1 7 4
NURSI NG HI STORY: REFLECTI ONS ON TEACHI NG
AND RESEARCH AT UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL
Tak a Ogu isso1
Geniv al Fer nandes de Fr eit as2
Oguisso T, Fr eit as GF. Nur sing hist or y: r eflect ions on t eaching and r esear ch at under graduat e level. Rev Lat ino-am En f er m agem 2 0 0 7 j an eir o- f ev er eir o; 1 5 ( 1 ) : 1 7 4 - 6 .
Th is st u d y aim s t o con t r ib u t e t o t h e d iscu ssion on t h e d ev elop m en t of a sp ecif ic r esear ch lin e on
Nur sing Hist or y. I t concludes by addr essing t he cur r ent sit uat ion of nur sing t eaching in under gr aduat e cour ses,
it s per sist ing difficult ies and gr ow ing possibilit ies of t his y et so lit t le ex plor ed field.
DESCRI PTORS: hist or y of nur sing; nur sing; t eaching
HI STORI A DE LA ENFERMERÍ A: REFLEXI ONES SOBRE LA
ENSEÑANZA E I NVESTI GACI ÓN EN CURSOS DE PREGRADO
El ar t ículo busca cont r ibuir par a la discusión de las posibilidades de desar r ollar una línea de invest igación
específica en Hist or ia de la Enfer m er ía. Al final, se pr esent a la sit uación act ual de la enseñanza de est e cam po
del saber de la enfer m er ía en los cur sos de pr egr ado, las dificult ades aún per sist ent es y las posibilidades de
cr ecim ient o de est e cam po t odav ía t an poco ex plor ado.
DESCRI PTORES: h ist or ia de la en fer m er ía; en fer m er ía; en señ an za
HI STÓRI A DA ENFERMAGEM: REFLEXÕES SOBRE
O EN SI N O E A PESQUI SA N A GRADUAÇÃO
Est e ar t igo busca cont r ibuir com a discussão sobr e as possibilidades par a o efet iv o desenv olv im ent o
de um a linha de pesquisa específica em Hist ór ia da Enfer m agem . Finaliza discor r endo sobr e a sit uação at ual do
ensino dessa ár ea de dom ínio do cam po de saber da enfer m agem nos cur sos de gr aduação, as dificuldades
ainda per sist ent es e as possibilidades de cr escim ent o desse cam po ainda t ão pouco ex plor ado.
DESCRI TORES: h ist ór ia da en f er m agem ; en f er m agem ; en sin o
1 Enfer m eira, Advogada, Pr ofessor Tit ular ; 2 Enfer m eir o, Advogado, Pr ofessor Dout or, e- m ail: genivalf@usp.br. Escola de Enfer m agem da Univer sidade de
São Paulo
D isponible e n ca st e lla no/ D isponíve l e m língua por t ugue sa SciELO Br a sil w w w .scie lo.br / r la e Rev Lat ino- am Enferm agem 2007 j aneir o- fever eiro; 15( 1) : 174- 6
w w w . eer p. usp. br / r lae
1 7 5
I NTRODUCTI ON
T
he first curriculum at t he Universit y of São Pa u l o S c h o o l o f N u r s i n g ( EEU S P) w a s i n c l o s e a cco r d a n ce w i t h t h e p r o g r a m d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e s t a n d a r d o f f i c i a l s c h o o l ( An n a N e r y Sc h o o l ) , a s est ablish ed by Decr ee 2 0 . 1 0 9 / 3 1 , bu t , accor din g t o Ms. Mar i a Ro sa Pi n h ei r o , i t w as st i l l st u ck t o t h e Am er ican m odel and only gr adually acquir ed it s ow n ch ar act er ist ics, adapt ed t o t h e Br azilian sit u at ion( 1 ). The cur r iculum r esult ing fr om Law n. 775/ 49 did not cau se b i g ch an g es i n t h e p r ev i o u s p r o g r am , as i t m aint ained biological, social and hum an sciences and differ en t n u r sin g br an ch es, w it h ou t det er m in in g an y h ou r load or du r at ion of t h e t r ain in g per iod, ex cept f o r p u b l i c h e a l t h n u r si n g t r a i n i n g , w h i ch sh o u l d cor r espond t o t hr ee m ont hs.I n Brazil, t he nursing hist ory t hem e area has resist ed pract ically unharm ed t o all curricular reform s occurred since 1923. Eit her as independent subj ect s or int egr at ed in lar ge disciplines or t hem e ar eas, lik e in accordance wit h current Brazilian curricular guidelines, t he fact is t hat t his subj ect has been included in legal reform ulat ions and is st ill under discussion. The subj ect did not figure am ong t he disciplines offered by t he first school of nursing, creat ed at t he Hospício Nacional de
Alienados in 1890. Report s about t he foundat ion of a
n u r sin g cou r se alon g Nigh t in galean lin es by En glish nurses, at t he Hospit al Sam arit ano in São Paulo in 1894, on p r iv at e in it iat iv e; an d ab ou t t h e cou r se b y t h e Brazilian Red Cross, creat ed in 1916, do not m ent ion t his subj ect eit her, perhaps because t heir founders were m or e concer ned about t echnical pr ofessional t r aining. Fr om 1923 onw ar ds, t his t hem e w as included in t he subj ect list as “ Hist or ical, et hical and social bases of t he nurse” ; in 1931, it w as called Nursing Et hics and Hist ory; in 1949, sim ply Nursing Hist ory.
