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Availableonlineatwww.sciencedirect.com
Original
Article
The
influence
of
flow
asymmetry
on
refractory
erosion
in
the
vacuum
chamber
of
a
RH
degasser
Pedro
Henrique
Resende
Vaz
de
Melo
a,∗,
Johne
Jesus
Mol
Peixoto
a,
Gustavo
Santos
Galante
a,
Bruna
Helena
Malovini
Loiola
a,
Carlos
Antônio
da
Silva
a,
Itavahn
Alves
da
Silva
a,
Varadarajan
Seshadri
baDepartmentofMetallurgicalEngineeringandMaterials,FederalUniversityofOuroPreto(UFOP),OuroPreto,Brazil bDepartmentofMetallurgicalEngineeringandMaterials,FederalUniversityofMinasGerais(UFMG),BeloHorizonte,Brazil
a
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t
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Articlehistory:Received13February2019 Accepted22June2019 Availableonline12July2019
Keywords: RHdegasser Flowasymmetry Refractoryerosion Modeling
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NozzleblockageinRHreactorsisaseriousoperationalproblemsinceitcancausean asym-metricdistributionofthesteelflowinboththeup-legaswellasthelowerregionofthe vacuumchamber.Thisanomalycanalterthecirculationrateinadditiontoaffectingthe erosionprofileofthelowerpartofvacuumchamberrefractorylining.Inthisstudy,the effectofnozzleobstructiononliquidcirculationrate,wallshearstress,velocityprofilesand flowpatternhavebeenevaluated.Inaddition,refractoryerosioninthevacuumchamber hasbeenestimatedthroughphysicalmodelingandmathematicalsimulationresults.Four blockageconditionswerestudiedfordifferentgasflowrates.Therewasagoodagreement inphysicalandmathematicalmodelsresults.Asymmetricflowwasobservedinvacuum chamberlowerregioninasymmetricblockagecases,whichresultedinpreferentialwear ononechambersideinphysicalmodelingexperiments.Thewallshearstressanalysisin thevacuumchamberusingafluiddynamicmodelalsoindicatespreferentialerosion.When compared,refractoryerosionresultsinphysicalmodelingandshearstressinmathematical modelingpresentedgoodcorrelation.
©2019TheAuthors.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Thisisanopenaccessarticleunderthe CCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1.
Introduction
Refractorywearcostsinvolvedintheproductionofsteel rep-resentsasignificantproportionoftheoverallmanufacturing cost.Hencethechoiceofthemostsuitablerefractorytypefor eachapplicationisofutmostimportance,consideringaspects
∗ Correspondingauthor.
E-mail:pedrovazdemelo21@hotmail.com(P.H.Melo).
suchasresistancetohigh-temperatureandtoerosion.These notonlydependsonrefractorytypebutalsothefluiddynamic conditionsofmoltensteelincontactwiththerefractory lin-ing.Inaddition,thechemicalpropertiesoftheslagandsteel, atmosphereandtemperatureofprocessarefactorsthataffect refractory linings. Hencethe refractorystructure zoningis important and thechoice ismade takinginto account the physicochemicalcharacteristicsoftherefractoryandthe envi-ronmenttowhichitisexposed.Someaspectsofpredominant refractoriesusedinmetallurgyhavebeendiscussedinRef.[1].
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.036
2238-7854/©2019 The Authors. Publishedby Elsevier B.V. This is anopen access articleunder the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Fig.1–(a)AcrylicmodelmaindimensionsoftheRHreactor;(b)setupforRHreactorCFDsimulation;(c)boricacidtablets
distribution/areasforwallshearstressanalysis(CFD)inthevacuumchamber.
TheRHreactoriswidelyusedinsecondarysteelrefining duetoitsflexibilityinrespectofmetallurgicalfunctionssuch asdecarburization,degassing,homogenization, desulfuriza-tion,removalofnonmetallicinclusionsandalloyingadditions
[2].ThenozzleblockageisarecurrentproblemintheRHand maydirectlyinfluencethefluidbehavior,especiallyinthe vac-uum chamber(VC).The uniformgas distributionand flow patterngetsaltered,incaseofasymmetricobstruction,and consequently,thecirculationratealsoisadverselyaffected
[3–5].
