APA - CHAPADA DO ARARIPE PERNAMBUCO SOURCE: MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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RevistaBrasileiradeFarmacognosia28(2018)738–750

w ww.e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / b j p

Original

article

Fabaceae

medicinal

flora

with

therapeutic

potential

in

Savanna

areas

in

the

Chapada

do

Araripe,

Northeastern

Brazil

Márcia

Jordana

Ferreira

Macêdo

a,∗

_,

_Daiany

_Alves

_Ribeiro

b

_,

_Maria

_de

_Oliveira

_Santos

a

_,

Delmacia

Gonc¸

alves

de

Macêdo

b

_,

_Julimery

_Gonc¸

_alves

_Ferreira

_Macedo

a

_,

_Bianca

_Vilar

_de

_Almeida

a

_,

Manuele

Eufrasio

Saraiva

a

_,

_Maria

_Natália

_Soares

_de

_Lacerda

a

_,

_Marta

_Maria

_de

_Almeida

_Souza

a,b

a_Laboratório_de_Ecologia_Vegetal,_Departamento_de_Ciências_Biológicas,_Universidade_Regional_do_Cariri,_Crato,_CE,_Brazil

b_Programa_de_{Pós-graduac¸}_ão_em_Etnobiologia_e_Conservac¸_ão_da_Natureza,_Universidade_Regional_do_Cariri,_Crato,_CE,_Brazil

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Articlehistory:

Received11November2017

Accepted28June2018

Availableonline18September2018

Keywords: Ethnopharmacology Legumes

Therapeuticindications

Versatility

Informantconsensus

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

Fabaceaeisoneofthelargestfamiliesofethnopharmacologicalimportance.Fromthisbotanicalgroup, importantchemicalconstituentsthatactinthetreatmentand/orhealingofvariousbodilysystemsarise. TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluatethemostversatileFabaceaespeciesandtheagreementofuse amongtheinformants,intheChapadadoAraripeSavanna.Theresearchincludedfiveruralcommunities locatedinthemunicipalitiesofNovaOlinda,Crato,Barbalha,MoreilândiaandExu,coveringthestates ofCearáandPernambuco.Weconductedsemi-structuredinterviewswith126informants,adoptingthe snowballtechniqueandusingastandardizedform.TherelativeimportanceandtheInformantConsensus Factorwereanalyzedfortheselectionofspecieswiththerapeuticpotential.Twenty-sixmedicinalspecies, distributedacross22genera,wereassociatedwithseventytherapeuticpurposes.Asforthehabitatof thespecies,thearborealhabitatpredominated(76.92%).Inrelationtotheplantparts,thebark(28.57%) andsteminnerbark(26.53%)werethemostusedstructures.Amongthespecies,fourshowedgreat versatilityinrelationtotheiruses,withrelativeimportance(RI>1),thesebeing:Copaiferalangsdorffii Desf.(1.70),StryphnodendronrotundifoliumMart.(1.52),BowdichiavirgiloidesKunth(1.10)andAmburana cearenses(Allemand)A.C.Sm.(1.02).Thesespecieshadeighttothirtycurativepropertiesandranged fromfivetotwelvebodysystems.Thetherapeuticindicationscitedweregroupedintosixteencategories ofbodysystems,ofwhichSensorySystemDisordersandMentalandBehavioralDiseasespresented maximumvaluesfortheInformantConsensusFactor.FortheSexualImpotencecategorytherewasno agreement,whereasfortheremainingsystemstheInformantConsensusFactorrangedfrom0.33to0.91. Thestudyevidencesthattheinformationofuseand/orknowledgearesharedamongthepeoplewithin thecommunity,provingthegreatimportanceofFabaceaeintheuseofmedicinalplants.

Introduction

TheBrazilianfloraisconsideredtobeoneoftherichestinthe

planetandaccountsforroughly 20%oftheworld’splant

biodi-versity(Amaraletal.,2015;Garcezetal.,2016).Allthisrichness

is distributed among differentiated biomes, withinthem is the

Cerrado, which has a great phyto-physiognomic heterogeneity.

