Solucao impares Calculo 6ed CAP.1

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(1)F. TX.10. 1. FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function In exercises requiring estimations or approximations, your answers may vary slightly from the answers given here. 1. (a) The point (1> 2) is on the graph of i , so i (1) = 2.. (b) When { = 2, | is about 2=8, so i (2) 2=8. (c) i ({) = 2 is equivalent to | = 2. When | = 2, we have { = 3 and { = 1. (d) Reasonable estimates for { when | = 0 are { = 2=5 and { = 0=3. (e) The domain of i consists of all {-values on the graph of i . For this function, the domain is 3 { 3, or [3> 3]. The range of i consists of all |-values on the graph of i . For this function, the range is 2 | 3, or [2> 3]. (f ) As { increases from 1 to 3, | increases from 2 to 3. Thus, i is increasing on the interval [1> 3]. 3. From Figure 1 in the text, the lowest point occurs at about (w> d) = (12> 85). The highest point occurs at about (17> 115).. Thus, the range of the vertical ground acceleration is 85 d 115. Written in interval notation, we get [85> 115]. 5. No, the curve is not the graph of a function because a vertical line intersects the curve more than once. Hence, the curve fails. the Vertical Line Test. 7. Yes, the curve is the graph of a function because it passes the Vertical Line Test. The domain is [3> 2] and the range. is [3> 2) [1> 3]. 9. The person’s weight increased to about 160 pounds at age 20 and stayed fairly steady for 10 years. The person’s weight. dropped to about 120 pounds for the next 5 years, then increased rapidly to about 170 pounds. The next 30 years saw a gradual increase to 190 pounds. Possible reasons for the drop in weight at 30 years of age: diet, exercise, health problems. 11. The water will cool down almost to freezing as the ice. 13. Of course, this graph depends strongly on the. melts. Then, when the ice has melted, the water will. geographical location!. slowly warm up to room temperature.. 15. As the price increases, the amount sold decreases.. 17.. 9.

(2) F. TX.10. 10. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 19. (a). (b) From the graph, we estimate the number of cell-phone subscribers worldwide to be about 92 million in 1995 and 485 million in 1999.. 21. i ({) = 3{2 { + 2=. i (2) = 3(2)2 2 + 2 = 12 2 + 2 = 12= i (2) = 3(2)2 (2) + 2 = 12 + 2 + 2 = 16= i (d) = 3d2 d + 2= i (d) = 3(d)2 (d) + 2 = 3d2 + d + 2= i (d + 1) = 3(d + 1)2 (d + 1) + 2 = 3(d2 + 2d + 1) d 1 + 2 = 3d2 + 6d + 3 d + 1 = 3d2 + 5d + 4= 2i (d) = 2 · i (d) = 2(3d2 d + 2) = 6d2 2d + 4= i (2d) = 3(2d)2 (2d) + 2 = 3(4d2 ) 2d + 2 = 12d2 2d + 2= i (d2 ) = 3(d2 )2 (d2 ) + 2 = 3(d4 ) d2 + 2 = 3d4 d2 + 2= 2 [i (d)]2 = 3d2 d + 2 = 3d2 d + 2 3d2 d + 2 = 9d4 3d3 + 6d2 3d3 + d2 2d + 6d2 2d + 4 = 9d4 6d3 + 13d2 4d + 4= i (d + k) = 3(d + k)2 (d + k) + 2 = 3(d2 + 2dk + k2 ) d k + 2 = 3d2 + 6dk + 3k2 d k + 2= 23. i ({) = 4 + 3{ {2 , so i (3 + k) = 4 + 3(3 + k) (3 + k)2 = 4 + 9 + 3k (9 + 6k + k2 ) = 4 3k k2 ,. and. (4 3k k2 ) 4 k(3 k) i (3 + k) i (3) = = = 3 k. k k k. 1 d{ 1 d{ 1({ d) 1 i ({) i (d) { d = = {d = = = 25. {d {d {d {d({ d) {d({ d) d{ 27. i ({) = {@(3{ 1) is dened for all { except when 0 = 3{ 1.

(3) . is { R | { 6= 13 = > 13 13 > .. { = 13 , so the domain. w + 3 w is dened when w 0. These values of w give real number results for w, whereas any value of w gives a real. number result for 3 w. The domain is [0> ).. 29. i (w) =. 31. k({) = 1. 4 {2 5{ is dened when {2 5{ A 0. . {({ 5) A 0. Note that {2 5{ 6= 0 since that would result in. division by zero. The expression {({ 5) is positive if { ? 0 or { A 5. (See Appendix A for methods for solving inequalities.) Thus, the domain is (> 0) (5> )..

(4) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION. ¤. 33. i ({) = 5 is dened for all real numbers, so the domain is R, or (> ).. The graph of i is a horizontal line with |-intercept 5.. 35. i (w) = w2 6w is dened for all real numbers, so the domain is R, or. (> ). The graph of i is a parabola opening upward since the coefcient of w2 is positive. To nd the w-intercepts, let | = 0 and solve for w. 0 = w2 6w = w(w 6). w = 0 and w = 6. The w-coordinate of the. vertex is halfway between the w-intercepts, that is, at w = 3. Since i (3) = 32 6 · 3 = 9, the vertex is (3> 9).. { 5 is dened when { 5 0 or { 5, so the domain is [5> ).. Since | = { 5 | 2 = { 5 { = | 2 + 5, we see that j is the. 37. j({) =. top half of a parabola. 3{ + |{| . Since |{| = 39. J({) = { ; 3{ + { A ? { J({) = A 3{ { = {. +. {. if { 0. {. if { ? 0. ; 4{ A ? { = A 2{ = if { ? 0 { if { A 0. , we have. if { A 0. + =. if { ? 0. 4. if { A 0. 2. if { ? 0. Note that J is not dened for { = 0. The domain is (> 0) (0> ). + 41. i ({) =. {+2. if { ? 0. 1{. if { 0. 43. i ({) =. The domain is R.. + { + 2 if { 1 {2. if { A 1. Note that for { = 1, both { + 2 and {2 are equal to 1. The domain is R.. 45. Recall that the slope p of a line between the two points ({1 > |1 ) and ({2 > |2 ) is p =. connecting those two points is | |1 = p({ {1 ). The slope of this line segment is | (3) = 52 ({ 1). The function is i ({) = 52 { . 11 , 2. 1 { 5.. |2 |1 and an equation of the line {2 {1 7 (3) 5 = , so an equation is 51 2. 11.

(5) F. TX.10. 12. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 47. We need to solve the given equation for |.. { + (| 1)2 = 0 (| 1)2 = { | 1 = ± { . {. The expression with the positive radical represents the top half of the parabola, and the one with the negative. radical represents the bottom half. Hence, we want i ({) = 1 {. Note that the domain is { 0. | =1±. 49. For 0 { 3, the graph is the line with slope 1 and |-intercept 3, that is, | = { + 3. For 3 ? { 5, the graph is the line. with slope 2 passing through (3> 0); that is, | 0 = 2({ 3), or | = 2{ 6. So the function is + { + 3 if 0 { 3 i ({) = 2{ 6 if 3 ? { 5 51. Let the length and width of the rectangle be O and Z . Then the perimeter is 2O + 2Z = 20 and the area is D = OZ .. Solving the rst equation for Z in terms of O gives Z =. 20 2O = 10 O. Thus, D(O) = O(10 O) = 10O O2 . Since 2. lengths are positive, the domain of D is 0 ? O ? 10. If we further restrict O to be larger than Z , then 5 ? O ? 10 would be the domain. 53. Let the length of a side of the equilateral triangle be {. Then by the Pythagorean Theorem, the height | of the triangle satises 1 2 = {2 , so that | 2 = {2 14 {2 = 34 {2 and | = 23 {. Using the formula for the area D of a triangle, 2{ D = 12 (base)(height), we obtain D({) = 12 ({) 23 { = 43 {2 , with domain { A 0.. |2 +. 55. Let each side of the base of the box have length {, and let the height of the box be k. Since the volume is 2, we know that. 2 = k{2 , so that k = 2@{2 , and the surface area is V = {2 + 4{k. Thus, V({) = {2 + 4{(2@{2 ) = {2 + (8@{), with domain { A 0. 57. The height of the box is { and the length and width are O = 20 2{, Z = 12 2{. Then Y = OZ { and so. Y ({) = (20 2{)(12 2{)({) = 4(10 {)(6 {)({) = 4{(60 16{ + {2 ) = 4{3 64{2 + 240{. The sides O, Z , and { must be positive. Thus, O A 0 20 2{ A 0 { ? 10; Z A 0 12 2{ A 0 { ? 6; and { A 0. Combining these restrictions gives us the domain 0 ? { ? 6. (b) On $14,000, tax is assessed on $4000, and 10%($4000) = $400.. 59. (a). On $26,000, tax is assessed on $16,000, and 10%($10,000) + 15%($6000) = $1000 + $900 = $1900.. (c) As in part (b), there is $1000 tax assessed on $20,000 of income, so the graph of W is a line segment from (10,000> 0) to (20,000> 1000). The tax on $30,000 is $2500, so the graph of W for { A 20,000 is the ray with initial point (20,000> 1000) that passes through (30,000> 2500)..

