Deformation Study of Papandayan Volcano using GPS
Survey Method and Its Correlation with Seismic Data
Observation
Dina A. Sarsito
1
, Heri Andreas
1
, Hasanuddin Z. Abidin
1
, Muhammad Gamal
1
,
Ony K. Suganda
2
& Muhammad Hendrasto
2
1
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Jl.
Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, INDONESIA. e-mail: dsarsito@gd.itb.ac.id Tel:
62-22-2534286; Fax: 62-22-2534286.
2
Directorate of Vulcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (DVGHM), Jl.
Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40132, INDONESIA
Abstract.
Papandayan volcano located in the southern part of Garut regency,
around 70 km away from Bandung city, West Java. Many methods carried out to
monitoring the activities of volcano, both continuously or periodically, one of the
monitoring method is periodically GPS survey. Basically those surveys are
carried out to understand the pattern and velocity of displacement which
occurred in the volcano body, both horizontally and vertically, and also others
deformation elements such as; translation, rotation and dilatation. The Mogi
modeling was also used to determine the location and volume of the pressure
source which caused deformation of volcano body. By comparing seismic
activity and the deformation reveal from GPS measurement, before, during and
after eruption, it could be understood there is a correlation between the
seismicity and its deformation. These studies is hoping that GPS measurement in
Papandayan volcano could be one of supported method to determine the volcano
activities, at least in Papandayan volcano.
Keywords:
Deformation; GPS; Papandayan; Volcano.
1
Introduction
Indonesia is located in three subduction plate intersection, such as; Eurasian
plate, Pacific plate, and Indian-Australian plate where they move with the
different direction. This matter caused the occurrences of volcanic ridge formed
during million years along Indonesian archipelago.
Based on VSI data (VSI, 1995), Indonesia has 129 of active volcanoes (Table 1)
with 271 eruption points as a consequence of the interaction and collision
between several continent plates. With 200 million of dense population and Java
island is the most dense population, here we could not denied that volcanic
hazards is a real thing for Indonesian people. VSI said about 10% of Indonesian
citizen lived in dangerous area of volcanic eruption, here needs an efforts to
reduce the negative impact which may happen by monitoring of volcanic
activities. On the other hands monitoring of Indonesian volcanoes must be done
maximally and continuously. This research carried out by joint cooperation
between Study Group of Geodesy, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) and
Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazards Mitigation, Bandung.
Table 1
Distribution and type of Indonesian volcano [
VSI,
1995].
2
Papandayan Volcano
Research object is Papandayan volcano as one of the active volcano in
Indonesia, located in West Java province, Garut regency and geographical
position 7
o
19’ latitude and 107
o
44’ longitude, altitude 2662m above sea level
as an A type volcano, Figure 1.
Papandayan
volcano
WEST
JAVA
Papandayan
volcano
WEST
JAVA
Papandayan
volcano
WEST
JAVA
Papandayan
volcano
WEST
JAVA
Papandayan
Historical eruption of Papandayan volcano as follow:
1772
In the night at August 11-12, large eruptions occurred from central
crater and surge flowing down killed 2951 people and destroy 40
villages.
1882
On May 28, in the nice evening, at Campaka Warna thunders
audible presume from inside of Papandayan volcano.
1923
March 11, eruption occurred, discharging mud and stones for 150
m distance. There are 7 eruptions inner Kawah Baru and the
eruption starting by feel earthquake in Cisurupan.
1924
January 25, temperature of Kawah Mas increased from 364oC to
500oC, then eruption occurred in Kawah Mas and kawah baru, the
forrest destroyed by mud and stones, eruption material fall at
eastern part almost reached Cisurupan.
1925
February 21, mud eruption occurred at Kawah Nangklak strong gas
discharge and mud rain.
1926
At Kawah Mas, small mix mud and sulphur eruption occurred. In
Kawah Baru strong wind blows flew away sulphur powder reach
300 m long the north-east and to the south-west reached 100 m
long ending by mud-sulphur eruption.
1927
Februari 16-18, increasing of seismicities occurred at Kawah Mas
and until now fumarolic and solfataric steam still occurred
accompanied by spouted hot water.
1942
August 15-16, occurred new eruption hole/crater.
1993
July 17, mud explosion occurred in Kawah Baru.
1998
On June, volcanic activities increased initially by increasing of
seismicity, mud and gas discharge occurred at fumarolic vents such
as Kawah Mas, about 5 m.
2002
Starting on November 11 strong increasing of activities occurred,
on November 13-20 large eruption and directed blast occurred,
activities decreased on December 21, landslide occurred at Kawah
Nangklak flank and caused flood along Cibeureum gede river
reached 7 km to Cimanuk river sink several houses and caused big
erosion along the river.
3
GPS Survey and Seismic Observation in Papandayan
eruption. All campaigns carried out by using Geodetic GPS receiver
dual-frequency such as; Ashtech Z-XII3, Leica System 300 and Leica System 500,
duration of measurement 8 to 16 hours.
Act
ive
Cra
ter
POS1
CLLY
WNGR
CSRN
ALUN
NGLK
NGL1
DPN5
DPN3
PARK
KABR
DPN0
KAWH
KMAS
KMA1
BMNG
GPS station
GPS Reference Point
Act
ive
Cra
ter
POS1
CLLY
WNGR
CSRN
ALUN
NGLK
NGL1
DPN5
DPN3
PARK
KABR
DPN0
KAWH
KMAS
KMA1
BMNG
GPS station
GPS Reference Point
Figure 2
GPS stations in Papandayan volcano.
Seismic data of 1998 – 2005 is incomplete caused the obstacle on determination
of cumulative energy which happens during the all 8 GPS campaign (1998 -
2005) and also seismic data derived only from one component seismic station,
thus hypocenter not determined.
Table 2
Papandayan GPS survey.
GPS Survey
Time Survey
Observation Station
Survey - 1
22-23 Oct. 1998
POS1, NGLK, KAWH, PARK, BMNG
Survey - 2
25-26 Mar. 1999
POS1, NGLK, KAWH, PARK, BMNG
Survey - 3
23-24 Des. 1999
POS1, NGLK, KAWH, PARK, BMNG
Survey - 4
23-24 Jun. 2001
POS1, NGLK, KAWH, PARK, BMNG
Survey - 5
11-12 Aug. 2002
POS1, NGLK, KAWH, PARK, BMNG,
DPN0, DPN3, DPN5, KMAS
13-15 Nov. 2002
POS1, PARK, DPN0, DPN3, DPN5
17 Nov. 2002
POS1, PARK, DPN0
18 Nov. 2002
POS1,DPN0, KMAS, KWAH
Survey - 6
19 Nov. 2002
POS, BKMG
Survey - 7
9-10 Jun. 2003
POS1, KAWH, PARK, BMNG, DPN3, DPN5,
KWAH2
Survey - 8
14–17 Aug. 2005 POS1, KAWH, PARK, BMNG, DPN3, DPN5,
Theoretically, deformation and volcanic seismicity are correlated, however the
characteristic and the correlation pattern will be different depend on geological
structure of the volcano and the internal system of magma vent. Then,
correlation of both methods in this volcano monitoring will studied, applied,
analyzed and tested.
GPS survey method give deformation signal of volcano body in 3D geocentric
coordinate system from representative points by flexible interval time. Volcano
deformation could be an inflation or deflation. Inflation caused by magma
movement to the surface and deflation occurred when magma reach the surface
and flowing down together with the energy released, this magma movement
will shaking volcano body where this case will record by seismogram
surrounding the volcano. On the other hand the deformation of magma body
and seismic activity will positively correlate (Table 3).
Table 3
Correlation of volcano deformation and seismic activity.