Thepredominantspeciesin this biomeoffergreat potentialfor

bioactivecompounds,whichdemonstratestheimportanceofthe

Cerradoforstudieswithmedicinalplants(GuarimNetoandMorais,

2003).

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail:jordana.macedo@urca.br(M.J.Macêdo).

ThetraditionalcommunitiesthatlivealongtheSavanna

dis-tributionareashavetheopportunitytoexplorearange oftheir

medicinal flora resources (Cunha and Bortolotto, 2011), where

selectionand usedependonthesymptoms,species availability

andculturalandeducationalaspects(Amorozo,2002).Thislocal

knowledgehasbeenof great valueforsupporting

phytochemi-caland pharmacological investigationsin thediscovery ofnew

drugs.

Among themostabundant families of theBrazilian Cerrado

medicinalfloraistheFabaceaefamilywithroughly1263species,

distributedinapproximately138genera(FloradoBrazil,2018).

Thisbotanicalgroupis oneof themostevaluatedgroups, both

fromachemicalandapharmacologicalpointofview(Wink,2013;

Nevesetal.,2017).Importantchemical componentsarederived

fromthisfamilysuchasflavonoids,alkaloids,coumarins,among

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.06.010

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M.J.Macêdoetal./RevistaBrasileiradeFarmacognosia28(2018)738–750 739

othermetabolites(Wink,2013),whichtreatand/orcurevarious

bodysystems.

IntheNortheasternCerradoarea,Fabaceaehasbeenidentified

asthemostdiversifiedfamilyinthemajorityofstudiesinvolving

medicinalplants(OliveiraJúniorandConceic¸ão,2010;Ribeiroetal.,

2014a;Silvaetal.,2015;Vieiraetal.,2015;Macêdoetal.,2016).The

speciesfromthisfamilystandoutfortheirmedicinalproperties,

beingusedbythelocaltraditionalcommunitiesasherbalmedicines

forthetreatmentofvariousdiseases.Studiesofthisnaturehave

contributedtothediscoveryofpromisingactiveprinciplesforthe

developmentofnewdrugssincetheCerradoharborshigh

biodiver-sityandendemismrates.Therefore,consideringtheimportanceof

Fabaceaefamilywithinthesavannamedicinalflora,thisstudyhad

asitspurposetoevaluatetheversatilityoftheusedspeciesandthe

knowledgeand/oruseagreementbytheinterviewees,highlighting

thepromisingspeciesforbioprospectingandthosewhichrequire

furtherstudiestovalidatetheirtherapeuticapplicability.

Materialsandmethods

Studyarea

TheresearchwascarriedoutindisjointareasoftheSavanna

intheChapada doAraripe, inrural communitieslocatedinthe

municipalitiesofNova Olinda(Serrado Zabelê),Crato(Barreiro

Grande),Barbalha(Betânia),Moreilândia(Catolé)andExu

(Matoz-inho,Estância,SerradoZéGomesandMangueiras),inthestateof

CearáandPernambuco(Fig.1).

TheChapadadoAraripeislocatedontheborderofthestates

ofCeará,Piauí and Pernambuco,withitsgreatest extent

cover-ingthestateofCeará.It presentsa tabularsurfacepreservedat

analtituderangingfrom800to1000m,whosevegetationtypes

arediverse,comprisingthefollowingphytophysiognomies:humid

forests,Caatinga,SavannaandCarrasco,withtheSavannabeingthe

dominantvegetation(Bezerra,2004).

ThesoilsthatmakeuptheChapadadoAraripearerepresented

byverydeep,YellowLatossolandRedish-YellowLatossolclasses

(MMA, 2003)weatheredin alltheirdepth. Thesesoilsare well

drained,heavilyleachedandoccurinflatreliefs.Thepredominant

climateiswarmtropicalwithanannualaveragerainfallof

approx-imately760mm,withanannualaveragetemperatureof24–26◦_C

(Bezerra,2004).