(6) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS: A CATALOG OF ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS. ¤. 13. 61. i is an odd function because its graph is symmetric about the origin. j is an even function because its graph is symmetric with. respect to the |-axis. 63. (a) Because an even function is symmetric with respect to the |-axis, and the point (5> 3) is on the graph of this even function,. the point (5> 3) must also be on its graph. (b) Because an odd function is symmetric with respect to the origin, and the point (5> 3) is on the graph of this odd function, the point (5> 3) must also be on its graph. 65. i ({) =. { . {2 + 1. i ({) =. 67. i ({) =. { { { = 2 = 2 = i({). ({)2 + 1 { +1 { +1. { { { , so i({) = = . {+1 { + 1 {1. Since this is neither i ({) nor i ({), the function i is neither even nor odd.. So i is an odd function.. 69. i ({) = 1 + 3{2 {4 .. i ({) = 1 + 3({)2 ({)4 = 1 + 3{2 {4 = i ({). So i is an even function.. 1.2 Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions 1. (a) i ({) =. (b) j({) =. 5 { is a root function with q = 5.. 1 {2 is an algebraic function because it is a root of a polynomial.. (c) k({) = {9 + {4 is a polynomial of degree 9. (d) u({) =. {2 + 1 is a rational function because it is a ratio of polynomials. {3 + {. (e) v({) = tan 2{ is a trigonometric function. (f ) w({) = log10 { is a logarithmic function. 3. We notice from the gure that j and k are even functions (symmetric with respect to the |-axis) and that i is an odd function. (symmetric with respect to the origin). So (b) | = {5 must be i . Since j is atter than k near the origin, we must have (c) | = {8 matched with j and (a) | = {2 matched with k..

(7) F. TX.10. 14. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 5. (a) An equation for the family of linear functions with slope 2. is | = i ({) = 2{ + e, where e is the |-intercept.. (b) i (2) = 1 means that the point (2> 1) is on the graph of i . We can use the point-slope form of a line to obtain an equation for the family of linear functions through the point (2> 1). | 1 = p({ 2), which is equivalent to | = p{ + (1 2p) in slope-intercept form.. (c) To belong to both families, an equation must have slope p = 2, so the equation in part (b), | = p{ + (1 2p), becomes | = 2{ 3. It is the only function that belongs to both families. 7. All members of the family of linear functions i({) = f { have graphs. that are lines with slope 1. The |-intercept is f.. 9. Since i (1) = i (0) = i(2) = 0, i has zeros of 1, 0, and 2, so an equation for i is i ({) = d[{ (1)]({ 0)({ 2),. or i ({) = d{({ + 1)({ 2). Because i (1) = 6, we’ll substitute 1 for { and 6 for i ({). 6 = d(1)(2)(1) 2d = 6 d = 3, so an equation for i is i ({) = 3{({ + 1)({ 2). 11. (a) G = 200, so f = 0=0417G(d + 1) = 0=0417(200)(d + 1) = 8=34d + 8=34. The slope is 8=34, which represents the. change in mg of the dosage for a child for each change of 1 year in age. (b) For a newborn, d = 0, so f = 8=34 mg. 13. (a). (b) The slope of. 9 5. means that I increases. 9 5. degrees for each increase. . of 1 C. (Equivalently, I increases by 9 when F increases by 5 and I decreases by 9 when F decreases by 5.) The I -intercept of 32 is the Fahrenheit temperature corresponding to a Celsius temperature of 0..

(8) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS: A CATALOG OF ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS. 15. (a) Using Q in place of { and W in place of |, we nd the slope to be. equation is W 80 = 16 (Q 173) W 80 = 16 Q (b) The slope of. 1 6. 173 6. ¤. 10 1 W2 W1 80 70 = = . So a linear = Q2 Q1 173 113 60 6 307 W = 16 Q + 307 = 51=16 . 6 6. means that the temperature in Fahrenheit degrees increases one-sixth as rapidly as the number of cricket. chirps per minute. Said differently, each increase of 6 cricket chirps per minute corresponds to an increase of 1 F. (c) When Q = 150, the temperature is given approximately by W = 16 (150) + 17. (a) We are given. 307 6. = 76=16 F 76 F.. 4=34 change in pressure = = 0=434. Using S for pressure and g for depth with the point 10 feet change in depth 10. (g> S ) = (0> 15), we have the slope-intercept form of the line, S = 0=434g + 15. (b) When S = 100, then 100 = 0=434g + 15 0=434g = 85 g =. 85 0=434. 195=85 feet. Thus, the pressure is. 100 lb@in2 at a depth of approximately 196 feet. 19. (a) The data appear to be periodic and a sine or cosine function would make the best model. A model of the form. i ({) = d cos(e{) + f seems appropriate. (b) The data appear to be decreasing in a linear fashion. A model of the form i ({) = p{ + e seems appropriate. Some values are given to many decimal places. These are the results given by several computer algebra systems — rounding is left to the reader.. (b) Using the points (4000> 14=1) and (60,000> 8=2), we obtain. 21. (a). 8=2 14=1 ({ 4000) or, equivalently, 60,000 4000 | 0=000105357{ + 14=521429.. | 14=1 =. A linear model does seem appropriate.. (c) Using a computing device, we obtain the least squares regression line | = 0=0000997855{ + 13=950764. The following commands and screens illustrate how to nd the least squares regression line on a TI-83 Plus. Enter the data into list one (L1) and list two (L2). Press. Find the regession line and store it in Y1 . Press. to enter the editor.. .. 15.

(9) F.. 16. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. Note from the last gure that the regression line has been stored in Y1 and that Plot1 has been turned on (Plot1 is highlighted). You can turn on Plot1 from the Y= menu by placing the cursor on Plot1 and pressing .. pressing. Now press. or by. to produce a graph of the data and the regression. line. Note that choice 9 of the ZOOM menu automatically selects a window that displays all of the data. (d) When { = 25,000, | 11=456; or about 11=5 per 100 population. (e) When { = 80,000, | 5=968; or about a 6% chance. (f ) When { = 200,000, | is negative, so the model does not apply. 23. (a). (b). A linear model does seem appropriate.. Using a computing device, we obtain the least squares regression line | = 0=089119747{ 158=2403249, where { is the year and | is the height in feet.. (c) When { = 2000, the model gives | 20=00 ft. Note that the actual winning height for the 2000 Olympics is less than the winning height for 1996—so much for that prediction. (d) When { = 2100, | 28=91 ft. This would be an increase of 9=49 ft from 1996 to 2100. Even though there was an increase of 8=59 ft from 1900 to 1996, it is unlikely that a similar increase will occur over the next 100 years. 25.. Using a computing device, we obtain the cubic function | = d{3 + e{2 + f{ + g with d = 0=0012937, e = 7=06142, f = 12,823, and g = 7,743,770. When { = 1925, | 1914 (million)..