GPS Seismogram
Magma Activity
Volcano deformation Seismic
Activities Correlation
Magma Movement
Inflation
Large
Positive
Magma Discharge
Deflation
Small
Positive
4
Data Processing and Result
GPS data processing carried out by using scientific software BERNESSE 4.2
[2]. Deviations standard of coordinate component, show on Figure 3. Horizontal
component (easting and northing) have 4 mm deviation standard, generally in
level 1-2 mm. Ellipsoid height component around 7 mm, generally 2-5 mm.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
E
N
h
St
andar
d
dev
ia
ti
on
(
m
m
)
GPS Survey
Eruption Period
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
E
N
h
St
andar
d
dev
ia
ti
on
(
m
m
)
GPS Survey
Eruption Period
4.1
GPS Coordinate Points
Geodetic coordinate (latitude, longitude, ellipsoid height) of GPS network
points with their deviation standard which revealed by GPS processing data
show on Table 4. Noticed that 5 campaigns carried out during the November
2002 eruptions, and 8 campaigns carried out 22 months afterward with the aim
is to understand the deformation status of Papandayan volcano and the
correlation with the seismicity.
4.2
Baseline and Coordinate Changes
By 8 GPS campaign data revealed both horizontal and vertical coordinate as
show Figures 4, 5, 6a, and 6b. Changes in whole campaign occurred
periodically, where the whole volcano body increased or decreased vertically
and move to the northeast and southwest horizontally.
Table 4
GPS points network coordinate of Papandayan volcano.
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46359" S 0.0006 107° 43' 39.41730" E 0.0010 2426.7686 0.0022 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07654" S 0.0005 107° 44' 02.34135" E 0.0008 2197.6694 0.0017 PARK 7° 18' 27.82112" S 0.0005 107° 44' 19.49601" E 0.0009 2027.8624 0.0019 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32883" S 0.0005 107° 44' 26.05085" E 0.0009 2124.6565 0.0018
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46319" S 0.0007 107° 43' 39.41783" E 0.0014 2426.7075 0.0029 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07635" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34174" E 0.0012 2197.6417 0.0025 PARK 7° 18' 27.82085" S 0.0006 107° 44' 19.49624" E 0.0012 2027.8874 0.0025 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32835" S 0.0006 107° 44' 26.05112" E 0.0012 2124.6844 0.0024
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46291" S 0.0005 107° 43' 39.41747" E 0.0011 2426.7620 0.0018 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07648" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34191" E 0.0011 2197.6922 0.0024 PARK 7° 18' 27.82111" S 0.0005 107° 44' 19.49593" E 0.0009 2027.8890 0.0018 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32865" S 0.0005 107° 44' 26.05106" E 0.0009 2124.6697 0.0019
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46238" S 0.0021 107° 43' 39.41749" E 0.0022 2426.6571 0.0026 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07606" S 0.002 107° 44' 02.34162" E 0.0022 2197.6577 0.0026 PARK 7° 18' 27.82107" S 0.002 107° 44' 19.49624" E 0.0021 2027.9184 0.0025 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32843" S 0.002 107° 44' 26.05105" E 0.0022 2124.6733 0.0026
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 1)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 2)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 3)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 4)
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46359" S 0.0006 107° 43' 39.41730" E 0.0010 2426.7686 0.0022 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07654" S 0.0005 107° 44' 02.34135" E 0.0008 2197.6694 0.0017 PARK 7° 18' 27.82112" S 0.0005 107° 44' 19.49601" E 0.0009 2027.8624 0.0019 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32883" S 0.0005 107° 44' 26.05085" E 0.0009 2124.6565 0.0018
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46319" S 0.0007 107° 43' 39.41783" E 0.0014 2426.7075 0.0029 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07635" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34174" E 0.0012 2197.6417 0.0025 PARK 7° 18' 27.82085" S 0.0006 107° 44' 19.49624" E 0.0012 2027.8874 0.0025 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32835" S 0.0006 107° 44' 26.05112" E 0.0012 2124.6844 0.0024
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46291" S 0.0005 107° 43' 39.41747" E 0.0011 2426.7620 0.0018 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07648" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34191" E 0.0011 2197.6922 0.0024 PARK 7° 18' 27.82111" S 0.0005 107° 44' 19.49593" E 0.0009 2027.8890 0.0018 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32865" S 0.0005 107° 44' 26.05106" E 0.0009 2124.6697 0.0019
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46238" S 0.0021 107° 43' 39.41749" E 0.0022 2426.6571 0.0026 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07606" S 0.002 107° 44' 02.34162" E 0.0022 2197.6577 0.0026 PARK 7° 18' 27.82107" S 0.002 107° 44' 19.49624" E 0.0021 2027.9184 0.0025 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32843" S 0.002 107° 44' 26.05105" E 0.0022 2124.6733 0.0026 Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m)
POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46359" S 0.0006 107° 43' 39.41730" E 0.0010 2426.7686 0.0022 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07654" S 0.0005 107° 44' 02.34135" E 0.0008 2197.6694 0.0017 PARK 7° 18' 27.82112" S 0.0005 107° 44' 19.49601" E 0.0009 2027.8624 0.0019 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32883" S 0.0005 107° 44' 26.05085" E 0.0009 2124.6565 0.0018
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46319" S 0.0007 107° 43' 39.41783" E 0.0014 2426.7075 0.0029 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07635" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34174" E 0.0012 2197.6417 0.0025 PARK 7° 18' 27.82085" S 0.0006 107° 44' 19.49624" E 0.0012 2027.8874 0.0025 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32835" S 0.0006 107° 44' 26.05112" E 0.0012 2124.6844 0.0024
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46291" S 0.0005 107° 43' 39.41747" E 0.0011 2426.7620 0.0018 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07648" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34191" E 0.0011 2197.6922 0.0024 PARK 7° 18' 27.82111" S 0.0005 107° 44' 19.49593" E 0.0009 2027.8890 0.0018 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32865" S 0.0005 107° 44' 26.05106" E 0.0009 2124.6697 0.0019
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46238" S 0.0021 107° 43' 39.41749" E 0.0022 2426.6571 0.0026 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07606" S 0.002 107° 44' 02.34162" E 0.0022 2197.6577 0.0026 PARK 7° 18' 27.82107" S 0.002 107° 44' 19.49624" E 0.0021 2027.9184 0.0025 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32843" S 0.002 107° 44' 26.05105" E 0.0022 2124.6733 0.0026
