Objetivo 6. Propor as mudanças taxonômicas e nomenclaturais para estabelecer
6 CONCLUSÕES GERAIS
1. A região ITS como “barcoding” na identificação de espécies de Lycoperdon é promissora, embora, seja necessário melhorar alguns protocolos para se obter a sequência “barcoding” para importantes espécimes (e.g. tipos), no qual a sequência “barcoding” ainda não foi obtida;
2. Embora, as análises de “barcoding” tenham ajudado na discriminação entre espécies e a detectar espécies crípticas, a taxonomia morfológica continua sendo essencial na separação de espécies, especialmente quando as sequências são idênticas ou nos casos em que não foi possível obtê-las;
3. A utilização de caracteres de diferentes fontes de informação taxonômica (morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos) permitiu estabelecer uma sistemática mais robusta do que aquele que é estabelecido sob apenas um tipo de evidência; 4. Em conformidade com os dados moleculares, Lycoperdon é um gênero parafilético, no qual Morganella e Vascellum continuam como táxons não independentes de Lycoperdon;
5. Alguns táxons mostraram-se com a máxima variabilidade intraespecífica maior do que a mínima variabilidade interespecífica, assim o uso apenas de uma região ITS como DNA “barcoding” necessita ser combinada com um ou mais marcadores para resolver problemas nos limites entre alguns grupos de espécies, como no grupo de Lycoperdon molle/L. umbrinum.
6. Como em outros grupos de organismos, o número de espécies de Lycoperdon nos dois Hemisférios é similar; embora, nem todos estão em todas partes, já que o número de espécies com distribuição ampla é baixo.
7. Como em outros grupos de organismos, Argentina e Brasil se confirmam como “hotspots” de diversidade para as espécies de Lycoperdon.
63
REFERENCES
AGAPOW,P.M., O.R.P.B.E.EMONDS, K.A.CRANDALL, J.C.GITTLEMAN, G.M.MACE, J.C.MARSHALL, and A.PURVIS. 2004. The Impact of Species Concept on
Biodiversity Studies. The Quarterly Review of Biology 79: 161–179.
ALBERCH,P. 1993. Museums, collections and biodiversity inventories. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 8: 372–375.
ALFREDO,D.S., T.ACCIOLY, and I.G.BASEIA. 2014. Morganella arenicola, a new
species record from North and Northeast Brazil. Turkish Journal of Botany 38: 595–599.
ALFREDO,D.S., and I.G.BASEIA. 2014. Morganella nuda, a new puffball (Agaricaceae,
Basidiomycota) in the upland forests of the Brazilian semi-arid region. Nova
Hedwigia 98: 459–466.
ALFREDO,D.S., A.G.LEITE, R.BRAGA-NETO, and I.G.BASEIA. 2012. Two new
Morganella species from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. Mycosphere 3: 66–71.
ALTSCHUL,S.F., T.L.MADDEN, A.A.SCHÄFFER, J.ZHANG, Z.ZHANG, W.MILLER, and D.J.LIPMAN. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 3389–3402.
ALVES,C.R., and V.G.CORTEZ. 2014. Gasteroid Agaricomycetidae (Basidiomycota) from Parque Estadual São Camilo, Paraná, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de
Biociências 12: 27–41.
ALVES,C.R., and V.G.CORTEZ. 2013. Morganella sulcatostoma sp. nov. (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Paraná State, Brazil. Nova Hedwigia 96: 409–417.
BASEIA,I.G. 2005. Some notes on the genera Bovista and Lycoperdon (Lycoperdaceae)
in Brazil. Mycotaxon 91: 81–86.
BERKELEY,M.J. 1873. Notices of North American fungi. Grevillea 2: 49–53.
BICKFORD,D., D.J.LOHMAN, N.S.SODHI, P.K.L.NG, R.MEIER, K.WINKER, K.K.
INGRAM, and I.DAS. 2007. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and
conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22: 148–155.
64
Botany 98: 426–438.
BLAXTER,M., J.MANN, T.CHAPMAN, F.THOMAS, C.WHITTON, R.FLOYD, and E. ABEBE. 2005. Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 360: 1935–1943.
BONORDEN,H.F. 1857. Die Gattungen Lycoperdon, Bovista und ihr Bau.