Theincreaseinliquidsteelcirculationrateisalsorelatedto theaccelerationofrefractoryliningerosion.Amongthe possi-blerefractoryweartypes,erosionisthemostaggressivetothe lininglife,especiallyintheupanddownlegsaswellastheVC lowerregion.Theerosionisduetoliquidsteelandslagflow, whichgraduallyremovestherefractorybrickssurfacelayer
[6].
Evaluationofwallshearstressdistribution,via mathemat-icalmodeling,helpstopredictrefractoryliningerosion.The maximumshearstresspointisthepreferentialpointofwear
[7].Luoetal.[8]alsousedmathematicalmodeling,validated bysimulationsinacoldmodel,tocalculatecirculationrate andmixingtime,aswellaswallshearstresstopredict pref-erentialrefractorieswearintheRHreactor.Thepresentwork aimstoanalyzeandcharacterizetheinfluenceofnozzle block-age,leadingtoasymmetricflowanditseffectoncirculation rateandrefractoryerosion.
2.
Materials
and
methods
2.1. Physicalmodeling
Fig.1givesthe maindimensionsofthe RHreactormodel, builtinacrylicwithascale factor=1:7.5.The
dimension-lessparameters,namelytheFroudenumber(Fr)andflow(NVa)
serve assimilarity criteria betweenprototype andphysical model.Thegasinjectionnozzlesdiameterwascalculatedby modifiedFroudenumber(Frm).Adiscussionofsimilarity
cri-teriaasappliedtoRHdegassercanbefoundinSeshadriand Costa[9].
Fr=V2/gD;N
Va=G/D2V;Frm=U2g/Dgl (1)
whereVisliquidvelocity;gandlarethedensityoftheliquid
andgas;Disthelegsinnerdiameter;gisthegravity acceler-ation;UisthegasvelocityinthenozzleandGisthegasflow rateinthenozzles.
Forboththephysicalandmathematicalsimulations,aRH reactormodelwith16gasinjectionnozzles(2.4mminternal diameter),distributedsymmetricallyintworingshavebeen considered.Fourdifferentconditionswere studied,namely: Condition1:noblockage;Condition2:asymmetricblockage of8nozzles;Condition3:asymmetric4-nozzleblockage; Con-dition4:symmetricalblockageof8nozzles.Fig.2showsthe simulatedblockageconditions.
2.1.1. Circulationrate
Thecirculation ratein the RHdegasser hasbeen assessed bytheconductimetrytechnique,asshowninprevious stud-ies[4,9–11].Itconsistsofinjectingapulse-shapedpotassium chloridesolutionintotheVCintheportionnearofthe up-leg.Aconductivitysensorwaspositionedinthedown-legfor continuouslymeasuringthesaltconcentrationvariation. Con-centrationvalueswereevaluatedbyadataacquisitionboard connectedtoacomputer,whichstoresandprocessesthedata
[4].ThecirculationratewascomputedusingEq.2.Thefour cloggingconditionsweresimulatedforgasflowratesof80,
Fig.2–(a)Condition1;(b)Condition2;(c)Condition3;(d)
Condition4.
90,100,110, 120,140L/min.Thereportedcirculationrateis theaverageof10experiments.
Q=C·Mwater/Ar (2)
whereQisthecirculationrate(kg/s);Cistheconcentration variationingofKCl/kgofwater;Mwateristheamountofliquid
inthereactorinkg;Aristheareaoftheregioncorresponding
tothepassageofthefirsttracerpulseundertheconcentration versustimecurve(gofKCl.s/kgofwater).
2.1.2. Flowprofilepattern
TocharacterizetheflowinsidetheVC,200mlofdyetracer,was injected50mmbelowtheRHup-leg.Acamerawaspositioned abovetheVCtovisualizethechamberbottom.Frameswere selectedinordertoevaluateandcomparethedyescattering andpathintheVCfortheproposedblockageconditions.The conditionsC1andC3forthe100L/mingasflowwere simu-lated.
