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Ʉɭɥɶɛɚɲɧɚ
,
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ɇɢɤɨɧɨɜ
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Ɉ
.
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.
Ȼɨɝɨɦɨɥɶɰɹ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ
ɯɿɪɭɪɝɿɱɧɨʀ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ
ɬɚ
ɳɟɥɟɩɧɨ
-
ɥɢɰɟɜɨʀ
ɯɿɪɭɪɝɿʀ
(
ɡɚɜ
. –
ɞ
.
ɦɟɞ
.
ɧ
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ȼ
.
Ɉ
.
Ɇɚɥɚɧɱɭɤ
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.
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ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɚ
, 13,
Ʉɢʀɜ
, 01601,
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ
Ⱦɍ
«
Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɶɤɚ
ɦɟɞɢɱɧɚ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿɹ
ɆɈɁ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ
» *
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ
ɯɿɪɭɪɝɿɱɧɨʀ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ
,
ɿɦɩɥɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ
ɬɚ
ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ
(
ɡɚɜ
. –
ɤ
.
ɦɟɞ
.
ɧ
.
ɇ
.
Ƚ
.
ȱɞɚɲɤɿɧɚ
)
ɜɭɥ
.
Ⱦɡɟɪɠɢɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ
, 9,
Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ
, 49044,
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ
Bogomolets national medical university
Department of surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery
T. Shevchenko boulevard, 13, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
e-mail: [email protected]
SE «Dnipropetrovsk medical academy of Health Ministry of Ukraine» *
Oral surgery, implantology and periodontology department
Dzerzhinsky str., 9, Dnipro, 49044, Ukraine
e-mail: [email protected]
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ
ɜɢɳɚ
ɦɟɞɢɱɧɚ
ɨɫɜɿɬɚ
,
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɧɢɣ
ɩɿɞɯɿɞ
,
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ
,
ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ
.H\ZRUGV
higher medical education, competence approach, special competences, Master in Dentistry
Ɋɟɮɟɪɚɬ ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɄɭɥɶɛɚɲɧɚəȺ
ȽɭɞɚɪɶɹɧȺȺ ɇɢɤɨɧɨɜȼȼ ɂɞɚɲɤɢɧɚɇȽ
ȼ
ɫɬɚɬɶɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɫɩɟ
-ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
,
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ
-
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
,
ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɜ
ɜɵɫɲɟɦ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
.
ɂɡɭɱɟɧ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɨɩɵɬ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
,
ɜ
ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɢ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ
,
ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ
ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ
.
ȼ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɦɚ
-ɝɢɫɬɪɚ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɵɧɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ
ɩɨ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
«
ɋɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
».
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɦ
ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɭ
ɜ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ
ɰɢɤɥɟ
ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɣ
ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ
,
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ
,
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
,
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɪɚɱɚ
-
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɚ
.
$EVWUDFW ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ RI VSHFLDO FRPSHWHQFHV IRU 0DVWHU GHJUHH LQ GHQWLVWU\ GUDIW .XOEDVKQD<D
*XGDU\DQ22 1LNRQRY 99 ,GDVKNLQD 1*
The article deals with the problem of identifying specific
com-petencies of Master in dentistry. The results of the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature, legal documents
regulating the implementation of competence-based approach in higher medical education is presented, international
experience in the modernization of higher education, including medical, on the basis of changes in the educational
paradigm on competence approach is studied. In the process of identifying set of special competences of Master of
dentistry, the main ideas of the existing professional Standards in Dentistry were used. A worked out set of special
competences reflects peculiarities of the profession in accordance with the algorithm, aimed to help dental patient in a
vicious circle from disease prevention to rehabilitation after diseases, the latter includes legal, methodical, social and
managerial aspects of the professional activities of a dentist.
ȱɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿɹɍɤɪɚʀɧɢɞɨɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɨɫ
ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑɇȺ
ɆȿȾɂɐɂɇȺ
ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦ
ɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ
ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀ >@ Ɉɪɿɽɧɬɢɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ
ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɜ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ
ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ
ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ
ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɭ ȯɋ ɿ ɋɒȺ ȼɚɪɬɨ ɧɚ
ɝɚɞɚɬɢ ɳɨ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɸ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɽɸ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ
ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɿ
ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɢɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ ȯɋ ɛɭɥɚ
ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɚɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɧɚɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɨɫɜɿɬɢɹɤɚ
ɭɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɥɚ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɟ
ɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ>@
Ɍɥɭɦɚɱɟɧɧɹɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ©ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶªɭɤɨɧ
ɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ
ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɹɇɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɣɨɝɨ
ɹɤ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ
ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɛɭɬɢɯ ɭ ɜɢɳɨɦɭ ɧɚ
ɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɭɦɿɧɶ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɨɦ
ɩɟɬɟɧɬɨɫɬɟɣɭɧɟɬɢɩɨɜɢɯɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ
> @ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ
ɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɭ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀ
ɲɤɨɥɢ ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨ
ɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɩɨ
ɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɟ
ɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ>@
ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ VSHFLILF VXEMHFW UHODWHG ɽ ɫɩɟ
ɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɥɭɡɿɧɚɩɪɹɦɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ
ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɨɜ¶ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧ
ɧɹɦɢɭɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɿɣɨɛɥɚɫɬɿɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɩɪɨɮɿɥɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɪɨɛɥɹɬɶ ʀʀ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɨ
ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɸɜɿɞɿɧɲɢɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ>@ȼɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɿ
ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿ >@ ɧɚɝɨɥɨɲɭɸɬɶ ɳɨ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ
ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹɭɫɮɟɪɿɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜɿɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ
ʀʀɚɤɚɞɟɦɿɱɧɨʀɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɬɢɉɪɨɰɟɫɪɟɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɜɢɳɨʀ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɧɿɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɡɚ
ɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɣ
ɛɭɬɧɿɯɥɿɤɚɪɿɜ>@
Ɇɟɬɚɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ±ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶ
ɧɿɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿɥɿɤɚɪɹɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɚ
ɆȺɌȿɊȱȺɅɂɌȺɆȿɌɈȾɂȾɈɋɅȱȾɀȿɇɖ
Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɚɧɚɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ Ⱥɧɚ
ɥɿɡɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯɞɠɟɪɟɥɬɚɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜɡɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ>
@ ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɢɜ ɳɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ
ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚ ɜ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɫɬɨ
ɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ȼɢɜɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɣ ɭɡɚ
ɝɚɥɶɧɟɧɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɿ
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜɭɝɚɥɭɡɿɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀɨɫɜɿɬɢ
>@ Ⱦɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɳɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ
ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɱɢɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ >@ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɫɟɪɟɞ
ɿɧɲɢɯ ɧɨɜɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɹɤɢɦ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ
ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɞɨ
ɫɥɿɞɧɨʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɹ ɫɚɦɨ
ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɶ ɳɨ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɨ
ɩɪɢɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ>@
ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚ ɜ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ
ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿʀɩɨɜɢɧɧɿɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀɮɚɯɨɜɢɯ
ɡɧɚɧɶ ɭɦɿɧɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ
ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ʀɯ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɩɪɨ
ɮɟɫɿɣɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɉɪɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ʀɯ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɜɧɨɸ ɦɿɪɨɸ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ
ɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɭ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɟɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɿ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɨʀ
ɯɜɨɪɨɛɢ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɫɨ
ɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ
ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɚ
Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬɭɽɦɨ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɳɨ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɪɟɤɨ
ɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɢɯ ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɜɢ
ɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ >@ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɪɚɞɱɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭ
ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɹɤ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɤ ɿ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ
ɧɟɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀɜɢɛɿɪɤɨɜɨɫɬɿɜɧɚɞɚɧɧɿɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɦ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɡ
ɽɜɪɨɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ>@ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɢɦɽʀɯɡɦɿɫɬɨɜɚ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ
ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬ
ɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɧɟɫɭɬɶ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿɱɧɿ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɬɢ
ȼɆɇɁ
ɊȿɁɍɅɖɌȺɌɂɌȺȲɏɈȻȽɈȼɈɊȿɇɇə
ɇɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɞɠɟɪɟɥ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɜɢɳɟ ɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɧɚɦɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɨ
ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿɱɧɨɸ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɬɨɸ ȼɆɇɁ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɞɚɜɰɹɦɢ ɜ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ
ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚ ɫɬɨɦɚ
ɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚɛɥ ȼɚɪɬɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɳɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɲɿɣ
ɤɨɥɨɧɰɿ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ
ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɨ
ɥɨɠɟɧɶɭɧɢɧɿɞɿɸɱɢɯɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɢɯɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ>@
ɧɚɹɤɿɩɨɫɢɥɚɥɢɫɶɚɜɬɨɪɢɭɫɜɨʀɯɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɯ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣɥɿɤɚɪɹɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɚ
Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɹɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ Ɂɦɿɫɬɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ
Ʉɥɿɧɿɱɧɟ ɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɇɨɜɚ
Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɨɰɿɧɤɢɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀɬɚɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɧɿɱɧɢɯɞɚɧɢɯ
ɞɨɜɢɛɨɪɭɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɶɿɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɞɨɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹɿɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ
ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶɭɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɿɣɤɥɿɧɿɱɧɿɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɥɢɲɟɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯɿɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɟɧɢɯɧɚɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢɿɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɨɰɿɧɤɚɣɭɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɢɯɪɨɡɪɨɛɨɤɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀɧɚɭɤɢɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɨɰɿɧɤɚɪɢɡɢɤɿɜɭɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿɣɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ
ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɿʀɡɛɿɥɶɲɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɦɮɚɯɿɜɰɟɦɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚ
ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜɿɧɲɢɯɝɚɥɭɡɟɣɞɥɹɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚ
ɨɰɿɧɤɚɣɿɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɹɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɢɯɪɨɡɪɨɛɨɤɭɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɧɚɜɢɱɨɤɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɝɨɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɿɿɞɟʀ
ɨɰɿɧɤɚɣɿɧɬɟɝɪɭɜɚɧɧɹɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯɞɚɧɢɯɤɥɿɧɿɱɧɚɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɚɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɭɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɣɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ
Ⱦɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɚ
ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀɣɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɹɜɧɢɯɭɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚɫɤɚɪɝ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɿɜɞɚɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹ
ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢɿɧɬɟɝɪɭɜɚɬɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɭɜɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢɟɬɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ±ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɨɜɿ ɡɜ¶ɹɡɤɢɜɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɿɣɥɚɧɰɿɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ
ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢɿɧɬɟɝɪɭɜɚɬɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɭɜɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɢ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ
ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɚɨɰɿɧɢɬɢʀɯɪɢɡɢɤɞɥɹɠɢɬɬɹɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚ ɣɩɟɪɟɛɿɝɭɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɣɞɿɚɝɧɨɡɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɤɚɪɝɢɣɚɧɚɦɧɟɡɳɨɞɨɪɢɡɢɤɭɚɛɨɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ
ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨɜɢɹɜɢɬɢɜɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚɧɟɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɧɢɣɫɬɚɧɩɫɢɯɿɱɧɿɪɨɡɥɚɞɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɭɜɚɬɢɞɚɧɿɡɚɧɚɦɧɟɡɭɠɢɬɬɹɣɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢɬɹɠɤɿɫɬɶɫɬɚɧɭɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɬɢɤɥɿɧɿɱɧɭɣɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭɫɦɟɪɬɶ
ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɚɭɬɨɩɫɿʀɣɝɿɫɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɭɜɚɬɢɞɚɧɿɮɿɡɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɨɝɥɹɞɭɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨɄɌɆɉɌɍɁȾȿɄȽɬɚɿɧɲɢɯ Ⱦɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ
ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɚ ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ
Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶɡɿ ɫɯɨɠɢɦɢɤɥɿɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɦɢ
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢɜɢɛɿɪɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯɦɟɬɨɞɿɜɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹɯɜɨɪɨɝɨɧɚ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɟɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯɿɬɿɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɢɣɚɧɚɥɿɡɞɚɧɢɯɚɧɚɦɧɟɡɭɨɛ¶ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹɿɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯɦɟɬɨɞɿɜɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹ
ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɤɥɿɧɿɱɧɢɣɞɿɚɝɧɨɡɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɚɦɢ
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɚ ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ
ɉɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹɫɩɪɨɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨɞɿɚɝɧɨɡɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶɬɚɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɭɜɚɬɢʀɯɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɡɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ
Ɋɨɡɪɨɛɤɚɩɥɚɧɭ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ
Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢɣɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɬɢɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɟɬɚɩɿɜɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ
ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɜɢɪɿɲɭɜɚɬɢɧɟɬɢɩɨɜɿɤɥɿɧɿɱɧɿɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ Ʌɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ
ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ
Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɨɛɪɚɬɢ ɿɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭɧɨɜɨɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɢɦɞɿɬɹɦɩɿɞɥɿɬɤɚɦɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɩɨɯɢɥɨɝɨɜɿɤɭɜɩɨɜɧɨɦɭɨɛ¶ɽɦɿ
ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɬɢɜɢɛɿɪɦɟɬɨɞɭɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɡɚɛɭɞɶɹɤɢɯɭɦɨɜɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɦɟɞɢɱɧɭɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭɩɪɢɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɧɟɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɧɢɯɫɬɚɧɿɜɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɟɪɰɟɜɨɥɟɝɟɧɟɜɭɪɟɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɸɡɚɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɦ Ⱥȼɋ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɭɬɟɪɚɩɿɸɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢɫɯɟɦɭɣɜɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɚɦɢ
ɧɚɞɚɬɢɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭɜɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯɿɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɨɝɨɱɚɫɭ
ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɢɣɞɿɚɝɧɨɡɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭɞɿɽɬɭɩɪɢɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɿɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɚɦɢɬɚ
Ʌɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɦɚɧɭɚɥɶɧɚ ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ
Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɧɿɩɭɥɹɰɿɣ
ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑɇȺ
ɆȿȾɂɐɂɇȺ
ɩ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɜ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɹ
ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɿ
Ɋɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿɣɧɚ
ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ Ƚɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɰɿɥɿɫɧɨʀɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɮɿɡɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯɮɭɧɤɰɿɣɿ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚɣɨɝɨɫɨɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ
ɿɧɬɟɝɪɭɽɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶɞɨɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦɟɬɨɞɿɜɿɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɮɿɡɢɱɧɨɝɨɿɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨɫɬɚɧɭɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣɪɟɠɢɦɩɪɚɰɿɬɚɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭɩɪɢɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɚɦɢ
ɉɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɚ
ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɫɜɿɬɨɝɥɹɞɧɢɣɨɪɿɽɧɬɢɪ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ¶ɹɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿʀɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ
ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɭɠɢɬɬɹ
ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨɡɞɨɪɨɜ¶ɹɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ
ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɬɢɡɚɯɨɞɢɡɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧɧɹɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ
ɚɧɚɥɿɡɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɨɫɬɿɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹɧɚɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɜɢɹɜɥɹɬɢɝɪɭɩɢɪɢɡɢɤɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀɪɢɡɢɤɭɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɧɿɝɪɭɩɢɯɜɨɪɢɯɧɚɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢɝɪɭɩɢɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɯɥɸɞɟɣɹɤɿɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭɡɚɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɸɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɸɜɢɦɨɝɚɦɢɜɚɝɿɬɧɢɯɬɚɿɧ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɬɟɪɦɿɧɢɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɡɚɯɨɞɢɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɢɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ ɦɚɫɨɜɨʀɬɚɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀɿɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨʀɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɨʀɿ ɧɟɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɨʀ
ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚɩɥɚɧɿɜɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢɜɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯɣɭɦɨɜɚɯɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɨɝɨɱɚɫɭ
ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɤɨɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɧɿɡɜ¶ɹɡɤɢɦɿɠɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɧɹɦɢɣɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢɱɢɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɣɨɧɤɨɨɝɥɹɞɳɟɥɟɩɧɨɥɢɰɟɜɨʀɞɿɥɹɧɤɢɩɪɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭɡɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚɜɬɟɪɦɿɧɛɿɥɶɲɟɯɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɪɨɡ¶ɹɫɧɸɜɚɥɶɧɿɛɟɫɿɞɢɡɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚɦɢɳɨɞɨɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɢɯɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯɨɧɤɨɨɝɥɹɞɿɜɭɪɿɡɧɢɯɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɶ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɪɨɡ¶ɹɫɧɸɜɚɥɶɧɿɛɟɫɿɞɢɳɨɞɨɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɢɫɟɪɰɟɜɨ ɫɭɞɢɧɧɢɯɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ
Ⱦɨɝɥɹɞɡɚɯɜɨɪɢɦɢ
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤȼ ɋɩɪɢɹɽɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭɟɦɩɚɬɿʀɡɧɢɠɭɽɪɢɡɢɤɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɹɬɪɨɝɟɧɧɢɯɪɨɡɥɚɞɿɜɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɸɪɿɜɧɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯɭɦɿɧɶ
ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɧɨɪɦɟɬɢɤɢɛɿɨɟɬɢɤɢɬɚɞɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɞɨɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟɜɬɚɧɚɡɿʀ
ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨɝɭɦɚɧɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨɩɿɞɯɨɞɭɞɨɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɟɜɢɥɿɤɨɜɧɢɯɯɜɨɪɢɯɩɚɥɿɚɬɢɜɧɨʀɬɚɯɨɫɩɿɫɧɨʀɬɟɪɚɩɿʀ
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ
Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɢɣɫɬɢɥɶ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɿʀɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀɭɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɿɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɇɨɜɚ
Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɚɦɢɛɿɡɧɟɫɨɦ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɦɢɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɣɨɫɧɨɜɿ
ɜɨɰɿɧɰɿɣɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿɿɫɧɭɸɱɢɯɦɨɞɟɥɟɣɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢɿɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ
ɭɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿɡɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹɨɯɨɪɨɧɨɸɡɞɨɪɨɜ¶ɹɞɥɹɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿɿɡɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀɨɫɜɿɬɢɞɥɹɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀɨɫɜɿɬɢɿɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɚ
ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȺ Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶɞɨɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀɭɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɬɚɚɛɨɦɿɫɰɟɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨʀɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɡɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ
ɋɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ
ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȻ Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɚɩɨɡɢɰɿɹɚɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿɫɬɶɭɧɚɞɚɧɧɿɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ
ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹɜɥɚɫɧɨʀɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿɧɚɪɢɧɤɭɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɜɚɬɢɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶɝɚɥɭɡɿɧɚɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭɪɿɜɧɿ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɸɜɚɬɢɬɚɤɟɪɭɜɚɬɢɫɹɭɫɜɨʀɣɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢɫɜɨɛɨɞɚɦɢɬɚɨɛɨɜ¶ɹɡɤɚɦɢ
ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿɡɧɚɧɧɹɜɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɚ
ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȻ Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭɨɫɧɨɜɭɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ
ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀɥɿɤɚɪɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿʀɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿɿʀʀɤɨɪɟɤɰɿɹ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɿɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹɰɿɥɟɣɬɚɡɚɞɚɱɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿɬɚʀɯɤɨɪɟɤɰɿɹɭɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɧɟɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚ
ȾɨɞɚɬɨɤȻ Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭɭɮɚɯɨɜɿɣɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶɭɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿɣɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿɧɨɪɦɄɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀɍɤɪɚʀɧɢɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯɚɤɬɿɜɿɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɿɣɹɤɿɡɚɯɢɳɚɸɬɶɩɪɚɜɚɥɸɞɢɧɢɩɚɰɿɽɧɬɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯɚɤɬɿɜɹɤɿɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɭ
ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ
ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣɪɿɜɟɧɶɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀɿɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯɪɢɡɢɤɭɿɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɦɟɬɨɞɢɫɚɦɨ±ɿɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ