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 1)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 2)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 3)
Tabel 4
GPS points network coordinate of Papandayan volcano. (continue)
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46237" S 0.0020 107° 43' 39.41722" E 0.0022 2426.6947 0.0029 KMAS 7° 18' 55.28806" S 0.0009 107° 44' 03.32420" E 0.0013 2161.2822 0.0022 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07618" S 0.0019 107° 44' 02.34155" E 0.0025 2197.6534 0.0034 PARK 7° 18' 27.82124" S 0.0019 107° 44' 19.49651" E 0.0023 2027.9168 0.0027 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32789" S 0.0020 107° 44' 26.05193" E 0.0032 2124.5829 0.0035 DPN0 7° 18' 40.57983" S 0.0009 107° 44' 09.98676" E 0.0019 2074.2173 0.0037 DPN3 7° 18' 14.41003" S 0.0011 107° 44' 34.25790" E 0.0027 1943.3206 0.0044 DPN5 7° 18' 09.64556" S 0.0012 107° 45' 02.59428" E 0.0028 1804.5354 0.0048
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KMAS (18NOV) 7° 18' 55.28581" S 0.0013 107° 44' 03.32767" E 0.0026 2161.647 0.0049 KAWH (18NOV) 7° 18' 43.07061" S 0.0012 107° 44' 02.34506" E 0.0019 2197.9255 0.0035 PARK (15NOV) 7° 18' 27.82078" S 0.0014 107° 44' 19.49631" E 0.0019 2028.0189 0.0035 PARK (17NOV) 7° 18' 27.82086" S 0.0015 107° 44' 19.49636" E 0.0021 2027.9813 0.0038 BMNG (19NOV) 7° 18' 45.32866" S 0.0014 107° 44' 26.05065" E 0.0033 2124.7393 0.0062 DPN0 (13NOV) 7° 18' 40.57682" S 0.0015 107° 44' 09.99020" E 0.0026 2074.5039 0.0060 DPN0 (17NOV) 7° 18' 40.57704" S 0.0017 107° 44' 09.98988" E 0.0034 2074.5019 0.0046 DPN0 (18NOV) 7° 18' 40.57708" S 0.0013 107° 44' 09.98999" E 0.0020 2074.4946 0.0039 DPN3 (14NOV) 7° 18' 14.41050" S 0.0036 107° 44' 34.25611" E 0.0076 1943.4169 0.0126 DPN3 (15NOV) 7° 18' 14.40982" S 0.0014 107° 44' 34.25649" E 0.0026 1943.3937 0.0045 DPN5 (14NOV) 7° 18' 09.64568" S 0.0021 107° 45' 02.59342" E 0.0036 1804.6394 0.0063
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07200" S 0.0011 107° 44' 02.34397" E 0.0013 2197.8055 0.0019 PARK 7° 18' 27.82135" S 0.0011 107° 44' 19.49593" E 0.0013 2027.9122 0.0020 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32835" S 0.0011 107° 44' 26.04972" E 0.0013 2124.6007 0.0020 DPN3 7° 18' 14.40972" S 0.0011 107° 44' 34.25626" E 0.0013 1943.2771 0.0022 DPN5 7° 18' 09.64536" S 0.0011 107° 45' 02.59322" E 0.0014 1804.5497 0.0022 KABR 7° 18' 36.72898" S 0.0011 107° 44' 11.89710" E 0.0013 2061.7172 0.0021
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07390" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34393" E 0.0012 2197.6808 0.0024 PARK 7° 18' 27.82187" S 0.0017 107° 44' 19.49541" E 0.0019 2027.8500 0.0024 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32913" S 0.0025 107° 44' 26.04843" E 0.0039 2124.5931 0.0063 DPN3 7° 18' 14.41043" S 0.0016 107° 44' 34.25613" E 0.002 1943.2890 0.0027 KABR 7° 18' 36.73038" S 0.0014 107° 44' 11.89688" E 0.0016 2061.6203 0.0021 CLLY 7° 18' 16.41497" S 0.0022 107° 42' 00.28281" E 0.0028 1916.5611 0.0038 KMA1 7° 18' 45.47990" S 0.0014 107° 44' 11.52000" E 0.0016 2094.5869 0.0020 NGL1 7° 19' 03.39927" S 0.0015 107° 43' 37.68740" E 0.0017 2351.1070 0.0021 ALUN 7° 19' 28.90475" S 0.0015 107° 43' 31.20624" E 0.0018 2528.7556 0.0022 CSRN 7° 21' 31.37560" S 0.0016 107° 44' 27.28994" E 0.0018 1520.7700 0.0026 WNGR 7° 22' 19.48065" S 0.0024 107° 42' 52.99020" E 0.0027 1271.3211 0.0044
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 5)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 6)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 7)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 8)
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46237" S 0.0020
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 NGLK 7° 19' 08.46237" S 0.0020 107° 43' 39.41722" E 0.0022 2426.6947 0.0029 KMAS 7° 18' 55.28806" S 0.0009 107° 44' 03.32420" E 0.0013 2161.2822 0.0022 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07618" S 0.0019 107° 44' 02.34155" E 0.0025 2197.6534 0.0034 PARK 7° 18' 27.82124" S 0.0019 107° 44' 19.49651" E 0.0023 2027.9168 0.0027 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32789" S 0.0020 107° 44' 26.05193" E 0.0032 2124.5829 0.0035 DPN0 7° 18' 40.57983" S 0.0009 107° 44' 09.98676" E 0.0019 2074.2173 0.0037 DPN3 7° 18' 14.41003" S 0.0011 107° 44' 34.25790" E 0.0027 1943.3206 0.0044 DPN5 7° 18' 09.64556" S 0.0012 107° 45' 02.59428" E 0.0028 1804.5354 0.0048
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KMAS (18NOV) 7° 18' 55.28581" S 0.0013 107° 44' 03.32767" E 0.0026 2161.647 0.0049 KAWH (18NOV) 7° 18' 43.07061" S 0.0012 107° 44' 02.34506" E 0.0019 2197.9255 0.0035 PARK (15NOV) 7° 18' 27.82078" S 0.0014 107° 44' 19.49631" E 0.0019 2028.0189 0.0035 PARK (17NOV) 7° 18' 27.82086" S 0.0015 107° 44' 19.49636" E 0.0021 2027.9813 0.0038 BMNG (19NOV) 7° 18' 45.32866" S 0.0014 107° 44' 26.05065" E 0.0033 2124.7393 0.0062 DPN0 (13NOV) 7° 18' 40.57682" S 0.0015 107° 44' 09.99020" E 0.0026 2074.5039 0.0060 DPN0 (17NOV) 7° 18' 40.57704" S 0.0017 107° 44' 09.98988" E 0.0034 2074.5019 0.0046 DPN0 (18NOV) 7° 18' 40.57708" S 0.0013 107° 44' 09.98999" E 0.0020 2074.4946 0.0039 DPN3 (14NOV) 7° 18' 14.41050" S 0.0036 107° 44' 34.25611" E 0.0076 1943.4169 0.0126 DPN3 (15NOV) 7° 18' 14.40982" S 0.0014 107° 44' 34.25649" E 0.0026 1943.3937 0.0045 DPN5 (14NOV) 7° 18' 09.64568" S 0.0021 107° 45' 02.59342" E 0.0036 1804.6394 0.0063
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07200" S 0.0011 107° 44' 02.34397" E 0.0013 2197.8055 0.0019 PARK 7° 18' 27.82135" S 0.0011 107° 44' 19.49593" E 0.0013 2027.9122 0.0020 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32835" S 0.0011 107° 44' 26.04972" E 0.0013 2124.6007 0.0020 DPN3 7° 18' 14.40972" S 0.0011 107° 44' 34.25626" E 0.0013 1943.2771 0.0022 DPN5 7° 18' 09.64536" S 0.0011 107° 45' 02.59322" E 0.0014 1804.5497 0.0022 KABR
107° 43' 39.41722" E 0.0022 2426.6947 0.0029 KMAS 7° 18' 55.28806" S 0.0009 107° 44' 03.32420" E 0.0013 2161.2822 0.0022 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07618" S 0.0019 107° 44' 02.34155" E 0.0025 2197.6534 0.0034 PARK 7° 18' 27.82124" S 0.0019 107° 44' 19.49651" E 0.0023 2027.9168 0.0027 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32789" S 0.0020 107° 44' 26.05193" E 0.0032 2124.5829 0.0035 DPN0 7° 18' 40.57983" S 0.0009 107° 44' 09.98676" E 0.0019 2074.2173 0.0037 DPN3 7° 18' 14.41003" S 0.0011 107° 44' 34.25790" E 0.0027 1943.3206 0.0044 DPN5 7° 18' 09.64556" S 0.0012 107° 45' 02.59428" E 0.0028 1804.5354 0.0048