ThestudiedcommunitiespresentontheChapadado Araripe

arecomposedof174familiesanddependonasinglehealthcenter,

exceptforBarreiroGrandeandSerradoZabelê,whoseresidents

receivemedicalassistancethroughahealthagentwhofollowsup

attheresidences.

Ethnobotanicalsurvey

Theethnobotanical studywasconductedin theperiodfrom

2012to2014,throughsemi-structuredinterviewsbasedon

stan-dardized forms (Martin, 1995). We interviewed 126 principal

informantsorlocalexperts,ranginginagefrom22to100years,

selectedusingthesnowballtechnique(Albuquerqueetal.,2010).

Theinformationabouttheknowledgeofthebesiegersregarding

themedicinalspecieswasallowedafterthereading,permission

and signing of thefree and informed consent term.The study

was submitted to the Ethics and Research Committee of the

Regional University of Caririand approved withlegal numbers

251.829/2013(BarreiroGrande,BetâniaandCatolé),251.677(Serra

doZabelê)and873.654(Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZéGomes

andMangueiras).

The therapeutic indicationof each species were grouped in

sixteen categories of body systems based onthe international

classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD-10)

proposedbytheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO,2010):

Non-DefinedDisordersorPain(NDDP),DiseaseoftheEndocrineGlands,

NutritionandMetabolism(DEGNM),InfectiousandParasitic

Dis-eases(IPD),MentalandBehavioralDisorders(MBD),Diseasesof

Bloodand HematopoieticOrgans (DBHO),Diseasesof the

Mus-culoskeletal System and Connective Tissue (DMSCT), Injuries,

PoisoningsandOtherConsequencesofExternalCauses(IPOCEC),

Neoplasms(N),DisorderoftheDigestiveSystem(DDS),Disorder

oftheGenitourinarySystem(DGS),RespiratorySystemDisorder

(RSD), Disordersof theVisualSensory System–eyes (DVSS-E),

DiseasesoftheCirculatorySystem(DCS),DiseasesoftheSkinand

SubcutaneousCellularTissue(DSSCT),DiseasesoftheNervous

Sys-tem(DNS),Sexualimpotence(SI).

Floristicsurvey

Themedicinalspeciesthatwerein areproductivestageand

that were available in thecommunity were collectedwith the

helpofinformantsand/ortheownerswhoidentifiedtheplantsby

theirvernacularnames.Theplantmaterialcollectedwasstored

and handledin accordance withconventional herbarium

tech-niques(Morietal.,1989).Theidentificationofthespeciesoccurred

throughaspecializedbibliography,comparedwithbotanical

mate-rialidentifiedandsenttospecialists.Thetestimonialmaterialwas

incorporatedintotheHerbariumCaririenseDárdanode

Andrade-Limacollection(HCDAL),oftheReginalUniversityofCaririandthe

HerbariumSergioTavares(HST),oftheFederalRuralUniversity

ofPernambuco.TheAngiospermPhylogenyGroupIIIclassification

systemwasadopted(APG,2009).Forthereviewofthescientific

namesofthespecies,thedatabaseoftheMissouriBotanicalGarden

(Mobot,2014)andthelistofBrazilianfloraspecieswereconsulted (FloradoBrasil,2018).Theauthorizationforthecollectionof

botan-icalmaterial wasprovided by theBiodiversityInformationand

AuthorizationSystem(SISBIO)oftheBrazilianInstituteof

Environ-mentandRenewableResources(IBAMA),registeredundernumber

32679-1.

