❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ✲ ❯❋❯
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❋❆❈❖▼
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❆✉t♦r✿ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❋❛r✐❛s ❈♦r❞❡✐r♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢➟✳ ❉r➟✳ ❈❡❧✐❛ ❆✳ ❩♦r③♦ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦s
❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❋❛r✐❛s ❈♦r❞❡✐r♦
❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✲ ✜❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢a ❉ra ❈❡❧✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❩♦r③♦ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦s
❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❋❛r✐❛s ❈♦r❞❡✐r♦
❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✳ ❆♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✶✼ ❞❡ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾✳
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
❉r➟✳ ❈❡❧✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❩♦r③♦ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦s ✕ ❯❋❯
❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r ✶✿
❉r✳ ❋❛❜rí❝✐♦ ❙✐♠❡♦♥✐ ❞❡ ❙♦✉s❛ ✕ ❯❙P
❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r ✷✿
❉r✳ ❆❢♦♥s♦ P❛✐✈❛ ◆❡t♦ ✕ ❯❋❯
❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡ t♦♠♦✉ s♦❜r❡ s✐ ❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❡♥❢❡r♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❞♦r❡s ❧❡✈♦✉ s♦❜r❡ s✐❀ ❡ ♥ós ♦ r❡♣✉tá✈❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❛✢✐t♦✱ ❢❡r✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❉❡✉s ❡ ♦♣r✐♠✐❞♦✳ ▼❛s ❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ tr❛s♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♥♦ss❛s tr❛♥s❣r❡ssõ❡s ❡ ♠♦í❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♥♦ss❛s ✐♥✐qü✐❞❛❞❡s❀ ♦ ❝❛st✐❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s tr❛③ ❛ ♣❛③ ❡st❛✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❡✱ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s ♣✐s❛❞✉r❛s ❢♦r❛♠♦s s❛r❛❞♦s✳
✈
❘❡✐ ❞❡ ■sr❛❡❧✱ ❞❡ ❆❜r❛ã♦✱ ❏❛❝ó ❡ ■s❛q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♠❡✉ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❛✐r❛ ❡ ♦✉s❛ ❛♥❞❛r✱ t❡ ❧♦✉✈♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❛q✉✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❛q✉✐ ❝r✐❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❡st❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦✳
❚❡ ❧♦✉✈♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦r q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❱❛❧t❡r ❡ ❈✐❞❛ ❛ q✉❡♠ ♣♦ss♦ ❝♦♥t❛r ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛r s❡♠♣r❡✳
▼❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã✱ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❧②✱ q✉❡ é ♠❡✉ r❡❢ú❣✐♦ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
❚❡ ❡①❛❧t♦✱ ❘❡✐ ❞♦s ❘❡✐s✱
♣♦✐s ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦
❝♦❧♦❝❛st❡ ❛ ✢♦r ♠❛✐s ❜❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ t❡r✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❏✐s❡❧❡✳
❚❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ▼❡str❡ ❞♦s ▼❡str❡s ♣♦✐s ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❈❡❧✐❛✱ ❛ q✉❡♠ ❝♦❧♦❝❛st❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❞r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ ❚❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♠❡ ❞❡st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤❡✐r♦✱ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ ❝ú♠♣❧✐❝❡✱ ❛ q✉❡♠ ✉s❛st❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥❥♦ ✜❡❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ♠❡✉s ❞❡✈❛♥❡✐♦s ❡ ❞❡❧ír✐♦s✱ ♦ ♠❡str❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ▼❛r❝♦s✳
❚❡ ❡♥❣r❛♥❞❡ç♦✱ ❏❡♦✈á ❏✐ré✱ ♣♦✐s ♠❡ ❞❡st❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ✜é✐s ❡ ú♥✐❝♦s ❊❞✉❛r❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱
❛♠✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r✱
◆ú❜✐❛✱ ❛ q✉❡♠ ❝♦♥✜♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❣❡st♦✱ ❡ ♠❡ ❛❧❡❣r♦ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ❞♦r✳
❘♦♦s❡✈❡❧t✱ ❛ q✉❡♠ ♠❡ ❡s❝✉t❛✱ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛ ❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ s❡❝r❡t♦✳
▼❡✉s ❝❛r♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱
❘♦❜s♦♥ ❡ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r✳ ▼❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❡♠ t❡✉ ❈♦r♣♦✱
✐♥✉♠❡rá✈❡✐s sã♦✱
❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡✱ ❆♥❛ P❛✉❧❛✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡✱ ❡ t❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡stã♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ t❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ s✉❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✈❡♠ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ t❛♥t♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❛str♦❢ís✐❝♦s ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ r❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✈✐❛ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ ❝✐♥❡♠❛t♦❣rá✜❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ s♦❜ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦✲ t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❆str♦❢ís✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♠❛✐s ♠✐st❡r✐♦s♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❙♠♦♦t❤❡❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❈❡❧❡st❡✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ❙♠♦♦t❤❡❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❍②❞r♦❞②✲ ♥❛♠✐❝s✳ ❇✉r❛❝♦ ◆❡❣r♦✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ●r❛♣❤✐❝s t♦♦❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✐ts ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs t❤✐s t❛s❦ ❤❛s ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ❛ ❝❤❛r✲ ❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ tr❛✐t t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡ r❡❛❧✐t②✱ ❜♦t❤ ✈✐s✉❛❧❧② ❛s ❜② t❤❡ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ✉s❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛r❡❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣❤❡✲ ♥♦♠❡♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❡①♣❧♦r❡❞✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ●r❛♣❤✐❝s ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦♦❧ t♦ ❛✐❞ t❤❡ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜❧♠ ✐♥❞✉str②✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②✱ t❤✐s ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡❛ r❡♠❛✐♥s ♦♣❡♥ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✇❛②s✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② ❆str♦♣❤②s✐❝s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡r✲ t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❍♦❧❡s✱ t❤❛t ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♠②st❡r✐♦✉s ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜② ♠❛♥✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙②st❡♠s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❙♠♦♦t❤❡❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤✐s ♣❤❡♥♦♠✲ ❡♥♦♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡s✐❣♥✳
