d a d i the o ld i eases sig ii a tl i ie of ei ie a d appli aio . RES i ludes also: e e g f o ood, st a , gas f o a i e la dills, gas f o fe e taio of deposits a d se age, io-fuel a d io-gas f o ag i ultu al io-gas pla ts. Sola e e g p odu io , used i Pola d ai l fo heai g do esi ate , see s to e the ost d a i all de elopi g a h of e e g p odu io ased o e e

a-le sou es. U fo tu atel % use of sola e e g is ot

Grzegorz BIERNACKI, Małgorzata SMYK, Sa dra DOBOSZ, Dalia GÓRSKA, Patry ja MUSIAŁOWSKA

U i ersity of Zielo a Góra Karoli a MATERNE U i ersität Potsda

Key ords: re e a le e ergy sour es, i d e ergy produ io , e ergy produ io arket, e ergy produ io

DOI . /MSPE- - -Date of su issio of the ari le to the Editor: /

Date of a epta e of the ari le y the Editor: /

Fig. The gro th of the e issio of CO i the orld a d EU [i Mg]

possi le due to u e e dist i uio of sola adiaio th oughout the ea .

Geothe al e e g is a othe fo of RES, o tai ed ea s of o e holes i to hi h ool ate is pu ped a d heated to high te pe atu e hot o ks. Wi d e e g a-sed o the use of i d po e p opelli g tu i es is also highl ei ie t a d its p odu io does ot esult i the e issio of g ee house gases [ ]. Sola e e g also pla s a sig ii a t ole i the o ld, he eas othe fo s of the p odu io of e e a le e e g a e de elopi g d a i al-l a d popual-la ized a ious i situio s hose ai is to

edu e the e issio of CO .

Th oughout histo , people ha e al a s ee i te e-sted i i d e e g . I the past i d ills e e used fo g i di g g ai o pu pi g ate . I the a ie t Eg pt i d as used as a e ha is p opelli g oats. I I dia i d e e g as used fo the pu pose of i igaio ea s of spe ial i dlasses. Cha les F. B ush uilt the i st i d

po-e pla t i . I i d e e g as used as a ge ato of alte ai g u e t, a d late o i d tu i es e-e lo ate-ed o the-e oast of Ge-edse-e i De-e a k, he e fo

u e ous ea s the e e used as tools fo esea h o the de elop e t of e te h ologies. With the de e-lop e t of the a ket, g aduall ass p odu io of i d e e g fa iliies sta ted a d B+R p o esses fo usi g o i -p o e e t of i d tu i es e e i iiated. Both o -pli ated auto ai s as ell as ge e ato s the sel es u de

-e t -e oluio .

De elop e ts i ele t o i s o ate ial e gi ee i g e e ted e o ous i pa t o i d e e g p odu io i du-st , a d e , o e ei ie t a d elia le p odu ts appea-ed o the a ket. This i ludappea-ed tu i es th up to MW Po e . At p ese t i d fa s p odu e up to . MW

Po-e [ ]. RPo-elai Po-el Po-e Po-e tl , si Po-e s a sig ii a t de e-lop e t of i d fa s a e o se ed. The i st i d fa i Pola d as o st u ted i i Lise i the

Po-o skie p Po-o i e, he eas a Po-othe Po-o e a fe ea s late i R t a d it as a p otot pe a ed EW - - NOWO-MAG. I o pa iso ith the Eu opea U io ou t ies, i Pola d the pote ial of i d e e g is u de esi ated de-spite its e its.The ost sig ii a t i lude eli i aio of polluio e ited to the at osphe e a d e e a le e e g esou e. Fu the o e s all tu i es a e used a d lo a-ted i pla es he e ele t i al e e g is ot supplied i a t adiio al a . Wi d tu i es pe fe tl it the seaside a d ot spoil the la ds ape. P odu io of i d e e g has also its d a a ks. The st e gth of the i d a ies depe di g o the laitude a d the p opelli g po e a e s alle . La ge i d fa s pose a th eat to i ds a d deg ade thei atu al ha itats. Apa t f o p odu i g ele t i e e g , i d tu i es ge e ate oise, hi h ea s that the ust lo ated at the i i u dista e of f o estates [ ]. Wi d e e g does ot afe t the deg adaio of the atu al e i o e t a d he e gua a tees e ologi al se u-it fo futu e ge e aio s.