Dataanalysis

VersatilityandagreementoftheuseofspeciesofFabaceae

The versatility of the medicinal species belonging to the

Fabaceae family wasevaluatedby theRelative Importance (RI)

quantitativemethod,accordingtothemethodologyproposedby

BennettandPrance(2000),whichshows theimportanceof the

species based on thenumber of properties that it acquiredby

theinterviewees,with“2”beingthemaximalvalueobtainedby

aspecies.Thefollowingformulawasusedtoobtainthedata:RI=

NBS+NP.Thetwofactorsarecalculatedbythefollowingformulas:

NBS=NBSS/NBSVSandNP=NPS/NPVS,whereNBSisthenumber

ofbodilysystems,determinedbyaspecies(NBSS),dividedbythe

totalnumberofbodilysystemstreatedbythemostversatilespecies

(NBSVS);NPcorrespondstothenumberofpropertiesattributedto

adeterminedspecies(NPS),dividedbythetotalnumberof

prop-ertiesattributedtothemostversatilespecies(NPVS)(Almeidaand

Albuquerque,2002).

Theaveragerelativeimportanceofthespecieswasobtainedby

thesumoftheRIvaluesofeachspecies,whosevaluewasdivided

bythenumberofcommunitiesthatthespecieswasmentioned.

ThedatawascalculatedusingMicrosoftExcel.

In order to evaluate the agreement of use on the

medici-nalspeciestheInformantsConsensusFactor(ICF)wascalculated

(TotterandLogan,1986),whoseanalysisaimstoidentifythebody

systemsthathaveagreaterknowledgeand/oruseconsensus.The

ICFvaluesrangefrom0to1andarecalculatedaccordingtothe

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740 M.J.Macêdoetal./RevistaBrasileiradeFarmacognosia28(2018)738–750

BRAZIL

NE

MA CE

PI

BA

SE AL PE

PB RN CO

N

SE

S 900km 0

NORTHEAST REGION

LOCATION OF THE STUDY

CEARÁ

Atlantic ocean N

0 300km

40°30’W

7°00 S

7°30’S

8°00’S

APA - CHAPADA DO ARARIPE

PERNAMBUCO

SOURCE: MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT

20°00’W 39°30’W 39°00’W

SCALE

PIAUÍ

1

5 2

3

4

FLONA

0 10 20 40km

Fig.1.GeographicinthecommunitiesofSerradoZabelê(1),Catolé(2),BarreiroGrande(3),Betânia(4),Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZéGomesandMangueiras(5).

numberofcitationsofusesineachcategoryand(na)isthenumber

ofspeciesindicatedineachcategory.

Resultsanddiscussion

Surveyofmedicinalspecies

Twenty-six medicinal species represented by the Fabaceae

family were listed, which were distributed across 22 genera

(Table 1). The number registered is within thevariation range

observedinotherethnobotanicalstudiesconductedintheSavanna

woodland areas of Brazil, which report a considerable species

richnessfortheFabaceaemedicinalflora,whosenumberranges

from10 to79(Amorozo,2002;GuarimNetoand Morais,2003; Vila-Verdeet al.,2003; Botrelet al.,2006; Pereira etal., 2007;

MoreiraandGuarim-Neto,2009;Pereiraetal.,2012;Silvaetal.,

2015). The accentuated medicinal use of this family is

possi-bly associated with the wide distribution of its species in the

Savanna woodland domain, occurring in all its

phytophysiog-nomies, where its innumerable phytotherapeutic activities are

determinants for its intensified use (Bruneton, 2001; Saraiva

etal.,2015).Thediversityofitsspecies,aswellasthequantity

anddistributionofitsindividualsintheenvironment,raisesthe

usage likelihood by human populations that use theresources

of their flora (Guarim Neto and Morais, 2003; Pinto et al.,

2013).

Ofthe22 registeredgenera,Amburana,Bowdichia,Hymenaea

andMimosapresentedtwospecieseachandtheremaining

eigh-teen(81.81%)generawere representedbya singlespecies.The

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Table1

MedicinalspeciesofthefamilyFabaceaeindicatedbytheintervieweesoftheCatolé-PE,BarreiroGrande-CE,Betânia-CE,SerradoZabelê-CE,Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZéGomesandMangueiras-PEcommunities.