BOTTOMLEY,A.M. 1948. Gasteromycetes of South Africa. Bothalia 4: 473–810.
BOWERMAN,C. 1961. Lycoperdon in Eastern Canada With Special Reference To The
Ottawa District. Canadian Journal of Botanyof Botany 39: 353–383.
BRUNS,T.D., R.FOGEL, T.WHITE, and J.D.PALMER. 1989. Accelerated evolution of a
fulse-truffe from a mushroom ancestor. Nature 339: 140–142.
BRUNS,T.D., T.J.WHITE, and J.W.TAYLOR. 1991. Molecular Evolution of Fungi.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 525–264.
CAIN,A.J.1958a.Logic and memory in Linnaeus's systems of taxonomy. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 169: 144–163.
CAIN,A.J.1958b. Deductive andinductive methods in post-Linnaean taxonomy.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 170: 185–217.
CALONGE,F.D. 1990. Algunos Gasteromycetes interesantes de Extremadura. Boletín
Sociedad Micológica de Madrid 14: 191–195.
CALONGE,F.D. 1998. Gasteromycetes, I. Lycoperdales, Nidulariales, Phallales, Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales. Flora Mycologica Iberica.
CALONGE,F.D. 1975. Ornamentación de las esporas de algunos Gasteromycetes españoles. Anales del Instituto Botanico de Cavanilles 32: 103–115.
CALONGE,F.D., and V.DEMOULIN. 1975. Les Gastéromycètes D’Espagne. Bulletin de
la Sociéé Mycologique de France 91: 247–292.
CALONGE,F.D., and D.PALACIOS. 2000. Novedades de Gasteromycetes para Navarra.
Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid 25: 307–308.
65 the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species.
PLoS ONE 5: 1–8.
COKER,W.C., and J.N.COUCH. 1928. The Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
CORTEZ,V.C., I.G.BASEIA, and R.M.B.SILVEIRA. 2008. Gasteromicetos
(Basidiomycota) no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Revista Brasileira de Biociências 6: 291–299.
CORTEZ,V.G., I.G.BASEIA, R.T.GUERRERI, and R.M.B.SILVEIRA. 2008. Two
sequestrate cortinaroid fungi from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Hoehnea 35: 513– 518.
CORTEZ,V.G., I.G.BASEIA, and R.M.B.SILVEIRA. 2013. Gasteroid mycobiota of Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil: Lycoperdon and Vascellum. Mycosphere 4: 745–758. CORTEZ,V.G., I.G.BASEIA, and R.M.B.SILVEIRA. 2011. Lycoperdon ovoidisporum sp.
nov. from Brazil. Sydowia 63: 1–7.
CORTEZ,V.G., F.D.CALONGE, and I.G.BASEIA. 2007. Rick´s species revision 2:
Lycoperdon benjaminii recombined in Morganella. Mycotaxon 102: 425–429.
CRESPO,A., and S.PÉREZ-ORTEGA. 2009. Cryptic species and species pairs in lichens: A discussion on the relationship between molecular phylogenies and
morphological characters. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 66: 71–81. CUNNINGHAM,G.H. 1926. Lycoperdaceae of New Zealand. Transactions of the New
Zealand Institute 57: 187–217.
CUNNINGHAM,G.H. 1944. The Gasteromycetes of Australia and new Zealand. John
McIndoe, Dunedin, N.Z.
DEMOULIN,V. 1968a. Gasteromycetes de Belgique Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales,
Lycoperdales. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique 38: 1–101. DEMOULIN,V. 1968b. Taxonomical criteria in the european Lycoperdon and the
problem of L. umbrinum and related species. In Das Art und Rassenproblem bei Pilzen, Internationales Symposium der Biologischen Gesellschaft in der D.D.R., 111–116.
66 DEMOULIN,V. 1970. La typification des Lycoperdon décrits par Persoon. Lejeunia 55:
1–20.
DEMOULIN,V. 1972a. Le genre Lycoperdon en Europe et en Amérique du Nord Étude taxonomique et phytogéographique.
DEMOULIN,V. 1972b. Espèces nouvelles ou méconnues du genre Lycoperdon
(Gastéromycètes). Lejeunia 62: 1–27.