At t h e e n d o f t h e 1 9 6 0 ’ s, t h e Un i v e r si t y Refor m t ook place, du r in g w h ich Resolu t ion n . 4 / 7 2 w as appr oved, w hich is bet t er know n as t he pr eceding Opin ion n . 1 6 3 / 7 2 . Th is Resolu t ion gav e r ise t o t h e subj ect Nur sing Ex er cise, w hich included deont ology a n d p r o f e ssi o n a l l e g i sl a t i o n , w i t h o u t m e n t i o n i n g Hi st o r y, b u t m a n y f a cu l t y m e m b e r s st i l l i n cl u d e d hist or ical aspect s of Nur sing, ev en w it hout any legal obligat ion . I n 1 9 9 4 , Decr ee n . 1 7 2 1 / 9 4 est ablish ed t h e m in im u m cu r r icu lu m f or n u r sin g cou r ses, w h ich e x p l i ci t l y i n cl u d e d Nu r si n g Hi st o r y a s o n e o f t h e subj ect s in Nur sing Fundam ent als. This posit ion w as m aint ained by cur r ent cur r icular guidelines.
Nur sing Hist or y, as a par t of hum an sciences, is st ill relegat ed t o a place squeezed in at t he beginning or end of nur sing cont ent s t hat ar e consider ed noble, r educing t he hour load t o a m inim um in com par ison w it h t he dur at ion Alcânt ar a m ent ioned in his ar t icle, i.e. 60 hours, w hich are m inist ered on t w o occasions, in t he first and t hird year( 2).
This st udy aim s t o cont r ibut e t o t he discussion abou t possibilit ies t o dev elop t each in g an d r esear ch in Nur sing Hist or y at under gr aduat e lev el, as w ell as t o encourage a scient ific product ion t hat , in t he fut ure, w ill be m or e consist ent in t er m s of r esear ch pr ocess, as m en t ion ed b y Bar r eir a an d Bap t ist a, an d m or e div er sified in t er m s of foci and r ange( 3).
CURREN T TEACI N G OF N URSI N G HI STORY
I N T H E S CH O O L’ S U N D ER GR A D U A T E
COURSE
I n i t i a l l y, t h e su b j e ct Nu r si n g Hi st o r y w a s adm inist er ed dur ing t he so- called j unior per iod, t hat i s , i n t h e s e c o n d s e m e s t e r o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l u n d er g r ad u at e n u r sin g cou r se. At t h at t im e, t h er e w e r e f o u r t e a c h i n g p e r i o d s : p r e c l i n i c a l , j u n i o r, int er m ediar y and senior, com plet ing t he cour se in 36 m on t h s of class, w it h t w o m on t h s of h oliday du r in g t he ent ire course. At first , renow ned facult y like Am ália Cor r êa d e Car v alh o an d Mar ia Rosa Pin h eir o w er e r esponsible for t his t eaching.
I n t h e c u r r e n t u n d e r g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m , Nur sing Hist or y is one m odule of t he subj ect ENO 101 – Healt h, Educat ion and Cit izenship Policies, m inist ered t o new st udent s each year dur ing t he fir st sem est er. The subj ect cont ains four m odules: Nur sing Hist or y ; Healt h Policies in Brazil; Nur sing Wor k Pr ocess: car e deliver y and m anagem ent ; et hics and cit izenship. This is t he fir st nur sing subj ect st udent s hav e t o t ak e in t he Under gr aduat e Pr ogr am , at t he School of Nur sing it self. Aft er t he first class, st udent s are invit ed t o do a sur v ey am ong at least t hr ee unk now n per sons, w ho ar e neit her nur sing t eam m em ber s nor t he st udent ’s relat ives, w it h a view t o ident ifying how t hese people per ceiv e t he nur sing pr ofession, using a scr ipt called “ What is a nur se and w hat do y ou t hink t hey do in t h eir w or k ?
An o t h er act i v i t y d ev el o p ed i n t h i s su b j ect asks st udent s t o im agine t hem selves in t he year 2050 an d w r it e a w ill, con sider in g t h e sit u at ion t h ey m et and descr ibed t he pr ogr ess achiev ed by t he nur sing
Nur sing hist or y: r eflect ions...
Oguisso T, Fr eit as GF.
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pr of ession . Th is act iv it y aim s t o st im u lat e st u den t s’ par t icipat ion in gr oup act iv it ies.