(10) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.3 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS. ¤. 17. 1.3 New Functions from Old Functions 1. (a) If the graph of i is shifted 3 units upward, its equation becomes | = i ({) + 3.. (b) If the graph of i is shifted 3 units downward, its equation becomes | = i ({) 3. (c) If the graph of i is shifted 3 units to the right, its equation becomes | = i ({ 3). (d) If the graph of i is shifted 3 units to the left, its equation becomes | = i ({ + 3). (e) If the graph of i is reected about the {-axis, its equation becomes | = i ({). (f ) If the graph of i is reected about the |-axis, its equation becomes | = i ({). (g) If the graph of i is stretched vertically by a factor of 3, its equation becomes | = 3i ({). (h) If the graph of i is shrunk vertically by a factor of 3, its equation becomes | = 13 i ({). 3. (a) (graph 3) The graph of i is shifted 4 units to the right and has equation | = i ({ 4).. (b) (graph 1) The graph of i is shifted 3 units upward and has equation | = i ({) + 3. (c) (graph 4) The graph of i is shrunk vertically by a factor of 3 and has equation | = 13 i({). (d) (graph 5) The graph of i is shifted 4 units to the left and reected about the {-axis. Its equation is | = i ({ + 4). (e) (graph 2) The graph of i is shifted 6 units to the left and stretched vertically by a factor of 2. Its equation is | = 2i ({ + 6). 5. (a) To graph | = i (2{) we shrink the graph of i. horizontally by a factor of 2.. (b) To graph | = i. 1 { we stretch the graph of i 2. horizontally by a factor of 2.. The point (4> 1) on the graph of i corresponds to the The point (4> 1) on the graph of i corresponds to the point 12 · 4> 1 = (2> 1). (c) To graph | = i ({) we reect the graph of i about the |-axis.. The point (4> 1) on the graph of i corresponds to the point (1 · 4> 1) = (4> 1).. point (2 · 4> 1) = (8> 1).. (d) To graph | = i ({) we reect the graph of i about the |-axis, then about the {-axis.. The point (4> 1) on the graph of i corresponds to the point (1 · 4> 1 · 1) = (4> 1)..

(11) F. TX.10. 18. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 7. The graph of | = i ({) =. 3{ {2 has been shifted 4 units to the left, reected about the {-axis, and shifted downward. 1 unit. Thus, a function describing the graph is |=. 1 · ~} reect about {-axis. i ({ + 4) ~} shift 4 units left. 1 ~} shift 1 unit left. This function can be written as s s. | = i ({ + 4) 1 = 3({ + 4) ({ + 4)2 1 = 3{ + 12 ({2 + 8{ + 16) 1 = {2 5{ 4 1 9. | = {3 : Start with the graph of | = {3 and reect. about the {-axis. Note: Reecting about the |-axis gives the same result since substituting { for { gives us | = ({)3 = {3 .. 11. | = ({ + 1)2 : Start with the graph of | = {2. and shift 1 unit to the left.. 13. | = 1 + 2 cos {: Start with the graph of | = cos {, stretch vertically by a factor of 2, and then shift 1 unit upward.. 15. | = sin({@2): Start with the graph of | = sin { and stretch horizontally by a factor of 2..

(12) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.3 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS. ¤. { + 3 : Start with the graph of. | = { and shift 3 units to the left.. 17. | =. 19. | =. 2 1 2 ({. + 8{) = 12 ({2 + 8{ + 16) 8 = 12 ({ + 4)2 8: Start with the graph of | = {2 , compress vertically by a. factor of 2, shift 4 units to the left, and then shift 8 units downward.. 0. 0. 0. 0. 21. | = 2@({ + 1): Start with the graph of | = 1@{, shift 1 unit to the left, and then stretch vertically by a factor of 2=. 23. | = |sin {|: Start with the graph of | = sin { and reect all the parts of the graph below the {-axis about the {-axis.. 25. This is just like the solution to Example 4 except the amplitude of the curve (the 30 N curve in Figure 9 on June 21) is. 2 14 12 = 2. So the function is O(w) = 12 + 2 sin 365 (w 80) . March 31 is the 90th day of the year, so the model gives O(90) 12=34 h. The daylight time (5:51 AM to 6:18 PM) is 12 hours and 27 minutes, or 12=45 h. The model value differs from the actual value by. 12=4512=34 12=45. 0=009, less than 1%.. 27. (a) To obtain | = i (|{|), the portion of the graph of | = i ({) to the right of the |-axis is reected about the |-axis.. (b) | = sin |{|. (c) | =. s |{|. 19.

(13) F. TX.10. 20. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 29. i ({) = {3 + 2{2 ; j({) = 3{2 1.. G = R for both i and j.. (i + j)({) = ({3 + 2{2 ) + (3{2 1) = {3 + 5{2 1, G = R. (i j)({) = ({3 + 2{2 ) (3{2 1) = {3 {2 + 1, G = R. (i j)({) = ({3 + 2{2 )(3{2 1) = 3{5 + 6{4 {3 2{2 , G = R. i {3 + 2{2 1. since 3{2 1 6= 0. ({) = , G = { | { = 6 ± j 3{2 1 3 31. i ({) = {2 1, G = R;. j({) = 2{ + 1, G = R.. (a) (i

(14) j)({) = i (j({)) = i(2{ + 1) = (2{ + 1)2 1 = (4{2 + 4{ + 1) 1 = 4{2 + 4{, G = R. (b) (j

(15) i)({) = j(i ({)) = j({2 1) = 2({2 1) + 1 = (2{2 2) + 1 = 2{2 1, G = R. (c) (i

(16) i )({) = i(i ({)) = i ({2 1) = ({2 1)2 1 = ({4 2{2 + 1) 1 = {4 2{2 , G = R. (d) (j

(17) j)({) = j(j({)) = j(2{ + 1) = 2(2{ + 1) + 1 = (4{ + 2) + 1 = 4{ + 3, G = R. 33. i ({) = 1 3{; j({) = cos {.. G = R for both i and j, and hence for their composites.. (a) (i

(18) j)({) = i (j({)) = i(cos {) = 1 3 cos {. (b) (j

(19) i)({) = j(i ({)) = j(1 3{) = cos(1 3{). (c) (i

(20) i )({) = i(i ({)) = i (1 3{) = 1 3(1 3{) = 1 3 + 9{ = 9{ 2. (d) (j

(21) j)({) = j(j({)) = j(cos {) = cos(cos {) [Note that this is not cos { · cos {.] {+1 1 , G = {{ | { 6= 0}; j({) = , G = {{ | { 6= 2} { { +2 {+1 1 {+2 {+1 {+1 = + + (a) (i

(22) j)({) = i (j({)) = i = {+1 {+2 {+2 {+2 {+1 {+2 2 { + 2{ + 1 + {2 + 4{ + 4 ({ + 1)({ + 1) + ({ + 2)({ + 2) 2{2 + 6{ + 5 = = = ({ + 2)({ + 1) ({ + 2)({ + 1) ({ + 2)({ + 1). 35. i ({) = { +. Since j({) is not dened for { = 2 and i (j({)) is not dened for { = 2 and { = 1, the domain of (i

(23) j)({) is G = {{ | { 6= 2> 1}. 1 {2 + 1 + { {+ +1 { 1 {2 + { + 1 {2 + { + 1 (b) (j

(24) i)({) = j(i ({)) = j { + = = = 2 = 2 { { { + 2{ + 1 ({ + 1)2 1 { + 1 + 2{ {+ +2 { { Since i({) is not dened for { = 0 and j(i ({)) is not dened for { = 1, the domain of (j

(25) i )({) is G = {{ | { 6= 1> 0}. 1 1 1 1 { 1 1 (c) (i

(26) i )({) = i (i ({)) = i { + = {+ + ={+ + 2 ={+ + 2 { +1 { { { { { +1 { + {1 { 4 2 2 {({) {2 + 1 + 1 {2 + 1 + {({) { + { + { + 1 + {2 = = 2 {({ + 1) {({2 + 1) =. {4 + 3{2 + 1 > {({2 + 1). G = {{ | { 6= 0}.

