Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. - vol.20 número1

A STUDY OF THE LlFE HISTORY OF BRAZILIAN SARDINES, SARDINELLA AURITA. I. DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF SARDINE EGGS IN THE REGION OF ILHA GRANDE,

RIO DE JANEIRO (Received 3/19/1971)

YASUNOBUMATSUURA

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de são Paulo

SYNOPSIS

Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs in the Ilha Grande region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazi1, were studied during five cruises for the 1969-1970 period. Using the shipboard ferti1ized eggs and the p1anktonic eggs, morpho10gica1 descriptions of Brazi1ian sardine eggs are given.

Spawning occurs during the summer from September to March in the coasta1 water off Ilha Grande to Ilha de são Sebastião down to a depth of 100 meters. Spawning may take p1ace a few hours prior to midnight.lt was noticed that spawning has a e10se re1ationship to an area of eo1d water up -we11ing. Spawning groups are iso1ated and spawning is sma11 in sca1e in this region. Temperature and sa1inity in the spawning area range between 18-24°C and 35.1-35.90/00 respeetive1y.

INTRODUCTION between the 1anding of 1arger sardines Rio de Janeiro (22°55'S-43010'W) and

in the A1though the sardine is one of the

most important eommercia1 fishes,litt1e was known eoneerning their spawning areas a10ng

sma11 sardines 1anded in Cananéia (25 0 00'S-47 0 55'W), the previous year.

the South Central Brazi1i an Coast. The spawning season of the Brazi1ian sardine is during the summer from Oetober to Mareh (Moraes, 1963; Vazzo1er & Vazzo1er,

Sardine fishing netted a total

1965) . 1anded weight of 54,700 ton in 1968 (SUDEPE,1969). Fishing is done by purse seine ("traineira'~ in the region from Cabo Frio (23 000'S 42 0 00'W) to Ilha de Santa Catarina (27 0 35'S-48 0 30'W).

Using Riehardson & Sadowsky's work (1960), as a basis, a eorre1ation was made

Publ. no. 308 do Inst. Oeean. da USP.

Bo1m Inst. oeeanogr. S Paulo, 20:33-60,1971

Riehardson (1959) stated: "the 1ength distribution of the sardine 1anded at San-tos (23 0 58'S-46018'W) and Rio de

shows that 1arger fish are eaught

J anei ro at Rio de Janeiro than at Santos. The fish at San-tos, are shown to be main1y virgin or ma-turing fish whereas in the Rio de Janeiro samp1es the majority are more mature e10ser to spawning."

and

These faets indieated that sardine spawning may be oeeurring in the region of Ilha Grande (about from Long. 43 0 30'W to 45 0 10'W) whieh is a main fishing ground for

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ó-JAMJARY -FEIlfIUARY 1969

e-5EPTEMBER 1969

0-NOVEMBER 1 969 O-JANUARY 1970 • -MARCH 1 970 ~/

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REDUÇAO DA CARTA DA D . H . N . Locations of stations occupied during survey cruises made in 1969-1970.

the fleet from Rio de Janeiro. In order to

test this possibili~y, fis~ing surveys and

hydrographic works were done in the offshore area of Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro.

SHIPBOARD DATA COLLECTION

A preliminary cruise was maàe in

Janu-ary-February 1969 with the R/V "Emflia". On

this cruise, many sardine eggs were

collect-ed. In the next spawning season, 1969-1970,

four cruises were made from September 1969

to March 1970. The cruises of September 1969 and March 1970 were realized by the R/V"Emf-lia" in the region extending from

Guaratiba (230_05'S-430_{35'W) to Ilha}

Barra de de são

Sebastião (230_50'S-450_{20'W) down to a depth}

of 100 m. Those of November 1969 and January

1970 were done by the R/V "Prof. W. Besnard"

on the continental shelf and open sea from Cabo Frio to Ilha de são Sebastião. Stations located during the five cruises are shown in Figure 1.

The net used to take samples was of the

conical-cylinder type with a 113 cm mouth

diameter with nylon monofilament gauze (mesh aperture 390x460 micra after use) as

recom-mended by UNESCO (1966). To measure the

strained w~ter volume, a small flow meter

was fixed 25 cm inside the net hoop.

In the preliminary cruise

(January-February 1969) the net was horizontally

towed at about two knots in the surface

layer for five minutes. Fourteen stations

and one fixed station of 24 hours were sampled.

duration

In other cruises the sampling was done by vertical hauls at depths from 80 m

the surface or when the sea depth of

station was less than 80 m , from near

sea bottom to the surface. The net was

towed by a hydromatic winch at 0.8 to

m/seco During the tows, the ship was

avoidably influenced by both currents

winds. to the the 1.0 un -and

On the twenty two stations at which sea

depths were more than 100 m, a closing type

plankton net was used to collect eggs and

larvae of the deeper layer.

A total of 178 samp1es were co1lected

from 147 stations.

Oceanographic observations, i.e. the

profiles of temperature, salinity and

dis-solved oxygen were made at each station.

Bolm Inst. oceanogr. S Paulo, 20:33-60,1971

During the cruise, an echo sounder was

used continuously and when a rish school

appeared in the midd1e 1ayer, fishing with

an otter trawl net or with a gi11 net was

tried.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IDENTIFICATION OF EGGS

FERTILIZED EGGS - At the Ponta de

Jua-tinga station (230_{44'S - 44°30'W), on}

Janu-ary 15, 1970, at a depth of 65 m, sixteen

adult sardines were caught by otter traw1

neto Fifteen were fema1es with ripe ovaries

and one was male. Body 1engths ranged from

184 to 201 mm.

In the ovary of one of the females,tran~

lucent eggs were recognized and artificial

ferti1ization was tried by the wet method

aboard ship at a room temperature of 250 _C.

Thirty minutes after ferti1ization some

eggs swe1led and had a 1arge perivitelline

space. The perivite1line space at one side

of the animal pole was larger than the

other. The oil globule was found at the

vegetal pole, and its color was yellow and

translucent. Yolk was whitish yellow

segments on the yolk were recognized Figure 2).

and (See

It was not confirmed if our eggs were

successfully fertilized or not, but some

eggs started to develop. Parthenogenesis is

known in the clupeid fishes Blaxter &

Holliday, 1963). Many of the unferti1ized

eggs of herring, when placed in sea water,

start to develop and some of them follow a

pattern of apparently normal development,

producing active embryos (Volodim, 1956). In our samples, after fifty minutes, normal

eggs started their first cleavage, while,

on the other hand, some eggs already showed

abnormal development. Afte·r four hours alI

the embryos stopped developing. After six

hours alI eggs showed abnormal development

and were then fixed in a formalin solution.

