K
Ш
BULLETIN OF THE SERBIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
2009.
LXXXIX -
. 4
YEAR 2009
TOME LXXXIX - N 4
и и а а а и ад UDC 911.2:551.482(497.113)
*
Х Т Х
а а: и и а а а и М т и а а ати а и д а ид а и а и . д и и а, а а и и да ада атт и , т а т и и т а и а а а т ти а д и а. т , ђ ти , и д ада
ти т , т и а и и и и а а и и а и а а и и. а и а а и и та и и т ди, а а и а т а а и а ид а а и
а ти а, и т а и и и и, а т а титати и д д и а и и а
и т а, а да да д а и а и и и. и ад
а и да и и ат и , а и и и и и и а и а а а и и и ди ад дата а и а а и а ди а и та ди и и а ти а а. а д и т а и а
и ди ти а и а а и д а д д а, а и и и а и а т и д ти ти а а д ди и .
: и М т и а, д и и , и д, т ди, и а и а
д д и ита а та а и и а и
ид а и и т а и а и а т и , а и а а ид и
д и а д та ди и а д и и и - д и
и . а а и а т ти и а а та и и и и
и а, а и ит и та и и ата, т и ,
ид и и и а а а. а т да и и ада а а
т и и и а и т а д д и и а а а
т а и ат и ид а . а а т и и, а ии а ти и и а и
и а а и ти а и т ат а д а и ада и а а а д а
т а и и а, и а д ат т ди.
а и а а а д а и т и т ит и а и а и
М т и и а та и т и и ти а и а и ити а т а и
а а ид а ат и т и и а а. да
дит а и и ти та и ти а а а а и а ит а и , и и
д и ти а а, Ша и а и , а и т а М т и
т и , д а а и . д и и и а а т а
и а ид и т ди а, и т и ат а а а ди
* а
, д т, и ит т ад – а и а т т, т д т и т 3/3, ад
а а а , д и , и ит т ад – а и а т т,
а. и и и та и и и д та и и и ти и
ад дата а ти а а а та да д и и д 1961-90. ди а.
а а а а а а а а
а а дата а а и а а ад и а а и а д 15 и а
а и а т и а д и и ди а ат а д та а ( ти а а). и
а и а та а и д та ди а д и д т , а и
д та а 2-3 ди , та да и т а и и д а т и
т ид т ди и. т адата ада а а и а д и и а,
ди ти а и а и и а дата а ти а т а да а а
а т и а а а и ити ид а а. ат и а а
д ти, иа т д и а и ( и и ., 2006) да та и д д и
и та а и (д ад ). а и и т и ити ђ а
тати а и д и и т а и а а а и т ти а . а и ,
а ит ад и д ти а, аи а и и и а, а а а и и а
а ти и т а а и и , и а а и а и и а и
д ти а.
Та а 1. а (m3/s) а а а 1961-90.
а и I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII д
ит и а да а 16,3 24,5 22,9 17,7 16,0 8,3 4,9 3,2 3,7 4,1 8,8 14,0 12,0 а а 4,4 6,5 7,6 7,2 6,5 3,4 2,3 1,6 1,7 1,7 2,9 3,5 4,1
а 11,5 12,7 19,0 23,0 21,5 13,2 9,0 6,3 5,5 7,6 9,4 11,8 12,5 а а и 33,9 49,4 53,0 50,7 45,4 26,7 16,4 11,7 11,2 14,2 23,3 33,2 30,8 и . М . . . 6,2 10,0 11,1 7,7 7,5 4,7 2,1 1,2 1,5 1,9 3,7 5,7 5,3
и а 3,6 7,2 7,3 5,7 6,0 3,5 1,6 0,7 1,1 1,2 2,5 3,8 3,7 и а и а 2,1 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,2 1,0 0,6 0,3 0,5 0,5 1,3 1,9 1,5 . и т. 3,5 3,9 6,0 13,6 16,9 7,9 3,4 1,9 2,4 3,3 5,5 5,0 6,1 . и т . а и 2,3 2,5 3,2 7,2 12,3 8,1 3,2 1,6 1,8 2,6 3,3 2,8 4,2 и Ђа и а 23,2 26,0 16,6 13,5 11,0 5,9 2,1 1,5 3,1 4,9 16,7 24,0 12,4 а а а 4,7 5,5 6,6 8,9 12,8 7,8 3,0 1,5 1,6 2,0 4,9 4,8 5,3 и . и т . и 3,1 3,3 3,9 5,6 8,2 6,1 2,9 1,8 1,6 2,0 3,8 3,4 3,8 а Ђ . а . 9,9 12,0 14,3 14,4 14,6 11,2 6,4 3,2 3,1 4,2 6,7 9,2 9,1 . и 25,4 32,2 29,0 39,4 43,9 23,5 9,7 5,6 9,1 12,3 23,5 26,5 23,3 . и и а 71,6 86,6 71,8 81,8 90,8 55,0 23,9 13,5 21,9 28,9 57,8 75,2 56,6
и и и а а а а а а а т ит и а ( . и ,
а , . М а а и а ), а и а т д ти и и тити а
а а и а а и а а. а и ти д и ти
да ии а а и д а д ди ти а ( . ./ . д.).
д ти а и та 2 а итида а д ти а а
и а и ди т и да т а а а и а и а а
т и и ти а а, а ит а и а и ( д и да а, т .
и и да). д а д ди ат а ита, т т аи и а
а и а а а а т ит и , а ати а и и и а, д а а
и а и д и а и и а, а и а и а а и ити ти а а
т и и.
д и и и и и а тати и а. а
а и ђ и а а и а а а а и а, д а и
и и а а а а т , а ђ т . П ј у и а
ти а. ди а а и и а д ада а а а, и а, аи
а а и т и а. а д ии т т а, а аи и , а
и а .
Та а 2. а а а а ( . ./ . .)
а и I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
ит и а да а 1,35 2,03 1,90 1,48 1,33 0,69 0,41 0,26 0,30 0,34 0,73 1,16 а а 1,08 1,57 1,86 1,74 1,58 0,84 0,57 0,40 0,42 0,41 0,69 0,85 а 0,91 1,01 1,52 1,83 1,71 1,05 0,72 0,50 0,44 0,61 0,75 0,95 а а и 1,10 1,61 1,72 1,65 1,48 0,87 0,53 0,38 0,36 0,46 0,76 1,08 и . М . . . 1,17 1,89 2,11 1,47 1,43 0,89 0,40 0,22 0,29 0,35 0,69 1,08 и а 0,99 1,96 1,99 1,56 1,62 0,95 0,43 0,19 0,29 0,33 0,67 1,03 и а и а 1,36 1,94 1,61 1,66 1,42 0,68 0,38 0,21 0,33 0,35 0,82 1,24 . и т. 0,57 0,64 0,98 2,22 2,77 1,29 0,55 0,31 0,39 0,54 0,90 0,83 . и т . а и 0,54 0,60 0,75 1,70 2,89 1,90 0,76 0,39 0,41 0,62 0,79 0,66 и Ђа и а 1,88 2,10 1,34 1,09 0,89 0,47 0,17 0,12 0,25 0,40 1,35 1,94 а а а 0,88 1,04 1,24 1,67 2,40 1,45 0,57 0,28 0,30 0,38 0,91 0,89 и . и т . и 0,81 0,87 1,02 1,47 2,15 1,59 0,77 0,46 0,43 0,52 1,01 0,90 а Ђ . а . 1,09 1,32 1,57 1,58 1,61 1,23 0,70 0,35 0,34 0,46 0,74 1,01 . и 1,09 1,38 1,24 1,69 1,88 1,01 0,42 0,24 0,39 0,53 1,00 1,13 . и и а 1,26 1,53 1,27 1,45 1,60 0,97 0,42 0,24 0,39 0,51 1,02 1,33
а 1. Х а а а
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50
X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Qm/Qg
. и т . ( )
. и т . ( а и) и. и т . ( и ) а а ( а) . д.