2.1.3. Refractoryerosionsimulationinthevacuum chamber
Boricacid(7g)pressed(3000kgf)onmetallicplateswereused tosimulaterefractoryerosion.Boricacidissolubleinwater. Asthewaterpassesthroughthetabletsurface,boricacidis graduallyremoved,whichsimulatestherefractorieserosion accordingtothetechniqueproposedbySuetal.[12].
Theregionselectedforthis studywasthelowerportion ofthe VC,asit hasashorterrefractorylifeifcomparedto otherreactorregions[13].Ineachexperiment,6tabletswere used(A–F),distributedsymmetricallybytheVCataheight of3.5cm(Fig.1c).Thetabletswereweighedbeforeandafter theexperimenttoquantifytheweightloss. Photosofeach tabletweretakenbeforetheexperimentstomeasurethearea ofthetablet’scontactfacewithwaterwhichweremeasured andanalyzedthroughthefreesoftwareImageJ.Theresultsin termsoferosionrate(mm/min),wasgivenaccordingtoEq.3. ErosionRate= m/(b·A0·t) (3)
wheremisthetabletsmasschange(g);bistheboricacid
density(g/mm3);A
0istheinitialarea(mm2)andtisthe
exper-imentaltime(min).
After tablets positioning into the VC, the test has been started, promoting liquid circulation between the VC and the ladle.Thefour blockageconditionstogasflowratesof 100 and 140L/min were simulated. Three tests were per-formedforeachflowrate.Thetimeofeachexperimentwas 2min.
2.2. Mathematicalmodeling
Thegeometryusedinthesimulationswasbuiltusingthe soft-wareDesignModeler.Itsdimensionsarecompatiblewiththe physicalmodeldimensions.Themeshindependencestudy was performed bycomparingthe resultsofthe circulation rate obtained with meshes ofvaried sizes. Themesh was constructedbytheMeshingModelersoftware,themesh ele-mentsizingusedwas18mminthelowervessel,4mmmesh in the up-leg and rest of the VC and 5mm mesh in the down-leg.Therefore,themeshwasabout1millionelements and413,000gridpoints.Themathematicalsimulationswere performedthroughCFX18.2software(Ansys®).Inthe math-ematical model was assumedturbulent three-dimensional flow;incompressibleNewtonianfluids(theexpansionofthe gaswasdisregarded);isothermalsystem(at25◦C);ambient pressureequalto1atmandwaterandairstandardphysical propertiesat25◦C.Theturbulencemodeladoptedwasthek– modelforthecontinuousphase(liquid),whileforthediscrete phase (gas), the dispersedphase zeroequation model was adopted.Itwasassumedthatthediscretephasehadthesame turbulent kinematicviscosity ofthecontinuous phase[14]. Theturbulencetransferbetweenthe phaseswasestimated bytheSatomodel[14].
Thefollowingconservationequationsweresolved:ofmass conservation ofeach phase, namely, waterand air;of vol-ume considered that the volumetric fractions sum of air and water is equal to 1; of turbulent kinetic energy and the rate ofdissipationofturbulencekinetic energy(model k–);ofthemomentumofeachphase(turbulentformofthe Navier–Stokesequations),inthethreeCartesiancoordinates (x,y,andz).FormoredetailsseePeixotoetal.[10].Basedon Ref.[10],theIshii–Zubermodelwasadoptedfordragforces, which ismoreappropriateforhigh particle concentrations
[14];themodelbasedontheFavreaverage(ormass-weighted average)wasusedtoevaluatethedragforcefortheturbulent dispersioninsituationsofknownvaluesofturbulent disper-sioncoefficient(CTD)[14]andforthewalllubricationforce,
Frank’smodelhasbeenused[10].
Theboundaryconditionsappliedtotheproblemare(see
Fig. 1b) asfollows. Non-slip condition appliedto all walls, regionswherethefluidhaszerovelocity.Injectioncondition: Gasisinjectedthroughnozzles(flowratesof80,90,100,110, 120and140(L/min)convertedinmassflowrates(kg/s)).The selectedflowregimeissubsonic,withaturbulenceintensity of5%(average).Freeslipconditionontheladlesurface.VC surface:with10cmairlayer-openingcondition,withpressure equaltoappliedvacuum.