DEMOULIN,V. 1973. Definition and typification of genus Lycoperdon Tourn. per Pers.
(Gasteromycdetes). Persoonia 7: 151–154.
DEMOULIN,V. 1983. Clé de Détermination des espèces du genre Lycoperdon présentes
dans le Sud de l’Europe. Revista fr Biologia 12: 65–70.
DEMOULIN,V. 2000. Lycoperdon umbrinoides Dissing & Lange (Gasteromycetes), a
tropical fungus present in Europe. Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid 25: 55– 58.
DEMOULIN,V. 1979. The Typification of Lycoperdon described by Peck and Morgan.
Sydowia 66: 139–151.
DEMOULIN,V., and D.M.DRING. 1975. Gasteromycetes of Kivu (Zaire), Rwanda and Burundi. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique 45: 339–372. DEMOULIN,V., and R.SCHUMACKER. 1972. Utilisation du traitement de Linformation
par ordinateur dans la taxonomie du groupe de Lycoperdon umbrinum - L. molle (Gasteromycetes, Fungi). Bulletin de la Société royale de Botanique de Belgique,
Tome 105: 265–287.
DENNIS,R.W. 1953. Some West Indian Gasteromycetes. Kew Bulletin 8: 307–328.
DISSING,H., and M.LANGE. 1962. Gasteromycetes of Congo. Bulletin du Jardin
Botanique de l’État a Bruxelles 32: 325–416.
DOMÍNGUEZ DE TOLEDO,L.D. 1993. Gasteromycetes (Eumycota) del centro y oeste de
la Argentina. I analisis critico de los caracteres taxonomicos clave de los generos y orden podaxales. Darwiniana 32: 195–235.
DOMÍNGUEZ DE TOLEDO,L.S. 1989. Contribucion al conocimiento de Gasteromycetes
67 DRING,D.M. 1964. Gasteromycetes of West Tropical Africa. Mycological Papers 98:
1–60.
ECKBLAD,F.-E. 1971. Spores od Gasteromycetes studed in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) I. Norw. J. Bot. 18: 145–151.
FARRIS,J.S. 1989. The Retention Index and the Rescaled Consistency Index. Cladistics
5: 417–419.
FELSENSTEIN,J. 1985. Use of Bootstrap in phylogenetic calculations. Evolution 39:
783–791.
FRIES,E. 1829. Systematic Mycologicum, III, sec I.
GALTIER,N., M.GOUY, and C.GAUTIER. 1996. SEA VIEW and PHYLO_ WIN: two
graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny. Computer
applications in the biosciences: CABIOS 12: 543–548.
GARDES,M., and T.D.BRUNS. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts.
Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118.
GARNER,J.H.B. 1956. Gasteromycetes from Panama and Costa Rica. Mycologia 48: 757–764.
GEISER,D.M.,M.D.-M.JIMÉNEZ-GASCO,S.KANG,I.MAKALOWSKA,N.
VEERARAGHAVAN,T.J.WARD,N.ZHANG, ET AL. 2004. FUSARIUM-ID v. 1.0: A DNA sequence database for identifying Fusarium. European Journal of Plant
Pathology 110: 473–479.
GHISELIN,M.T. 1974. A Radical Solution to the Species Problem. Systematic Zoology
23: 536–544.
GOLDSTEIN,P.Z., and R.DESALLE. 2011. Integrating DNA barcode data and taxonomic
practice: Determination, discovery, and description. BioEssays 33: 135–147. GOUY,M., S.GUINDON, and O.GASCUEL. 2010. SeaView version 4: A multiplatform
graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building.
Molecular biology and evolution 27: 221–224.
68 agronomically important rusts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and ribosomal ITS sequences. Journal of Phytopathology 154: 110–118.
HEBERT,P.D.N., A.CYWINSKA, S.L.BALL, and J.R.DEWAARD. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcode. Proceedings. Biological sciences / The
Royal Society 270: 313–21.
HEBERT,P.D.N., and T.R.GREGORY. 2005. The promise of DNA barcoding for
taxonomy. Systematic biology 54: 852–859.