т и д а а д та и и а ит и и д и а а
а и и и а и а и ти а а да. а та а и т а а
а и а аи и а ти а и ат и д д ди и (2.15 та
д и д 2.89 та и д а и т и ). и т и а
и а и и и а, а и а та и: д а ад а и и а д
и и а а 1497 m, и 1377 m, 1676 m и а
и т и 1671 m ( и и ., 1995). д а и да ди ти а
и а ит ( д 18% д и д 25% д а и т и ) и а и
а а а д и т т , и ђ а и а и а
д и и ата ђ и . а а да и т тат и
аи и 50% ди и да ( . и т и а 54%). и ат да
ита а М т и а т и а и ада дит а и т и и , а
а и ид , т а ид и да и и а
и а д и . а ит да а ти а а и ада и а
и и ( и ти а а 2000 mm), даи д а и а ит д
та а а а. а и а а ити да да и д а а д
и а а и и а и и т , д и и а, ада и д ид ид и а
а и, а а и ад и а д М т и т и . д и
а и а и т и д и ид т и та и да 30
km д и и а и и . и и а и а ат и
а а и и а и 240 и 164 km2. а и а ( ) д и и и а д
а и т и а и и д а и а, и и ” а да ” т и
дит а а д а а , д ди д т и и а и ,
а т и иа и и да т т и а а а .1.
ти а ад а а и и а т а д а а
а и а т а а а а т а . аи , а а а ад и д
и а и т и а и и и т и и а д т и та а да а и
М т и а а и т , М и а ( 600 m), и а и а ит а.
и и и а и т и , и т та да а т
и а и , и а а и т , д и а и и д а
т и а . а а а а и ти, а и и
ти а, Ђ а и , а а и т и аи а т д а и и и д и а,
а а ит т и д и т и . а д а и а д а
ти , а и и и а а и и а а а М т и и, д и а
Ђ а и , и и и и и а. и т а, и а и и и и д и а
и и ти а и а и а а д и ти а и а ад а а. и
а и а и а а и , и и т и и а , ти т
д и а а а и ти а а, а и и д а и , д
а т а а а ид а а и а а и и ђ и а т д а
а и а.
и а а и и а а и ада и и а а
и т а ти а ( , М а а), ат и и ит и аи
а а ит а т а а. а и а а , а и а т
и и и и а а д а а т а а
и . д и а и т да т и и д да а д и
и д д и а и а, и д та а , т.
М т и и, ат а д а а та а а а а и и а а 1500 m,
д а и и а . а а т а , иа а а, т та ити
да и а и и т и ии а и а и и а и да
а и а а и и ит а а и и а и а
а и и ( а а ., и а).
д и а и а и ада и а а и т
да и и а ид а . а т д ти и да и т ,
а и а д и а , а а и и а, ада и и а а
ди . а т а, а т д и а а , ди
ад д та а и ди а и а а д ид а.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨʁɝɪɭɩɢ и а и ада и и и и а ата а ид а
и М т и . ит и а, и а, Ми а, а и а
ит и а, ит а а, а и ид а и и т и а М а . а а
дата а, а ат и да д адаи ди а и д д а .
а 2. Х а а а а
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Qm/Qg
IX и а ( и а) ит и а ( да а ) и . М . ( . .)
. д.
и а т ид а , а д и а и и д и
и и . а д и аи , т ид ти а, а т а а а ди а д
да, а и д т аи а д ти а . а и ђ
д а а а а а а а т и а, а д и а и
и д ти и а. а т а, а , д т и а д а и
М дит а а д и и а д ди д и а и , и т а а и т
и и и и а ад . а и, и и а да , а, Ми аи и а, а
и а а а т а а д 400 д 700 m, а а а ти а .
и ат даи та а а а а и и д и а и а, ада т и д
а а ада и а ( да и и и ), а т д а а и
т д а. и т и , и ит и , та а и а и та и а а, а
и а д а а и т и ти а ит и а 30% и
д а и а и и д а а и а, а а и и да а а т . ат а и
и ђ а аи а та а ит и и д да а а . т а а и
и а и а М а , ти т а т и ти а ат а и (и т и ии и и
и ), т а и а и а . д ти а ид а и , а а а и
ит , и . а и и а и и и д т
та и иа и а а а . а ат , аи а та а а и
и а, а и да т д и и д а а. а и д и
а а а ад а и и а д т ди и ди а и ад ,
и а т т а а и и и и а ит и и и а М а (
М т и и т д а и и и ). а и а д а д и и и
( а , а т) д а та д д ди и да, д а и
а т ада а и т ти .
Ɍɪɟʄɨʁ ɝɪɭɩɢ и а и ада а , и д д а а д а и
М т и и ат т ит и и т а ит ит . и а а д ит , ат
ит и а. д та и а да и и д ат а а , и д
а 3. Х а а а а
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2
X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Qm/Qg
а ( ) а ( а и ) . д.
д а и да ид а и и и, а и да т и “ а а”
а и а ђ и а, т а а а да , и а а и д а -а и .
а а а а а и а а, а а и а и и а и д 540 д 2400 m
( а аи ). а та а д и а т а, а и и та
и а а а д д и и а а т т а ти а ( а, а а
и т и а). а та т ад и а т а а аи а а и и , а ђ и а
и ита и и та и а а д ти а. та а а и
а и , а т , ада ти а и а д ди д а 50 % ( д
и т и а т а и и ди и да). Ма и дит а и ,
а и а и а а и ад , и , ти т а
и а. д а та а и а , т т и а а т д а
а та и и а и т и и , а и и и и т и д а
-т а и а и . д , а и и т и , д дид т а да
д д а а и , да и , иа а д д а
ада и а а и а ( 80 mm а и и а и а и 685 m . ., а 1060 m . .).
а и а ид а а а и а и а а ти а и и
ит и а а а . т а и, та итии ита а а а и и
ти а, а т а а а и а д д а ди и ( 13 m3/s). Шта
и , и ит и аи т т 2.4 та и д и а а (2860 : 1200 km2).