Table I shows the dimensions of the ficially fertilized eggs.

arti-PLANKTONIC EGGS The identification

of planktonic eggs is based on a comparison

between the shipboard ferti1ized eggs and

the description of sardine eggs by authors.

AlI the planktonic eggs of the

o ther

five

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Sardine

eggs

of

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-stage

Aa.

5

-stage

Ca;

2

5

different

developrnental

stages.

Planktonic

eggs:

2

-stage

Aa;

6

-s t

age

Cb.

3

6

Artificial

fertilized

egg:

3

-stage

Bb;

4

-stage

Bc;

FIG. 2b

7

&

8

Planktonic eggs newly hatched.

cruises were maintained separately according to their particular spawning groups and

dis-tribution. Furthermore, they were related

in time based on the study of their

develop-mental stage. The distribution of egg

di-ameters of each spawning group is Figure 3.

shown in

The eggs were measured in an ocular

micrometer by a binocular microscope. For

egg diameters, a magnification of 25 (ocular unit: 0.040 mm) was used, and in case of oil

globules a magnification of 50 (ocular unit:

0.0202 mm) was used. Fifty or more eggs in

each spawning group were measured.

Distribution of egg diameters show small

differences within each developmental stage

(Fig. 3). The egg diameters of the cruise

Bolm Inst. oceanogr. S Paulo, 20:33-60,1971

January-February 1969 are smaller than those

measured from other cruises. The eggs of

the former cruise were measured fourteen

months after sampling. The eggs of the

other four cruises of the next spawning

season were measured four months after

sam-pling. Differences may be caused by an influ-ence of preservation time in a formalin lution.

so-To describe the egg morphology, only

those collected during the four cruises of

the 1969-1970 season were used.

Embryonic development resembled those

described for sardine species from other

regions of the world (Kamiya, 19l6;Delsman,

1926; D'Ancona, 1937; Nakai, 1962; Simpson

& Gonzales, 1967). The developmental stages

TABLE I Dimensions of fertilized eggs of mature sardines from Ilha Grande Serial number of individual eg gs Egg diameter (mm) Oil globule diameter (mm) Embryo diameter (mm) Fixed time

*

(h) Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Average 1. 195 O . 860 1.092 1. 183 0.981 0.780 1. 052 1.265 1. 002 1. O 37

o .

152 0.142 0.117 0.111 0.182 0.142 0.141

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9 11 -

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891 0.648 - 0.688 0.870 - 0.790 0.931 - 0.911 0.931 - 0.931 0.568 - 0.568 0.810 - 0.796 14:30 Normal development 14:30 Perivitelline space narrow 16:30 Normal development 16:30 Normal development 16:30 Perivitelline space narrow 16:30 Embryo abnormal 18:45 Embryo abnormal

20:00 Embryo shows abnormal

development after first cleavage

20:00 Idem

*

Eggs were fertilized at 14:00 h of January 15, 1970

Mean egg diameter is smaller than the planktonic eggs because these fertilized eggs

include some abnormally developed whose perivitelline space did not elevate.

of the embryo were classified by Nakai(1962), i.e. stage A includes the egg both unferti

-lized and ferti-lized. The fertilized

are specified by Aa, Ab and Ac fro~

eggs the

earliest stage of development up to closure

of the blastopore. Stage B includes stages

from the end of A up to the beginning of

the separation of the tail bud from the yolk.

B may be substituted for the subdivisions Ba, Bb and Bc. Stage C extends the end of B hatching and is divided into Ca and Cb.

to

The egg stages observed in this

investi-gation were Aa, Ba, Bb, Bc, Ca, Cb and newly hatched larva, as shown in Figure 2.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION

The eggs are spherical with a thin,

unscu1ptured, trans1ucent membrane faint1y

pink, blue or green in coloro The eggs of

the four cruises have a mean egg diameter

of 1.18 mm, with a range of individual eggs

between 1.00 - 1.32 mm. The range of the

mean egg diameters for each spawning group

was between 1.143 to 1.207 mm.

confidence limit of these sample

The 99 %

means was

1.180± 0.008 mm, or a range of between 1.172 to 1.188 mm.

The eggs have a wide perivitelline space

with a mean width of 0.143 mm and range from 0.061 to 0.254 mm.

38

Yolk mass is spherical and irregular

segments were recognized on the surface of the yolk mass. The size of the segments is

sma11er than the oil globu1es.

Generally, the eggs have only one oil

globule but specimens with two or three were

also found. In stage Aa of development, the

oil globule is situated at the vegetal pole, in stage B and Ca near the tail of the

embryo in the yo1k mass and in stage Cb

and newly hatched larva, at the center of

the ventral side of the yolk mass. Oil globules are spherica1 but often they are

not of the regular spherical type. In this

case the diameter of the oil globule

measur-ed the mean between the long and short axis.

The distribution of the oil globule diameters

at each stage is shown in Figure 4. Diameter

of the oil globules decreases as development

proceeds. Mean oil globule diameter is 0.140

mm, with a range between 0.091 to 0.182 mm.

Pigmentation of the embryo was recog

-nized in stage B and C in the dorsal part

of the embryo.

DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATED ABUNDANCE

OF SARDINE EGGS

Estimated abundance of sardine eggs by

stations in the five cruises is given in

Tab le I!. The distribution and density of

a

w

IX: ~ Cf) 40 STAGE Co' Bc JAN.· FEB. I 969 30 20 10 40 STAGE Cb JAN. FEB. 1969 30 20 10

X;

27.5( 1.10mm) W: 24-~96-! s : 1.225 N: 105

X:

26.2(/.05mm)

W

:

24-28(0.96-1.12mm) s : 1.014 N:; 45 STAGE Ao NOV. 1969 STAGE Ao JAN. '1970

x

:

29.4 (1.I8mm) W: 25~32(IOO-1.28mm) s : 1.512 N: 51

X

29.8(1.I9mm)

W:

27-33 (LOa-1.32mm) s ! 1.186 N 73

~40 STAtE Cb

X

; 27,7(I.IImm) STAGECb

X

:

29.8(1.I9mm)

~ JAN FEB.I969

W

·.25-30(1.00-120mm) JAN. 1970

W:

25 -33(1 OO-I·32mm)

~ 30 5 : 1.160 s : 1.348 N ~ 122 N : 99 (li

w

lL.20

o

IX: W lI) ~ ~ 2 10

40 STAGE Cb

X

: 29.1 (1.I7mm) STAGE Cb

X:

30~(1.2Imm)

NOV. 1969 W; 28-3I(1.I2-1.24mm) "'AN. 1970

W

:

27-33(1.08-132mm)

s : 0·770 s : 1.452 30 N 14 N : 59 20 10 40 STAGE Bc SEP 1969

x

:

28.7(/./5mm) W: 26-33(1.04-1.32mm) 5 '. l.a/5 STAGE Bb·Bc JAN. I 970

X

2a.6(1.14mm) W : 26-31(1.04-124mm) 5 : 1.319 30

N:

50 N : 52 20 10

JlIIL

2425262728293031 3233 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 FIG. 3

EGG OfAMETER (MICROMETER DIVIS/ONS)

Diameter distributions of sardine eggs of each spawning group in 5

cruises during 1969-1970 surveys from Ilha Grande region. (1

micro-Range of

meter division: 0.040 mm).

x:

Mean egg diameter; w:

distribution; s: One standard deviation; N: Total number

eggs measured.