HENNINGS,V.P. 1904a. Fungi amazonici I. a. cl. Ernesto Ule collecti. Hedwigia 43:
154–186.
HENNINGS,V.P. 1904b. Fungi paulenses III. a cl. Puttemans collecti. Hedwigia 43: 197–
209.
HERNÁDEZ-CAFFOT,M.L., G.ROBLEDO, and L.S.DOMÍNGUEZ. 2013. Gasteroid
mycobiota (Basidiomycota) from Polylepis australis woodlands of central Argentica. Mycotaxon 123: 491.
HERRERA,T. 1964. Especies de Lycoperdon del Valle de Mexico. Anales del Instituto
de Biologia 34: 43–68.
HIBBETT,D.S., E.M.PINE, E.LANGER, G.LANGER, and M.J.DONOGHUE. 1997. Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America 94: 12002–12006.
HITCHCOCK,A.S. 1926. The Type Concept in Systematic Botany. American Journal 8: 251–255.
HOGG,I.D., and P.D.N.HEBERT. 2004. Biological identification of springtails
(Hexapoda: Collembola) from the Canadian Arctic, using mitochondrial DNA barcode. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 749–754.
HOMRICH,M.H. 1975. O gênero Vascellum Smarda na America do Sul Meridional.
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
HOMRICH,M.H., and J.E.WRIGHT. 1988. South American Gasteromycetes. II. The
69 HUELSENBECK,J.P., and F.RONQUIST. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of
phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 17: 754–5.
JANZEN,D.H., M.HAJIBABAEI, J.M.BURNS, W.HALLWACHS, E.REMIGIO, and P.D.N. HEBERT. 2005. Wedding biodiversity inventory of a large and complex
Lepidoptera fauna with DNA barcoding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences 360: 1835–1845.
JEPPSON,M., and V.DEMOULIN. 1989. Lycoperdon atropurpureum found in Sweden.
Opera Botanica 100: 131–134.
JEPPSON,M., E.LARSSON, and M.P.MARTÍN. 2012. Lycoperdon rupicola and L.
subumbrinum: Two new puffballs from Europe. Mycological Progress 11: 887–
897.
JOHNSON,M.M. 1929. The Gasteromycetae of Ohio: Puffballs, Bird’s-Nest Fungi and
Stinkhorns. M. M. Johnson [ed.],. Ohio State University Press, Ohio.
KIM,C.S.U.N.,J.W.O.N.JO,Y.KWAG,G.SUNG,J.HAN,B.SHRESTHA,S.OH, ET AL.
2016. Two new Lycoperdon species collected from Korea: L. albiperidium and L.
subperlatum spp. nov. Phytotaxa 260: 101–115.
KIRK,P.M., P.F.CANNON, D.W.MINTER, and J.A.STALPERS. 2008. Dictionary of The Fungi. 10th editi. P. M. Kirk, P. F. Cannon, D. W. Minter, and J. A. Stalpers [eds.],. CABI Europe, Wallingford.
KLUGE,A.G., and J.S.FARRIS. 1969. Quantitative phyletics and theevolution of anurans.
Systematic Zoology 18: 1–32.
KOBAYASI,Y. 1937. Fungi Austro-Japonie et Micronesiae. II. The Botanical Magazine 51: 797–804.
KORNERUP,A., and J.H.WANSCHER. 1967. Methuen handbook of colour. 3 rd. Eyre
Methuen, London.
KREISEL,H. 1973. Die Lycoperdaceae der DDR. Bibliotheca Mycologica 36: 1–197.
KREISEL,H., and D.M.DRING. 1967. An emendation of the genus Morganella Zeller
(Lycoperdaceae). Feddes Repertorium 74: 109–122.
70 molecular approach to the systematics of some gasteroid mushrooms. Mycologia 93: 947–957.
KRÜGER,D., and H.KREISEL. 2003. Proposing Morganella subgen Apioperdon subgen nov for the puffball Lycoperdon pyriforme. Mycotaxon 86: 169–177.
KUMLA,J., N.SUWANNARACH, B.BUSSABAN, and S.LUMYONG. 2013. New report of
Morganella purpurascens in Thailand. Mycoscience1–4.
KÜPPERS,H. 2002. Atlas de los colores. 1 st. C. R. Fischer [ed.],. Blume, Barcelona.