(27) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.3 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS. . {+1 (d) (j

(28) j)({) = j(j({)) = j {+2. . ¤. { + 1 + 1({ + 2) {+1 +1 {+1+{+2 2{ + 3 { + 2 {+2 = = = = {+1 { + 1 + 2({ + 2) { + 1 + 2{ + 4 3{ + 5 +2 {+2 {+2. Since j({) is not dened for { = 2 and j(j({)) is not dened for { = 53 ,

(29). the domain of (j

(30) j)({) is G = { | { 6= 2> 53 . 37. (i

(31) j

(32) k)({) = i (j(k({))) = i (j({ 1)) = i(2({ 1)) = 2({ 1) + 1 = 2{ 1 39. (i

(33) j

(34) k)({) = i (j(k({))) = i (j({3 + 2)) = i [({3 + 2)2 ]. = i ({6 + 4{3 + 4) =. s. ({6 + 4{3 + 4) 3 = {6 + 4{3 + 1. 41. Let j({) = {2 + 1 and i ({) = {10 . Then (i

(35) j)({) = i (j({)) = i({2 + 1) = ({2 + 1)10 = I ({). 43. Let j({) =. 3 { and i ({) =. 45. Let j(w) = cos w and i (w) =. 3. { { = I ({). . Then (i

(36) j)({) = i (j({)) = i ( 3 { ) = 1+{ 1+ 3{. w. Then (i

(37) j)(w) = i (j(w)) = i (cos w) = cos w = x(w).. 47. Let k({) = {2 , j({) = 3{ , and i({) = 1 {. Then. 2 2 (i

(38) j

(39) k)({) = i (j(k({))) = i (j({2 )) = i 3{ = 1 3{ = K({).. {, j({) = sec {, and i({) = {4 . Then. 4. (i

(40) j

(41) k)({) = i (j(k({))) = i (j( { )) = i (sec { ) = (sec { ) = sec4 ( { ) = K({).. 49. Let k({) =. 51. (a) j(2) = 5, because the point (2> 5) is on the graph of j. Thus, i(j(2)) = i (5) = 4, because the point (5> 4) is on the. graph of i . (b) j(i(0)) = j(0) = 3 (c) (i

(42) j)(0) = i (j(0)) = i (3) = 0 (d) (j

(43) i )(6) = j(i (6)) = j(6). This value is not dened, because there is no point on the graph of j that has {-coordinate 6. (e) (j

(44) j)(2) = j(j(2)) = j(1) = 4 (f ) (i

(45) i )(4) = i (i (4)) = i (2) = 2 53. (a) Using the relationship distance = rate · time with the radius u as the distance, we have u(w) = 60w.. (b) D = u2. (D

(46) u)(w) = D(u(w)) = (60w)2 = 3600w2 . This formula gives us the extent of the rippled area. 2. (in cm ) at any time w. 55. (a) From the gure, we have a right triangle with legs 6 and g, and hypotenuse v.. By the Pythagorean Theorem, g2 + 62 = v2. v = i (g) =. g 2 + 36.. (b) Using g = uw, we get g = (30 km@hr)(w hr) = 30w (in km). Thus, g = j(w) = 30w. (c) (i

(47) j)(w) = i (j(w)) = i (30w) =. s. (30w)2 + 36 = 900w2 + 36. This function represents the distance between the. lighthouse and the ship as a function of the time elapsed since noon.. 21.

(48) F. TX.10. 22. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. (b). 57. (a). + K(w) =. 0 1. if w ? 0. Y (w) =. if w 0. + 0. if w ? 0. 120 if w 0. so Y (w) = 120K(w).. Starting with the formula in part (b), we replace 120 with 240 to reect the. (c). different voltage. Also, because we are starting 5 units to the right of w = 0, we replace w with w 5. Thus, the formula is Y (w) = 240K(w 5). 59. If i({) = p1 { + e1 and j({) = p2 { + e2 , then. (i

(49) j)({) = i (j({)) = i (p2 { + e2 ) = p1 (p2 { + e2 ) + e1 = p1 p2 { + p1 e2 + e1 . So i

(50) j is a linear function with slope p1 p2 . 61. (a) By examining the variable terms in j and k, we deduce that we must square j to get the terms 4{2 and 4{ in k. If we let. i ({) = {2 + f, then (i

(51) j)({) = i (j({)) = i (2{ + 1) = (2{ + 1)2 + f = 4{2 + 4{ + (1 + f). Since k({) = 4{2 + 4{ + 7, we must have 1 + f = 7. So f = 6 and i ({) = {2 + 6. (b) We need a function j so that i (j({)) = 3(j({)) + 5 = k({). But k({) = 3{2 + 3{ + 2 = 3({2 + {) + 2 = 3({2 + { 1) + 5, so we see that j({) = {2 + { 1. 63. (a) If i and j are even functions, then i ({) = i ({) and j({) = j({).. (i) (i + j)({) = i({) + j({) = i({) + j({) = (i + j)({), so i + j is an even function. (ii) (i j)({) = i ({) · j({) = i ({) · j({) = (i j)({), so i j is an even function. (b) If i and j are odd functions, then i ({) = i ({) and j({) = j({). (i) (i + j)({) = i({) + j({) = i ({) + [j({)] = [i ({) + j({)] = (i + j)({), so i + j is an odd function. (ii) (i j)({) = i ({) · j({) = i ({) · [j({)] = i ({) · j({) = (i j)({), so i j is an even function. 65. We need to examine k({).. k({) = (i

(52) j)({) = i(j({)) = i (j({)) [because j is even] Because k({) = k({), k is an even function.. = k({).

(53) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.4 GRAPHING CALCULATORS AND COMPUTERS. ¤. 1.4 Graphing Calculators and Computers 1. i ({) =. {3 5{2. (a) [5> 5] by [5> 5]. (b) [0> 10] by [0> 2]. (c) [0> 10] by [0> 10]. (There is no graph shown.). The most appropriate graph is produced in viewing rectangle (c). 3. Since the graph of i ({) = 5 + 20{ {2 is a. parabola opening downward, an appropriate viewing rectangle should include the maximum point.. 5. i ({) =. 4 81 {4 is dened when 81 {4 0 . {4 81 |{| 3, so the domain of i is [3> 3]. Also. 0 4 81 {4 4 81 = 3, so the range is [0> 3].. 7. The graph of i ({) = {3 225{ is symmetric with respect to the origin.. Since i ({) = {3 225{ = {({2 225) = {({ + 15)({ 15), there are {-intercepts at 0, 15, and 15. i (20) = 3500.. 9. The period of j({) = sin(1000{) is. 2 1000. 0=0063 and its range is. [1> 1]. Since i ({) = sin2 (1000{) is the square of j, its range is [0> 1] and a viewing rectangle of [0=01> 0=01] by [0> 1=1] seems appropriate.. 11. The domain of | =. { is { 0, so the domain of i({) = sin { is [0> ). and the range is [1> 1]. With a little trial-and-error experimentation, we nd that an Xmax of 100 illustrates the general shape of i , so an appropriate viewing rectangle is [0> 100] by [1=5> 1=5].. 23.

(54) F. TX.10. 24. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 13. The rst term, 10 sin {, has period 2 and range [10> 10]. It will be the dominant term in any “large” graph of. | = 10 sin { + sin 100{, as shown in the rst gure. The second term, sin 100{, has period. 2 100. =. 50. and range [1> 1].. It causes the bumps in the rst gure and will be the dominant term in any “small” graph, as shown in the view near the origin in the second gure.. 15. We must solve the given equation for | to obtain equations for the upper and. lower halves of the ellipse. 4{2 + 2| 2 = 1 2| 2 = 1 4{2 u 1 4{2 |=± 2. |2 =. 1 4{2 2. . 17. From the graph of | = 3{2 6{ + 1. and | = 0=23{ 2=25 in the viewing rectangle [1> 3] by [2=5> 1=5], it is difcult to see if the graphs intersect. If we zoom in on the fourth quadrant, we see the graphs do not intersect. 19. From the graph of i ({) = {3 9{2 4, we see that there is one solution. of the equation i ({) = 0 and it is slightly larger than 9. By zooming in or using a root or zero feature, we obtain { 9=05=. 21. We see that the graphs of i ({) = {2 and j({) = sin { intersect twice. One. solution is { = 0= The other solution of i = j is the {-coordinate of the point of intersection in the rst quadrant. Using an intersect feature or zooming in, we nd this value to be approximately 0.88. Alternatively, we could nd that value by nding the positive zero of k({) = {2 sin {. Note: After producing the graph on a TI-83 Plus, we can nd the approximate value 0.88 by using the following keystrokes: . The “1” is just a guess for 0=88..