X

7.228 (0.146mm)

X

7. i~;? (0.145tn1ll)

X

:

6.562(QJ33mm)

w

:

4.5 - 8.5(0.091-0.I72m",> W 5!j-9.0(QIII-QI82/ftm) W 4.5- 8 .5(0·091-0.17210",,)

s 0.555 0.721 0.680 N 125 N : 102 N 171 fi)

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STAGE A 380 STAGE B _{80 STAGE C}

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DIA METER OF OIL

( Mieromet., d,.,ision.)

FIG. 4 - Distribution of the oil globu1e diameters of planktonic eggs in each developmenta1 stage of embryo, from four cruises in spawning season

1969-1970. (One micrometer division: 0.0202 mm).

x:

Mean diameter of oil

globu1e; w: Range distribution; s: One standard deviation; N: Number of oi1 globu1es comprising the distribution.

sardine eggs is i11ustrated in Figures 5, 6,

7, 8 an d 9.

DISTRIBUTION OF SARDINE EGGS IN THE CRUISE

JANUARY - FEBRUARY 1969

The cruise was made in an active

spawn-ing period of the 1968-1969 season as a

pre1iminary survey of the Ilha Grande region. Samp1ings of p1ankton on this cruise were

done by horizontal hau1 in daytime from

January 30 to February 5,1969. Developmental stages of sardine eggs appearing in the

p1ankton samp1es were stages Bc, Ca and Cb.

As can be seen in Figure 5, eggs

oc-curred at the stations south of Ponta de

Juatinga as well as south of Barra de

Guara-tiba and in the Bay of Ilha Grande.

Sardine spawning takes place during the four hour period prior to midnight and, therefore, the eggs can be classified different night1y age categories.

in

The eggs of this cruis~ were grouped

into three different spawning groups based

on their stage of deve10pment and

distri-bution in the sea.

40

DISTRIBUTION OF SARDINE EGGS IN THE CRUISE SEPTEMBER 1969

This cruise was made at the beginning

of the spawning season of 1969-1970. The

samp1ing was done in daytime from September

26 to 30. Developmenta1 stages found were

Bc and Ca.

As can be seen in Figure 6, sardine eggs occurred at on1y two stations south of Ponta

de Juatinga. On1y one spawning group was

recognized.

DISTRIBUTION OF SARDINE EGGS IN THE CRUISE NOVEMBER 1969

To cover a large region in an active

spawning month in the 1969-1970 summer

season, the second cruise was made from

Ca-bo Frio to Ilha de são Sebastião from

No-vember 21 to 25, 1969. The samp1ing was

done continuous1y, both day and nighttime.

Deve10pmental stages found were Aa and Cb.

As can be seen in Figure 7, dense

spawn-ing occurred south of Ponta de Juatinga (23

n.m. from the coast).

TABLE II Estimated number of sardine eggs by station 0(,.., t:iC .... "O > O) "0+

°

t: s:: ... o cu ~ "OC'"l O) 13 5 amp 1e

No. Date Time Position

Local 10 m depth

depth Temper. Salinity

.... °

o...c:: 13 ... C\l O) ti) 13 O) CI) 00 00C\l 00 ... r..:l CI)

...

... (I)~ p,. C\l 00 t: 13 40J 00 cu cu o cu ... (I) O) ... ~ 13 O) ... :;l ... O)

...

o·.... t'd :> .... ) CI) 00C'"l 0013 0 ) 0 ' 0 o ....

z ...

138 139 152 153 154 219 220 239 259 269 270 271 279 326 329 330 333 334 335 336 337

*

** + ++ (m) (OC) % 0

CRUISE JANUARY 30 - FEBRUARY 5 1969

30/1 30/1 2/2 2/2 2/2 28/9 28/9 14: 15 16:10 08: 00 11: 00 13:00 14:20 15:50 22/11 03:20 23/11 22:40 24/11 19:10 25/11 00:30 25/11 02:45 25/11 23:00 15/1 15/1 15/1 15/1 16/1 16/1 16/1 16 /1 05:00 15:00 15:55 22:45 00:45 01: 10 01: 25 01: 50 230_{15'S-43 0 30'W} 230_{25'S-43 0 26'W} 230_10'S-44028'W 230_{25'S-44°26'W} 230_{34'S-44°21'W} 62 99 32 65 62 (27.2)* (26.9)* (28.6)* (29.1)* (28.5)* H H H H H CRUISE SEPTEMBER 26-30, 1969 23 0 39'S-44°30'W 280_32'S-430_33'W 62 ₄₈ 21.2 _20.9 35.87 _{35. 77} V _V CRUISE NOVEMBER 21-25, 1969 23°00' 5-42° 33'W 23°33' S-440_02'W 230_{14'S-44°12'W} 230_{25'S-44°39'W} 230_{43'S-44 0 30'W} 23 0 39'S-45007'W 52 82 43 42 74 31 18.6 19.5 23.6 23.0 23.6 23.2 35.8 35.6 35.4 35.2 35.5 35.1 CRUISE JANUARY 6-16, 1969 24°03'S-44°27'W 125 21.6 35.74 23 0 38'S-44°30'W 62 23 0 25'S-44039'W 23 0 58'S-44 0 58'W 24 0 00'S-44 0 57'W 42 72 72 24°01'5-44°56

'w

72 24°03'S-44 0 55'W 72 24°05'S-44 0 54'W 72 19.3 17.6 35.23 35.33 V V V V V V V H V V V V V V CRUISE MARCH 21-28, 1970 70 24.4 35.65 V

Surface water temperature

Cb Cb Cb Ca Ca Ca Bc Bc Ca Aa Cb Cb Cb Aa Aa Cb Bc Bb Bc Cb Cb Aa Cb Aa Cb Aa Cb Ba

Sampling method: V - vertical haul; H - horizontal haul

According to Nakai, 1962 E-< o. 52 70 337 38 10,816 2,220 493 1,120 1 1 1 9 4 6,020 1 52 40 10 6 6 28 225 182 104 127 14 10 1 ( 310) (310) (310 ) (310 ) (310 ) (310 ) (310) 35) 35) 41 95 47 135 59 38 111 176 176 32 68 64 64 121 121 39 39 56 146 17 23 109 12 3,490 716 159 3,200 3 2 1 19 3 10,130 3 47 23 6 19 9 44 396 150 86 325 36 18 1

Volume of filtered water c~lculated from f10w meter readings except for cruises

Jan.-Feb. 1969 and Sep. 1969 wh~ch was calcu1ated by (towing distance) x (mouth area of

p1ankton net) because the f10w meter was not used and the estimated number of eggs

per 100 m3 was computed for comparative purposes.

Eggs of different age category

repre-senting other groups, were co11ected at two

DISTRIBUTION OF SARDINE EGGS IN THE CRUISE JANUARY 1970

stations closer to Ponta de Juatinga and

Ilha Grande. From 12 samples, made every two

hours, on a routine station to the south of

Ilha Grande, on1y one egg was co11ected at

22:40 h.

A third spawning group was observed at a station north-east of Ilha de são Sebastião.

A fourth spawning group was near Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro.

observed

In alI, four spawning groups were found on this cruise.

A third cruise in the same region as the

second cruise (November 1969) sampled day

and nighttime from January 5 to 16, 1970.

The distribution of eggs found on this

cruise is shown in Figure 8. Dense spawning

occurred at the station 20 n.m. south-east

of Ilha de são Sebastião. From this station,

five extra samples were taken from 70 m to

the surface. The distance between the special

samples was 2 n.m. From these samp1es, two

different age categories of eggs were

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/ IO~m ,/ _200m ./ . / NUMBER Of SAf<D IN E EGGS PER 100 CUB/C M O F WATER STRAINED (horizontal huul) O STATlONS OCCUP I ED STATiONS IN WHIC H SAR DI NE EGGS

II

Z3°S

:

t

I 24° 11 WERE COLLECTED.A R E REPRESENTED / FIG. 5 WITH NEXT SIMBOLS

O

0 . 1 -10 . 0

@

11-100

®

101 -500

@

501-1000

•

+

1000 REOUCÃO DA CARTA DA O . H . N . Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs in the cruise January -February 1969. (Alphabet under large circ1e shows a developrnental stage of eggs) I I 250

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45° SARDINE EGGS CRUISE SEPTEMBER I 969

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I I

2.'

./ ./ NUMBER OF SARD I NE EGGS PER' 100 CUBIC M OF WATER STRAINED / ./ / / / / ,/ /

./

.I ./ / f

_!

_! ! (

/

/

.\

~ ./ ,/ ./

"-.

/ /

.-'

"-/ ,/ . ./ .,/ (Ylrtlcal hlul) O 5TAT/ON5 O C CUPIED STATIONS IN WHICH 5ARDlNE EGGS WERE COLLECTED,AR E REPRESENTEI WITH NEXT SIMBOLS

O

0 . 1-10 · 0

@

li-IDO

@

101-500

@

501 -1000

•

+

1000 j/ /

II

25° '/'

.--"

100111 ,// -, -, , / / / ./' I 200m ./ FIG. 6 REDU tÃO DA CARTA DA D . H . N . Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs in the cruise September 1969. (A1phabet under 1arge circ1e shows a deve1opmenta1 stage of eggs) .

...

...

td o ...

a

H ::I

.,

...

o ('l lO lU ::I o OQ '1 CJ:l "d lU

'"

...

o N o

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1

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_{a- o}

....

_....,

'"

_... ,0 SARDlNE EGG5 CRUISE NOVEMIER. 1969

e

Aa / . / , / // 44°

Oab

./ ./ ./ , / , / ' ./

o

, /0

,,-/" ,, / 43° 42°W

~~

-==-~ç;~-~~

O

1123

0 5 / .-'"

o

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,.

o

,/ _./ ./ 0 . ... ·· .-"' · /

,

'

-'

-.

--,

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,,---"

--o

.. / ' " ~,"' o

o

...

,./ "

--,

/

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100:

\ , / \ , // 200m

~-o

I /' 1' ....

(

---rr

24O

o

//

o

/' / ,,/

.,.,.._

..

/ ..

-.. NUMBER OF 5ARDINE EOOS PER 100 CU?/C M OF WATER STRAINED

f:7

/ / ", / ' /QC?.!IJ , ... . ./ / ./ / ./ ./ ./ / 200m ./

/

/

o

/

( ' ;'

./

I _j

_o

/

/

i / FIG. 7 ..-" . /' . / ' ./

,

..6

!

\, ... .

-.

'\

_/

./

./

J

)

-","

o

. O v.rt i cal hQul') O STATlONS O CCUPIED 5TATIONS IN WHICH SAROINE EGGS WERE COLLECTED,ARE REPRESENTED WITH NEXT S/MBO LS

O

0 , 1-10 , 0

@

11 -10 0

@

101 -500

<I>

~Ol-1000

e

+ 1000 REDUçÃo DA CARTA DA D , H , N. Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs in the cruise November 1969. (A1phabet under 1arge circ1e shows a deve1opmenta1 stage of eggs) . I I 250

b:I o ... S H P

'"

rt o (') (t) Il> P O ()Q

...

CJ) "d Il> ...

"

O

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O w W I a- O ...

...

'"

...

...

U1 t) ./ ./ 100'" ,,/

-.

..."./ 45° SA"DINE EGGS C"UISE JANUA"Y. 1970 @Bb ' BC

o

/ ./

o

.r'/

"

4..-

.//. _./. , O

o

/' /, . / /' .~

o

43° 42°W SAQUAREMItl o ~~ O '\) 11 23°S /./

.'"

./

•

o

o

",' ./ O ./' / / / . r · -· --o ./' /'

/

0

.".

---

'-. o "

\

\ . / ' ,-O ./ o j

,

100ln ./ 200", /

_/

j ./ ./ ./

>u@c:.

./

>-...

_.

O .:> / I O 11 24° / /

./

/ / /

./

o

O / / ./ O

/

_i

' ,--,

.-'\.

/ ./ ./

\

_i

-"

o o o O o O NUMBER Of SARDINE EGGS PER 100 CUBIC /OI Of WATER STRAlNEO ( .. ,fica I ~ "") O STATlONS OCCUPIEO STATIONS IN WHICH SARDINE EGGS WERE COLLECTED,ARE R EPRESENTED WITH NEXT SIMBOlS

O

0 . 1 -10 . 0

i

" -100 IOI-!IOO 501-1000 / • +1000 ./ _ ..

~

o

I

II

25° /

I

/

_'"

FIG. 8

.---./ .. REDUC;Ão DA CARTA DA O . H . N . Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs in the cruise January 1970. (A1phabet under 1arge circ1e shows a deve1opmenta1 stage of eggs) .

lected (stage Aa and Cb).