Itisassumedthatthegasbubblediameterisconstant(the deformation,aswellasthebreakingandcoalescenceofthe gasbubbles,areneglected).Asinothercontributions[7,8,11], thecorrelationgivenbyEq.4(adaptedforladleagitationwith
gas[15],originallyfromRef.[16])isusedtoestimatethebubble diameter.
db=0.35
G2/g
0.2
(4)whereGisthegasflow(Nm3/s)andgisthegravityacceleration
(m/s2).
The mathematical simulation has been carried out in steady state conditions. The first order advection scheme (Upwind)wasusedtosolvetheproposeddifferential equa-tions.Toreduceresiduesfluctuation,thephysicaltimescale controlof0.01sandamaximumof2100iterationswereused, whichweredividedinto300iterationswithoutturbulent dis-persionforce,300iterationsafterturbulentdispersionforce insertionand1500iterationswithadvancedsolutioncontrol option,coupledvolumetricfraction.Theconvergencecontrol was10−5(RMS,rootmeansquare).ThisprocedurefollowsRef.
[10].
Transient simulations were performed to evaluate the tracerdispersionintheVC.Tracerisrepresentedbythe Addi-tionalVariablesfunction,usingthevolumetricscalaroption (kg/m3). Thetracer injection point is shown in Fig. 1b, by
SourcePointtool,whichisasourcetermsimplyaddedtoa generalscalarequation[14].Thesteady-stateflowfieldisthen usedinordertoevaluatetracerdispersion.Atransient simu-lationlasting35sisenoughtodescribethedispersionasitcan beconfirmedbyphysicalmodelresults.
3.
Results
and
discussion
3.1. Circulationrate
Fig.3showsthecirculationrateresultsfordifferentgasflow ratesinthephysicalandmathematicalmodels.
Itcanbeseenthat, asthe gasflowinthe injector noz-zlesincreases, the circulationrate alsoincreases, which is inaccordancewiththeresultsreportedpreviously[4,17,18]. Thecirculationrate,incaseofasymmetricblockages(C2and C3),showed a considerable decrease relativeto the condi-tionwithoutblockages(C1).Insymmetricblockagescondition (C4),therewasnosignificantchangeinthecirculationrate. Theseresultsarecompatiblewithpreviousworks[3–5].There is good agreement between the experimental results and the valuespredicted bythe CFD model. This supportsthe assumptionthatthe mathematicalmodelisabletopredict thebiphasicflowbehaviorintheRHreactorandcouldbeused toevaluateotherparameters, suchasthewallshearstress ofthe reactorandcorrelateit withtherefractories erosion rate.
3.2. Flowandvelocityprofile
Thetracerflowpatternanalysisasafunctionoftimeforthe (C1)conditionindicatedsymmetricalscatteringbytheVC.The tracerpresentedthetendencytoflowalongtheVCsidewall. Theasymmetric4-nozzleblockage(C3)presentedpreferential flowthroughoneVCside.Inthiscase,thetracerscattering occurredasymmetrically.Theresultsobtainedinthe physi-calmodelexperimentsshowedagoodcorrelationwiththe
resultsobtainedthroughCFD,againsupportingthe mathe-maticalmodel.Fig.4showsthetracerdispersionintheVCas afunctionoftimeforblockageconditionsC1andC3via(a) physicalmodeland(b)mathematicalmodel.
Thepreferentialflowalongthewallcanbeexplainedby the higher velocityoftheliquid phasein thisregion com-paredtotheVCcentralregion(Fig.5).Theliquidentersthe VC athigh speed,carried by the gasinjected into the up-leg,and,asitspreadsandgetsinrecirculationzones,loses speed.The liquidonlyregainsspeed inthe impact region, thetransitionzonebetweenVCanddown-leg.Fig.5shows velocityvectors,calculatedintheVCcross-section,at3.5cm height.ConditionsC1andC4indicateasymmetrical distri-butionofthevectors.Ontheotherhand,conditionsC2and C3indicate highervelocityononeVCside,whichexplains the preferential flow.The symmetricalflow foundforcase C1andthefluidscatteringpatternbytheVCaresimilarto thepreviousflowcharacterizationresultsintheRHdegasser
[19–21].