а и ат да а а т д т и ти а а и ит и
и и и а. ат а а д а да и а
а и и а и а ад а и а. а а и а т а ти д
ит и , а а и а т а та д и и д д а и и ( и
тада д ит и ада , а а а т ). а и , и
т д д а да а и а ти а , ађ д и и и та а,
тада а та а а а. Ма т т а да , а ти а и а
и 1.5 та и д ди , а и а та а и
ти а и и а а тада д и а т ита и д д
а и а. М и да да и а и а и т д ти а а а и
ати и т т д и а ит и ии . т
ити да и д а д ти а да а, а и
и ат и и а а а и а ат ит и и аи
М т и . М ђ ти , т и и а а, а а и и и а,
д и и и и и ди и и а а и . д д и ,
и а, а и ити д та и, а ати и а а ђ т и и
а а, и и .
а 4. Х а а, а а а
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Qm/Qg
и (Ђа и а) а (Ђ. а и ) а ( а )
. д.
а ид а и и а аи д д та и, а д и а и
и и и , ти и т и и ди а а и , та и
а и и и ат и а т а. и д а а и .
ди т и и и д а та т и , а а а а
а и т ди д а. М ђ ти , а т да и а т а, а
а ит и а , т а и а и ди и ада и а.
д и ти а и а та а и д , а д а и и ада и а,
а ид и , а ати и а . д т и т и а ди да
а т и а ат а а , а ит т и да и а и а т и а
д и ад и а а и и и т д а. т ати ди д и
ти а т и а д а а а ада, и та а , и и а и и и
д а а а а и ада и а а. а а и а и и а и
д а та и д д ди ти а а. а и а а т и и
и а, т д а ди та та ад д ти ( а и а а и и
д и да), а и ти т а а ада и а. а а ди т
ид а а а и т и а ди а д ти а а и ат и и
а и а, а ии а а аи и и .
а а и да а ит и и а а а , а и а и , ђ
и а а а а а и аи а а а ти та .
и а т аи т д а и а а и и да, а
ит и и ат и . да д а и а а а а , ад а ит а,
а а т и да ит и т ти а а и т и и а т и
а и . и д а и а и а и ии ди а та а а а
д а и и и и а. а и и а д и , д д а
а и , а и а а и а а и а и и и а т д а
т а д а т д и и и 100%, т и а а
ђ а а.
а ид а а и да д та а , а и и а т
д та ти и да и а и и и а д ти а а да т ди .
ти а и и и д и ди и т а д д а д т а а.
М ђ и а а и и и а и а, а и д а а д а ад
аи а а и т т и а т а а, д а та д а а, а т
ид ти и д ти а (т а д та т д ди и ). а а
“ а ” и д ти и а т а, а и и т и и ат
и и а и а, и и а (и т а и а), ди и а а, итд.
М д та и Ђ. а и ти а д та а а а и да
а и и и ии ди . а д а д д а а ид
а а и и а а а и д а и а а а та а
а т д та а а и а а а а т ит и . д а
и т а т и а и , а ти а а д а и а ди и и а а и
и , д а а т и и и т и и а д 1000 m . ., а и ад а
. а ађ и , а ид аи и а а а и и аШа
и и т а. а а а ђ т и и и а, а и т
а ти а а аи ди т и и да, а а а и а
ид а а та и иЂ а а и .
а и и а и а - т и и а, и т а ити и
т а а а а д и - и .
а 5. Х а а
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60 1,80 2,00
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Qm/Qg
. и ( и а)
. и ( )
. д.
д и а а и ти а а и а а д та и а и ид т
а ад и и и и и да. та и д ди , д а д
а, д и т и ти а д и д и а
ди и да а. а , а аи а и ти а а ита
д и и. и, ат и ии ид ид а а и и а и ити,
иа ђ и а а а а а д да т. та и и и а да
а 57 km д а дд , а и т и и а д а а и а и
а и д ти и а а а , а т и
. т та ат и а ити и и д д и а, а ит
и а да и а и ид а и а а а и и, т а
а а а а а а и а ти а а тад а и а. д и и и
и и и да и а, а т а ди а и ад д ти
а а т и . и и а , а и та т а
и и да а и а (30 % д . и а) и т а , Ми и
и . д т а , а д а а, а и т и а и
д аМ т и , ђ да и а и и . а т ди ад
а та и и а а, а а и д а т и т и , ат и
та а и ти а д и и а и и а а и и . а
а та а а и , а а д та и д ти а т ти и
и и а и и а. а и д и ада т ти а и а и
и и а а а и , т и и т и и д т а и а.
а а и а и а ти а а и и да, д и ти д и а и и
М т и а и и и д а ти а и Ша , ад а а т а а и ит
и и и а а, да и т а а ђ а и а а.
а а а а а а а а
М и тити да ита д ада и а а и и а и и
да и и а и и ти и а. и а и а а а и и а а и
а и , а и а т и а та иа т ит т а а и . и и
а и и а и и и а (Ilešič S., 1947). а та т ди ад да а
та а а т и а, а а т а а а д тат ита ита а та а
т и . а а а та а а и а а д аид а (Pardé М., 1933) да
и д и да и а а и т ди и а а,
и и и да. а а т и и а и и и а, д
и а а а и и , а и а и а а .
т и и а и и ат ат а а д та а а
а а . и ти а т ди и и д (1923-1938.), ит та да
и а а д тат а дата а а и т а и а ати и .
и т а, а т д та и и а да и и и и
и т а итати а а т а, а а а и и д а. а
а ит и а а д а и и а а ( и а - и а и и и и
-и а -и). а д да а т и т а и а а а и д и и и и
и а а а и а а и ди и и д, т и и а ити
а ти а а. т дат а и и д иди а и а
а и а и и да а ди , т т и д ат а а и
а а и д т аи ђ а а а. а и и а а аи
М т и т и а ати.
и и а , ит и а и и и и ада и - и а
и - дит а ти а. ђ и и а ад и , а и
да а и д а и ти а т , да а и д
а и и а , ада а т и а ти а а а и а д та да
и д ди а. а а а и а да а и и а та 1961-90.
ди а, а и а та а т а и и да и а и д , а та
д а и ти а а и и а. а ти , т и а и д
а, а а и д а д а да и и и , и
и д ди а ( ат а и и д а а и
а и ти а аМ дит а а а а а и а т д , д а т
т и д ди и . ђ и и и да а ит и и да д а и
тат . та и и а и д а и а т , а ати а и
а а . и , а и д а , т и а т , ати
а и , а а а а и а и .
и и а и и , и а т а и а ит и
-и а -и и и ти а а а т и а и а ад а а. а
д а и и и и , т а и, и д и и и
а и а , а а та и а да и а и а . а а
да а д (I а и ) а и д а та а ти а а
и и а и т и а ( а ит д д и а), и д т и ати
и а и а а и а ти а а?
т д и та и а а а и а ,
а ти та и т а и а а. т т а а
д дат а а и т а а и дата а ада и а а и д та и а а
т а и М т и т и да, а и и и а и и и а а
( и а и), и т а 32 д та и . а а и и ата и д ад ,
а ити да тада и ада и а аи ти а и а а и и а
ат д а и и д а т а а д и и XX а. т
та и т ти и ид а а аи д а ти а а
д а тад а а ( т а а а ид аи да а и а).
М ђ ти , да та т и а а ити ти и д та и а, а
ти и а М а и а ада аи а т и т и а и и . т
ат а да а и а ад и и , да д и т а д а а
а, да и и а та а и да ат т а . а дида а и
д а т и а , иа а и а идида т а т иа и , а т
а а и а и а. а и , а и тат атида а
и и и ада и а аида и а а ти а д . и
т а, да и а и ти а итита д и а та ( а да и а 1961-90.)