❲♦r❞s✲❦❡②✿ ❈❡❧❡st✐❛❧ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝s✳ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙②st❡♠✳ ●r❛♣❤✐❝ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❍♦❧❡✳ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❡r ●r❛♣❤✐❝s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✿
❆ ❈❛r✐❝❛t✉r❛ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❛♦s ✺
✷✳✶ ❖ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❞❡ ❏♦r♥❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❊str❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❆ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❖ ◆❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❯♠❛ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❆ ▼♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❯♠❛ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❆str♦❢ís✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ✶✺
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆♥é✐s ❞❡ ❙❛t✉r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆✉r♦r❛ ❇♦r❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹ ❖ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦
❙♠♦♦t❤❡❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✶✾
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✹✳✷ ❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙P❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹✳✸ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❙✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ■♥t❡r♣♦❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✹✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙P❍ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✺ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙P❍ ✷✼
✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✺✳✷ ❙P❍ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❛str♦❢ís✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✺✳✸ ❆ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙P❍ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✺✳✹ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙P❍ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s só❧✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✺✳✺ ❆ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❙P❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✻ ❆ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ✸✾
✻✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✻✳✷ ❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ▲✉③ ❡ ❛s Pr✐♠❡✐r❛s ■♥❞❛❣❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✻✳✸ ❆ ❊①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ Pós✲❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✻✳✸✳✶ ❖s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ❞❡ ❙❝❤✇❛r③s❝❤✐❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✻✳✸✳✷ ❖ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ❈❤❛♥❞r❛s❡❦❤❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✻✳✹ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✻✳✺ ✏❊♥tr♦♣✐❛✑ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✻ ❆ ❘❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❍❛✇❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✼ ❯♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❙♠♦♦t❤❡❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✺✶
✼✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✼✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙P❍ ♥❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s❝♦s ❞❡ ❆❝r❡sçã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✼✳✷✳✶ ❆❜str❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❋ís✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❉✐s❝♦s ❞❡ ❆❝r❡sçã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✼✳✷✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❙P❍ ♣❛r❛ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❋♦rç❛s ❍✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✼✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s
◆❡❣r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✼✳✸✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛❞✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✼✳✸✳✷ ❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s✿ ❯♠❛ Pr♦✲
♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✼✳✸✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ♥❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ①✐✐✐
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❝❡♥❛ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❞♦ ✜❧♠❡ ❆ ■r❛ ❞❡ ❑❤❛♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡s❢ér✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❋♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛♣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆♥é✐s ❞❡ ❙❛t✉r♥♦ ❬❇❧✐♥♥ ✶✾✽✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ r❡❛❧ ❞❛ ❆✉r♦r❛ ❇♦r❡❛❧ ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣♦r
❬❇❛r❛♥♦s❦✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ s✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✺✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥ãs ❜r❛♥❝❛s ❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❝♦♠ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✳ ❬❘♦ss✇♦❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪ ✷✾ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❬▲❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❑❧✉➵♥✐❛❦ ✶✾✾✾❪ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦
❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❊str❡❧❛ ❞❡ ◆ê✉tr♦♥s ❡ ✉♠ ❇✉r❛❝♦ ◆❡❣r♦✳ ❆s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦ ♠♦str❛♠ ♦s ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦s ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ♦r❜✐t❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ♠❡r✐❞✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✺✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡rr❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ só❧✐❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❙P❍ ❬P❛✐✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ ❛rtíst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❙P❍✳ ➞◆❡✇ ▲✐♥❡ ❈✐♥❡♠❛✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❙P❍ ❬▼ü❧❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✻ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❙P❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✻✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✿ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦✉ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❡❧♦
❇✉r❛❝♦ ◆❡❣r♦ ❡ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❇✉r❛❝♦ ◆❡❣r♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✼✳✶ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❡s♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r h= 3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✼✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r♣♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✳ ✺✻ ✼✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❱✐rt✉❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✼✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡sçã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✼✳✺ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡①t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✼✳✻ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡sçã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❇✉r❛❝♦ ◆❡❣r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦
❙P❍ ❝♦♠ ✷✵✵✵ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✼✳✼ ❱✐sã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✼✳✽ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❇✉r❛❝♦ ◆❡❣r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡
P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❝♦♠ ✶✵✵✵ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✼✳✾ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✼✳✶✵ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞♦✳ ✼✵ ✼✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬●❡r❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪
♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ▼❛❝❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✼✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬●❡r❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪
Cap´ıtulo
1
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥ár✐♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ❡ss❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s❛t✐s❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❛s❡ q✉❡ ✐♥✐♠❛❣✐♥á✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✜♥s ❛rtíst✐❝♦s✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♠❜❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡st❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞é✲ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ❘❡❡✈❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❬❘❡❡✈❡s ✶✾✽✸❪✳ ❊♠ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❘❡❡✈❡s✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❢✉③③②✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❧❡✐s ❢ís✐✲ ❝❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ✏✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✑ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❢♦❣♦✱ ❝❤✉✈❛✱ ♥❡✈❡✱ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❧íq✉✐❞❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♣✉❞❡r❛♠ s❡r s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❧❡✐s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❘❡❡✈❡s✱ ✐♥✉♠❡rá✈❡✐s ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❊q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ◆❛✈✐❡r✲❙t♦❦❡s ❡♠ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ✉♠❛ ♥♦tá✈❡❧ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦s à té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉✐❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❉❋❈✮✳
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s
◆❡❣r♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ r❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❧♦✲ r❛❞❛✿ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❛str♦❢ís✐❝♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡rá ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❙♠♦♦t❤❡❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❙P❍✮✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s❛❣r❛❞♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞✐ss♦✱ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡①✲ ♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❛té ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❛str♦❢ís✐❝♦s t❡♠ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞♦✱ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❆str♦❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✈✐❛ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡❞✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦ tr✐♣✉❧❛❞❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞❡ s✐♠✉✲ ❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❛str♦❢ís✐❝♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r❡str✐t❛✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦✉❝♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❬❘❡❡✈❡s ✶✾✽✸❪✱ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛♥é✐s ❞❡ ❙❛t✉r♥♦ ❬❇❧✐♥♥ ✶✾✽✷❪ ❡ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆✉r♦r❛ ❇♦r❡❛❧ ❬❇❛r❛♥♦s❦✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇✉✲ r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ ✐♥é❞✐t♦ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❙P❍ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦r♣♦s✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❆str♦❢ís✐❝❛ t❡♠ r❡✈❡❧❛❞♦ ♦ ❙P❍ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♥s❛❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐✲ ♠❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❛st❡ró✐❞❡s ❬❇r✉❡s❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❆s♣❤❛✉❣ ✷✵✵✷❪✱ ♥❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❛❧á①✐❛s ❬▼❛❧❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❀ ◆❛❣❛♠✐♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❬❙t❛♠❛t❡❧❧♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ ❡♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ❬▲❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❑❧✉➵♥✐❛❦ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❍❛②❛s❛❦✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✸