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KMAS (18NOV) 7° 18' 55.28581" S 0.0013 107° 44' 03.32767" E 0.0026 2161.647 0.0049 KAWH (18NOV) 7° 18' 43.07061" S 0.0012 107° 44' 02.34506" E 0.0019 2197.9255 0.0035 PARK (15NOV) 7° 18' 27.82078" S 0.0014 107° 44' 19.49631" E 0.0019 2028.0189 0.0035 PARK (17NOV) 7° 18' 27.82086" S 0.0015 107° 44' 19.49636" E 0.0021 2027.9813 0.0038 BMNG (19NOV) 7° 18' 45.32866" S 0.0014 107° 44' 26.05065" E 0.0033 2124.7393 0.0062 DPN0 (13NOV) 7° 18' 40.57682" S 0.0015 107° 44' 09.99020" E 0.0026 2074.5039 0.0060 DPN0 (17NOV) 7° 18' 40.57704" S 0.0017 107° 44' 09.98988" E 0.0034 2074.5019 0.0046 DPN0 (18NOV) 7° 18' 40.57708" S 0.0013 107° 44' 09.98999" E 0.0020 2074.4946 0.0039 DPN3 (14NOV) 7° 18' 14.41050" S 0.0036 107° 44' 34.25611" E 0.0076 1943.4169 0.0126 DPN3 (15NOV) 7° 18' 14.40982" S 0.0014 107° 44' 34.25649" E 0.0026 1943.3937 0.0045 DPN5 (14NOV) 7° 18' 09.64568" S 0.0021 107° 45' 02.59342" E 0.0036 1804.6394 0.0063
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07200" S 0.0011 107° 44' 02.34397" E 0.0013 2197.8055 0.0019 PARK 7° 18' 27.82135" S 0.0011 107° 44' 19.49593" E 0.0013 2027.9122 0.0020 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32835" S 0.0011 107° 44' 26.04972" E 0.0013 2124.6007 0.0020 DPN3 7° 18' 14.40972" S 0.0011 107° 44' 34.25626" E 0.0013 1943.2771 0.0022 DPN5 7° 18' 09.64536" S 0.0011 107° 45' 02.59322" E 0.0014 1804.5497 0.0022 KABR 7° 18' 36.72898" S 0.0011 107° 44' 11.89710" E 0.0013 2061.7172 0.0021
Station Longitude ¬L(m) Latitude ¬B(m) h Ellipsoid ¬h Ellip(m) POS1 7° 16' 24.26048" S 0.0000 107° 47' 28.74811" E 0.0000 1148.4904 0.0000 KAWH 7° 18' 43.07390" S 0.0006 107° 44' 02.34393" E 0.0012 2197.6808 0.0024 PARK 7° 18' 27.82187" S 0.0017 107° 44' 19.49541" E 0.0019 2027.8500 0.0024 BMNG 7° 18' 45.32913" S 0.0025 107° 44' 26.04843" E 0.0039 2124.5931 0.0063 DPN3 7° 18' 14.41043" S 0.0016 107° 44' 34.25613" E 0.002 1943.2890 0.0027 KABR 7° 18' 36.73038" S 0.0014 107° 44' 11.89688" E 0.0016 2061.6203 0.0021 CLLY 7° 18' 16.41497" S 0.0022 107° 42' 00.28281" E 0.0028 1916.5611 0.0038 KMA1 7° 18' 45.47990" S 0.0014 107° 44' 11.52000" E 0.0016 2094.5869 0.0020 NGL1 7° 19' 03.39927" S 0.0015 107° 43' 37.68740" E 0.0017 2351.1070 0.0021 ALUN 7° 19' 28.90475" S 0.0015 107° 43' 31.20624" E 0.0018 2528.7556 0.0022 CSRN 7° 21' 31.37560" S 0.0016 107° 44' 27.28994" E 0.0018 1520.7700 0.0026 WNGR 7° 22' 19.48065" S 0.0024 107° 42' 52.99020" E 0.0027 1271.3211 0.0044
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 5)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 6)
GPS OBSERVATION RESULTS ( EPOCH 7)
9190070.7650 9190070.8150 9190070.8650 9190070.9150 9190070.9650 9190071.0150 9190071.0650
801169.5500 801169.6000 801169.6500 801169.7000 801169.7500 NGLK (E) NG L K ( N ) 9190846.9500 9190847.0000 9190847.0500 9190847.1000 9190847.1500 9190847.2000 801877. 9000 801877. 9200 801877. 9400 801877. 9600 801877. 9800 801878. 0000 801878. 0200 801878. 0400 801878. 0600 KAWH (E) KA W H ( N ) 9191312.6900 9191312.7400 9191312.7900 9191312.8400 9191312.8900 9191312.9400 9191312.9900 802407.25 00 802407.30 00 802407.35 00 802407.40 00 802407.45 00 802407.50 00 802407.55 00 PA RK (E)
PAR K ( N ) 9190773.2600 9190773.3100 9190773.3600 9190773.4100 9190773.4600 9190773.5100 9190773.5600 802605.160 0 802605.210 0 802605.260 0 802605.310 0 802605.360 0 802605.410 0 BMNG (E) BM N G ( N ) 9190471.3500 9190471.4000 9190471.4500 9190471.5000 9190471.5500 9190471.6000 9190471.6500 801905.800 0 801905.850 0 801905.900 0 801905.950 0 801906.000 0 801906.050 0 KMAS (E) KM AS ( N ) 9190922.3000 9190922.3500 9190922.4000 9190922.4500 9190922.5000 9190922.5500 802113.040 0 802113.090 0 802113.140 0 802113.190 0 802113.240 0 802113.290 0 DPN0 (E) DP N 0 ( N 9191722.2300 9191722.2800 9191722.3300 9191722.3800 9191722.4300 9191722.4800 9191722.5300 802862.84 00 802862.89 00 802862.94 00 802862.99 00 802863.04 00 802863.09 00 802863.14 00 DPN3 (E) DP N3 ( N ) 9191863.4100 9191863.4600 9191863.5100 9191863.5600 9191863.6100 9191863.6600 9191863.7100 803733.54 00 803733.59 00 803733.64 00 803733.69 00 803733.74 00 803733.79 00 803733.84 00 DPN5 (E) DP N 5 ( N ) 9191040.2500 9191040.3000 9191040.3500 9191040.4000 9191040.4500 9191040.5000 9191040.5500 802172.36 00 802172.41 00 802172.46 00 802172.51 00 802172.56 00 802172.61 00 802172.66 00 KABR (E) K ABR ( N )
DPN3
DPN5
BMNG
PARK
KABR
DPN0
KAWH
KMAS
NGLK
No rt h in g ( m ) No rt h in g ( m ) Nor th ing (m) N or thi ng ( m ) Nor thing (m ) Nor thing (m ) Nor thing (m) N o rt h ing (m) No rt h in g ( m ) Easting (m) Easting (m) Easting (m)Easting (m) Easting (m)
Easting (m) Easting (m)
Easting (m) Easting (m)
9190070.7650 9190070.8150 9190070.8650 9190070.9150 9190070.9650 9190071.0150 9190071.0650
801169.5500 801169.6000 801169.6500 801169.7000 801169.7500 NGLK (E) NG L K ( N ) 9190846.9500 9190847.0000 9190847.0500 9190847.1000 9190847.1500 9190847.2000 801877. 9000 801877. 9200 801877. 9400 801877. 9600 801877. 9800 801878. 0000 801878. 0200 801878. 0400 801878. 0600 KAWH (E) KA W H ( N ) 9191312.6900 9191312.7400 9191312.7900 9191312.8400 9191312.8900 9191312.9400 9191312.9900 802407.25 00 802407.30 00 802407.35 00 802407.40 00 802407.45 00 802407.50 00 802407.55 00 PA RK (E)
PAR K ( N ) 9190773.2600 9190773.3100 9190773.3600 9190773.4100 9190773.4600 9190773.5100 9190773.5600 802605.160 0 802605.210 0 802605.260 0 802605.310 0 802605.360 0 802605.410 0 BMNG (E) BM N G ( N ) 9190471.3500 9190471.4000 9190471.4500 9190471.5000 9190471.5500 9190471.6000 9190471.6500 801905.800 0 801905.850 0 801905.900 0 801905.950 0 801906.000 0 801906.050 0 KMAS (E) KM AS ( N ) 9190922.3000 9190922.3500 9190922.4000 9190922.4500 9190922.5000 9190922.5500 802113.040 0 802113.090 0 802113.140 0 802113.190 0 802113.240 0 802113.290 0 DPN0 (E) DP N 0 ( N 9191722.2300 9191722.2800 9191722.3300 9191722.3800 9191722.4300 9191722.4800 9191722.5300 802862.84 00 802862.89 00 802862.94 00 802862.99 00 802863.04 00 802863.09 00 802863.14 00 DPN3 (E) DP N3 ( N ) 9191863.4100 9191863.4600 9191863.5100 9191863.5600 9191863.6100 9191863.6600 9191863.7100 803733.54 00 803733.59 00 803733.64 00 803733.69 00 803733.74 00 803733.79 00 803733.84 00 DPN5 (E) DP N 5 ( N ) 9191040.2500 9191040.3000 9191040.3500 9191040.4000 9191040.4500 9191040.5000 9191040.5500 802172.36 00 802172.41 00 802172.46 00 802172.51 00 802172.56 00 802172.61 00 802172.66 00 KABR (E) K ABR ( N )
DPN3
DPN5
BMNG
PARK
KABR
DPN0
KAWH
KMAS
NGLK
No rt h in g ( m ) No rt h in g ( m ) Nor th ing (m) N or thi ng ( m ) Nor thing (m ) Nor thing (m ) Nor thing (m) N o rt h ing (m) No rt h in g ( m ) Easting (m) Easting (m) Easting (m)Easting (m) Easting (m)
Easting (m) Easting (m)
Easting (m) Easting (m)
Figure 4
Coordinate changes of GPS points in horizontal directions
2426.4000 2426.5000 2426.6000 2426.7000 2426.8000 2426.9000 2427.0000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
N
G
L
K
(U
)
m
2161.2700 2161.3200 2161.3700 2161.4200 2161.4700 2161.5200 2161.5700 2161.6200 2161.6700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
K
M
A
S
(U
)
m
2197.5000 2197.5500 2197.6000 2197.6500 2197.7000 2197.7500 2197.8000 2197.8500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
KA
W
H
(
U
) m
2074.1500 2074.2000 2074.2500 2074.3000 2074.3500 2074.4000 2074.4500 2074.5000 2074.5500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 kala pengamatan
D
P
N
0
(U
)
m