д и и и и а и д а д а а, и а
ада и д а а а д а и а ( и д и и да) а а ђ и
и и а и и и а. и и а и и и а (I),
ид (II).
а а ат ђи а а ти ти а да д и и и,
и и да, ат и а и д и ат и а т аи да та а а
ти и а и а т и и и и и д . т ђ и и
ад и и а ти а и ти а т а и а и ит . и . (1955) ад
а и а а т и д та а а ди и а М а и а т и
а и а ди а та а а а, да и ад и 1970. ди
д д и и - и а и и - ти та а и а т . а а
т т и ити - т и а и а ти, т д а
и а и а т-а и , д а и - а т, ада т а
т а т- а , а и а ит а и и а и . т а и а ти и
-и а и и и а , а и а и, а
т и а и а а и а и и а, а а т. - т и
а и а ти и . (1970) д д и , Ми , и ит и а
ит а а, ада и, . а и и ада - ти та а и а ти.
т и и и , и д а а и а д та и а, тата и да
и и а а дит а а и а ти. и а да и а и а ти и - и а
и и и а и а, а и а д а и а и да идида д а а
та а и - и а и а - дит а а и а т , иа и
ди а д и а и а и , а та а и ит (а и д и и и и
и адати ти ). и а и и т и а а ђ ти
а т и а. и ( и д 1954-66.) а а а ита д и и и ада
и а - и а и ди а - а д а и а т , а ( и д
1951-75.) а а и а ти и ада а д и а, д та и .
и д , а та и иЂ а а и и - и а и и - дит а
а и а т , а аи а и , и и, т а - т и а а и а та
и т и а.
а а а а
а а т д и та а и и ада д а и а д аи т а и а а,
да а а т а а а и а и и а д и и а. а
и а и а иа т и и и та т ти а ди а
а а да а . и а а и а а а д та т и и а
а а и а а, а а а и и ит и и а, а т д а
а а и т а и а а а (Pardé М., 1933; Lvovich M., 1945, 1973;
Beckinssale R.P., 1969; Haines A.T. et al, 1988), д и и т и т и а
и а и (Lvovich M., 1938; Zaikov B.D., 1944; Gottschalk L. et al., 1979; Gottschalk L., 1985; Krasovskaia I., Gottschalk L., 1992). т и ид т
та т да и и а и а ат и аидата и аи аи т и
ди и . д д ад а и ти
ид т и а а ати а и а , а т и и и
и и а и а и т т и а . М ђ ти , тада и и
а а а ди а и а а а и , а а а д
а ти тии ди и т а и а а т . т и
д а д ати т а аа а и и аи и и . а та ита и ад а
и а и а ти а т и и ат и а а д , и
а и ид д д а и ита а а а, и и а
а и ти , а д и ата т и и (Arnell N.W. et al., 1990; Krasovskaia I., Gottschalk L., 1993,2002; Milly P.C. et al., 2005, итд.). и и и та -
ит и и ити а и а а, д а и ти и а и
а и ид а д и а и т ? а и
а а, и и да и да д ада и т ти ад и . М т д и
а и , а а а а и а и и а итати и и а титати и
ит и а, д 1995. ди а и т а ити и и та а а
ид а и и а и и а ди а и и а ад (Krasovskaia I.,
1995). а и а д а ад а ди и ада а а и, д иит и
а и ти а а ( д д тид ди и да), аи т та и
д а и д ти. а а д а ( . а а ди а и и а и а
д т а и -а т, т а - а ид а - а т, а а а д а а
-а и и а-д а ) т а дад а и а а ађ ити а а
а ( и и а, и а, и а, и а и ). а , а а т а ти
а а а ти и и ти а а и д а и а ат а а и
а ди а ди и . и и ат а д ид а а
(3 а +2 и ), и а а и т . и д и а та и ти, да и а а
т а и а адад и и ди ити и и а. и и а
а ти и а и а та и ти ти а а а, а а а а т т и , а , а
и а и , а а и а а и а а д а. т
д та т а а д а и и а а а а та а.
д , и и та и а т и . ад и
и и а , Stanescu V. и Ungureanu V., (1997) д и ата и
и а и Ша и д та а а ид а и а а . и .
а а а и ад и и а и - и и
а а а. и а, иид и и а и и а и а и да и
-а, а т и а и д а т- а. и и и а т - т , д и
т - т , а т и а т - т ( т д и а да
и и ). т и ада ид ти та а и д а и а ти а и
и та и т и да д та а а . ат и и а а и
ид а . и а ( ) а и д ад т т и а а
а д (т а ида а 3 m3/s д а т и , и и а д
и и т та д 1.38:1.24). а и а и и а а да т
та и а д та а а та и а и а. аи а а а т и
и и ат и а и а и д а - а, и и а а а а т
и т а т а М т и - и а д а и а и
и и та а а а ад а т и . а и ид да и а а и атаи
и а ти а и Ша , а и и , а ид а и а и и а
а а д , а итидаа т и и д ати и а
а т т а. Ма и ти и а д а и
и и а ад М а ( а и и ид д III, V, IV, та и и
а и т), д ит и и и а М а М а
(III, II, IV, ат а и а ит и II, III, IV). а т и а, и тти а и и
и ада и - и . а а , та ат и а т а а
т ит и а и и и а а ии д и т и и та и тии и
и ид и а и т ти а а и а а и ти и а и а.
ад ти и а и а а а а (BALWOIS Area), Stanescu и а
а т д ид и а и и , а и ада т и
т д и да и и д та и ти а а и д и д и и да
а и а и и и и а и да (Stanescu V., 2004). а и и а, а ,
т и а та и а , и д а т д и ад и
и ди а та тит а и а (IV-VI), а ид (VII-IX) ит
(IX-X) и и а ( и д а а ти а а ада 40 ди а). а
а , и а и а та и ти а и а и д
а и а, а и д и т и и а, д т и а и и а
ати та и а , а и и и а та и а . и и д и
а и а и а ( а и ), д ит и а и и а а
М а а ( д и а а М а и). а ада а д ти а а а
и а а а и д и ада (1961-90.), иди да а и и
(ти и а и М т и и) и а а и ит ти а а та
и а и . и ати а т д д а т аити а и а
т а а (“a stopping rule”). ита а и ити а и ит ти
ид а а д и а ( ди ити и и ти и ), д а и а а
ит и и а и а и и та ити а и ђ и а.
а а и и т ит и и ти и и а, ати а т
и а и .
да а д ђи а ати а и а а и а а и и Kovacs
P. и а а (Kovacs P., 2006), и а и М т и и и а
и . и аи а. а т да та и та (Krasovskaia I., 1995), ти
т и д а и а и д а та и ти и и а та ди и и да
а а т и а а а т а . аи , а и и д 817
000 km2и а и и ид и та и а (д ад та и и)
и и ати иа и ати и тат. т т и а и , и т и и
и а и и а ( а ит а и и ) и и а и а и
и ада ( т 500 km2). да та а ита : та аа а и а?