Some eggs of stage Bb and Bc were

col-lected on the stations south of Ponta de Jus

tinga.

On this cruise, however, no eggs were

collected off the Rio de Janeiro and the

Ca-bo Frio region. Three spawning groups

recognized in this third cruise.

were

DISTRIBUTION OF SARDINE EGGS IN THE CRUISE

MARCH 1970

This cruise was made at the end of the

1969-1970 spawning season. The samp1ing was

done in daytime from March 21 to 28, 1970.

On1y one egg was co11ected on the station 20

n. m. south-east of Ilha de são Sebastião

(Fig. 9). Deve10pmenta1 stage of the egg

was Ba and the embryo shows abnorma1

deve10p-ment. Sardine spawning in this region had

come to an end for the 1969-1970 season.

SPAWNING AREA IN THE SUMMER SEASON OF 1969-1970

In the subtropical and temperate zones,

the 1ength of time required by sardine eggs

to deve10p to the hatching stage is

genera1-1y from 2 to 4 days (Ah1strom, 1943; Ito,

1958). Nakai (1962) studied the deve10pment

time of Japanese sardine eggs under different

temperature conditions and concluded that

they require from 38 to 50 hours in water

temperatures between 20.3 to 17.5 °c re

-spective1y. To the end of stage Aa,4 hours,

and to the end of stage Bc, 16 to 25 hours

were required.

During our study, which was carried

out at six stations, the eggs of stage Aa,

which may have reached this stage in the

4 hours before co11ection, were co11ected at 23:00, 00:45, 01:10, 01:25, 02:45 and 03:20

h. It is well known that sardines s~awn

during a certain time of the day, i.e.

gener-a11y from 20:00 to 24:00 h. Facts appear to

confirm a similar spawning time for

Brazil-ian sardines. Therefore, each daily spawning

group can be classified into different

categories.

age

At a depth of 10 m, on the stations the spawning area, the water temperatures

vary between 18 to 24°C. If the time of

development of Brazi1ian sardine eggs is

similar to that of Japanese sardine's, we

46

in

can assume that two or three days are needed

for them to hatch out at these temperatures.

Within these conditions, development to the

end of stage Bc shou1d take about a day.

The stations at which eggs of stage A

were collected, were the immediate spawning

ground. Scant data exists on the velocity of

surface currents in this region. Based on

verbal communication with Mrs.

Luedemann~the

velocity of surface currents is about 4 n.m.

per day in the region of Ilha Grande in the

summer season. Using this information we

can assume that the spawning occurred very

close to the stations.

The spawning area of the 1969-1970 summer

season is illustrated in Figure 10 by d i

-agona1 lines. The stations at which many

sardine eggs were collected and which sampled eggs on more than one cruise, are indicated by cross-lines as intensive spawning grounds.

From Figure lO, i t can be seen that the

spawning area lies between Latitude 24°10'S

and Longitude 44°00'W and the coast, which

coincides approximately with the continental

shelf between Ilha de são Sebastião to Ilha

Grande down to the 100 m depth line. To the

east of Longitude 44°00'W (i.e. the region

of Rio de Janeiro and Cabo Frio) ,no samples

were collected with the exception of a

smal1 spawning group near Saquarema on the

cruise of November 1969. In the Bay of Ilha

Grande and beyond the 100 m depth mark, no

spawning was observed during this spawning

season.

The most intensive spawning ground was

found south-east of Ilha de são Sebastião and south of Ponta de Juatinga.

SIZE OF SPAWNING GROUP

As can be seen in Figures 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, spawning was far from uniform throughout the area. Most of the spawning occurred from the south of Ponta de Juatinga to Ilha de são

Sebastião. Since the egg concentration was

very high in a relatively sma11 area, there

were high counts from stations.

relatively few

The daily spawning was observed in the

spawning area. This fact confirms Besnard's

statement (1950) that a series of

consecu-tive spawning take place in this region.

*

LUEDEMANN, E.F. Inst. Oceanogr. da USP

'"

o ,....

a

H p

'"

rt o r> ID

'"

P o OQ 11 Ul -;"

'"

,....

'"

o N o

....,

....,

I

'"

_{o ,....}

'"

_,....

"

_~

...,

4~0 5 AROIN€ EGGS CRUISE MARCH, 1970

o

~ <:l o

o

o

o

./ ./ ./ / 4 . 4° o o

.

.

/ /.// / '

o

o

o

_

.

....-./ '/' '/

",../'

o

43° 42"W . SAQJAfEMA

o~

II

23 0 S

)J~

--- ,...-.

..-

---./ ./

._

-_

... -' /

i

/ /"' . -.-. .-/"' ~ _ . _ . ... . .

--I " 1 00m

\.

...

-// \ __ . ...-. /. 200m / / ( I . é· 24° () II NUMBER DF SARDINE EGGS PER

O

••

// '/' ./ . _ .. // ./

I~~

/

.

/·/

/ / /

.I

_f

I

( i _I / _I ./

/

/ / / /

.

...

/ '

/

_I / 200'" FIG. 9 /' ./ /

/

_i

,

'\",..,... .

-.

.

\

\

/

.I / ./

--.L

_.

...

.

-/'

-./

-.

_

,

- ,/,-100 CUBle M OF WATER STRAINEO (".liçal heu I ) O STATlONS OCCUPlED STATIONS IN WHICH SARO IN E EGGS W ERE COLLECTED, ARE REPR ESENTEO WITH NEXT SIMBOLS

O

0 . 1-10 . 0

@

" -100

~

101-~ ~Ol-IOOO

•

+1000 REOUCAO DA CARTA DA D . H . N .

Distribution

and

abundance

of

sardine

eggs

in

the

cruise

March

1970.

(A1phabet

under

1arge

circ1e

shows

a

deve1opmenta1

stage

of

eggs).

I I 2~0

The maximum number of spawning groups

found on any cruise was four. The

possibili-ty exists that 5mall spawning ~roups l-'~re

not found since the station intervals v~~ied

between 7 to 25 n. m. Comparing the 8iz~

of spawning groups in spavniag areas off Ca-lifornia (Sette, 1948) and .lapan (Ito, 1(61)

with Brazilian spawning group5, we see that

the latter are not as large, and we assume

that daily spawning density is much lower.

The abundance of sardine eggs ve rs us

the vertical temperature profile in the

intensive spawning ground is plotted in

Figure 11.

In the study area, to estimate the

abundance of eggs within each spawning group,

we cannot use the method of computation which

was designed by Sette (1948), for the reason

of the discontinuous distribution of spawn-ing groups.