REVIEW OF SELECTED LEGAL ACTS AND STRTEGIC DOCUMENTS RELATED TO THE POLISH RES SECTOR

The ost i po ta t la s a d legal a ts elated to the fu io i g of the Polish RES se to i lude:

 the A t o e e g la of Ap il th_{, ith fu the}

a e d e ts a d se o da egulaio s i.e. the Re-gulaio of the Mi iste of e o o , La o a d so ial poli of Ma th, .

 the A t o io- o po e ts used i li uid fuel a d li uid io-fuel of O to e d, Wi di g f o Ja ua , alo g ith se o da egulaio s i.e. the Regu-laio of the Cou il of Mi iste s of Ja ua th,

o the i i u a ou t of io- o po e ts i t odu ed i to the a ket i li uid fuel o li uid io -fuel,

 the esoluio of the Pa lia e t o the de elop e t of the p odu io of e e a le e e g of Jul th_,

.

O the asis of the a o e Resoluio t o i po ta t go e e t do u e ts e e de eloped:

. ‘The St ateg of the De elop e t of „Re e a le E e -g ”,

. The State E ologi al Poli hi h e e app o ed the Pa lia e t o . . [ ].

Wi d e e g p o ides % of ele t i Po e i the Wo d. It is e o i g a leade i espe t of e e a le e e g , et it has to e st essed that it is sill i the hase of de elop e t. Figu e sho s the data o e i g the p odu io of this t pe of e e g i Pola d a d sele ted EU ou -t ies i .

Alo g ith the ha ges i the EU poli o e i g RES a Ne di e i e / /EC as i t odu ed hi h applied to g adual i ease of the sha e of u o e io al sou es i the p odu io of ele t i a d heat e e g . The p oje t had a p io it status i Pola d si e it as li ked ith the de elop e t of e te h ologies, edu io of ha ful e issio s, de elop e t of the la o a ket a d the i a

-ial suppo t f o EU i the futu e ea s.

Polish autho iies e oluio ized p e ious legal o -diio s a d i all eated a o ple st ateg fo the eali-zaio of tasks elated to p odu io of e e g f o e e-a le esou es: „The e-assu pio s of Polish e e g poli u il ” app o ed i the E o o i Co itee of the Cou il of Mi iste s [ ].

A o di g to the fo e ast i Pola d % of the de a d fo ele t i e e g ill e ge e ated f o e e a le eso-u es. This i di ates at the de elop e t i the se to of

i d e e g .

Despite the i t odu io of e di e i es o e i g fu the a e d e t of the A t o e e g la , ad i ist a-i e a d legal a a-io s a e ot suppo ted the a-i a a-ial a d i est e t poli of the state, hi h e e t i pa t o

failu-e to failu-efailu-et thfailu-e o ligaio s i failu-espfailu-e t of p otfailu-e io of thfailu-e li ate. De elop e t of the p odu io of i d e e g , a o g othe s, o situtes a sig ii a t i st u e t of the

ealizaio of these o ligaio s.

Figu e sho s the pla ed i ease of the po e of i d fa s i Pola d u il .

Fig. Producio of i d e ergy i Pola d a d selected EU cou tries i 9

THE POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY IN POLAND AND SELECTED EU COUNTRIES

The easu e e t of i d e e g i Pola d is pe fo -e IMiGW Th-e I situt-e of M-et-eo olog a d Wat-e Ma age e t . O the asis of the data olle ted fo at le-ast o e ea a i d, p ese ted i Fig. as de eloped [ ].