а ити а ти д и а а и и а, а и а а и и
а ти и а и ии и та и а. а и , да и
д и 8 а и ти а, а д а дти и а 17 а и ити и
и а и а а, т а а и а а а т и да
и ити д а и а и а. а а а д а и а а т
и и а и д д д а д а, а а т и а и а
а и а и да а а д а д а. та и и а а и д
и ( и и а ) а д и и ти и (4/а). а , ита
и и М а ии т а и а - да и !
а а а
а а д а д , а ити да а и т
т д и т т д и а ати ад ат т ит и , а ати т
и а дити и и а а а . и д даа а и и а и ад и ит ти а
т а и М т и ити д а а а д та и и а и
а и и а и д и и а, и и и а ида ат а
и а а а и ит т и а. д т а , а ада та и и т
т да а а т и д тат , т и и а ат ит и а а
и . ат ит ита а и а, и и а и , и а
д а а аа и а и т т да.
а , а и и т и а и и а и и а и ад ат и, и
а и а и и и а ђ и а ти и а и и, а и та и и, и ти а и а
да, и ад а а и и а д та а а т ти.
та и и а и и а и аид ада а ад д ти т . т
и а а а ти т а и а а д а
и т а и а и, д и и а т а и д и а и а
и и и да и да 1961-90. ди а. т и и т а т
и итати та и т и а и а, и и т и а а а и а и
д а ада. та , та т а иа т и, д а д ад
да а . та и 3 ити и а а а а т и ти д ти ти и
т а ти т и а и а а а а и а ти а а а аи
М т и .
да и и та и т ати и и а и а д и а а д а и а
и а д т а а и ид а а. а а а а и и а.
а а и а и ти а и а ит и и а а а , иди да д а
д а д а а и а а тада а та т, ити и тада
та и и и. и и т а и а и (0.89) а а и а т (0.60) и
а и (0.65), т а и да ди а а д т а а ( а ди ) ат а
д а и . да д а а и та и т т и да
а , и а и ада и а и ( и а), а и та т а а.
а и , и ти а а а 24.5 m3/s, ат а 1963. ди и
115 m3/s! а и ита а а ати ита и и а и а 2.5 та и
и т и а (40:100 mm а и и та и а а). и
ид д и и а а. а т и д и ида тада и
а т а а и а и ада и ( 1.5 m3/s). а т ,
и и т а и а и и а и а и а таиа и а.
Та а 3. а а а
XII I II III IV V VI
0,89(1) 0,6(2) 0,65(3) ит и а
( да а ) 20%(6) 33%(10) 17%(5)
0,63(3) 0,67(1) 0,69(2)
а
( ) 13%(4) 23%(7) 30%(9)
0,79(3) 0,53(1) 0,54(2) а
( а и ) 23%(7) 23%(7) 17%(5)
0,93(2) 0,66(1) 0,58(3) .М а и а
( . и а ) 17%(5) 30%(9) 10%(3)
1,15(2) 0,75(1) 1,03(3)
и а
( ) 17%(5) 33%(10) 20%(6)
0,62(3) 0,32(2) 0,4(1)
. и
( ) 17%(5) 27%(8) 33%(10)
0,57(2) 0,33(3) 0,36(1)
. и
( и а) 20%(6) 10%(3) 30%(9)
0,96(1) 0,76(3) 0,62(2) и а
( и а) 23%(7) 7%(2) 20%(6)
1,09(2) 0,95(3) 0,8(1)
и
(Ђа и а) 20%(6) 13%(4) 30%(9)
0,46(3) 0,51(2) 0,51(1)
а
(Ђ.а и ) 17%(5) 20%(6) 30%(9)
0,61(1) 0,6(2) 0,81(3) а
( а ) 27%(8) 13%(4) 17%(5)
0,32(2) 0,36(1) 0,46(3)
. и т и а
( ) 17%(5) 63%(19) 0
0,34(3) 0,33(1) 0,47(2)
. и т и а
( а и) 3%(1) 83%(25) 7%(2)
0,38(3) 0,41(1) 0,47(2)
. и т и а
( и ) 7%(2) 60%(18) 17%(5)
0,53(2) 0,61(1) 0,7(3)
а а
( а) 17%(5) 67%(20) 7%(2)
да:
и д: и а а а и и т а и а и (Cv); а ади д и а и а ти а а (1 – а и и, 2 – д и, 3 – т и),
и д: ти а ат а да д ти а а и а и а и и ти а; а ади а а а а и а ти а а т т ид т ди а (1961-90).
а д т а и:
- да а и д и ди д ти а и ати и
и ђ а а аи ђ ђи а ;
- т та и т и а и та т а и а т и
т и и ата ди а , а а и а д и т и а ,
да и т ( а д и а) т а и ати и и а
и а ити ( . 1 и и 2 а и аии т т и и и а). ат т
т а и и и а ити и а ди и, т
д а а а и а а и т.
ада да т а и а а и и да ита , а а ити . да
а д и и а и и а а ат д а 50% и д
а -а и ( и, д иит и а и )? а ида д 30 ди а а 15
и и и д . д та и а ( и а и и ) и .
ди а ( д 30) и а а а а и а и ти а и. а т а а и да и
и и да т и и ти а и а и а ати а и. а а а а
( и , и а) и д а д ди и , а д а та и и и и и и д
0.35 ( . и , . и т и а). а и и а и да и ди ди и д
и а а а и и и и ти а а и а и , ада и и та
д ди ( и т 1.67, а а а 2.05, итд.).
д а и и а а и ти и и а и а. и
т и д и и да и и и и ти а и а и а а и и, тада и
а а ат а да а ити а и а д ти ти а а. д и
и а а и а ди а ада а и и а а и а и даа и -
а и, д 6 д и д 2 д а и т и . а и
та и ти и а и а ти а и а и и а и а а та.
и и а и и а и и а и и д и а а а и
ати а и а д и и и и и да и и и и а
да т а т и и да. а и ти а т , а т
т ат а а д а , т а а а ти а и д и и
та и . а т , и и а т аи ди ди та и а
д т, ат а а а и а и и ти а а (Cv).
а а
а а а д и т , а ити да а и и а и и
д и и а а и т ати а , и т ит ђ т д и тат , а
и а т ит та, и и д и а и т д и а а и а а
т и и. т а и д и и а д а и д та
и ид а . д и и ит а а а и и ати а а и
т и и а та дити а, а т ди а и
и и тити а д и та а. а т и ити т ,
дат т т , и д а а и т д ат ти ди, а и и
и т и а и д и а а и . а и и и та и а и а
и ат и а, а и и и и а а а а, а
и атити и и да и а д та та и и , а ти и
д и а а и а а и д и а. д и и и а
ђ и а а да .