Family/scientificname andvernacularname

Habit Therapeuticindication Part

Used

Communities RI RI HN

Fabaceae

Acosmiumglasycarpa

Benth.(Paupra-tudo)

Sh Cough,herniatedstomach

Rheumatism Stomachhernia,angina

Sb Sb Si

BarreiroGrande(Crato-CE) Catolé(Moreilândia-PE) Betânia(Barbalha-CE)

1.00 0.30 0.55

0.62 Nc

Nc Nc

Anadenanthera

colubrinavar.cebil

(Griseb.)Altschul (Angico)

Tr Intestinalinfection,cough,influenza Sb,Si SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE) 0.50 0.50 8329

Amburanacearensis

(Allemão)A.C.Sm. (Imburanadecheiro)

Tr Inflammationoftheskin,throat

inflammation,gynecological inflammation,influenza,cough Measles,fever,influenza,menstrual regulation

Sb

Sb,Si

SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE)

Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé GomeseMangueiras(Exu-PE)

0.80

1.24

1.02 3152

8702

Amburanasp.

(Imburanavermelha)

Tr Inflammation Sb,Ec Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

GomeseMangueiras(Exu-PE)

0.31 0.31 Nc

Bauhiniacheilantha

(Bong.)Steud.(Mororó)

Tr Diabetes,highbloodpressure

Bellyache,Kidneypain,diabetes, anemia,Inflammationintheuterus sorethroat

Bellyache,Diarrheawithblood, heartburn

Le

Le,Si,Ro

SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE) Catolé(Moreilândia-PE)

Betânia(Barbalha-CE)

0.42

1.58

0.50

0.83 9266

8414

Nc

Bowdichiasp.(Sucupira

preta)

Tr Rheumatism Si Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.31 0.31 Nc

Bowdichiavirgiloides

Kunth(Sucupira)

Tr Spinepain,rheumatism,aphrodisiac

(sexualimpotence),bonepain, inflammationoftheskin Spinepain,osteoarthritis,Cough, influenza,kidneypain,rheumatism

Kidneypain,Spinepain,bodyache, bonepain,cancer

Rheumatism,spinepain,bellyache

Inflammation,fever,spinepain

Sb,Si

Si

Sb,Ro

Si,Sb

BarreiroGrande(Crato-CE)

Catolé(Morelândia-PE)

0.80

2.00

1.30

0.66

0.73

1.10 9268

8390

8425

10256

Cajanuscajan(L.)Mill.

(Andú)

Sh Weaknessanddizziness Fr Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.42 0.42 Nc

Centrosemasp.

(Alcanc¸u)

Sh Influenza,throatinflammation

Cough,influenza,expectorant, bronchitis,asthma

Influenza,fever,coughasthma, bellyache

Ro

Catolé(Moreilândia-PE)

0.66

0.80

1.06

0.84 Nc

8407

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Table1(Continued)

Used

Copaiferalangsdorffii

Desf.(Pau d’óleo/Copaíba)

Tr Influenza,rheumatism,headache,pain,

inflammationofthe

uterus,bonefracture,wounds,renal complications,gastritis,angina,knee swelling,blows

Rheumatism

Cough,healing,rheumaticpain, bellyache,fever,allergy,swelling, kidneys

Spinepain,rheumatism,indigestion, epilepsy,bloodpurifier,swellinginthe belly,bellyache,painsingeneral, wounds

Cancer,generalpain,inflammation, constipation,depression,nerves, stomachpain,gastritis,influenza

Sb,Le,Re

Si

Si,Sb

Le,Fr,Si

Le,Sb,Si, Ro

2.00

0.50

2.00

1.70 9833

9442

Nc

7962

10642

Dimorphandra

gardnerianaTull.