KURTZMAN,C.P., and C.J.ROBNETT. 1998. Identification and phylogeny of
ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and
Molecular Microbiology 73: 331–371.
LARGET,B., and L.SIMON. 1999. Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for the
Bayesian analysis of phylogenetic trees Markov chain Monte Carlo. Mol. Biol./
Evol. 16: 750–759.
LARSSON,E., and M.JEPPSON. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships among species and genera of Lycoperdaceae based on ITS and LSU sequence data from north European taxa. Mycological Research 112: 4–22.
LINNAEUS,C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Salvius, Stockholm.
LLOYD,C.G. 1905a. The genus Lycoperdon in Europe. Mycological Notes205–217.
LLOYD,C.G. 1905b. The Lycoperdon of the United States. Mycological Notes221–237.
MARGULIS,L., and D.SAGAN. 2002. Acquiring genomes: A theory of the origins of species. 1st ed. L. Margulis, and D. Sagan [eds.],. Basic Books, New York. MARTÍN,M.P., E.HIDALGO, A.ALTÉS, and G.MORENO. 2000. Phylogenetic
relationships in Aspergillus based on rDNA sequence analysis. Cryptogamie,
Mycologie 21: 323–355.
MARTÍN,M.P., and M.JEPPSON. 2001. An interesting Lycoperdon affin to L. ericaeum.
Revista Catalana de Micologia 23: 47–50.
MARTIN,M.P., and K.WINKA. 2000. Alternatice methods of extracting and amplifyngo
71 MASSEE,G. 1887. A Monography of the genus Lycoperdon (Tournef.) Fr. Transactions
of the Society 7: 701–727.
MAYDEN,R.L. 1997. A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement in the saga of the species problem. Species. The units of biodiversity.381–423.
MAYR,E. 1969. The biological meaning of species. Biological Journal of the Linnean
Society 1: 311–320.
MCNEILL,J.,F.R.BARRIE,W.R.BUCK,V.DEMOULIN,E.GREUTER,D.L.HAWKSORTH,
P.S.HERENDEEN, ET AL. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature fo Algae, Fungi
and Plants. Renum Vegetabile 154, Königstein.
MEIER,R., K.SHIYANG, G.VAIDYA, and P.K.L.NG. 2006. DNA Barcoding and
Taxonomy in Diptera: A tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Systematic Bio 55: 715–728.
MISHLER,B.D., and M.J.DONOGHUE. 1982. Species Concepts: A Case for Pluralism.
Systematic Zoology 31: 491–503.
MORALES,M.I., M.NASSAR, and J.A.SAÉNZ. 1974. Lycoperdaceae of Costa Rica. I. The genus Morganella. Revista de Biología Tropical 21: 221–227.
MOYERSOEN,B., and V.DEMOULIN. 1996. Les Gastéromyètes de Corse: Taxonomie, écologie, chorologie. Lejeunia 152: 1–128.
NGUYEN,H.D.T., and K.A.SEIFERT. 2008. Description and DNA barcoding of three new species of Leohumicola from South Africa and the United States. Persoonia:
Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 21: 57–69.
NILSSON,R.H., M.RYBERG, K.ABARENKOV, E.SJÖKVIST, and E.KRISTIANSSON. 2009.
The ITS region as a target for characterization of fungal communities using emerging sequencing technologies. FEMS Microbiology Letters 296: 97–101. NYLANDER,J.A.A. 2004. MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Uppsala
University.
OSMUNDSON,T.W., V.A.ROBERT, C.L.SCHOCH, L.J.BAKER, A.SMITH, G.ROBICH, L.
MIZZAN, and M.M.GARBELOTTO. 2013. Filling Gaps in Biodiversity Knowledge
72 Barcode Sequencing Project. PLoS ONE 8: .
PAGE,R.D.M. 1996. TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computer applications in the biosciences : CABIOS 12: 357–358. PAGE,T.J., S.C.CHOY, and J.M.HUGHES. 2005. The taxonomic feedback loop:
symbiosis of morphology and molecules. Biology letters 1: 139–42.