а а
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и и , . (2006). и и а а д и и а а и и. Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚɭȻɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, 54, 47-58
аи , . . (1944). ȼɧɭɬɪɢɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. д -М а: ид т и дат
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UDC 911.2:551.482(497.113) NENAD ŽIVKOVIĆ*
LJILJANA GAVRILOVIC
ABOUT THE HIGH FLOW REGIME OF THE RIVERS OF KOSOVO AND METOHIA
Abstract: The examples from Kosovo and Metohia attempted to point to some problems in the domain of hydrogeographic regionalization. The river water regime, especially the phase of high flows which marks this regime, has been the topic of almost all researches which treat water resources of drainage basins. However, the thing that has not been achieved till now is the unique solution by which the classification of rivers would be made according to this feature. On this example it has been shown that even some older methods, based on genetic analysis of hydrograms and of global type, as well as some recent ones, with lot of quantitative entry and regional approaches, cannot with certainty answer all the challenges which river regimes bring with themselves. This work shows that apart from climate, orographic and physiognomic features of drainage basins, the periods of data processing and the analysis of individual intra-annual series of discharges are very important as well. Discretization on time periods shorter than one month, as well as elimination of the extreme values of discharges in the longtime series is recommended for the future research.
Key words: Kosovo and Metohia, water regime, high flows, methods, regionalization
Introduction
One of the basic questions which has been made in the regional hydrogeographic researches is the river regime and, in scope of it, the form which refers to regular intra-annual changes of water level and their features -water regime. According to the significance and presence in the studies the water regime became a synonym of river regime without, at the same time, diminishing the role of its other elements, thermal, hydro-chemical and deposit regime. The special value has been given to it because of the fact that our territory of moderate latitude is extremely complex in the terms of defining connections which realize climate and hydro occurrences. The seasonal influences of air and rainfall temperature are demonstrated here not just on water features of drainage basin but on entire human activity in the most completed and subtle way.
Inside the borders of our state there is not certainly any territory which is similar to Kosovo and Metohia in which influences of different factors so intensively overlap causing hydrologic occurrences known for their extreme features. The collision of Mediterranean and continental influences of different factors is intensified by excessive orography, high bordering mountains Prokletije, Shara and Kopaonik, as well as vast ravine of Metohia, that is Kosovo plateau. It was written about water regimes of the rivers of this territory inside the scope of hydrologic studies using the researches from the previous century. This time some new details which were received from the data processing on the river discharges for the standard period from the year 1961 to 1990 will be emphasized.
The data analysis from hydrometric stations
The data base which was used for the regime processing is composed of 15 profiles on which water level (discharge) has been monitored for the longest succession of years. In some cases the beginning of measurement was about ten years longer than needed, and in some two or three years shorter, therefore using interpolation the series was brought to the
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needed one-thirty years long. Since the task of this paper is analysis of water regime, discretization of the time series of the discharge data should indicate basic factors of forming different hydrograms. For this reason monthly values have been chosen, although they are good reasons (Zivkovic N., 2006) that this period should be several times shorter (decades). By this choice it was intended to make comparison with the results of some other researches which use monthly discharges . Shorter series, especially the ones with daily values, and with the peaks, are mostly analyzed for practical purposes and for each drainage basin individually, where analogy is unnecessary and unproductive.
Таble 1. The average monthly discharge (m3/s) of the rivers of Kosovo and Metohia
for the period from 1961-90.
With these profiles the whole studied territory is included (the Beli Drim River, the Lepenac River, the Binacka Morava River and the Ibar River), but the absolute values could be used more for study of river balance than for river regime. In order to achieve the latter we will use the data expressed with the relation to the average annual discharge (the average monthly/the average annual).
It can be already concluded by the values from the table 2 that the distribution of water run-off per month is not unique and that there are significant differences in time of appearance of extreme seasonal discharges, especially maximal ones (regular floods of so called high flows). Also, one of the consequences of this is that rivers like the Ibar and the Beli Drim in the limits of the studied territory with relatively small drainage basins possess some indications of the regimes which are characteristic of lot larger drainage basins, and they are combination of different influences during a period of several months.
The water regimes of all these rivers can be classified into several groups. The biggest differences among them are in the time of occurrence of the main maximum, while the main minimum mostly occurs in August, and rarely in September. To the first group of clearly differentiated regimes belong rivers which are formed on the highest parts of Shara and Prokletije mountains. Of the chosen drainage basins here belong the Plavska River, the Prizrenska, the Pecka River and the Decanska Bistrica River. Although they are parts of the same territory, this group excludes the Erenik River as well as the Lepenac River.
Таble 2. The river discharges expressed in modules (average monthly/ average annual)
Figure 1. Hydrograms of the rivers of Shara and Prokletije mountains
quantity of rainfall in Serbia (the peaks of Prokletije Mountain exceed 2000 mm), then these excessive waters in time of thawing of snow are not surprising at all. It should be emphasized that the data refer only to parts of the shown drainage basins from the part of the river source up to the measuring profiles, and that the downstream parts of valleys are mainly narrow, with the small falls at the floor of Metohia`s ravine. This especially refers to the Pecka River and the Decanska Bistrica River where hydrometric stations are 30 km distant from their mouth into the Beli Drim River. The areas of the drainage basins of these rivers, which are not analyzed for the mentioned reasons, are 240 and 164 km2. With them (the mouth) the water regime of these rivers is in some extent modified and the thawed snow of the lowest parts of the drainage basins, which is already in February the first “at stroke” of warmer Mediterranean air, brings about slightly higher level of February, March and April waters than it is shown in the figure 1.
The influence of the Adriatic Sea and the morphology of this terrain are crucial for the explanation of differences which exist on very small distance. Namely, the direction of the valley stretch of the low Drim in which more humid and warmer air flows during winter is such that it passes into Metohia using the shortest way, over the curve Morina (about 600 m), and causes the thawing of snow. The first sub-basin of the Beli Drim River exposed to it is the Erenik in such a way that the rising currents up Junicka Mountain, exposed south-eastward till its highest peaks, move almost all snow water already in February. The Decanska Bistrica has completely different regime than the Erenik River although it leans on the same highest peak of Prokletije mountain - Djeravica, and this is especially noticeable at the river Pecka Bistrica. These two drainage basins are deeply cut into Prokletije Mountain, but they are isolated as well with narrow gorges towards Metohia, i.e. towards peaks of Djeravica, Bogicevica and Koprivnik. Apart from this, the exit profiles of these valleys are inversely oriented towards the direction by which the influences from the Adriatic Sea most easily get through. These conclusions are also relevant for Shara`s drainage basins - the Prizrenska Bistrica River and the Plavska River, but here the influence from the sea is bigger, so the winter waters are slightly higher, that is, the increasing branch of hydrogram has more even intra-monthly increase until May maximum
The rivers which are not analyzed, but belong to this group, are also those which start from the north-east of Prokletije Mountain (Zljeb, Mokra Gora), and these are the spring flow of the Beli Drim and its left tributary the Istocka River. Although they are exposed to south, the sudden increase of height of these drainage basins at Pecki Podgor disables quick thawing of snow at the end of winter. Large discrepancy of ground and surface watershed was registered towards the Ibar Drainage Basin whose waters move towards south, i.e. towards Metohia, and it mostly occurs in the period of snow thawing at heights above 1500 m, that is in April and May.