2057.6864 2061.8100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
KA
B
R
(
U
) m
2027.7000 2027.7500 2027.8000 2027.8500 2027.9000 2027.9500 2028.0000 2028.0500 2028.1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kala pengamatan
PA
R
K
(
U
)
m
2124.4000 2124.4500 2124.5000 2124.5500 2124.6000 2124.6500 2124.7000 2124.7500 2124.8000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
BM
N
G
(
U
)
m
1804.2800 1804.3800 1804.4800 1804.5800 1804.6800 1804.7800 1804.8800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
DP
N5
(
U
)
m
1943.1500 1943.2000 1943.2500 1943.3000 1943.3500 1943.4000 1943.4500 1943.5000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kala pengamatan
DP
N
3
(
U
)
m
Observation epoch Observation epoch
Observation epoch
Observation epoch Observation epoch
Observation epoch
Observation epoch Observation epoch
Observation epoch
PA
R
K
(
U
P
)
(m
)
K
A
B
R
(U
P
) (m)
DP
N3
(
U
P
)
(m)
DPN5 (
U
P
)
(m
)
BM
N
G
(
U
P
)
(m
)
KM
A
S
(U
P
) (m)
NG
L
K
(
U
P)
(
m
)
DPN0 (
U
P
)
(m
)
K
A
W
H
(U
P
) (m
)
2426.4000 2426.5000 2426.6000 2426.7000 2426.8000 2426.9000 2427.0000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
N
G
L
K
(U
)
m
2161.2700 2161.3200 2161.3700 2161.4200 2161.4700 2161.5200 2161.5700 2161.6200 2161.6700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
K
M
A
S
(U
)
m
2197.5000 2197.5500 2197.6000 2197.6500 2197.7000 2197.7500 2197.8000 2197.8500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
KA
W
H
(
U
) m
2074.1500 2074.2000 2074.2500 2074.3000 2074.3500 2074.4000 2074.4500 2074.5000 2074.5500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 kala pengamatan
D
P
N
0
(U
)
m
2057.6864 2061.8100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
KA
B
R
(
U
) m
2027.7000 2027.7500 2027.8000 2027.8500 2027.9000 2027.9500 2028.0000 2028.0500 2028.1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kala pengamatan
PA
R
K
(
U
)
m
2124.4000 2124.4500 2124.5000 2124.5500 2124.6000 2124.6500 2124.7000 2124.7500 2124.8000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
BM
N
G
(
U
)
m
1804.2800 1804.3800 1804.4800 1804.5800 1804.6800 1804.7800 1804.8800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kala pengamatan
DP
N5
(
U
)
m
1943.1500 1943.2000 1943.2500 1943.3000 1943.3500 1943.4000 1943.4500 1943.5000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kala pengamatan
DP
N
3
(
U
)
m
Observation epoch Observation epoch
Observation epoch
Observation epoch Observation epoch
Observation epoch
Observation epoch Observation epoch
Observation epoch
PA
R
K
(
U
P
)
(m
)
K
A
B
R
(U
P
) (m)
DP
N3
(
U
P
)
(m)
DPN5 (
U
P
)
(m
)
BM
N
G
(
U
P
)
(m
)
KM
A
S
(U
P
) (m)
NG
L
K
(
U
P)
(
m
)
DPN0 (
U
P
)
(m
)
K
A
W
H
(U
P
) (m
)
Figure 5
Coordinate changes of GPS points in vertical direction (campaign 1
8662.5395 8662.5190 8662.5236 8662.5131 8662.5197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la p e n g a m a ta n
jarak POS1-NGLK (m)
7639.2178 7639.2048 7639.2081 7639.2028 7639.2113 7639.0216 7639.0733 7639.1068 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak POS1-KWAH (m)
6941.1390 6941.1286 6941.1456 6941.1323 6941.1343 6941.1257 6941.1452 6941.1671 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak POS1-PARK (m)
7089.4757 7089.4602 7089.4668 7089.4633 7089.4615 7089.4774 7089.4941 7089.5403 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a p en gam a ta n
jarak POS1-BMNG (m)
7402.0038 7401.8742 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN0 (m)
6337.0119 6337.0450 6337.0495 6337.0644 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN3 (m)
5534.0478 5534.0714 5534.0706 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN5 (m)
7830.7868 7830.6601 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak POS1-KMA S (m)
508.5302 508.4922 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-KA BR (m)
983.3163 983.3330 983.3322 983.3435 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-DPN3 (m)
1568.9449 1568.9409 1568.9571 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-DPN5 (m)
761.8257 761.6884 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la pe nga m at an
jaralk BMNG-KMAS (m)
2297.5491 2297.3993 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN5-KMAS (m)
1050.8189 1050.8109 1050.8079 1050.8037 1050.8012 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak NGLK - KWA H (m)
1598.3430 1598.3367 1598.3387 1598.3322 1598.3382 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la p e n g a m a ta n
jarak NGLK-BMNG (m)
1753.4012 1753.4037 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak NGLK-PA RK (m)
731.0418 731.0374 731.0374 731.0401 731.0375 730.9391 730.9393 730.8975 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak KWA H-BMNG (m)
705.1353 705.1335 705.1206 705.1258 705.1312 704.9425 704.9759 704.9933 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak KWAH-PARK (m)
970.4813 970.4984 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-KA BR (m)
1575.0698 1574.9295 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-KMAS (m)
882.0469 882.0618 882.0639 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-DPN5 (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h o bs er vati on epoc h
POS1 – NGLK distance (m) POS1 – KMAS distance (m)
obs er vat ion epo c h
NGLK – BMNG distance (m)
ob s e rv ati o n epoc h
NGLK – PARK distance (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h
KWAH – BMNG distance (m)
ob s er va ti o n e poc h
KWAH – PARK distance (m)
obs er vat ion epo c h
DPN3 – KABR distance (m)
obs er vat ion epo c h
DPN3 – KMAS distance (m)
obs
er
vat
ion epoc
h
DPN3 – DPN5 distance (m)
ob s er va ti o n e poc h obs er vat ion ep oc h
POS1 – KW AH distance (m) BMNG – KABR distance (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h obs er vat ion epo c h
POS1 – PARK distance (m) BMNG – DPN3 distance (m)
ob s er va ti o n e poc h obs er vat ion ep oc h
POS1 – BMNG distance (m) BMNG – DPN5 distance (m)
POS1 – DPN0 distance (m)
ob s e rv a ti o n e poc h ob s e rv a ti o n e poc h
BMNG – KMAS distance (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h obs er vat ion epoc h o bs er vati on epoc h o bs er vati on epoc h
POS1 – DPN3 distance (m) DPN5-KMAS distance (m)
POS1 – DPN5 distance (m) NGLK - KWAH distance (m)
8662.5395 8662.5190 8662.5236 8662.5131 8662.5197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la p e n g a m a ta n
jarak POS1-NGLK (m)
7639.2178 7639.2048 7639.2081 7639.2028 7639.2113 7639.0216 7639.0733 7639.1068 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak POS1-KWAH (m)
6941.1390 6941.1286 6941.1456 6941.1323 6941.1343 6941.1257 6941.1452 6941.1671 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak POS1-PARK (m)
7089.4757 7089.4602 7089.4668 7089.4633 7089.4615 7089.4774 7089.4941 7089.5403 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a p en gam a ta n
jarak POS1-BMNG (m)
7402.0038 7401.8742 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN0 (m)
6337.0119 6337.0450 6337.0495 6337.0644 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN3 (m)