PEGLER,D.N., T.LAESSOE, and B.M.SPOONER. 1995. British puffballs, earthstars and
stinkhorns. An account of the British gasteroid fungi. 1 st. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
PERDECK,A.C. 1950. Revision of the Lycoperdaceae of the Netherlands. Blumae 6:
480–516.
PERREAU,J. 1971. L’ornamentation sporale chez les Lycoperdon. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.
Biol. Veg. 12: 127–145.
PERSOON,C.H. 1801. Synopsis Methodica Fungorum. Gottingae.
PETERSEN,R.H., and K.W.HUGHES. 1999. Species and speciation in mushrooms: Development of a species concept poses difficulties. BioScience 49: 440–452. PHOSRI,C., R.WATLING, N.SUWANNASAI, A.WILSON, and M.P.MARTÍN. 2014. A new
representative of star-shaped fungi: Astraeus sirindhorniae sp. nov. from Thailand.
PLoS ONE 9: 1–10.
PILÁT,A. 1958. Gasteromycetes. Praha.
PONCE DE LEÓN,P. 1971. Revision of the genus Morganella (Lycoperdaceae).
Fieldiana: Botany 31: 27–44.
PONCE DE LEÓN,P. 1970. Revision of the genus Vascellum. Fieldiana: Botany 32: 109– 125.
DE QUEIROZ,K. 2005. A unified concept of species and its consequences for the future
of taxonomy. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 56: 196–215.
DE QUEIROZ,K. 2006. Species concepts and Species delimitation. Systematic Biology
56: 879–886.
73 barcode. In G. GA [ed.], Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in a Diverse World, 109–128. In Tech.
REBRIEV,Y.A., and E.M.BULAKH. 2015. Morganella sosinii sp. nov. (Agaricales) from the Russian far East. Micology and Plant Pathology 49: 293–296.
REHNER,S.A., and E.BUCKLEY. 2005. A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear
ITS and EF1-alpha sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to
Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98.
REHNER,S.A., and G.J.SAMUELS. 1994. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium
analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycological
Research 98: 625–634.
RICK,J. 1961. Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul-Brasilia. Iheringia, Sér.
Bot. 9: 451–480.
RICK,J. 1930. Lycoperdineas riograndenses. Egateae 15: 19–30.
RIDLEY,M. 1989. The cladistic solution tot he species problem. Biology and Philosophy
4: 1–16.
ROBBA,L., S.J.RUSSELL, G.L.BARKER, and J.BRODIE. 2006. Assessing the use of the mitochondrial cox1 marker for use in DNA barcoding of red algae (Rhodophyta).
American Journal of Botany 93: 1101–1108.
RODRÍGUEZ,F., J.L.OLIVER, A.MARÍN, and J.R.MEDINA. 1990. The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 142: 485–501. RUSEVSKA,K., M.KARADELEV, C.PHOSRI, M.DUEÑAS, R.WATLING, and M.P.
MARTÍN. 2014. Rechecking of the genus Scleroderma (Gasteromycetes) from
Macedonia using barcoding approach. Turkish Journal of Botany 38: 375–385. RUSEVSKA,K., M.KARADELEV, C.PHOSRI, M.DUÑAS, M.T.TELLERIA, and M.P.
MARTÍN. 2015. DNA barcoding is an effective tool for differentiating Pisolithus
species from Macedonia. Mycotaxon 130: 1007–1016.
SCHAEFFER,J.C. 1774. No TitleFungorum Bavaria et Palatinatu. Ratisbonae.
SCHEFFERS,B.R., L.N.JOPPA, S.L.PIMM, and W.F.LAURANCE. 2012. What we know
74
Evolution 27: 501–510.
SCHOCH,C.L.,K.A.SEIFERT,S.HUHNDORF,V.ROBERT,J.L.SPOUGE,C.A.LEVESQUE, W.CHEN, ET AL. 2012. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 109: 6241–6246.
SCHUBERT,K.,J.Z.GROENEWALD,U.BRAUN,J.DIJKSTERHUIS,M.STARINK,C.F.HILL,
P.ZALAR, ET AL. 2007. Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex
(Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Studies in Mycology 58: 105–156.
SCOPOLI,I.A. 1772. Flora Carniolica. 2 edn. Austria [ed.],. Aucta et Reformata, Viane.