(Faveira)

Tr Cancer,pain,conjunctivitis,cough, healing,influenza

Corac¸ão

Anti-inflamatório,colírio Corac¸ão

Pulmonaryinfection,wound, expectorante

Fr

Se Se Se Fr,Sb

BarreiroGrande(Crato-CE) Catolé(Moreilândia-PE) Betânia(Barbalha-CE) Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé GomeseMangueiras(Exu-PE)

1.13

0.50 0.58 0.28 0.73

0.64 10564

Nc 7941 7941 9769

Diocleagrandiflora

Mart.ex.Benth. (Mucunã)

L Wound,inflammationoftheskin Sb,Se SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE) 0.42 0.42 9257

Enterolobium

contortisiliquum(Vell.)

morong.

(Tamboril/Timbaúba)

Tr Asthma,ulcer

StomachWound

Inflammationofthevaginaandurinary bladder

Sb,Ro

Sb

Ro

Catolé(Moreilândia-PE) Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé GomeseMangueiras(Exu-PE)

0.42

0.30 0.42

0.38 9277

Nc 10516

Erythrinavelutina

Willd.(Mulungu)

Tr Menopause,improvingcirculation Si Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.62 0.62 Nc

HymenaeacourbarilL.

(Jatobá)

Tr Cough,constipation,expectorant,

influenza,poisoning,bloodproblems

Bronchitis,coughandinfluenza

Cough,influenza,anemiaandwounds

Cough,influenza,bronchitis

Cough,influenza,bronchitis, expectorant

Si,Sb, Fr

Sb,Si,Sb

Si,Sb

Si

1.47

0.83

1.00

0.50

0.46

0.85 9756

7957

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Table1(Continued)

Used

Hymenaeasp.(Jatobá

roxo)

Tr Severeinfluenza,tuberculosis,

pneumonia

Sb Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.73 0.73 9997

Libidibiaferrea(Mart.

ex.Tul.)L.P.Queiroz (Pau-ferro)

Tr Blow,spinepain,cough,pains,

influenza,inflammationofinternaland externalorgans,bonepain,bone fracture

Hemorrhage,generalinflammation, generalpain

Sb,Se

Si

1.25

0.73

0.99 9273

9450

Lochocarpusararipensis

Benth.(Angelim)

Tr Skinallergy Fr SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE) 0.21 0.21 9244

Machaerimacutifolium

Vogel(Corac¸ãode negro)

Tr Pain,Inflammationofexternaland

internalorgans

Rt,Si SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE) 0.38 0.38 4368

Mimosatenuiflora

(Willd.)Poir.(Jurema preta)

Tr Pain,inflammationoftheexternal

organs

Inflammationinuterus,wound Healing,toothache

Sb

Sb Sb

SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE) Catolé(Moreilândia-PE) BarreiroGrande(Crato-CE)

0.30

0.58 1.00

0.63 9251

10156 Nc

MimosasensitivaL.

(Malissa)

He Fever Le Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.31 0.31 8675

Periandramediterranea

(Vell.)Taub.(Alcanc¸u)

Tr Lunginfection,flu,tuberculosis,cough andexpectorante

Ro Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.96 0.96 20003

Poincianellapyramidalis

Tull.(Catingueira)

Tr Cough Fl Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.31 0.31 8667

Cough,influenza Fl SerradoZabelê(NovaOlinda-CE) 0.30 10559

Sennaoccidentalis(L.)

Link(Mangirioba)

Tr Stroke

Influenza,headache,cough,sinusitis, bloodpurifier

Cough,influenza,bloodpurifier

Dordecabec¸a,trombose,tosseegripe

Fr

Ro,Se

Ro

Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé GomeseMangueiras(Exu-PE) Catolé(Moreilândia-PE)

0.31

1.13

0.66

1.67

0.94 8670

8411

Nc

Senegaliasp.(Angico) Tr Expectorant,influenza,leucemia Si Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé

0.73 0.73 10053

Stryphnodendron

rotundifoliumMart.