(55) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.4 GRAPHING CALCULATORS AND COMPUTERS. ¤. 25. 23. j({) = {3 @10 is larger than i ({) = 10{2 whenever { A 100.. We see from the graphs of | = |sin { {| and | = 0=1 that there are. 25.. two solutions to the equation |sin { {| = 0=1: { 0=85 and { 0=85. The condition |sin { {| ? 0=1 holds for any { lying between these two values, that is, 0=85 ? { ? 0=85.. 27. (a) The root functions | =. |=. 4 { and | = 6 {. {,. (b) The root functions | = {,. | = 3 { and | = 5 {. (c) The root functions | =. | = 4 { and | = 5 {. {, | = 3 {,. (d) • For any q, the qth root of 0 is 0 and the qth root of 1 is 1; that is, all qth root functions pass through the points (0> 0) and (1> 1). • For odd q, the domain of the qth root function is R, while for even q, it is {{ R | { 0}.. • Graphs of even root functions look similar to that of {, while those of odd root functions resemble that of 3 {.. • As q increases, the graph of q { becomes steeper near 0 and atter for { A 1. 29. i ({) = {4 + f{2 + {. If f ? 1=5, there are three humps: two minimum points. and a maximum point. These humps get atter as f increases, until at f = 1=5 two of the humps disappear and there is only one minimum point. This single hump then moves to the right and approaches the origin as f increases. 31. | = {q 2{ . As q increases, the maximum of the. function moves further from the origin, and gets larger. Note, however, that regardless of q, the function approaches 0 as { ..

(56) F. TX.10. 26. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 33. | 2 = f{3 + {2 . If f ? 0, the loop is to the right of the origin, and if f is positive,. it is to the left. In both cases, the closer f is to 0, the larger the loop is. (In the limiting case, f = 0, the loop is “innite,” that is, it doesn’t close.) Also, the larger |f| is, the steeper the slope is on the loopless side of the origin.. 35. The graphing window is 95 pixels wide and we want to start with { = 0 and end with { = 2. Since there are 94 “gaps”. Thus, the {-values that the calculator actually plots are { = 0 + 2 94 · q, 2 2 where q = 0, 1, 2, = = = , 93, 94. For | = sin 2{, the actual points plotted by the calculator are 94 · q> sin 2 · 94 · q for · q> sin 96 · 2 · q for q = 0, 1, = = = , 94= But q = 0, 1, = = = , 94= For | = sin 96{, the points plotted are 2 94 94 between pixels, the distance between pixels is. sin 96 ·. 2 94. 20 94 .. · q = sin 94 · 2 · q + 2 · 2 · q = sin 2q + 2 · 2 ·q 94 94 94 [by periodicity of sine]> q = 0, 1, = = = , 94 = sin 2 · 2 94 · q. So the |-values, and hence the points, plotted for | = sin 96{ are identical to those plotted for | = sin 2{. Note: Try graphing | = sin 94{. Can you see why all the |-values are zero?. 1.5 Exponential Functions 1. (a) i ({) = d{ , d A 0. (b) R. (c) (0> ). (d) See Figures 4(c), 4(b), and 4(a), respectively.. 3. All of these graphs approach 0 as { , all of them pass through the point. (0> 1), and all of them are increasing and approach as { . The larger the base, the faster the function increases for { A 0, and the faster it approaches 0 as { . Note: The notation “{ ” can be thought of as “{ becomes large” at this point. More details on this notation are given in Chapter 2. 5. The functions with bases greater than 1 (3{ and 10{ ) are increasing, while those. { are decreasing. The graph of 13 is the 1 { reection of that of 3{ about the |-axis, and the graph of 10 is the reection of with bases less than 1. 1 { 3. and. . 1 { 10. that of 10{ about the |-axis. The graph of 10{ increases more quickly than that of 3{ for { A 0, and approaches 0 faster as { . 7. We start with the graph of | = 4{ (Figure 3) and then. shift 3 units downward. This shift doesn’t affect the domain, but the range of | = 4{ 3 is (3> ) = There is a horizontal asymptote of | = 3= | = 4{. | = 4{ 3.

(57) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.5 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS. ¤. 27. 9. We start with the graph of | = 2{ (Figure 3),. reect it about the |-axis, and then about the {-axis (or just rotate 180 to handle both reections) to obtain the graph of | = 2{ . In each graph, | = 0 is the horizontal asymptote.. | = 2{. | = 2{. | = 2{. 11. We start with the graph of | = h{ (Figure 13) and reect about the |-axis to get the graph of | = h{ . Then we compress the. graph vertically by a factor of 2 to obtain the graph of | = 12 h{ and then reect about the {-axis to get the graph of | = 12 h{ . Finally, we shift the graph upward one unit to get the graph of | = 1 12 h{ .. 13. (a) To nd the equation of the graph that results from shifting the graph of | = h{ 2 units downward, we subtract 2 from the. original function to get | = h{ 2. (b) To nd the equation of the graph that results from shifting the graph of | = h{ 2 units to the right, we replace { with { 2 in the original function to get | = h({2) . (c) To nd the equation of the graph that results from reecting the graph of | = h{ about the {-axis, we multiply the original function by 1 to get | = h{ . (d) To nd the equation of the graph that results from reecting the graph of | = h{ about the |-axis, we replace { with { in the original function to get | = h{ . (e) To nd the equation of the graph that results from reecting the graph of | = h{ about the {-axis and then about the |-axis, we rst multiply the original function by 1 (to get | = h{ ) and then replace { with { in this equation to get | = h{ . 15. (a) The denominator 1 + h{ is never equal to zero because h{ A 0, so the domain of i ({) = 1@(1 + h{ ) is R.. (b) 1 h{ = 0 h{ = 1 { = 0, so the domain of i ({) = 1@(1 h{ ) is (> 0) (0> ). {. 1. 17. Use | = Fd with the points (1> 6) and (3> 24).. 4 = d2. d = 2 [since d A 0] and F =. 6 = Fd 6 2. F = d6 and 24 = Fd3. 6 3 d 24 = d. = 3. The function is i ({) = 3 · 2{ .. k 5{ 5k 1 5 1 5{+k 5{ 5{ 5k 5{ i ({ + k) i ({) = = = = 5{ . 19. If i ({) = 5 , then k k k k k {.

(58) F. TX.10. 28. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 21. 2 ft = 24 in, i (24) = 242 in = 576 in = 48 ft.. j(24) = 224 in = 224 @(12 · 5280) mi 265 mi. 23. The graph of j nally surpasses that of i at { 35=8.. 25. (a) Fifteen hours represents 5 doubling periods (one doubling period is three hours). 100 · 25 = 3200. (b) In w hours, there will be w@3 doubling periods. The initial population is 100, so the population | at time w is | = 100 · 2w@3 . (c) w = 20 | = 100 · 220@3 10,159 (d) We graph |1 = 100 · 2{@3 and |2 = 50,000. The two curves intersect at { 26=9, so the population reaches 50,000 in about 26=9 hours. 27. An exponential model is | = dew , where d = 3=154832569 × 1012. and e = 1=017764706. This model gives |(1993) 5498 million and |(2010) 7417 million.. From the graph, it appears that i is an odd function (i is undened for { = 0).. 29.. To prove this, we must show that i ({) = i ({). 1 1 1@{ h1@{ 1 h1@({) 1 h(1@{) h1@{ 1 h i ({) = = = · = 1 1 + h1@({) 1 + h(1@{) h1@{ h1@{ + 1 1 + 1@{ h 1 h1@{ = i ({) = 1 + h1@{ so i is an odd function.. 1.6 Inverse Functions and Logarithms 1. (a) See Denition 1.. (b) It must pass the Horizontal Line Test. 3. i is not one-to-one because 2 6= 6, but i (2) = 2=0 = i (6). 5. No horizontal line intersects the graph of i more than once. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, i is one-to-one..