On the cruise of January 1970, five

extra stations, each 2 n. m. apart, were

sampled. Eggs of developmental stage Aa were collected at three of these and stage

Cb were collected at alI five. The

distri-bution of eggs of each spawning group in the

sea may be visualized in Figure 12. Using

this data, the total number of eggs was

calculated. The total number of eggs (V) of each spawning group referenced to the de-velopmental stages Aa and Cb, are:

VI = 8.24 x 10 9

V2 = 9.78 x 10 9

(s tage Aa) (stage Cb)

These estimates assume that the sampling line cuts across a center of distri

-bution o~ eggs and that this distribution

is circular. But since, in reality, the

distribution is irregular and the center

line probably does not cross the exact

center, the total number of eggs spawned is probably somewhat higher than this estimate.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF THE SPAWNING AREA

GEOGRAPHY OF THE REGION FROM CABO FRIO TO ILHA DE SÃO SEBASTIÃO

To the north of Cabo Frio, the

conti-nental shelf is only about 40 n. m. wide. A

main branch of the Brazil Current coming from the north passes near the coast. To the

west of Cabo Frio the continental shelf is

broad with a width of about 80 n. m. in front

48

of Ilha Grande. The continental shelf is

used as fishing ground for sardines and varicus other species of fish.

I t was confirmed by Prof. F. Shaffer

*

that there are submarine canyons, off Cabo

Frio snd off Ilha Grande. A submarine canyon

together with other factors, i.e. changes in

the wind system, oscillations of the ma in

axis and strength of the Brazil Current, or

compensation by horizontal coastal currents,

would be an important factor by which the

upwelling off Cabo Frio would annually alter its presence and location (Mascarenhas

**

a

Z Z., ms)

TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY

et

Many papers about vertical distribution

of sardine eggs show that there is a close

relationship between the thermocline and the

general distribution of eggs in the upper

mixed layer of the sea (Silliman, 1943;

Ahl-strom, 1959; Ito, 1961). We have no data

about the vertical distribution of Brazilian

sardine eggs, but from the comparison of the

occurrence of sardine eggs in plankton

sam~les of vertical and horizontal hauls at

the same station, distribution in the mixed layer near the surface water may be assumed.

No sardine egg was collected in the

hauls having more than 100 m depth with the closing type plankton neto

The vertical temperature profiles at

the stations in the spawning area are shown

in Figure 13. These profiles show a normal

thermocline, epithermocline and surtace

thermocline occurring in the interval 10-25 m depths.

of

To show the horizontal distribution of

temperature and salinity, an isotherm and

isohaline map at the 10 m depth is shown in

Figure 14. It is known that the temperature

at the 10 m leveI is much less influenced by

diurnal changes and may be used to show the

average temperature of the mixed layer.Range

of temperatures at the 10 m depth in the

spawning area during the survey was between

17.6 - 24.4°C.

Vertical sections of oceanographic

obse~-*

SHAFFER, F. Inst. Oceanogr. da USP.

**

MASCARENHAS, Jr., A. S., MIRANDA, L. B. &

ROCK, N.J. A study of the

oceanogra-phic conditions in the region of Cabo Frio

(ms) . Inst. Oceanogr. da USP.

t>O o ... El H ~

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rt o n (I) li> ~ O OQ

...

'"

'ti li>

...

"

O N O w W I a- O ... ....,

'"

...

""

'"

SPAWNING A~A 0" 8RAZlLIAH SAROIHf IH A ~GION ,,!tOM CABO

""'0

TO ILHA

DE

sio

SE8,lSTIÃO DU"'HG SUMMEIt SU SOH IH ,.8.-, '70 iJ

./

./ ./ / / . / I

_i

/

// O

o

O . / . ./ . ,.c) O I

\

'---"

-'\

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.

/

./ 4 .... O O O O O O O o

Gtibi-...,J=-"

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-~

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O

II

23° S O . 0-. / O /' o

.

.

>

O O O / ./ /' /' O O

....-'

-" O 00

....-/'

-,

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//

... . / . O O O 0 / O O / ~./

.

-. ....-.

-cP

.--'

--O ./ "

....

. . / ' O

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-_ . -.,. " ' \

\.

o

o . . , q, " -. .

-

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-O

---( .I . . / ' O 100)11 ./ _2001II / ./ O

@

_

SPAWNING ARfA ~ IN T fNSIVE SPAWNING ~-GMUNO

o

-STATlONS OCCUP 1 : fO / / , __ ,., O

I I

2!1° ~~ ... .

"

, / , .

--FIG

.

10

-The

known

spawning

area

of

the

sardine

in

the

Southern

Brazi1

.

(Cruises

of

September,

November

1969

and

January,

March

1970)

.

.

lJ1 a to o I-' S H ::>

'"

"

o ()

'"

lU ::> o ao

...

'"

'd lU

'"

I-' o

'"

a w w I er- a I-' ...

'"

I-'

I/) !LI !LI..J Z~ -~ o e:( Q: I/) 400

e:(z 1/)0 II..~ 0~300 Q:z !LI

e:(

m~

~ . 200 ::>z

z-I/)

;l

C) 100 ~C) o !LI ~ 50 E

_:r

100 ~ ~ !LI O e xtro somplings SI32 SI. 33 ST 34

I

STAGE Ao

O

STAGE Cb ST. 35 ST.36 l-

•

C

25 Oí]

•

~ 24° !LI 23° Q: 22'> ::> 21° ~

00

a::

!LI ~ ~ !LI I/)

Z~

-~

~~

~~

602

1

1

II..Z 00 ~ Q:~ !LI Z me:( ~..J ::>~ 200 Zz ..J <tI/) 100 ~C) oC) ~!LI

L

ST.30 ST.31 S T.32 S T. 33 I i __ ~ 7 ~ ~ E !LI Q:

:r

100 ::> ~

~

~ Q: !LI !LI

o

~ e:( 150 !LI CRU~E JANUARY 1970 !LI ~ ~ e:( 150 CRUISE NOVEMBER !LI I/) 200

FIG.

11

-Q:

\?I

!LI ~ e:( ~ 200

The

vertical

sections

of

the

main

spawning

area

of

the

cruises

of

November

1969

and

January

1970,

showing

the

distribution

of

temperature

versus

the

abundance

of

sardine

eggs

by

station.

~ 16°

b:O o ...

a

H ::I til ~ o n li> lU ::I o ()Q J1 C/l "d lU ç: ... o N o w w I a- o ... \O ... ... U1 I-' SAMPLIHG LINE

•

~ SAMPLI NG LlNE

•

I I I

o

2

4Km O 2 .. Km (STAGE Ao) (STAGE Cb)

FIG.

12

-Horizontal

distribution

of

sardine

eggs

in

the

sea

on

the

cruise

of

January

1970.

(Numbers

in

the

circ1es

represent

mean

egg

number

/

1

m

2

of

sea

area).

to o

....

!3 H P ti>

...

o

"

g,

'"

p O OQ

"

til g,

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....