5534.0478 5534.0714 5534.0706 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN5 (m)
7830.7868 7830.6601 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak POS1-KMA S (m)
508.5302 508.4922 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-KA BR (m)
983.3163 983.3330 983.3322 983.3435 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-DPN3 (m)
1568.9449 1568.9409 1568.9571 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-DPN5 (m)
761.8257 761.6884 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la pe nga m at an
jaralk BMNG-KMAS (m)
2297.5491 2297.3993 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN5-KMAS (m)
1050.8189 1050.8109 1050.8079 1050.8037 1050.8012 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak NGLK - KWA H (m)
1598.3430 1598.3367 1598.3387 1598.3322 1598.3382 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la p e n g a m a ta n
jarak NGLK-BMNG (m)
1753.4012 1753.4037 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak NGLK-PA RK (m)
731.0418 731.0374 731.0374 731.0401 731.0375 730.9391 730.9393 730.8975 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak KWA H-BMNG (m)
705.1353 705.1335 705.1206 705.1258 705.1312 704.9425 704.9759 704.9933 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak KWAH-PARK (m)
970.4813 970.4984 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-KA BR (m)
1575.0698 1574.9295 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-KMAS (m)
882.0469 882.0618 882.0639 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-DPN5 (m) 8662.5395 8662.5190 8662.5236 8662.5131 8662.5197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la p e n g a m a ta n
jarak POS1-NGLK (m)
7639.2178 7639.2048 7639.2081 7639.2028 7639.2113 7639.0216 7639.0733 7639.1068 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak POS1-KWAH (m)
6941.1390 6941.1286 6941.1456 6941.1323 6941.1343 6941.1257 6941.1452 6941.1671 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak POS1-PARK (m)
7089.4757 7089.4602 7089.4668 7089.4633 7089.4615 7089.4774 7089.4941 7089.5403 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a p en gam a ta n
jarak POS1-BMNG (m)
7402.0038 7401.8742 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN0 (m)
6337.0119 6337.0450 6337.0495 6337.0644 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN3 (m)
5534.0478 5534.0714 5534.0706 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam a ta n
jarak POS1-DPN5 (m)
7830.7868 7830.6601 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak POS1-KMA S (m)
508.5302 508.4922 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-KA BR (m)
983.3163 983.3330 983.3322 983.3435 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-DPN3 (m)
1568.9449 1568.9409 1568.9571 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak BMNG-DPN5 (m)
761.8257 761.6884 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la pe nga m at an
jaralk BMNG-KMAS (m)
2297.5491 2297.3993 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN5-KMAS (m)
1050.8189 1050.8109 1050.8079 1050.8037 1050.8012 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak NGLK - KWA H (m)
1598.3430 1598.3367 1598.3387 1598.3322 1598.3382 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ka la p e n g a m a ta n
jarak NGLK-BMNG (m)
1753.4012 1753.4037 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen ga m at an
jarak NGLK-PA RK (m)
731.0418 731.0374 731.0374 731.0401 731.0375 730.9391 730.9393 730.8975 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak KWA H-BMNG (m)
705.1353 705.1335 705.1206 705.1258 705.1312 704.9425 704.9759 704.9933 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak KWAH-PARK (m)
970.4813 970.4984 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-KA BR (m)
1575.0698 1574.9295 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-KMAS (m)
882.0469 882.0618 882.0639 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen gam at an
jarak DPN3-DPN5 (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h o bs er vati on epoc h
POS1 – NGLK distance (m) POS1 – KMAS distance (m)
obs er vat ion epo c h
NGLK – BMNG distance (m)
ob s e rv ati o n epoc h
NGLK – PARK distance (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h
KWAH – BMNG distance (m)
ob s er va ti o n e poc h
KWAH – PARK distance (m)
obs er vat ion epo c h
DPN3 – KABR distance (m)
obs er vat ion epo c h
DPN3 – KMAS distance (m)
obs
er
vat
ion epoc
h
DPN3 – DPN5 distance (m)
ob s er va ti o n e poc h obs er vat ion ep oc h
POS1 – KW AH distance (m) BMNG – KABR distance (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h obs er vat ion epo c h
POS1 – PARK distance (m) BMNG – DPN3 distance (m)
ob s er va ti o n e poc h obs er vat ion ep oc h
POS1 – BMNG distance (m) BMNG – DPN5 distance (m)
POS1 – DPN0 distance (m)
ob s e rv a ti o n e poc h ob s e rv a ti o n e poc h
BMNG – KMAS distance (m)
o bs er vati on epoc h obs er vat ion epoc h o bs er vati on epoc h o bs er vati on epoc h
POS1 – DPN3 distance (m) DPN5-KMAS distance (m)
POS1 – DPN5 distance (m) NGLK - KWAH distance (m)
(a)
352.1496 352.1534 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k ala p e ng a m a tan
jarak KWAH-KABR (m)
376.6330 376.7342 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak KWAH-KMAS (m)
2115.8468 2115.6396 2115.6891 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen g am a ta n
jarak KWAH-DPN5 (m)
1317.7279 1317.5012 1317.5514 1317.5739 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n ga m at an
jarak KWA H-DPN3 (m)
246.9028 246.8623 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen g am a ta n
jarak KWAH-DPN0 (m)
496.2634 496.2743 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p eng am a ta n
jarak DPN0-KMAS (m)
1874.0272 1873.8742 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n g am a ta n
jarak DPN0-DPN5 (m)
1096.4919 1096.3379 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n g am a ta n
jarak DPN0-DPN3 (m)
359.7127 359.7276 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak PARK-KABR (m)
979.4991 979.3974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n ga m at an
jarak PARK-KMAS (m)
1436.0742 1436.0417 1436.0580 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak PARK-DPN5 (m)
612.6152 612.5777 612.5945 612.5993 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p eng am a ta n
jarak PARK-DPN3 (m) 488.9240 488.8084 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a png a m a tan
jarak BMNG-DPN0 (m)
574.6087 574.6034 574.6094 574.5983 574.5759 574.6055 574.5771 574.5765 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng am a ta n
jarak PARK-BMNG (m)
obs er vati on e poc h
PARK - BMNG distance (m)
ob s e rv at ion epo c h obs er vati on e poc h ob s e rv ati on epoc h ob s e rv ati on epo c h ob s e rv ati on epo c h ob s e rv ati on epo c h ob s e rv ati on epo c h obs er vati on e poc h ob s e rv at ion epo c h ob s e rv at ion epo c h obs er vati on e poc h obs er vati on e poc h obs er vati on e poc h