(59) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITHMS. ¤. 29. 7. The horizontal line | = 0 (the {-axis) intersects the graph of i in more than one point. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test,. i is not one-to-one. 9. The graph of i ({) = {2 2{ is a parabola with axis of symmetry { = . 2 e = = 1. Pick any {-values equidistant 2d 2(1). from 1 to nd two equal function values. For example, i (0) = 0 and i (2) = 0, so i is not one-to-one. 11. j({) = 1@{.. {1 6= {2. 1@{1 6= 1@{2. j ({1 ) 6= j ({2 ), so j is one-to-one.. Geometric solution: The graph of j is the hyperbola shown in Figure 14 in Section 1.2. It passes the Horizontal Line Test, so j is one-to-one. 13. A football will attain every height k up to its maximum height twice: once on the way up, and again on the way down. Thus,. even if w1 does not equal w2 , i (w1 ) may equal i (w2 ), so i is not 1-1. 15. Since i (2) = 9 and i is 1-1, we know that i 1 (9) = 2. Remember, if the point (2> 9) is on the graph of i, then the point. (9> 2) is on the graph of i 1 . 17. First, we must determine { such that j({) = 4. By inspection, we see that if { = 0, then j({) = 4. Since j is 1-1 (j is an. increasing function), it has an inverse, and j1 (4) = 0. 19. We solve F =. 5 9 (I. 32) for I : 95 F = I 32 I = 95 F + 32. This gives us a formula for the inverse function, that. is, the Fahrenheit temperature I as a function of the Celsius temperature F. I 459=67 9 5F. 9 5F. + 32 459=67 . 491=67 F 273=15, the domain of the inverse function.. 21. i ({) =. 10 3{ | = 10 3{ (| 0) | 2 = 10 3{ 3{ = 10 | 2. Interchange { and |: | = 13 {2 + 23. | = i ({) = h{. 3. ln | = {3. 25. | = i ({) = ln ({ + 3). 10 3 .. So i 1 ({) = 13 {2 +. {=. { + 3 = h|. 10 3 .. 10 . 3. Note that the domain of i 1 is { 0.. 3 ln |. Interchange { and |: | = 3 ln {. So i 1 ({) = 3 ln {.. { = h| 3. Interchange { and |: | = h{ 3. So i 1 ({) = h{ 3.. | 1 = {4 { = 4 | 1 (not ± since. { 0). Interchange x and y: | = 4 { 1. So i 1 ({) = 4 { 1. The. graph of | = 4 { 1 is just the graph of | = 4 { shifted right one unit.. 27. | = i ({) = {4 + 1. From the graph, we see that i and i 1 are reections about the line | = {.. 29. Reect the graph of i about the line | = {. The points (1> 2), (1> 1),. (2> 2), and (3> 3) on i are reected to (2> 1), (1> 1), (2> 2), and (3> 3) on i 1 .. { = 13 | 2 +.

(60) F. TX.10. 30. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 31. (a) It is dened as the inverse of the exponential function with base d, that is, logd { = |. (b) (0> ). (c) R. d| = {.. (d) See Figure 11.. 33. (a) log5 125 = 3 since 53 = 125.. (b) log3. 1 1 1 = 3 since 33 = 3 = . 27 3 27. 6 35. (a) log2 6 log2 15 + log2 20 = log2 ( 15 ) + log2 20. [by Law 2]. 6 · 20) = log2 ( 15. [by Law 1]. = log2 8, and log2 8 = 3 since 23 = 8. 100 log3 50 = log3 18·50 (b) log3 100 log3 18 log3 50 = log3 100 18 = log3 ( 19 ), and log3 19 = 2 since 32 = 19 = 37. ln 5 + 5 ln 3 = ln 5 + ln 35. [by Law 3]. = ln(5 · 35 ). [by Law 1]. = ln 1215 39. ln(1 + {2 ) +. 1 2. (1 + {2 ) { ln { ln sin { = ln(1 + {2 ) + ln {1@2 ln sin { = ln[(1 + {2 ) { ] ln sin { = ln sin {. 41. To graph these functions, we use log1=5 { =. ln { ln { and log50 { = . ln 1=5 ln 50. These graphs all approach as { 0+ , and they all pass through the point (1> 0). Also, they are all increasing, and all approach as { . The functions with larger bases increase extremely slowly, and the ones with smaller bases do so somewhat more quickly. The functions with large bases approach the |-axis more closely as { 0+ . 43. 3 ft = 36 in, so we need { such that log2 { = 36. 68,719,476,736 in ·. { = 236 = 68,719,476,736. In miles, this is. 1 mi 1 ft · 1,084,587=7 mi. 12 in 5280 ft. 45. (a) Shift the graph of | = log10 { ve units to the left to. obtain the graph of | = log10 ({ + 5). Note the vertical. (b) Reect the graph of | = ln { about the {-axis to obtain the graph of | = ln {.. asymptote of { = 5.. | = log10 { 47. (a) 2 ln { = 1. ln { =. | = log10 ({ + 5) 1 2. { = h1@2. | = ln {. | = ln {. = h. (b) h{ = 5 { = ln 5 { = ln 5 49. (a) 2{5 = 3 {5. Or: 2. log2 3 = { 5 { = 5 + log2 3. ln 3 = 3 ln 2{5 = ln 3 ({ 5) ln 2 = ln 3 { 5 = ln 2. {=5+. ln 3 ln 2.

(61) F. TX.10. SECTION 1.6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITHMS. ¤. 31. (b) ln { + ln({ 1) = ln({({ 1)) = 1 {({ 1) = h1 {2 { h = 0. The quadratic formula (with d = 1, . e = 1, and f = h) gives { = 12 1 ± 1 + 4h , but we reject the negative root since the natural logarithm is not dened for { ? 0. So { = 51. (a) h{ ? 10. 1 2. . 1 + 1 + 4h .. ln h{ ? ln 10 { ? ln 10 { (> ln 10). (b) ln { A 1 hln { A h1 53. (a) For i ({) =. { A h1. { (1@h> ). 3 h2{ , we must have 3 h2{ 0 h2{ 3. 2{ ln 3 { . 1 2. ln 3. Thus, the domain. of i is (> 12 ln 3]. (b) | = i ({) = {=. 1 2. 3 h2{. [note that | 0] | 2 = 3 h2{. ln(3 | 2 ). Interchange { and |: | =. 1 2. h2{ = 3 | 2. ln(3 {2 ). So i 1 ({) =. 1 2. 2{ = ln(3 |2 ) . ln(3 {2 ). For the domain of i 1 , we must. have 3 {2 A 0 {2 ? 3 |{| ? 3 3 ? { ? 3 0 { ? 3 since { 0. Note that the. domain of i 1 , [0> 3 ), equals the range of i . 55. We see that the graph of | = i ({) =. Enter { =. {3 + {2 + { + 1 is increasing, so i is 1-1.. s | 3 + | 2 + | + 1 and use your CAS to solve the equation for |.. Using Derive, we get two (irrelevant) solutions involving imaginary expressions, as well as one which can be simplied to the following: 3 4 6. | = i 1 ({) = where G = 3. . 3 G 27{2 + 20 3 G + 27{2 20 + 3 2. 3 27{4 40{2 + 16.. Maple and Mathematica each give two complex expressions and one real expression, and the real expression is equivalent to that given by Derive. For example, Maple’s expression simplies to. 48 120{2 + 81{4 80.. P = 108{2 + 12 57. (a) q = 100 · 2w@3. q = 2w@3 100. log2. q w = 100 3. 1 P 2@3 8 2P 1@3 , where 6 2P 1@3. w = 3 log2. q . Using formula (10), we can write 100. ln(q@100) . This function tells us how long it will take to obtain q bacteria (given the number q). ln 2 ln 50,000 ln 500 100 (b) q = 50,000 w = i 1 (50,000) = 3 · =3 26=9 hours ln 2 ln 2 this as w = i 1 (q) = 3 ·. 59. (a) sin1. 3 2. =. 3. since sin 3 =. 3 2. and. 3. is in 2 > 2 .. (b) cos1 (1) = since cos = 1 and is in [0> ]. 61. (a) arctan 1 =. (b) sin1. 1 2. =. 4 4. since tan 4 = 1 and since sin 4 =. 1 2. 4. and. is in 2 > 2 . 4. is in 2 > 2 ..