SEIFERT,K.A. 2009. Progress towards DNA barcoding of fungi. Molecular Ecology
Resources 9: 83–89.
SEIFERT,K.A., R.A.SAMSON, J.R.DEWAARD, J.HOUBRAKEN, C.A.LÉVESQUE, J.-M.
MONCALVO, G.LOUIS-SEIZE, and P.D.N.HEBERT. 2007. Prospects for fungus
identification using CO1 DNA barcode, with Penicillium as a test case.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
104: 3901–3906.
SILVA,B.D.B., J.O.SOUSA, and I.G.BASEIA. 2011. Discovery of Geastrum xerophilum from the Neotropic. Sciences-New York 118: 355–359.
SILVA,B.D.B., M.A.SULZBACHER, and I.G.BASEIA. 2014. Metodologia. In I. G. Baseia, B. D. B. Silva, and R. H. S. F. Cruz [eds.], Fungos Gasteroides no Semiárido do Nordeste Brasileiro, 132. Print Mídia, Feira de Santana.
SMITH,A. 1974. The genus Vascellum (Lycoperdaceae) in the United States. Bulletin de
la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 43: 63–133.
SMITH,A.H. 1951. Puffballs and their allies in Michigan. Univ. of Michigan Press.47–
68.
SPEGAZZINI,C. 1898. Fungi Argentini novi v. critici. Anales Museum Nacional de
Histaria Naturales de Buenos Aires 6: 81–3667.
75 RENFURM, ET AL. 2015. One fungus, which genes? Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcode. Persoonia 35: 242–263.
STORK,N.E. 1993. How Many Species Are There. Biodiversity and Conservation 2:
215–232.
SUÁREZ,V.L., and J.E.WRIGHT. 1996. South American Gasteromycetes V : The genus
Morganella. Mycologia 88: 655–661.
SUMMERBELL,R.C.,C.A.LÉVESQUE,K.A.SEIFERT,M.BOVERS,J.W.FELL,M.R.DIAZ,
T.BOEKHOUT, ET AL. 2005. Microcoding: the second step in DNA barcoding.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 360: 1897–1903.
SWOFFORD,D.L. 2002. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other methods).
Sinauer Associates, Massachsetts.
SYDOW,V.H., and P.SYDOW. 1907. Verzeichnis der von Herrn F. Noack in Brasilien
gesammelten Pilze. Annales Mycologici 5: 348–363.
TABERLET,P.,E.COISSAC,F.POMPANON,L.GIELLY,C.MIQUEL,A.VALENTINI,T. VERMAT, ET AL. 2007. Power and limitations of the chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron for plant DNA barcoding. Nucleic Acids Research 35: .
TAN,D.S.H., Y.ANG, G.S.LIM, M.R.B.ISMAIL, and R.MEIER. 2010. From “cryptic
species” to integrative taxonomy: An iterative process involving DNA sequences, morphology, and behaviour leads to the resurrection of Sepsis pyrrhosoma
(Sepsidae: Diptera). Zoologica Scripta 39: 51–61.
TAYLOR,J.W., D.J.JACOBSON, S.KROKEN, T.KASUGA, D.M.GEISER, D.S.HIBBETT,
and M.C.FISHER. 2000. Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in
fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 31: 21–32.
TELLERIA,M.T., I.MELO, M.DUEÑAS, K.-H.LARSSON, and M.P.MARTÍN. 2013.
Molecular analyses confirm Brevicellicium in Trechisporales. IMA Fungus 4: 21– 28.
76 VILGALYS,R., and M.HESTER. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of
enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptoccocus species.
Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
VITTADINI,C. 1842. Monographia Lycoperdinerum. Mem. Accad. Torino 5: 145–238.
WHEELWE,Q.D., and R.MEIER. 2000. Species concepts and Phylogenetic theory: A
debate. Columbia University Press, New York.
WHITE,T.J., S.BRUNS, S.LEE, and J.TAYLOR. 1990. Amplification and direct
sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: A
Guide to Methods and Applications315–322.
WILSON,E.O. 2003. The encyclopedia of life. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 77–
80.
ZELLER,S.M. 1948. Notes on certain Gasteromycetes, including two new Orders.
77