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❆ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ é ❛❧❣♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛ ár❡❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❝❛✉s❛ ✐♥st✐❣❛çã♦ ♥♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ♦s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♠♦❧❞❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✿ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉✲ ❧❛s ❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❙P❍✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❢♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✱ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ à ❛♣r❡❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ s✐✱ r❡✈❡❧❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❛♣ós ✐ss♦✱ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❝r♦♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❛té ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳
❈♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❙P❍✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s✱ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛rã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛rá ♥❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ♦s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡rá ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✲s❡ à ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡rá ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠ ♦s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ r❡✈❡❧❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡st❡s ❝♦r♣♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛✳
❆♣ós ❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s às té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s à r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❢❛s❡ s❡rá ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛ss♦ ❛ ♣❛ss♦✱ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙P❍ ❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡st❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞✐ss♦✱ s❡rã♦ ❡①✐❜✐❞♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ♣♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✲ ✐t❛rá ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝❡♥❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥❛✈❡s ✐♥t❡r❣❛❧á❝t✐❝❛s ♥❛✈❡❣❛♠ ♣♦r r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❛ ❡st❡s ❝♦r♣♦s ❝❡❧❡st❡s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ s❡♥❞♦ s✉❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧❡s✳ ❚❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦✱ s♦♠❛❞❛ à ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛rá ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❛str♦❢ís✐❝♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❛ ❞❛r ♠❛✐s ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ à s✉❛ ❢✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥s❛❣r❛çã♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ s✉❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛✳
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❊st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛rá ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❡①♣❧♦✲ r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡rá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛rt❡s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❛ s❡r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ✈✐s❛ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦r ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡stét✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s t❡♠❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❙♠♦♦t❤❡❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛rã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛♠✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ s❡rá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛rá ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ r❡✈❡❧❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛rá ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ❞❡♥♦t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦✳
❆ P❛rt❡ ■■■ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❆ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s✐t✉❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ s❡r s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❛ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡rã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ◆❡st❛ P❛rt❡✱ ❞✐✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ três ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✿ ❈♦r♣♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ ❇✉✲ r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ❡ ❘❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ♥♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❇✉r❛❝♦s ◆❡❣r♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧✱ s❡♠ s❡ ❢♦❝❛r ❡♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳
Cap´ıtulo
2
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✿
❆ ❈❛r✐❝❛t✉r❛ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❛♦s
❉❡s❞❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❜✉s❝♦✉ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦ r❡❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♠❛❣✐♥ár✐♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♥♦tá✈❡❧ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✵ ❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ ❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t♦✉ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❡r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ r❡♥❞❡r✐③❛r s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❡r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r❡♠✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ✜❡✐s ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s r❡❛✐s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ❝❡rt❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❢✉❣✐♥❞♦ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ❝♦❜✐ç❛❞♦✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❛ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ♥❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❡r❛ ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡♥tã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛s ❣rá✜❝❛s q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s✉❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ♠♦♥t❛♥❤♦s❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❧✐❣❛✈❛ ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳
P❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r t❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛✱ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛♥s❡✐♦s ♣r♦✈✐♥❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❝✐♥❡♠❛t♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❝❡♥❛s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ▼♦t✐♦♥ ❇❧✉r✱ ❆♥t✐✲❛❧❧✐❛s✐♥❣ ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❢♦❣♦✱ ❢✉♠❛ç❛✱ ♥✉✈❡♥s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡st❡s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❥á t✐✈❡ss❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡r❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❬❋♦✉r♥✐❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✽✷❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛✲ çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡s r❡str✐t❛s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠
✻ ❆ ❈❛r✐❝❛t✉r❛ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❛♦s
♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛✈❛ ❛ ♦✉tr♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✳ ❊st❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✈❛ ❢❡③ s✉r❣✐r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛✳
◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧♦♥❣❛ ♠❡tr❛❣❡♠ ❆ ■r❛ ❞❡ ❑❤❛♥ ❞❛ sér✐❡ ❏♦r♥❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❊str❡❧❛s✱ ♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ❚✳ ❘❡❡✈❡s r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ●ê♥❡s✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ❝❡♥❛ ❞♦t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛♠ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r t❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❘❡❡✈❡s ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t♦✉ ❡♥tã♦ t❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦✉✲ tr❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡✉ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❛✉❞❛❝✐♦s❛ ❡ r♦❜✉st❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥♦✉ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❝♦♥tá✈❡✐s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞♦t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✳
✷✳✶ ❖ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❞❡ ❏♦r♥❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❊str❡❧❛s
❖ ●ê♥❡s✐s é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❛ ❇í❜❧✐❛ ❙❛❣r❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝r✐stã ❞❛ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❡ ❤á✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✜❝tí❝✐♦ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✜❧♠❡ ❆ ■r❛ ❞❡ ❑❤❛♥✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❜♦♠❜❛ ●ê♥❡s✐s✱ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❜í❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛✳ ◆♦ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❞❛ sér✐❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r ●❡♥❡ ❘♦❞❞❡♥❜❡rr②✶ ❛ ❜♦♠❜❛ ❝✐t❛❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✲❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
♣❧❛♥❡t❛✱ t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡ ❡❢❡t✉❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①♣❧♦sã♦ ♣♦♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❡♠❡r❣✐❞♦s ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s ❝♦♠ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❣♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✮✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❡✈♦✱ ♦❝❡❛♥♦s ❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦ ❬P❛r❛♠♦✉♥t ✶✾✽✷❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❝❡♥❛ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❞♦ ✜❧♠❡ ❆ ■r❛ ❞❡ ❑❤❛♥✳
✶●❡♥❡ ❘♦❞❞❡♥❜❡rr② é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦r ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦r ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
✷✳✷ ❆ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✼
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ●rá✲ ✜❝❛✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥❡❝❡s✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ss❡ ✉♠ r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛♥t❡ ❢❡③ ❡♠❡r❣✐r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞♦ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ●ê♥❡s✐s é ❢á❝✐❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s é ❛ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡r ✉♠❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✱ s✉❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ s❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝❛ót✐❝❛✳
Pr❡✈❡r ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✱ s❡✉s ❛♥é✐s ❡ ❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❣♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡r✐❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ ♦✉ t❛❧✈❡③ ✐♥❝♦♥❝❡❜í✈❡❧✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝❤❛✈❡✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣ô❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛ss❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡st♦❝ást✐❝❛s ♣✉❞❡r❛♠ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ tê♥✉❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ●ê♥❡s✐s✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝r✐❛❞❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s q✉❡ ♣♦s✲ s✉❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❢✉③③② ❬❘❡❡✈❡s ✶✾✽✸❪✳
✷✳✷ ❆ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡❣✉❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❝✐♥❡♠❛t♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐♥t❡ ❡ q✉❛tr♦ q✉❛❞r♦s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❛❞r♦ r❡♥❞❡r✐③❛❞♦ s❡❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s é q✉❡ ❡st❛ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❛❧✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❛❧❣♦rít♠✐❝❛✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ às r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦s ❬●♦♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❱❡❧❤♦ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡♠❡t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ q✉❡ r❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦s ❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ r❡❛❧ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❘❡❡✈❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ✐♥❝❧✉s❛ ♥♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s q✉❛❞r♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✜♥s✳