(62) F. TX.10. 32. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 63. (a) In general, tan(arctan {) = { for any real number {. Thus, tan(arctan 10) = 10.. (b) sin1 sin 7 = sin1 sin 3 = sin1 3 [Recall that. 7 3. =. 3. 3 2. =. 3. since sin 3 =. . 3 2. and. 3. is in 2 > 2 .. + 2 and the sine function is periodic with period 2.]. 65. Let | = sin1 {. Then 2 | . 2. cos | 0, so cos(sin1 {) = cos | =. s. 1 sin2 | = 1 {2 .. 67. Let | = tan1 {. Then tan | = {, so from the triangle we see that. { sin(tan1 {) = sin | = . 1 + {2. The graph of sin1 { is the reection of the graph of. 69.. sin { about the line | = {.. 71. j({) = sin1 (3{ + 1)..

(63) Domain (j) = {{ | 1 3{ + 1 1} = {{ | 2 3{ 0} = { | 23 { 0 = 23 > 0 ..

(64) Range (j) = | | 2 | 2 = 2 > 2 . 73. (a) If the point ({> |) is on the graph of | = i ({), then the point ({ f> |) is that point shifted f units to the left. Since i is. 1-1, the point (|> {) is on the graph of | = i 1 ({) and the point corresponding to ({ f> |) on the graph of i is (|> { f) on the graph of i 1 . Thus, the curve’s reection is shifted down the same number of units as the curve itself is shifted to the left. So an expression for the inverse function is j 1 ({) = i 1 ({) f. (b) If we compress (or stretch) a curve horizontally, the curve’s reection in the line | = { is compressed (or stretched) vertically by the same factor. Using this geometric principle, we see that the inverse of k({) = i(f{) can be expressed as k1 ({) = (1@f) i 1 ({)..

(65) F. TX.10. CHAPTER 1 REVIEW. ¤. 33. 1 Review. 1. (a) A function i is a rule that assigns to each element { in a set D exactly one element, called i({), in a set E. The set D is. called the domain of the function. The range of i is the set of all possible values of i ({) as { varies throughout the domain. (b) If i is a function with domain D, then its graph is the set of ordered pairs {({> i ({)) | { D}. (c) Use the Vertical Line Test on page 16. 2. The four ways to represent a function are: verbally, numerically, visually, and algebraically. An example of each is given. below. Verbally: An assignment of students to chairs in a classroom (a description in words) Numerically: A tax table that assigns an amount of tax to an income (a table of values) Visually: A graphical history of the Dow Jones average (a graph) Algebraically: A relationship between distance, rate, and time: g = uw (an explicit formula) 3. (a) An even function i satises i ({) = i ({) for every number { in its domain. It is symmetric with respect to the |-axis.. (b) An odd function j satises j({) = j({) for every number { in its domain. It is symmetric with respect to the origin. 4. A function i is called increasing on an interval L if i ({1 ) ? i ({2 ) whenever {1 ? {2 in L. 5. A mathematical model is a mathematical description (often by means of a function or an equation) of a real-world. phenomenon. 6. (a) Linear function: i({) = 2{ + 1, i ({) = d{ + e. 7.. (b) Power function: i({) = {2 , i({) = {d (c) Exponential function: i ({) = 2{ , i ({) = d{ (d) Quadratic function: i ({) = {2 + { + 1, i ({) = d{2 + e{ + f (e) Polynomial of degree 5: i({) = {5 + 2 (f ) Rational function: i ({) =. S ({) { , i ({) = where S ({) and {+2 T({). T({) are polynomials 8. (a). (b).

(66) F. TX.10. 34. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. (c). (d). (e). (f ). (g). (h). 9. (a) The domain of i + j is the intersection of the domain of i and the domain of j; that is, D E.. (b) The domain of i j is also D E. (c) The domain of i @j must exclude values of { that make j equal to 0; that is, {{ D E | j({) 6= 0}. 10. Given two functions i and j, the composite function i

(67) j is dened by (i

(68) j) ({) = i (j ({)). The domain of i

(69) j is the. set of all { in the domain of j such that j({) is in the domain of i . 11. (a) If the graph of i is shifted 2 units upward, its equation becomes | = i ({) + 2.. (b) If the graph of i is shifted 2 units downward, its equation becomes | = i ({) 2. (c) If the graph of i is shifted 2 units to the right, its equation becomes | = i ({ 2). (d) If the graph of i is shifted 2 units to the left, its equation becomes | = i ({ + 2). (e) If the graph of i is reected about the {-axis, its equation becomes | = i ({). (f ) If the graph of i is reected about the |-axis, its equation becomes | = i ({). (g) If the graph of i is stretched vertically by a factor of 2, its equation becomes | = 2i ({). (h) If the graph of i is shrunk vertically by a factor of 2, its equation becomes | = 12 i ({). (i) If the graph of i is stretched horizontally by a factor of 2, its equation becomes | = i. 1 { . 2. (j) If the graph of i is shrunk horizontally by a factor of 2, its equation becomes | = i (2{). 12. (a) A function i is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on the same value twice; that is, if i ({1 ) 6= i ({2 ) whenever. {1 6= {2 . (Or, i is 1-1 if each output corresponds to only one input.) Use the Horizontal Line Test: A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once. (b) If i is a one-to-one function with domain D and range E, then its inverse function i 1 has domain E and range D and is dened by i 1 (|) = { i ({) = | for any | in E. The graph of i 1 is obtained by reecting the graph of i about the line | = {..

(70) F. TX.10. CHAPTER 1 REVIEW. ¤. 35. 13. (a) The inverse sine function i ({) = sin1 { is dened as follows:. sin1 { = | Its domain is 1 { 1 and its range is . . sin | = {. and. . | 2 2. | . 2 2. (b) The inverse cosine function i ({) = cos1 { is dened as follows: cos1 { = |. . cos | = {. and. 0|. Its domain is 1 { 1 and its range is 0 | . (c) The inverse tangent function i ({) = tan1 { is dened as follows: tan1 { = | Its domain is R and its range is . 1. False.. . tan | = {. and. . ?|? 2 2. ?|? . 2 2. Let i ({) = {2 , v = 1, and w = 1. Then i (v + w) = (1 + 1)2 = 02 = 0, but i (v) + i(w) = (1)2 + 12 = 2 6= 0 = i (v + w).. 3. False.. Let i ({) = {2 . Then i (3{) = (3{)2 = 9{2 and 3i ({) = 3{2 . So i (3{) 6= 3i ({).. 5. True.. See the Vertical Line Test.. 7. False.. Let i ({) = {3 . Then i is one-to-one and i 1 ({) =. 9. True.. The function ln { is an increasing function on (0> ).. 11. False.. 13. False.. 3 {. But 1@i ({) = 1@{3 , which is not equal to i 1 ({).. ln h2 2 ln h { h2 ln { = = = 2 and ln = ln = ln h = 1, so in general the statement ln d ln h ln h d h { is false. What is true, however, is that ln = ln { ln d. d Let { = h2 and d = h. Then. For example, tan1 20 is dened; sin1 20 and cos1 20 are not.. 1. (a) When { = 2, | 2=7. Thus, i (2) 2=7.. (b) i ({) = 3 { 2=3, 5=6 (c) The domain of i is 6 { 6, or [6> 6]. (d) The range of i is 4 | 4, or [4> 4]. (e) i is increasing on [4> 4], that is, on 4 { 4. (f ) i is not one-to-one since it fails the Horizontal Line Test. (g) i is odd since its graph is symmetric about the origin..