3.3. Refractoryerosionsimulationinthevacuum
chamber
Fig. 6 presents the average erosionrates of the boric acid tablets,positionedinthe VC,forthe 4blockageconditions studied.Preferentialerosionwearisnotedonthetablets posi-tionedclosetotheup-leg.Intablet ¨A¨therewasgreaterwear, whilein ¨D¨justabovethedown-leg,wearseemstobe mini-mal.UnderconditionsC1andC4,erosionratesbetweenthe ¨B ¨and ¨F ¨aswellasbetween ¨C ¨and ¨E¨tabletsweresimilar,which indicatesflowsymmetryinthechamber.InthecasesC2and C3, the resultspresented preferential wearof the ¨B¨tablets comparedto ¨F ¨whichsuggestsasymmetricalflow.Astatistical hypothesis testconfirmingeneral,the tabletsaverage ero-sionintestswith140L/minwashigher thanincaseswith 80L/min,whichmayberelatedtotheincreaseoftheliquid localvelocity.
The wall shear stress distribution in the VC has been evaluated through computer simulation for the different obstructionconditions(Fig.7).AtconditionsC1andC4, sym-metrycanbeseeninthewallshearstressdistributioninthe VC,whichsignifiesflowsymmetry.InthecasesC2andC3, theshearstressdeviationtooneoftheVCsidesisdetected, thehighershearstressisobservedintheregion correspon-dent to the point ¨B¨in the physical model. Thewall shear stressdistributiondeviationindicatesasymmetricflowinthe VC.Inallcases,thewallshearstresswashigherinregions near the up-leg, due to the higher liquid velocity values, therefore,theyaremoresusceptibletoerosiondegradation. The increase in the gas flow rate and, consequently, the localliquid velocity,increases theshearstress on thewall surface
For analyzing the correlation between the erosion rate (physicalsimulations)andthewallshearstressintheVC, cal-culatedviaCFDintheregionsshowninFig.1c,the ¨A ¨position results were disregarded, due tothe impact ofair bubbles on the tablet’ssurface, which increase the erosionrate in the physicalmodel. For theother regions,the liquidphase isresponsibleforremovingmaterialfromthetablets.Itwas
Fig.3–Circulationrateasafunctionofthegasflowratefordifferentobstructionconditions.(a)Physicalmodeland(b)
mathematicalmodel.
Fig.4–DispersionandtrajectoryofthetracerasafunctionoftimeforC1andC3,gasflowof100L/min,via(a)physical
modeland(b)mathematicalmodel.
Fig.5–Velocityvectorsinthevacuumchambercross-section,attheheightof3.5cmfortheblockageconditions(a)C1;(b)
Fig.6–Erosionwearresultsonthephysicalmodelasafunctionofthepositioninthevacuumchamberfortheconditions
(a)C1;(b)C2;(c)C3and(d)C4.
Fig.7–WallshearstressintheVCfortheconditions(a)C1;(b)C2;(c)C3;(d)C4.
foundagoodcorrelationbetweentheparametersWallShear StressandErosionRate(Eq.5):
WallShearStress (Pa)=5.47ErosionRate(mm/min)r2=0,76(5)
whichvalidatestheuseofwallshearstressdistribution anal-ysistopredictpreferentialerosionwearpoints.
Thedistributionofwallshearstressoftheupanddown legswasanalyzed(Fig.8).TheC1andC4casesshowed sym-metryinthestressdistribution,whichindicatessymmetrical flowinbothlegs.Ontheotherhand,thecasesC2andC3
pre-sentedanaccumulationofstressesintheregionoppositethe nozzleblockages,whichindicatesapreferentialflowofliquid ononesideoftheup-leg.Theflowdeviationisalsoindicated fordown-leg.Theup-legpresentshigherlevelsofwallshear stressthanthedown-leg,sinceitisthemomentumtransfer regionbetweengasandliquidbubbles.TheC2andC3cases presentedlowerlevelofwallshearstressinthedown-legdue tothelowercirculationrateresultingfromtheobstruction.