(Barbatimão)

Tr Inflammation,vaginalinfection

Wounds,bellyache,Healing, inflammationingeneral

Cancer,ulcer,injury,inflammationin theuterus,bloodinfection,gastritis, inflammationinthethroat,wound Healing,gastritis,inflammationinthe uterus,inflammationingeneral, furuncle,urinaryinfection,sorethroat

Si

Sb

Si,Sb

Matozinho,Estância,SerradoZé GomeseMangueiras(Exu-PE) BarreiroGrande(Crato-CE)

0.62

1.67

1.89

1.88

1.52 10536

9263

8406

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flavonoids) with ample biological activity. Mimosa and Ambu-rana,ontheotherhand,presentseveralprovenpharmacological activities(Box 1), especially reportedfor thespecies Amburana cearensisandMimosatenuiflora,suchas:antimicrobial,antifungal,

anti-inflammatory, antiplasmolytic, bronchodilator, antioxidant,

hemolytic,antinociceptiveandantimutagenicactivity(Lealetal.,

2000,2006;Silvaetal.,2013a).

Thespecies indicated had anarboreal (20 species),shrubby

(3),herbaceous(1),liana(1)andcreeperhabitats(1),with

arbo-realspeciesprevailing(76.92%).Inferredethnobotanicalstudiesin

SavannawoodlandareasalsopointtoFabaceaeasthedominant

familyinarborealmedicinalflora(GuarimNetoandMorais,2003;

Broteletal.,2006;Pintoetal.,2013;Silvaetal.,2015).Almeida

etal.(2005)investigatedtherelationshipbetweenthehabitatsof

speciesfromvariousfamiliesandchemicalcompoundclasses

(phe-nol,tannins,alkaloids,triterpenesandquinones)andfoundthat

treesexhibitagreateramountofthesecompoundswhencompared

toherbaceousandshrubbyspecies.

Inrelationtoplantparts,thebark(28.57%)andstemweaves

(26.53%)arethemostcommonly usedstructures.These results

Box1:MedicinalspeciesoftheFabaceaefamilyandtheirbiologicalactivities.

Family/species Mainchemicalconstituents/chemicalclasses Biologicalactivity

Fabaceae

Amburanacearenses

Amburosídios(CanutoandSilveira,2006), Protocatecuicacid,coumarins,flavonoidsand phenolicglycosides(Canutoetal.,2010).

Antibacterialandantifungal(BravoandSauvain,1999), Controlintheproductionofantibodies(Marinhoetal., 2004),anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antispasmodicand bronchodilator(Lealetal.,2006;Almeidaetal.,2010).

Anadenantheracolubrina Phenoliccompounds,tanninsandflavonoids

(Monteiroetal.,2005;Monteiroetal.,2006).

Antioxidant(Desmarchelieretal.,1999).

Bauhiniacheilantha Flavonoids,terpenoids,steroids,triterpenes,

tanninsandquinones(Silvaand Cechinel-Filho,2002).

Hypoglycemic(Almeidaetal.,2006)

Bowdichiavirgiloides Tannins,flavonoidsandalkaloids(Leiteetal., 2014).

Anti-inflammatory(Barrosetal.,2010),antimalarialand antioxidant(Deharoetal.,2001;Thomazzietal.,2010).

Cajanuscajan Flavonoids(Pauletal.,2003). Abortiveandteratogenicaction(Lemonicaand

Alvarenga,1994),larvicide(Pauletal.,2003;Zuetal., 2006).

Copaiferalangsdorffii Caorenoicacidditerpenes(Limaetal.,2008). Antitumoral(Oshakietal.,1994),gastroprotector(Paiva etal.,1998),anti-inflammatoryandcytotoxic(Paiva etal.,2003;Paivaetal.,2004),diuretic(Paivaetal., 2003),antioxidant(Paivaetal.,2004),antinociceptive (Gomesetal.,2007),antimicrobial(Martinsetal.,2010), healing(Martinsetal.,2010)andantineoplastic (Senedeseetal.,2013).

Diocleagrandiflora Diocleína,dioclenolanddioflorina(Almeida

etal.,2000).

Vasorelaxant(Lemos,1999),analgesic,antinoceptive, antimicrobial(Silvaetal.,2010).

Dimorphandragardneriana Flavanoids,rutin,quercetinandisoquercitrin (Landimetal.,2013).