(71) F. TX.10. 36. ¤. CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS. 3. i ({) = {2 2{ + 3, so i (d + k) = (d + k)2 2(d + k) + 3 = d2 + 2dk + k2 2d 2k + 3, and. i (d + k) i(d) (d2 + 2dk + k2 2d 2k + 3) (d2 2d + 3) k(2d + k 2) = = = 2d + k 2. k k k 5. i ({) = 2@(3{ 1).. Domain: 3{ 1 6= 0 3{ 6= 1 { 6= 13 . G = > 13 13 > Range:. 7. k({) = ln({ + 6).. all reals except 0 (| = 0 is the horizontal asymptote for i .) U = (> 0) (0> ). Domain: { + 6 A 0 { A 6. G = (6> ) Range:. { + 6 A 0, so ln({ + 6) takes on all real numbers and, hence, the range is R. U = (> ). 9. (a) To obtain the graph of | = i ({) + 8, we shift the graph of | = i ({) up 8 units.. (b) To obtain the graph of | = i ({ + 8), we shift the graph of | = i ({) left 8 units. (c) To obtain the graph of | = 1 + 2i ({), we stretch the graph of | = i ({) vertically by a factor of 2, and then shift the resulting graph 1 unit upward. (d) To obtain the graph of | = i ({ 2) 2, we shift the graph of | = i ({) right 2 units (for the “2” inside the parentheses), and then shift the resulting graph 2 units downward. (e) To obtain the graph of | = i ({), we reect the graph of | = i ({) about the {-axis. (f ) To obtain the graph of | = i 1 ({), we reect the graph of | = i({) about the line | = { (assuming i is one–to-one). 11. | = sin 2{: Start with the graph of | = sin {, compress horizontally by a factor of 2, and reect about the {-axis.. 13. | =. 1 (1 2. + h{ ):. Start with the graph of | = h{ , shift 1 unit upward, and compress vertically by a factor of 2.. 15. i ({) =. 1 : {+2. Start with the graph of i ({) = 1@{ and shift 2 units to the left..

(72) F. TX.10. CHAPTER 1 REVIEW. ¤. 37. 17. (a) The terms of i are a mixture of odd and even powers of {, so i is neither even nor odd.. (b) The terms of i are all odd powers of {, so i is odd. 2. 2. (c) i ({) = h({) = h{ = i ({), so i is even. (d) i ({) = 1 + sin({) = 1 sin {. Now i ({) 6= i ({) and i({) 6= i({), so i is neither even nor odd. 19. i ({) = ln {,. G = (0> ); j({) = {2 9, G = R.. (a) (i

(73) j)({) = i (j({)) = i({2 9) = ln({2 9). Domain: {2 9 A 0 {2 A 9 |{| A 3 { (> 3) (3> ) (b) (j

(74) i)({) = j(i ({)) = j(ln {) = (ln {)2 9. Domain: { A 0, or (0> ) (c) (i

(75) i )({) = i(i ({)) = i (ln {) = ln(ln {). Domain: ln { A 0 { A h0 = 1, or (1> ) (d) (j

(76) j)({) = j(j({)) = j({2 9) = ({2 9)2 9. Domain: { R, or (> ) Many models appear to be plausible. Your choice depends on whether you. 21.. think medical advances will keep increasing life expectancy, or if there is bound to be a natural leveling-off of life expectancy. A linear model, | = 0=2493{ 423=4818, gives us an estimate of 77=6 years for the year 2010. 23. We need to know the value of { such that i ({) = 2{ + ln { = 2. Since { = 1 gives us | = 2, i 1 (2) = 1.. . 25. (a) h2 ln 3 = hln 3. 2. = 32 = 9. (b) log10 25 + log10 4 = log10 (25 · 4) = log10 100 = log10 102 = 2 (c) tan arcsin 12 = tan 6 = 13. t. 2 t 9 (d) Let = cos1 45 , so cos = 45 . Then sin cos1 45 = sin = 1 cos2 = 1 45 = 25 = 35 . The population would reach 900 in about 4=4 years.. 27. (a). 100,000 100S + 900S hw = 100,000 900S hw = 100,000 100S 100 + 900hw 1000 S 1000 S 9S 100,000 100S w = ln w = ln , or ln ; this is the time = 900S 9S 9S 1000 S. (b) S = hw. required for the population to reach a given number S . 9 · 900 (c) S = 900 w = ln = ln 81 4=4 years, as in part (a). 1000 900.

(77) F. TX.10.

(78) F. TX.10. PRINCIPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING 1 2. (base) (height), in two ways, we see that. 4| 1 . Since 42 + | 2 = k2 , | = k2 16, and (4) (|) = 12 (k) (d), so d = 2 k. 4 k2 16 . d= k. By using the area formula for a triangle,. 1.. 3. |2{ 1| =. + 2{ 1 if {. 1 2{ if { ?. 1 2 1 2. and. |{ + 5| =. + {+5. if { 5. { 5 if { ? 5. Therefore, we consider the three cases { ? 5, 5 { ? 12 , and { 12 . If { ? 5, we must have 1 2{ ({ 5) = 3 { = 3, which is false, since we are considering { ? 5. If 5 { ? 12 , we must have 1 2{ ({ + 5) = 3 { = 73 . If { 12 , we must have 2{ 1 ({ + 5) = 3 { = 9. So the two solutions of the equation are { = 73 and { = 9. . . . . 5. i ({) = {2 4 |{| + 3. If { 0, then i ({) = {2 4{ + 3 = |({ 1)({ 3)|.. Case (i):. If 0 ? { 1, then i ({) = {2 4{ + 3.. Case (ii): If 1 ? { 3, then i ({) = ({2 4{ + 3) = {2 + 4{ 3. Case (iii): If { A 3, then i ({) = {2 4{ + 3. This enables us to sketch the graph for { 0. Then we use the fact that i is an even function to reect this part of the graph about the |-axis to obtain the entire graph. Or, we could consider also the cases { ? 3, 3 { ? 1, and 1 { ? 0. 7. Remember that |d| = d if d 0 and that |d| = d if d ? 0. Thus,. { + |{| =. + 2{ if { 0 0. if { ? 0. and. | + ||| =. + 2|. if | 0. 0. if | ? 0. We will consider the equation { + |{| = | + ||| in four cases. (1) { 0> | 0 2{ = 2|. (2) { 0, | ? 0 2{ = 0. {=|. {=0. (3) { ? 0, | 0 0 = 2|. (4) { ? 0> | ? 0 0=0. 0=|. Case 1 gives us the line | = { with nonnegative { and |. Case 2 gives us the portion of the |-axis with | negative. Case 3 gives us the portion of the {-axis with { negative. Case 4 gives us the entire third quadrant.. 39.

(79) F. TX.10. 40. ¤. CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING. 9. |{| + ||| 1. The boundary of the region has equation |{| + ||| = 1. In quadrants. I, II, III, and IV, this becomes the lines { + | = 1, { + | = 1, { | = 1, and { | = 1 respectively.. 11. (log2 3)(log3 4)(log4 5) · · · (log31 32) =. . . 13. ln {2 2{ 2 0. ln 3 ln 2. . ln 4 ln 3. . ln 5 ln 4. . ···. ln 32 ln 31. =. ln 25 5 ln 2 ln 32 = = =5 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2. {2 2{ 2 h0 = 1 {2 2{ 3 0 ({ 3)({ + 1) 0 { [1> 3].. Since the argument must be positive, {2 2{ 2 A 0 . { 1 3 { 1+ 3 A 0 . { > 1 3 1 + 3> . The intersection of these intervals is 1> 1 3 1 + 3> 3 . 15. Let g be the distance traveled on each half of the trip. Let w1 and w2 be the times taken for the rst and second halves of the trip.. For the rst half of the trip we have w1 = g@30 and for the second half we have w2 = g@60. Thus, the average speed for the entire trip is. 2g 120g 120g 60 2g total distance = = = = 40. The average speed for the entire trip · = g g 60 total time w1 + w2 2g + g 3g + 30 60. is 40 mi@h. 17. Let Vq be the statement that 7q 1 is divisible by 6=. • V1 is true because 71 1 = 6 is divisible by 6. • Assume Vn is true, that is, 7n 1 is divisible by 6. In other words, 7n 1 = 6p for some positive integer p. Then 7n+1 1 = 7n · 7 1 = (6p + 1) · 7 1 = 42p + 6 = 6(7p + 1), which is divisible by 6, so Vn+1 is true. • Therefore, by mathematical induction, 7q 1 is divisible by 6 for every positive integer q. 19. i0 ({) = {2 and iq+1 ({) = i0 (iq ({)) for q = 0> 1> 2> = = =.. 2 i1 ({) = i0 (i0 ({)) = i0 {2 = {2 = {4 , i2 ({) = i0 (i1 ({)) = i0 ({4 ) = ({4 )2 = {8 , q+1. i3 ({) = i0 (i2 ({)) = i0 ({8 ) = ({8 )2 = {16 , = = =. Thus, a general formula is iq ({) = {2. ..

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