It a e o se ed that a eas of a ied pote ial of i d po e e e dete i ed. The ap sho s that app o i atel % of the a ea of Pola d de o st ates fa o a le o diio s fo the de elop e t of i d fa s, a d i pa i ula i the o th of the ou t . Wi d po e is used i easi gl o e i d fa s i pa i ula p o i

-es. Figu e sho s the allo aio of thei po e i o the te ito of Pola d [ ].

At the sa e i e ta le p ese ts the ost i po t a t the iggest i d fa s o the te ito of the Repu li of Pola d.

Wi d fa s p o ess i d e e g i to e ha i al e e -g hi h i tu is o e ted i to ele t i e e -g .

Table 1

Mai i d far s i Pola d Fig. The i crease i the po er of i d far s i Pola d up to

Sour e: [ ].

Fig. Wi d ap of Pola d

Sour e: [ ].

Fig. The allocaio of i d e ergy po er i paricular pro i ces i Pola d State as of . .

Sour e: [ ].

LOCATION PROVINCE POWER

B zozo i e za hod iopo o skie , MW

Ciso o za hod iopo o skie MW

)agó ze za hod iopo o skie MW

Lise o po o skie , MW

T ień za hod iopo o skie MW

Pu k po o skie MW

Kisieli e a ińsko- azu skie , MW

Ka ieńsk łódzkie MW

Jag iątko o za hod iopo o skie , MW

G ieżdże o po o skie MW

Ka ś i o za hod iopo o skie MW

Łe z po o skie MW

Su ałki podlaskie , MW

These a e high-speed i d tu i es ith ho izo tal a is. Th ee lade oto ith auto ai all adjusted lades of app op iatel sele ted p oile p opelled ea s of a gea o a as h o i o s h o i ge e ato . The

ope-aio of i d fa s is ele t o i all o t olled. I si ple o ds it a e said that it ope ates auto ai all ith o eed fo supe isio . I ase of failu e, a o pute stops ope aio a d sig als the o diio . The tu i e is p opel-led i d e e g . It is o e of i e hausi le esou es of e e g si e i d is a pe a e t phe o e o i atu e, tha ks to the su . Wi d a e ha a te ized t o

featu-es: speed a d epeata ilit . The speed of i d is s allest lose to the g ou d.

It i eases ith alitude. Wi d tu i es a e lo ated AT the height f o a doze to o e hu d ed ete s. The i

i-u speed o siti-utes a li it si e it is e i-ui ed fo the ai te a e of app op iate to ue. The a i u speed also o situtes a li it si e if it is too high, the a i u to ue is e eeded hi h a lead to a e ha i al da a-ge of the oto . The u e of hou s he i d lo s at a

e tai speed th oughout the ea is efe ed to as epeatailit . This i de is de isi e hile de idi g hethe the o -st u io of the i d fa is o-st efe i e. Lo g te e-teo ologi al easu e e ts o situte the asis fo the al-ulaio of the e e gei esou es of the i d. Regio al e e gei esou es a e al ulated at i st, a d the

egio-al esi ates a e pe fo ed.

Wi d e e g is a o -e issio te h olog – i.e. Tu i g ope aio s id does ot e it g ee house gases o dust i to the at osphe e. Wi d fa s do ot ge e ate haza dous aste, it does ot deg ade o pollute soil a d does ot esult i losses i ate i ulaio [ ]. Co side i g the e e g put i to the p odu io , ope aio a d uilizaio of pa -i ula ele e ts, -i d fa s a e o e of the ost ad a ta-geous e e g p odu io te h ologies p e e i g ha ges of the li ate. O the asis esea h of R sza d I giele i z PhD a d Ada )agu ień PhD f o Koszali Te h i al U i e sit ho easu ed a d a al zed a ousi phe o

e-a o e-a fe-a lo e-ated i the Po e e-a ie-a egio , it e-as o

se-ed that the ope aio s of i d fa s does ot ge e ate i f a-sou ds at the le el hi h ould o situte haza d to hu a health. Depe di g o the o st u io , the

follo-i g t pes of follo-i d tu follo-i es a e dfollo-isfollo-i gufollo-ished :  Ho izo tal A is Wi d Tu i e – HAWT,  Ve i al A is Wi d Tu i e – VAWT.