"

O N o

...,

...,

I a- o

....

...

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....

1

o 20

I-o~

;~~

i~

NOV6' Q60 lU

T

ST 3/ SEA DEPTH 74 m O 80 20

I-/"

401-o 60 f-(RUISE JAN . 70 ST . 34 SEA DEPTH /08m 80

I-o

FIG.

13

-o

_j

~

(

CRU/SE NOV . 69 ST 37 SEA DEPTH 3/m

o~o

₍

CRU/SE JA N . 70 sr . 3/ SEA DEPTH 42m

0/

I

o j.f<tJISE JAN . 70 ST 29 SEA DEPTH /25m

.

,

,

J

í----

CRU/SE MAR. 70 sr . /7 SEA DEPTH 70m

o~

/0

0/

(

L:o

o \ CRU/SE JAN . 70

i

ST. 33 SEA OCPTH 72 m

{

ST . 30 SEA DEPTH 70m

Vertical

profiles

of

temperature

at

stations

on

the

spawning

area

during

surveys.

'"

o S H P til rt o n

"'

lU P O O<l t1

'"

lU

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....

"

O N o w w I _{a- o}

....

_...

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....

V1 w

o

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...-./ ./ / / / 45° 44° 45° 42°W Saquaremo O

y

'3.cJ

~

II

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.

_

.-. ... /

....-,/ ./ / ./ ~ /

.

-.

--..

-.

-. ..,.-,-.,r" " r" ./

'-I~

--,

./ \

-' ~ ' ~

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.

...

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24°

o

./ ./

//

i

('

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,

,

/

/

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\

./ /

\

_/

./

. .-" '

...

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...-,/ , / __ ISOTHERM AT SURFACE (OC) __ ISOHALlNE AT SURFACE (-, .. ,

/

I

/

//

//-/-li'"

200,,(

./

RE DUÇÃO DA CARTA DA DH.N ,

FIG.

14a

-Horizontal

distribution

of

temperature

and

sa1inity

at

surface.

(Cruise

January-February

1969.

Since

the

p1ankton

samp1ings

on

this

cruise

were

done

by

horizontal

surface

hau1,

the

isotherm

and

isoha1ine

at

surface

1ayer

are

shown).

lJl

...

H P

'"

I"t o n li> 11> P O _ao '1 CJl 'd 11> c::

,....

O N o w W I a- o ,.... ...

'"

,....

"

45° 44° 43° 42"W C R UI SE SEPTEM8ER, I ItlS9 50 .... '."'"

~~

\

II

2305

53~

---

-\\-./ .

..-'

. / . ~ . _ . -. / . / ' ./ I . -. / . _._ .

...-..

.

/ / . . /

'

---.

.

...

.

'-.-..

"

--"-

\

\

.

../ ' ,-, --.I ,, -,, -,/'

(

'<»111

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~90'"

,...-..

/

"

-"

~

..

....-. .

.--~

Q O

~-,..

l//

~.~

.~

/ . /' 2O"C .. .-,, ;;> ./ ./ ,/ /

/'

./ t'

i

_i

/

I ./

/

_I

\

./

' '-'' -''

'--"

l

'--""

,

,-. /'

. / "

.

_

.. ...

'.

\

f

_/

. /./ ./ /. ,./" . / __ 150THERM AT lO M OEPTH . (OQ --ISOHALINE AT 10 M OEPTH (elool ./ / / / //

.

...

---''''~//

II

".

./

.I

/

., /

--2001111 REOUç,lO DA CARTA DA O . H . H .

FIG.

l4b

-Horizontal

distribution

of

temperature

and

salinity

at

10

m

depth.

(Cruise

September

1969).

'"

o ... 53 H ::s rJl rt o ("l li> lU ::s O OQ

"

Ul ." lU ...

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O N O w W I a- O ... ...

'"

... V1 V1

"

I~~ /""'" 45° CRUISE NOVEMBER, 1969 44 0

--y

// 43 0 42°W ~I·b·

V

~I ~

-=;

"'õ'"

/

19"C "'2~ I

o

II

230S

.

na"

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/

22õt

(/

(

/'

§

O

II

, ••

H-\'d..=\ ---I~.e..t / IJ

T

'/Y

o

.,

\

'C"" ~~

.

ó

r

\

/ /

".-./

/ 3!1,!1 341,5 / ./ / /

o

./

,/ ./ 3°0

"

\

O \

I

/

/

/ O / __ ISOTHERM AT 10M DEPTH . (OC) --ISOHALlNE AT. 10 M DEPTH (01001 / / / 11 250 .,...,

.

.,.-' 200,,(

/

/

.. /

-.I

REDUÇÃO DA CARTA DA D . H . N. FIG~

l4c

-Horizontal

distribution

of

temperature

and

salinity

at

10

m

depth.

(Cruise

November

1969).

V1 0'1 O

'"

...

a

H ~ fi> rt O () /1) ~

'"

O O<>

...

ti> '"d

'"

...

"

o N o w W I a- o ...

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tJ 45° 44° CRUI SE JANUARY. I 970 43° 42°W ao ~~

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/35,5 112305 ~,

e.

16"& "'" • ~ -. , • 4<, .... . ~ .. ---. ./ ~m 200m ./ . r ·

/

.___ O

)-6b

.

\....-.;:---;:::;;..~

,,/

,.,--;:;:-3 6.5

~240C

/'0

~

~II'"

/

"

~~j

/f

//

~

/-/

·-,,,cW

·

·~

./

/_

ol...

_

I

O ./ 1'/

./

./' / ' ... . ./ \. \

!

_./

'--__ 150THERM AT 10 M DEPTH (O C) --ISOHALINE AT 10M DEPTH (%0)

I

'

/ / '00_ // .//

1

~-~'\

~

..

-_

.

_./

!

200J.

/

/

FIG.

14d -Horizontal distribution of temperature and sa1inity at 10 m depth. (Cruise January 1970).

t>l o ... 8 H :; rt

'"

o n li> P> :; O 00 >1

'"

'd P> <= ... O N o (.;.J (.;.J I a- o ...

...

'"

...

V1 -..J

o

45 0 44 0 43 0 42°W ~

J...-f

"V

II

23 05 CRUlSE MARCH. 1970

.,

/ ,/ ./ ./ ./ /. / ./ /.

..,

. / ./ ./ ./ '--'-'--./

/

/ / ./

--.. ./ .--0 '

--..

...

"

""'

'-. . ... . \.. \ \ ./

"

_

.

---/ / . ,

"-(

i

'~~m

200m ./

'/

/

.

'

II

24 0

Itec

~./

J

O / . ?

I

"'''-~ ./

./

_I / / .1 ./ I /

./

! I ( _{I !} / ,

.