From the side of Shara Mountain, although there is no measuring, it can be assumed that apart from the Prizrenska Bistrica River and the Plavska River late spring maximum can occur only on some left tributaries of the Topluga River which spring out at Jezerska Mountain and Zar Mountain(the Lesanska River, The Koriska River)
The autumn maximum of rainfall is manifested by the secondary peak on the hydrogram within all the rivers of this group. The increase of water level is already noticeable in October, but it reaches its maximum in November in the period of the heaviest rain when it comes closer to the annual average. Already at the end of that month and especially in December and January water level decreases as the consequence of accumulation of water in the form of snow.
hydrographic system of the Binacka Morava River belong to the Black Sea Drainage basin. Although there is no data, it is most probable that the Nerodimka River whose waters enter into the Aegean Sea belong to this group as well.
Figure 2. Hydrograms of the rivers from the central part of Kosovo and Metohia
All the rivers of this group have simple hydrogram, with one maximum and one minimum. The common feature for them is almost identical, increasing branch of annual distribution of water which starts from October and reaches its maximum in February. Equal intra-monthly alterations are somewhat disturbed by January snow retention and until that rain is the only source of the water quantity of these rivers. After that, in February the infiltration of warmer air from Mediterranean by the valley of the Drim River causes the inflow of snow water, and it becomes more significant in the case when the drainage basins are closer to the west.Therefore, those which are the first at stroke - the Topluga River, the Mirusa River and the Klina River and which are mostly distributed in the zone from 400 m to 700 m, suddenly increase their run-off. Considering the fact that they have little snow remained in the highest parts of the drainage basin, and that it is the period with low rainfall (the secondary minimum), their March waters are significantly lower than the waters from the previous month. Still, if we move more eastward to the drainage basin of the Sitnica River, that difference is not so expressed. The main reason for this are waters of the Lab River which takes part in the discharge of the Sitnica River with over 30% and it comes from the upper parts of Kopaonik, with the highest waters in March. That is the reason why the differences are very small between February and March on the Sitnica River at Nedakovci. The same explanation goes for the Binacka Morava River only here March influence is lot stronger (more eastward and higher drainage basin) and therefore exceeds the one in February. The hydrogram of the Kriva River, its left and the most important tributary, is identical. Already in April and May big quantity of water are used for vegetation although rain is becoming more intensive. For this very reason and because of the remained snow on the high peaks, April has more water than May everywhere. With this last month the quantity of water above the annual average finishes and sudden fall comes in June, notwithstanding the fact that this is the month with the largest quantity of rain in the drainage basins of the Sitnica River and the Binacka Morava river (in Metohia the regime is somewhat different). The average maximal waters of the months with the largest quantity of water (February and March) are twice bigger than the average annual waters, while those minimal ones in August come to their fourth.
The Ibar River, which drains the northern parts of Kosovo and Metohia and it is transitional flow on that territory, belongs to the third group of regimes. It only receives one bigger tributary and that is the Sitnica River. Water gage stations with reliable period of monitoring are Prelez, downstream from dam Gazivode, before the Sitnica River mouth, and Leposavic after the mouth of the same river.
Figure 3. The hydrograms of the Ibar River on the territory of Kosovo and Metohia
water for 50% (at the Bistrice River this is on the level of the average annual waters). The maximum proceeds only in April, it is clearly expressed and fed mainly with snow water from the right, higher Prokletije`s side of the drainage basin. The trend continues even in May, aided by rain which is at that time the most frequent and the most intensive, but the losses are somewhat bigger due to the evapotranspiration. The evapotranspiration together with the exhaustion from snow water causes June waters to be equal to February waters. Therefore they are low although June is a month with the same quantity of rainfall as May (80 mm at rain-gauge Ribaric 685 m of altitude, Brnjak 1060 m of altitude).
The analysis of hydrogram on the profile Leposavic indicates the influence that the river Sitnica has on the river Ibar. In fact the question can be made which river has bigger influence on the other, since at the place of their juncture they have similar annual average (about 13 m3/s). What is more, the Sitnica Drainage Basin is at the same place 2.4 times higher than the Ibar Drainage basin (2860 : 1200 km2). That also indicates that for exactly this value the conditions of run-off in the Sitnica Drainage Basin are more unfavourable than in the drainage basin of the upper Ibar. For all of these aforementioned the distribution of water per months is the combination of these two regimes in Leposavic. The waters of the river Sitnica influence the sudden increase in February, and the maximum in March comes from their equal inflow (where the waters of the river Sitnica are in decrease while the upper Ibar waters are in increase). Already in April, which has almost the same quantity of water as March and February, the waters from the source of the river Ibar are dominant, when the maximum of snow thawing occurs. May has a bit less quantity of water, with the discharges which are 1.5 times larger than annual, and their origin is in the remained snow from the north Prokletije and the rain which is dominant then in the whole drainage basin upstream from Leposavic. It can be said that already from April decreasing trend of discharge in Leposavic follows nicely the same tendencies on the river Sitnica and the upper Ibar. Additionally, it can be noticed that June waters are also under the influence of waters of the upper Ibar, but they are even then below the annual average.
This brief review includes the highest number of rivers on the territory of Kosovo and Metohia. However, there are several more cases, mainly adjacent drainage basins, where specific conditions modify the shown regimes. They will be presented first because of the case of one of them- the drainage basin Erenik. After them, the river Beli Drim - the largest among the rivers of Metohia will be presented.
Figure 4.The Hidrograms of the rivers Erenik, the Lepenac and the Lab
decrease. Such a unique hydrogram on our territory is the consequence of joint influence of climate and orographic conditions, but of geographic location and exposition as well.
Although the water maximum of the Sitnica River occurs in February, the same as on the Erenik River, there is clear distinction between them caused by the fact that the river Sitnica is much more continental than the Erenik. While the river Erenik at the end of that month and at the beginning of the next month enters the closing phase of high discharges, this phase just starts on the river Sitnica. One of the main reasons is the river Lab, its left tributary, which with the third of the waters of the river Sitnica most intensively takes part in the run-off in March and April. This is the period of the most frequent maximums in Serbia and it is the consequence of snow thawing in hilly-mountainous drainage basins. On this river May waters are high too, equal to February waters, and caused by snow water from Kopaonik and rainwater which is in this period the most frequent. Annual waters below the average occur just in the second half of June and that reduction in comparison to the previous month is almost 100 %- which is the highest intra-monthly alteration.
For the hydrogram of the river Lepenac it can be said that it is simple, but behind its simplicity lies maybe one of the most unusual distribution of the water run-off during a year. The run-offs, which are higher than annual average, last from December to the beginning of July. There are no larger differences between them and high flows which start from February to June and have their maximum during three succeeding months, from March to May, with almost identical values (only 50 % higher than annual). Large number of factors influences such “prolonged” high flows and they are, apart from pluviometric regime, the location of the drainage basin, exposition (eastward and southward), dissection of relief, etc. With the measuring at the station Dj. Jankovic the discharge presents, in fact, the sum of the waters of the upper Lepenac in Sirinicka district and the river Nerodimka. This river drains southern part of Kosovo plain and snow water from the lowest part of its drainage basin in February indicates the increase of the river level at the exit of the river Lepenac from our territory. The origin of the water is mostly the same in March as in April, and it comes from the largest part of the drainage basin of the river Nerodimka and Kacanicka gorge, where hypsometric zone of about 1000 m of altitude is predominant, as well as from the floor of the district. Already in May rain takes the dominance but there is also the snow water from the highest peaks of Shara Mountain at the river source of the Lepenac. The equal distributions of the height zones, as well as the opposite phases of the run-offs of the Lepenac River and the Nerodimka River in the period of high flows, cause such an unusual hydrogram at the station Djeneral Jankovic.
After all these descriptions of the river regime in Kosovo and Metohia it is not difficult to explain that which can be noticed on the largest of them –the Beli Drim River.
Figure 5. The hydrogram of the Beli Drim River
At the shown discharges of the river Beli Drim on two pages the differences are evident only in the period of high flows or above the average ones. The remaining part of the year, from June to November, characterizes totally the same distribution and relation between monthly and annual waters. Therefore, in the period of drought this river has uniformed run-off in the full length. But, winter and spring part of the hydrogram are pretty different, although between them clear congruence can be noticed. The stations Kpuz and Vrbnica are 57 km distant from each other, but what differs them according to the regime is certainly the river Erenik which has crucial influence on the Drim, and it is located between these two profiles.
rain directs to the Vrbnica River, in that month the significant difference in the run-off of these two profiles occurs. This is at the same time the first peak in the scope of high flows of the Beli Drim, because after that the small fall of water quantity conditioned by January snow retention proceeds. The second peak is in February, mostly stirred at the Vrbnica River by waters of the Erenik (30% of the waters of the Beli Drim), slightly less by waters of the Topluga River, the Mirusa River and the Klina River. On the other hand, the Klina River, as well as thawed snow of the lowest northern part of Metohia makes the secondary maximum in Kpuz too. Again the fall proceeds in March at both stations because there is still no rain, snow has thawed from the lowest part of the valley, and the warm wave has not reached higher mountainous zones covered with snow yet. It is exactly indicated in April, and in May the water levels reach their peak aided by rain maximum as well. This period almost completely belongs to the influence that real mountainous rivers have on the Beli Drim, all three rivers Bistrice and partly on the rivers Toplicka and the Istocka. This combination of high flow`s run-off, where winter ones originate from the Erenik River and low Metohia and the spring ones from higher parts of Prokletije mountain and Shara mountain, with two slowdowns differently incited, make the Beli Drim River unique as no other river in our country.
The review of the previous classifications based on the genetic model
It can be noticed that in the whole previous presentation on high flow regimes there has not been any mentioning of their types. Most of these rivers were analyzed even earlier, but the authors left this problem to the authority such was S. Ileshich and his classification of the regimes in SFRY ( Ileshich S., 1947). Although that study has been the most complete one up till now, the author himself warns on some drawbacks and those questions leaves open. The base for the classification of the rivers was Parde`s idea (Pardé М., 1933) - to take into consideration the share of those waters which make the most important component of the annual graphic presentation, the high flow profile. In our case these were snow water and river water; while ice melted water occurs in higher, glaciered mountains of Europe.
Ileshich did not manage to avoid short period of monitoring of water level on the rivers in SFRY. He used sixteen-year-long period ( 1923-1938), in that way that he had to fill the series with interpolation in several cases when there were no data. Apart from this, the method itself was conceptualized in such a way that the assessments of the participation of snow water and rain water were of completely qualitative character, based on the assessment of their relation. That problem is especially demonstrated on the marginal cases (nival-pluvial or pluvial-nival). Considering the fact that up till now there has not been research which would express the relation between rain and snow water in numbers for the period of several years, we cannot hold against Ileshich`s subjective assessment. The thing which maybe should have been avoided is decisive connection of the maximum high flows with certain months, especially since the period of monitoring was half shorter than needed for making conclusions. On several examples from Kosovo and Metohia it would be shown as well.
(profile Prelez is monitored which corresponds to Ilshich`s profile –K. Mitrovica).The same goes for the Ibar`s tributary the river Sitnica which, although under the strong influence from the Mediterranean, does not have clear autumn increase of the water, instead December waters are just slightly higher than annual ones. Also, the comparison of the high flows on the river Sitnica gave different results. According to the older and shorter period the maximum was in March, and then in February and January. According to the recent one, high flows are in February, slightly lower in March, and then in April, while January waters are at the same level as May waters.
The similar thing is with the Beli Drim River, which was assessed as a flow with intensive pluvial-nival regime where autumn rains from the Adriatic Sea took significant place in its run-off. This December peak which was mentioned, in fact, according to the recent period is not even close to the first maximum in May, and it stays behind the secondary maximum in February. And, if it is known that May waters of this river (the first maximum) mostly originate from Prokletije mountain in the drainage basins of the Bistrica (especially upstream from the Erenik River), can then pluvial influence be emphasized on the account of the nival influence?
The previous remark certainly does not cast the shadow on Ileshich`s conclusions, but it points to the objective condition in the period of his research. The thing which makes additional analysis even more difficult is non existence of the entry data about rainfall and water levels for the territory of Kosovo and Metohia of this period, as well as their graphic representation that exist for 32 other stations.
If we ignore the short period of processing, we can conclude that according to the rainfall at that time as well as the river run-off, Ileshich had notably different picture from the one that existed in the second half of the 20th century.
What stayed the same is unusual hydrogram of the Lepanac River and its even run-off from March to May (again with some discrepancy concerning December and the secondary maximum). However, one remark could hardly be explained as the objective drawback, and it concerns the Binacka Morava River and the conclusion that it has almost clear pluvial regime. The author thought that this drainage basin is of low altitude, that it was under the inflow of the warm air from the Aegean south, that snow cover was thin and it did not last long. He stated that the highest flows were in March and February, although the graph shows that it is in March and April, and only then equal February and May. Be it as it may, it can be said with certainty that this drainage basin has lot of snowfall and that it has important role in the water run-off. Apart from this, the fact that pluvial influence cannot be so dominant (at least according to the data from 1961 to 1990) all rain-gauges testify at the profile from Urosevac to Bujanovac, according to which the rainfall from January to March is equally distributed and they are closer to dry than to humid months. The rain maximums are in June and in May (the 1st) and November and December (the 2nd).
Mirusa, the Topluga and the Sitnica with tributaries into Kosovo-Metohian variant, although the river Lab for example would rather belong to moderate-continental variant. The author also mentioned the Erenik River, singling it out from the rest of the rivers with the comment that was close to Mediterranean variant. It is not clear whether this is pluvial-nival or pluvial regime but according to the distribution of the maximal waters it can be seen that it is not appropriate for neither of them. Contrary to Dukic, Labus D. (1983) classified the Erenik and the Topluga into the rivers of pluvial-nival regime of moderate-Mediterranean variant, although the only thing they have in common is February maximum, and everything else is different (and according to the definition they cannot belong to this type). There is no matching for the Beli Drim between these two authors. According to Dukic (the period 1954-1966) this river in all its length belongs to the nival-pluvial regime of the Dinnaric-Macedonian variant, and according to Labus (the period 1951-1975) it belongs to this variant only in the upper part of the drainage basin, up to the station Kpuz. Downstream, at the station Djonaj, it transfers into pluvial-nival regime of moderate-Mediterranean variant, and at the exit from country in Vrbnica it is even Kosovo-Metohian variant of the same regime.
The current approaches of the classification of the water regimes