Apa t f o the di isio depe di g o o st u io , i d fa s a e lassiied a o di g to the a ou t of ge e-ated po e :

 lo po e i stallaio hi h a suppl i di idual fa iliies,

 i d tu i es of the po e up to kW used fo i -sta e fo suppl i g households,

 i d fa s ith po e a o e kW hi h usuall o e ted to the e e g g id.

Addiio all i d fa s a e di ided i to those sup-pl , i pa t o totall e e g g id, a d those hi h ope ate i sepa ate et o ks. I the late ase the a e used e.g. fo ha gi g ate ies o as sou es suppl i g heai g s s-te s [ ].

A o di g to the I situte of Meteo olog a d Wate Ma age e t, i Pola d te e a e fa o a le o diio s fo

o st u io of i d fa s. The est egio s a e:  oast li e et ee Koszali a d Hel,  Su ałki egio ,

 e t al Wielkopolska a d Mazo sze,  Beskid Śląsk a d Beskid Ż ie ki,  Biesz zad a d Pogó ze D o skie [ ].

The a al sis sho that i ost i d fa s a e lo ated i o the Pola d, a d i pa i ula i the p o i

-es of ielkopolskie a d kuja sko-po o skie.

I Ge a , Spai , F a e, Ital a d G eat B itai had the iggest i stalled po e i i d fa s. This ea s that i these ou t ies i d e e g p odu io is de elo-pi g d a i all . De a k, S ede, Holla d a d I ela d also ha e good o diio s fo the de elop e t of i d fa s. The s allest i stalled po e is i Lithua ia, Slo akia, S itze la d a d Lu e u g [ ]. Figu e p ese ts the

lo-aio of i d fa s i Eu ope .

Fig. The locaio of i d far s i Europe

CONCLUSIONS

The pape dis usses sele ted aspe ts of the a ket of i d e e g p odu io i Pola d a d othe EU ou t ies. At p ese t e e g o upies a high posiio a o g a ious fo s of ge e aio of e e g f o alte ai e sou es a d the p odu io a ket is de elopi g d a i all . Ge a , F a e, G eat B itai a d Holla d a e leade s i this espe t [ ]. I these ou t ies the de elop e t of this se to has ee the fastest i e e t ea s. The pape sho s that Po-la d is ot o e of the leade s i the p odu io of i d e e g despite e tai pote ial fo de elop e t, espe ial-l i the o the a d e t aial-l egio s of the ou t . This is

o i ed a o pa ai e a al sis of the use of i d e e g i Pola d a d sele ted EU ou t ies.

I ge e al, i ediu de elope e o o ies, su h as Pola d, d a i de elop e t of this se to of p odu io is hi de ed, a o g othe s high ost of i est e t, u sta le polii al situaio , la k sui ie t esou es fo a -ket si ulaio a d p otests of lo al o u iies.

The Eu opea Co itee i di ates that i d e e g has lo ost i te sit a d is o e a aila le i o pa iso ith the p odu io of e e a le e e g f o othe eso-u es. The fo e asts de eloped i EU i di ate that

i d fa s a e o e o peii e ith u lea pla ts i Eu ope. The EU Co itee st esses that i ie of a sho t pe iod of o st u io a d the fa t that the fa iliies a e lo ated o aste la d a d ill u used spa e o a eas hi h a e ot populated, i d e e g a o situte o e of the pilla s of the de elop e t of e e g p odu io se -to i the ea futu e. This pote ial should e used, a d Pola d ought to joi the EU leade s, hi h a i p o e the e e g ala e i the ou t , ut also e e t a posii e efe t o the o diio of the e i o e t as ell osts of e e g p odu io a d o su pio .

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Karoli a Mater e

U i ersität Potsda , GERMANY