DPN0 – DPN5 distance (m)
BMNG - DPN0 distance (m) PARK – DPN3 distance (m)
DPN0 – KMAS distance (m)
KW AH – DPN5 distance (m) KW AH – DPN3 distance (m) KW AH – DPN0 distance (m)
PARK – DPN5 distance (m) PARK – KABR distance (m)
KAW H - KMAS distance (m)
KAW H - KABR distance (m) DPN0 – DPN3 distance (m) PARK - KMAS distance (m)
352.1496 352.1534 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k ala p e ng a m a tan
jarak KWAH-KABR (m)
376.6330 376.7342 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak KWAH-KMAS (m)
2115.8468 2115.6396 2115.6891 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen g am a ta n
jarak KWAH-DPN5 (m)
1317.7279 1317.5012 1317.5514 1317.5739 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n ga m at an
jarak KWA H-DPN3 (m)
246.9028 246.8623 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen g am a ta n
jarak KWAH-DPN0 (m)
496.2634 496.2743 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p eng am a ta n
jarak DPN0-KMAS (m)
1874.0272 1873.8742 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n g am a ta n
jarak DPN0-DPN5 (m)
1096.4919 1096.3379 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n g am a ta n
jarak DPN0-DPN3 (m)
359.7127 359.7276 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak PARK-KABR (m)
979.4991 979.3974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n ga m at an
jarak PARK-KMAS (m)
1436.0742 1436.0417 1436.0580 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak PARK-DPN5 (m)
612.6152 612.5777 612.5945 612.5993 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p eng am a ta n
jarak PARK-DPN3 (m) 488.9240 488.8084 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a png a m a tan
jarak BMNG-DPN0 (m)
574.6087 574.6034 574.6094 574.5983 574.5759 574.6055 574.5771 574.5765 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng am a ta n
jarak PARK-BMNG (m) 352.1496 352.1534 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k ala p e ng a m a tan
jarak KWAH-KABR (m)
376.6330 376.7342 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak KWAH-KMAS (m)
2115.8468 2115.6396 2115.6891 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen g am a ta n
jarak KWAH-DPN5 (m)
1317.7279 1317.5012 1317.5514 1317.5739 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n ga m at an
jarak KWA H-DPN3 (m)
246.9028 246.8623 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a pen g am a ta n
jarak KWAH-DPN0 (m)
496.2634 496.2743 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p eng am a ta n
jarak DPN0-KMAS (m)
1874.0272 1873.8742 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n g am a ta n
jarak DPN0-DPN5 (m)
1096.4919 1096.3379 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n g am a ta n
jarak DPN0-DPN3 (m)
359.7127 359.7276 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak PARK-KABR (m)
979.4991 979.3974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la pe n ga m at an
jarak PARK-KMAS (m)
1436.0742 1436.0417 1436.0580 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng a m at an
jarak PARK-DPN5 (m)
612.6152 612.5777 612.5945 612.5993 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p eng am a ta n
jarak PARK-DPN3 (m) 488.9240 488.8084 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k al a png a m a tan
jarak BMNG-DPN0 (m)
574.6087 574.6034 574.6094 574.5983 574.5759 574.6055 574.5771 574.5765 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k a la p e ng am a ta n
jarak PARK-BMNG (m)
obs er vati on e poc h
PARK - BMNG distance (m)
ob s e rv at ion epo c h obs er vati on e poc h ob s e rv ati on epoc h ob s e rv ati on epo c h ob s e rv ati on epo c h ob s e rv ati on epo c h ob s e rv ati on epo c h obs er vati on e poc h ob s e rv at ion epo c h ob s e rv at ion epo c h obs er vati on e poc h obs er vati on e poc h obs er vati on e poc h
DPN0 – DPN5 distance (m)
BMNG - DPN0 distance (m) PARK – DPN3 distance (m)
DPN0 – KMAS distance (m)
KW AH – DPN5 distance (m) KW AH – DPN3 distance (m) KW AH – DPN0 distance (m)
PARK – DPN5 distance (m) PARK – KABR distance (m)
KAW H - KMAS distance (m)
KAW H - KABR distance (m) DPN0 – DPN3 distance (m) PARK - KMAS distance (m)
(b)
Figure 6
Baseline changes of GPS coordinate (campaign 1 – 8). (continue)
4.3
Vector Displacement
EPOCH 1-2
2,5 mm
EPOCH 2-3
2,5 mm
EPOCH 3-4
2,5 mm
EPOCH 4-5
2,5 mm
EPOCH 7-8
2,5 mm
EPOCH 6-7
25 mm
EPOCH 5-6
25 mm
EPOCH 1-2
2,5 mm
EPOCH 2-3
2,5 mm
EPOCH 3-4
2,5 mm
EPOCH 4-5
2,5 mm
EPOCH 7-8
2,5 mm
EPOCH 6-7
25 mm
EPOCH 5-6
25 mm
EPOCH 1-2 5 mm
EPOCH 2-3 5 mm
EPOCH 3-4 5 mm
EPOCH 4-5 5 mm
EPOCH 7-8 50 mm EPOCH 6-7 50 mm EPOCH 5-6 50 mm EPOCH 1-2 5 mm
EPOCH 2-3 5 mm
EPOCH 3-4 5 mm
EPOCH 4-5 5 mm
EPOCH 7-8 50 mm EPOCH 6-7 50 mm EPOCH 5-6 50 mm
4.4
Strain Analysis
In this research, deformation parameters in Papandayan determined by using
two 3D resemble models to have detail illustration of deflation and inflation of
volcano body comparing by using 2D model. Type A model use the assumption
that deformation tensor as a function of translation, dilatation and rotation
parameters, while type B, deformation tensor as a function of dilatation and
rotation parameters. The principal strain revealed from A and B models
calculation show on Figures 9 and 10 Where the orientation pattern of A and B
models have the same direction with the orientation of stress and strain which
occurred in the volcano, as show on Table 5.
EPOCH 1-2 10 μstrain
EPOCH 3-4 10 μstrain EPOCH 2-3
10 μstrain
EPOCH 6-7 100 μstrain EPOCH 5-6 100 μstrain EPOCH 4-5
10 μstrain EPOCH 1-2
10 μstrain
EPOCH 3-4 10 μstrain EPOCH 2-3
10 μstrain
EPOCH 6-7 100 μstrain EPOCH 5-6 100 μstrain EPOCH 4-5
10 μstrain
EPOCH 7-8 100 μstrain EPOCH 7-8 100 μstrain
Figure 9
Principal strain orientation by A model. (continue)
EPOCH 6-7 100 μstrain EPOCH 5-6 100 μstrain EPOCH 4-5
10 μstrain EPOCH 1-2
10 μstrain
EPOCH 2-3 10 μstrain
EPOCH 3-4 10 μstrain
EPOCH 6-7 100 μstrain EPOCH 5-6 100 μstrain EPOCH 4-5
10 μstrain EPOCH 1-2
10 μstrain
EPOCH 2-3 10 μstrain
EPOCH 3-4 10 μstrain
EPOCH 7-8 100 μstrain EPOCH 7-8 100 μstrain
Figure 10
Principal strain orientation by B model. (continue)
Table 5
Orientation and principal strain major of A and B models.
extension
μstrain
contraction
μstrain
easting axis orinetation
extension
μstrain
contraction
μstrain
easting axis orinetation extension
μstrain
contraction
μstrain
easting axis orinetation
extension
μstrain
contraction
μstrain
easting axis orinetation
4.5
Seismic Analysis
Analysis of seismic data carried out from 1998 to 2005, where a strong
increasing occurred in November 2002 following by the eruptions, Figure 11.
During 2000 to 2005 Papandayan volcano dominated by B type volcanic
earthquake, Figure 12. A large energy accumulation occurred during the period
of #5 to #6 campaign, the increasing occurred three months long, as 2.51E+15
erg, where the eruption happen, Figure 13. The hypocenter undetermined
caused of less data, determination hypocenter show on Figure 14.