Visco-surgicophthalmic(Piresetal.,2010).

Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum Bismedesidictriterpenicsaponins(Mimaki etal.,2003,2004).

Abortive(Bonel-Raposoetal.,2008).

Erythrinavelutina Alkaloidsandflavonoids,isoflavones,

pterocarps,flavanonesandisoflavanones (Chachaetal.,2005).

Anti-bacterial(Pillayetal.,2001;Virtuosoetal.,2005), antinociceptive,anticonvulsive(Vasconcelosetal., 2007),anti-inflammatory(Vasconcelosetal.,2011).

Family/species Mainchemicalconstituents/chemicalclasses Biologicalactivity

Hymenaeacourbaril Triterpenes,diterpenes,flavonoidsand

phenoliccompounds(Salesetal.,2014).

Antimicrobial(Gonc¸alvesandAlvesFilho,2005), anti-inflammatoryandantioxidant(Jayaprakasam etal.,2007).

Libidibiaferrea Tannins(Diasetal.,2013). Antiulcerogenic(BacchiandSertie,1994),

Chemopreventivecancer(Nakamuraetal.,2002), antimicrobial(Sampaioetal.,2009),analgesicand anti-inflammatory(Limaetal.,2012b;Diasetal.,2013), Lochocarpusararipensis Flavonoids,flavones,flavans,flavanonesand

aurones.(Limaetal.,2014).

Attenuationofallergicinflammation(Vasconcelosetal., 2008),Cytotoxicactivity(Limaetal.,2014).

Mimosatenuiflora Tannins(Camargo-Ricalde,2000),Flavonoids,

alkaloids,chalcones,steroids,terpenesand phenoxychomones,saponinsandtriterpenes (Souzaetal.,2008).

Hallucinogenic(Schultes,1994),anti-inflammatory (TellezandGuitard,1990)antiplasmolyticand hemolytic(Meckes-Lozoyaetal.,1990),antimicrobial (Bezerraetal.,2009),Antifungalandantimutagenic (Silvaetal.,2013b).

Periandramediterranea Saponinsandpolysaccharidesglucans(Pereira

etal.,2000).

Increasedimmuneresponse(Santosetal.,1997), anti-inflammatory(Pereiraetal.,2000). Poincianellapyramidalis Tannins,flavonoidsandsaponins(Bahiaetal.,

2005).

Anti-inflammatory(Santosetal.,2011),Radioprotector (Santosetal.,2013),Antinociceptive(Santanaetal., 2012)andinthetreatmentofgastriculcers(Ribeiro etal.,2013).

Sennaoccidentalis Tannins(Lombarboetal.,2009). Antimicrobial,antiviral,antitumor(Lombardoetal.,

2009). Stryphnodendron

rotundifolium

Tannins,flavonoidsandalkaloids(Costaetal., 2012).

(8)

wereconsistentwith thoseobserved in ethnobotanicalsurveys

conductedintheBrazilianSavannawoodland,wheretheuseofthe

barkoftheselegumesstandsoutfromtheotherparts(Pintoetal.,

2013;Ribeiroetal.,2014a;Silvaetal.,2015;Macêdoetal.,2015).

Theaccentuateduseoftheshellsfromthisfamilyis afrequent

practiceamongsemiaridpopulationstotreatdifferenttherapies

(Ribeiro et al., 2014a).This meansthat theirpreponderant use

makesthesespeciesmorevulnerable,andmayleadtothereduction

ofpopulationsintheSavannawoodlandoftheregion,sincethere

isnocontrolovertheircollection.Limaetal.(2011)andPintoetal.

(2013)stressthattheuseofresourcesthataffectthesurvivalofthe

plantmaycompromisetheconservationofthespecies.

Versatilityofmedicinalspecies

Of the 26 species reported, four presented great versatility

in relationto theiruses, exhibiting a highRelative Importance

Mean(Table1)(RI>1),withthefollowingstandingout:