RESEARCH ON N URSI N G H I STORY I N TH E
UNDERGRADUATE COURSE
Resear ch h as been dev eloped w it h differ en t st u den t s, on a t ot ally v olu n t ar y an d ex t r acu r r icu lar b a s i s . Tw o o f t h e s e s t u d i e s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n pu blish ed in in dex ed j ou r n als, on e is in pr in t an d a fou r t h on e h as been in t er r u pt ed sin ce 1 9 9 8 , du e t o dat a collect ion pr oblem s. All r esear ch st ar t ed dur ing t he prelim inary t eaching of t he Nursing Hist or y m odule and cont inued dur ing t he second and/ or t hir d per iod, w hen st udent s m ove ahead w it h dat a collect ion. I t is only w hen st udent s r each t he fift h per iod t hat t he st udy r e a c h e s t h e p h a s e o f d a t a a n a l y s i s a n d r e p o r t elaborat ion. I n general, at t he end of t he fift h per iod, t he st udy is r eady for publicat ion.
I n r ecen t y ear s, r esear ch f u n d in g ag en cies hav e been st udy ing and discussing k now ledge ar eas. More recent ly, t he Brazilian Scient ific and Technological Dev elopm ent Council ( CNPq) dissem inat ed pr oposals t o ch an g e t h ese k n o w l ed g e ar eas, w i t h a v i ew t o m it ig at in g t h e sev er e p r ob lem of in t er d iscip lin ar it y. Accor ding t o t hese changes, sub- ar eas w er e cr eat ed in t h e com posit ion of dif f er en t k n ow ledge ar eas, in o r d e r t o co v e r v a r i o u s sp e ci a l t i e s. Th u s, Nu r si n g in clu des fou r ar eas: Medical- Su r gical, Pu blic Healt h ,
Man ag em en t an d Sp ecialized Nu r sin g , w it h Nu r sin g Hist or y consider ed as a par t of t he lat t er( 4).
FI NAL CONSI DERATI ONS
At u n d e r g r a d u a t e l e v e l , h i st o r y t e a ch i n g should aim t o ex pand st udent s’ cult ur al hor izons and d ev el op t h ei r ab i l i t y t o j u d g e i n d ep en d en t l y, t h ei r int ellect ual honest y t ow ar ds r esear ch t hey r ead and q u o t e, t h ei r t o l er a n ce, r esp ect f o r o t h er p eo p l e’ s opinions and expr essive capacit y, in shor t , know ledge, ideals, at t it udes and habit s( 2).
Th e cr e a t i o n o f Nu r si n g Hi st o r y r e se a r ch g r o u p s i n n u r si n g sch o o l s i s d e ci si v e t o i n cr e a se sci en t i f i c p r o d u ct i o n i n g en er al an d t h ese g r o u p s’ product ion in part icular. Hence, a bet t er underst anding about t he t r aj ect or y of our pr ofession, w hich is needed t o f or m a cr it ical con scien ce, also d ep en d s on ou r i n t er est a n d a w a r en ess o f p a st / p r esen t r el a t i o n s, m a k i n g u s v a l u e o u r h i st o r i ca l r o l es a s a ct o r s i n h ist or ical m ov em en t s( 4 ).
I n t er m s of cont ent s, Nur sing Hist or y t eaching ca n n o t co n si st i n a l i st o f p eo p l e w h o p er f o r m ed Nursing act ivit ies, sim ult aneously relat ed t o fact s and e v e n t s , w i t h o u t p r e s e n t i n g a n i n t e g r a t e d u n d er st an d in g of all of t h ese elem en t s in d if f er en t sce n a r i o s o v e r t i m e . I n t h i s p e r sp e ct i v e , i t w a s ack n ow led g ed as ear ly as t h e 1 9 8 0 ’s t h at Nu r sin g Hist or y t eaching did not appeal t o st udent s( 5).
REFERENCES
1. Barreira I A, Baptista SS. Nexos entre pesquisa em história da enferm agem e o processo de cientifização da profissão. I n: Anais do 51º Congr esso Br asileir o de Enfer m agem e 10º Congr eso Pan am er ican o de En f er m er ía; 1 9 9 9 ou t . 2 - 7 ; Flor ian ópolis. Flor ianópolis: ABEn- Seção SC; 1999. p. 295- 311.
2. Alcânt ar a G. O ensino de ét ica e hist ór ia da enfer m agem . Rev Br as En f er m ag em 1 9 6 6 ag ost o; 1 9 ( 4 ) : 3 9 3 - 4 0 2 . 3 . Pi n h ei r o MRS. Hi st ó r i co d a Esco l a d e En f er m a g em d a Un iv er sidade de São Pau lo.
Rev Esc En f er m agem USP 1 9 6 7 set em br o; 1 ( 1 ) : 3 - 4 7 . 4 . Bar r eir a I A. Mem ór ia e hist ór ia par a um a nov a v isão da enfer m agem no Br asil. Rev Lat ino- am Enfer m agem 1995 j ulho; 7 ( 3 ) : 8 7 - 9 3 .
5 . D i La sci o CMS. O e n si n o d a h i st ó r i a n a f o r m a çã o d o enfer m eir o. Rev Br as Enfer m agem 1985 abr il; 35( 2) : 126- 37.
Recebido em : 16.11.2005 Apr ovado em : 13.9.2006 Nur sing hist or y: r eflect ions...
Oguisso T, Fr eit as GF.