Thewallshearstressvaluesshown inFig.8aare about one order of magnitude higher than the results reported in thework ofLuo et al.[8], who performed a
mathemat-Fig.8–Wallshearstressoftheupanddownlegsforthe
100L/mingasflowratefortheconditions(a)C1;(b)C2;(c)
C3;(d)C4.
ical simulation of a physical model on a 1:5 scale. This difference is due to the fact that Luo et al. [8] worked withgasflowsbetween15L/minand35L/min,muchlower than the values adopted in this study, from 100L/min to 140L/min.
In industrial practice, the preferred wear points of the refractoryliningarepositionedintheimpactzone,justabove thedown-leg,differentfromtheresultsuggestedbythewall shearstressanalysis.Thisfactindicatesthatinadditionto erosion,otherwearphenomenamayactintheregion,such asthedissolution(MgOandCr2O3oftherefractory),resulting
fromchemicalreactionsbetweenrefractory,slagandalloying elements(corrosionwear).Theslagformedinfunctionofthe oxygenblowthroughalanceinaVC,likeinRH-TOPprocess
[22], is certainly unsaturated in respect of the main con-stituentsoftherefractorybricks,andextremelyfluid,which shouldfavordissolutionofsomecomponentsoftherefractory intheslag.Consideringthatthisprocessathightemperatures (withoutkineticrestrictionregardingthe chemicalreaction stage)iscontrolledbymasstransfer,themasstransfer coef-ficientin the slag can be used toevaluate the dissolution potential.Thisisproportionaltotherelativerefractoryslag velocityiftheinterfacerenewaltheoryisadopted(Eq.6)[23]. Thisway,onecanrelatethemasstransferratewithavelocity index(I)asgivenbyEq.6,definedbytheratiooflocal veloc-itytothemaximumvelocityoftheliquidinapredetermined regionforthefourconditionsstudied.Whiledeterminingthe
velocityindexinashellintheVClocatedabovethe down-leg, 1cm away from the wall (Fig. 9), it can be seen that, in casesC1 and C4, the point of maximum velocityindex (region sensitiveto greater masstransfer),is inthe region oftransitionbetweentheVCandthedown-legandisgiven byEq.7.IntheC2andC3cases,thepointsofgreatestvalue of Iare shifted to the chamberside. For this analysis, the ¨shell ¨was selected onlyforhalf ofthe VCabove the down-leg,asitistheregionwiththehighestprobabilityofcontact betweenrefractoryand materialsthat causeits dissolution (FeO,slag,etc.).
k=2
Div L (6) I= v vmax (7) wherekisthemasstransfercoefficient;Di isthediffusioncoefficientoftheconstituentsoftherefractoryintheslag;Iis theliquidvelocityindex;Listhecharacteristiclengthandvis theliquidvelocity,givenbyCFDresults.
4.
Conclusions
The refractory erosion in the vacuum chamber of the RH reactorwasanalyzedthroughphysicalandmathematical sim-ulations.Itcanbeconcludedthat:
The circulation rate presented asignificant decrease in casesofasymmetricblockages(C2andC3)whencompared tothecasewithoutblockage(C1);
ThetracerflowpatternforconditionC1indicated symmet-ricalscatteringbythe VC.However,C3conditionpresented preferential flow through one side of the VC, indicating asymmetricflow.BothbehaviorsarereproducedbyCFD cal-culations;
Inthephysicalmodel,preferentialerosionwasnotedon thetabletinsertspositionedneartheup-leg.Underconditions C1andC4,erosionratesatsymmetricalpositionswere sim-ilarasexpected.InC2andC3cases,preferentialwearofthe tabletswasobservedononesideoftheVC,resultingfromthe asymmetricflow;
Themathematicalsimulation,throughwallshearstress, wasabletopredictpointsofhighererosionwearintheVC;
Itissuggestedthatabovethedown-leg,thereisanother wearmechanismacting,namelychemicalattackofthe refrac-tory(corrosion).Thus,thisisacriticalpointtothelininglife oftheRHreactor.
Fig.9–Liquidvelocityindex(I=v/vmax)toindicatepreferredregionsforcorrosionwearinashellabovethedownlegfor
Conflicts
of
interest
Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest.
Acknowledgments
Theauthors wishtoacknowledgethehelpprovidedbythe research institutions in Brazil, namely CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG.
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