.--" /

/

/

i.

. \....-..

-..

'

:

\

_j

./

./

./ -ISOTHERM AT 10 M DEPTH (

°c

1 __ 150HALINE AT 10 M DEPTH (0/001 ( I " //

.

..-. . ...,.,.. . .

--'00.

//

,/

II

".

--!

200MÍ

./

./ IREDUÇÃO DA CARTA DA D . H . N.

FIG.

l4e

-Horizontal

distribution

of

temperature

and

salinity

at

10

m

depth.

(Cruise

March

1970).

vations in the main spawning ground are shown in Figure 11. In the two cases illus-trated, spawning occurred in the area which showed a cold water mass rising from the bottom up to near the surface layer and with the thermocline in the 10-20 m layer.

Ito (1961) stated that the spawning of sardine in the Japan Sea showed a close relationship to,eddy currents. With the presence of submarine canyon off Ilha Grande, the eddy currents may well have an effect on the 10cation of spawning ground. For the time being, this, however, is purely conjecturaI.

On the other hand, since spawning of Brazilian sardine occurs in areas of upwell-ing, such as in front of Ponta de Juatinga, why has there been no spawning observed in the reg-ion of Cabo Frio where upwel1ing water masses are known and were observed on two of the present cruises? Perhaps i t may be ex~ plained by the different origin of these two upwellings. For the time being, the author has no evidence for a relationship between spawning are as and upwelling. Therefore to further investigate these and other questions, a study of the relation between the ocean -ographic conditions and spawning areas is planned for the 1970-1971 spawning season.

On the stations at which spawning was recorded, results show a sa1inity_range at a depth of 10 m of between 35.1-35.9 0 /00. Relating sa1inity and temperatures shows that s~awning occurred in the shelf waters

(18-24°C and 35.1-35.9 0 /00), but not in the Tropical Surface Oceanic Waters of the Brazil Current (22-25 0 C and 36.6-37.1 0 /00) (Emíls-s on, 1961).

SUMMARY

The purpose of this investigation which is part of a sardine project designed to appraise the abundance of the sardine re-sources and to estimate its fluctuation, is to study the sardine's ear1y 1ife history and to estimate the abundance of eggs spawn~

ed in a spawning area.

Five cruises in the Ilha Grande region were realized and the fo110wing conclusions were obtained:

1. Eggs of Brazilian sardines are spherica1 and have a wide perivite11ine spac. The mean egg diameter is 1.18 mm and ranges between 1.00-1.32 mm. Mean perivitel1ine

58

space is 0.143 mm and ranges between 0.061-0.254 mm. The number of oil globules is usua11y one, but often two or three occur. The mean diameter of the oi1 globules is 0.140 mm, and ranges from 0.091 to 0.182 mm.

2. From the deve10pmental stage of the eggs and the time of co11ection; we can assume that the spawning time of Brazi1ian sardines may be a few hours prior to mid-night. Therefore, the eggs which occur in each spawning group may be c1assified into different age category. On1y few spawning groups were observed and usua11y they form one spawning group per day in an area. Spawning groups are isolated and spawning is small in scale.

3. The spawning area extends on the continental shelf between Ilha de são Sebas-tião to Ilha Grande (but not beyond the 100 m depth line). The intensive spawning ground lies between the are a south-east of Ilha de sã~ Sebastião and south of Ponta de Juatinga.

4. The estimates of the total number of sardine eggs of each spawning group are about 8.24 x 10 9 and 9.78 x 10 9 on the cru~e of January 1970.

5. Spawning occurs in shelf waters wifu a temperature range between l8-24°C and a sa1inity range between 35.1-35.9 0 /00. It was noticed that the spawning has a c10se re-1ationship to an area of cold water upwell~ ing.

RESUMO

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo da fase inicial do ciclo de vida da sardinha (Projeto SOL) e verifica o seu potencial re-produtivo ("spawning power") na costa sul do Brasil. Cinco viagens à região da Ilha Gran-de foram realizadas com o N/Oc. 11 Prof.

Besnard" e barco "Emília".

W.

Os resultados estão resumidos, a seguir: 1. Os ovos são esféricos e o espaço p~

rivite1ino é amplo. O diâmetro médio ovos

ê

de 1,18 mm, cuja distribuição 1,00 - 1,32 mm. O espaço perivite1ino

dos

ê

de

mede, em média, 0,143 mm, com distribuição entre 0,061-0,254 mm. Geralmente o glóbulo de óleo é único, porém, às vêzes apresenta-se segme~

tado em dois ou três. O seu diâmetro médio é de 0,140 mm, com distribuição entre 0,091 0,182 mm.

2. Podemos supor que a hora de desova

da sardinha, nesta região, é pouco antes da

meia-noite. Os ovos coletados numa mesma area

e num mesmo dia, provenientes de um mesmo g~u

po de "desovantes", foram classificados em

grupos de sardinhas que desovaram na área du

rante uma viagem de pesquisa. O tamanho dos

cardumes de sardinha "desovante" não é

gran-de como os da sardinha da Califõ~nia.

3. A área de desova, sôbre a platafo~

ma continental, estende-se desde a Ilha de

são Sebastião até a Ilha Grande (não ultra -passando a linha de profundidade de 100 m). Desova intensiva ocorre a sudoeste da Ilha de são Sebastião até o sul da Ponta de Jua -tinga.

4. A desova ocorre de setembro a

mar-ço, sendo mais intensa durante o verão.

5. O numero total estimado de ovos re

sultante da desova de dois cardumes foi de

8,24 x 10 9 para um e de 9.78 x 10 9 para

outro, para a viagem de janeiro de 1970.

6. A desova ocorre em agua da plata

-forma, de temperature entre l8-24°C e salini

dade 35,1 - 35,90 /00. A desova está em

rela-ção íntima com água fria de fundo, que surge ate perto da superfície.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

res-The author is indebted to Prof. Gelso

Vazzoler for valuable advice and

encourage-ment on the project, to Prof. Argeo Maglioc-ca and Prof. Luiz B. Miranda for analysis of physical and chemical data, to Mr. Ademar D. Torrano and Miss Neuza das Graças Santos

laboratory assistants,for sorting eggs and

larvae, to Mr. Zairo F. Pinto for drawing

the figures of eggs, to Captain A. Godoi and other crews of the R/V "Prof. W. Besnard"

and R/V "Emília" for sampling the material

and to other staff members of the Oceano

-graphic Institute.

I wish to thank Prof. Frank Shaffer for his kindness in correcting the manuscript

and also wish to thank Dra. Marta Vannucci

for her support on the Project.

This study was made while the author

was on a Ford Foundation fellowship at the

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de

são Paulo.

Bolm Inst. oceanogr. S Paulo, 20:33-60,1971

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