30 119
146
90
55 117
5
26 24
15 25
65
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Oct-98 Nov-98 Dec-98 Jan-99 Feb-99 Mar-99
w aktu (22 okt 1998 - 26 mar 1999)
ju
ml
a
h
g
e
mp
a
15 94
83 104
128 134
139
75 101
61
3 69
50 104
137
99
78
31 50
4 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Mar-99 Apr-99 May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Dec-99
waktu (27 m ar - 24 des 1999)
ju
m
la
h
g
e
m
p
a
T
O
TA
L
E
A
R
T
HQ
UA
K
E
T
O
T
A
L
E
A
R
T
HQ
UA
K
E
27 MARCH – 24 DEC 1999
22 OCT 1998 – 26 MARCH 1999
30 119
146
90
55 117
5
26 24
15 25
65
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Oct-98 Nov-98 Dec-98 Jan-99 Feb-99 Mar-99
w aktu (22 okt 1998 - 26 mar 1999)
ju
ml
a
h
g
e
mp
a
15 94
83 104
128 134
139
75 101
61
3 69
50 104
137
99
78
31 50
4 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Mar-99 Apr-99 May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Dec-99
waktu (27 m ar - 24 des 1999)
ju
m
la
h
g
e
m
p
a
30 119
146
90
55 117
5
26 24
15 25
65
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Oct-98 Nov-98 Dec-98 Jan-99 Feb-99 Mar-99
w aktu (22 okt 1998 - 26 mar 1999)
ju
ml
a
h
g
e
mp
a
15 94
83 104
128 134
139
75 101
61
3 69
50 104
137
99
78
31 50
4 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Mar-99 Apr-99 May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Dec-99
waktu (27 m ar - 24 des 1999)
ju
m
la
h
g
e
m
p
a
T
O
TA
L
E
A
R
T
HQ
UA
K
E
T
O
T
A
L
E
A
R
T
HQ
UA
K
E
27 MARCH – 24 DEC 1999
22 OCT 1998 – 26 MARCH 1999
Figure 11
Statistics of tectonic and volcanic earthquake during October 1998
46
139 120 121 131 123 680
200 171 184 269 241 141 136 29 78 121 183 51 10 43 59 29 73 49 157
65 73 59 284 179 119 97 44 47 189 254 120 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01
w aktu (25 des 1999 - 24 jun 2001)
ju ml a h g e mp a 57 16 1
156 150 137
11 5 108 14 7 93 130 10
3 125
18 0 126 30 64 20 0 14 0 11 1 40 7 30
5 336
224
14
7 168
147 12 3 12 6 17 5 26 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02
w aktu (23 jun 2001 - 12 agt 2002)
ju m la h g e m p a 50 91 76 67 39 59 174 321
0 0 0
53 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02Nov-02
w aktu (13 agt - 19 nov 2002)
ju m lah g e m p a 20 75 115
56 65 64 52 38 101 121 158 69 40 57 35 25
0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03
w aktu (20 nov 2002 - 10 jun 2003)
ju m lah g e m p a 72 12 5 13 9
74 53 68 54 81 54 45 10
1
97 78 11
7
11
7
10
2 174 19 0 83
489
18
7 288 184 26
8
19
4
136
56 68 75 58 38 37 38 10
0
10
0
78 75 89 56
401
155
31
1 48
0
22 0 54
19 8 15 4 15 8 15 1 1 223 49 0 18 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 w aktu (9 jun 2003 - 17 agt 2005)
ju m la h g e m p a
Tectonic Earthquake Volcanic Earthquake
T O T A L E A R T HQ UA K E TO T A L EA R T H Q U A K E TO T A L EA R T H Q U A K E TO T A L E A R TH Q U A K E TO T A L E A R TH Q U A K E
9 JUNE 2003 – 17 AUGUST 2005
13 AUGUST – 19 NOV 2002 20 NOV 2002 -10 JUNE 2003 23 JUNE 2001 – 12 AUGUST 2002
25 DEC 1999 – 24 JUNE 2001 46
139 120 121 131 123 680
200 171 184 269 241 141 136 29 78 121 183 51 10 43 59 29 73 49 157
65 73 59 284 179 119 97 44 47 189 254 120 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01
w aktu (25 des 1999 - 24 jun 2001)
ju ml a h g e mp a 57 16 1
156 150 137
11 5 108 14 7 93 130 10
3 125
18 0 126 30 64 20 0 14 0 11 1 40 7 30
5 336
224
14
7 168
147 12 3 12 6 17 5 26 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02
w aktu (23 jun 2001 - 12 agt 2002)
ju m la h g e m p a 50 91 76 67 39 59 174 321
0 0 0
53 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02Nov-02
w aktu (13 agt - 19 nov 2002)
ju m lah g e m p a 20 75 115
56 65 64 52 38 101 121 158 69 40 57 35 25
0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03
w aktu (20 nov 2002 - 10 jun 2003)
ju m lah g e m p a 72 12 5 13 9
74 53 68 54 81 54 45 10
1
97 78 11
7
11
7
10
2 174 19 0 83
489
18
7 288 184 26
8
19
4
136
56 68 75 58 38 37 38 10
0
10
0
78 75 89 56
401
155
31
1 48
0
22 0 54
19 8 15 4 15 8 15 1 1 223 49 0 18 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 w aktu (9 jun 2003 - 17 agt 2005)
ju m la h g e m p a
Tectonic Earthquake Volcanic Earthquake
46
139 120 121 131 123 680
200 171 184 269 241 141 136 29 78 121 183 51 10 43 59 29 73 49 157
65 73 59 284 179 119 97 44 47 189 254 120 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Dec-99 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01
w aktu (25 des 1999 - 24 jun 2001)
ju ml a h g e mp a 57 16 1
156 150 137
11 5 108 14 7 93 130 10
3 125
18 0 126 30 64 20 0 14 0 11 1 40 7 30
5 336
224
14
7 168
147 12 3 12 6 17 5 26 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02
w aktu (23 jun 2001 - 12 agt 2002)
ju m la h g e m p a 50 91 76 67 39 59 174 321
0 0 0
53 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02Nov-02
w aktu (13 agt - 19 nov 2002)
ju m lah g e m p a 20 75 115
56 65 64 52 38 101 121 158 69 40 57 35 25
0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03
w aktu (20 nov 2002 - 10 jun 2003)
ju m lah g e m p a 72 12 5 13 9
74 53 68 54 81 54 45 10
1
97 78 11
7
11
7
10
2 174 19 0 83
489
18
7 288 184 26
8
19
4
136
56 68 75 58 38 37 38 10
0
10
0
78 75 89 56
401
155
31
1 48
0
22 0 54
19 8 15 4 15 8 15 1 1 223 49 0 18 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 w aktu (9 jun 2003 - 17 agt 2005)
ju m la h g e m p a
Tectonic Earthquake Volcanic Earthquake
T O T A L E A R T HQ UA K E TO T A L EA R T H Q U A K E TO T A L EA R T H Q U A K E TO T A L E A R TH Q U A K E TO T A L E A R TH Q U A K E
9 JUNE 2003 – 17 AUGUST 2005
13 AUGUST – 19 NOV 2002 20 NOV 2002 -10 JUNE 2003 23 JUNE 2001 – 12 AUGUST 2002
25 DEC 1999 – 24 JUNE 2001
Figure 11
Statistics of tectonic and volcanic earthquake during October 1998
to August 2005. (continue)
2 5 3 8 10 23 8 8 6 27
46
27 14
2 8 10 20 34
41 54
28 65
183 134
57 65 55
257 150 92 83 42 39 179 236 151 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01
w ak tu ( 1 jan 2000 - 24 jun 2001)
ju m la h g e m p a TO T A L EA R T H Q U A K E
1 JAN 2000 – 24 JUNE 2001
2 5 3 8 10 23 8 8 6 27
46
27 14
2 8 10 20 34
41 54
28 65
183 134
57 65 55
257 150 92 83 42 39 179 236 151 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01
w ak tu ( 1 jan 2000 - 24 jun 2001)
ju m la h g e m p a TO T A L EA R T H Q U A K E
1 JAN 2000 – 24 JUNE 2001
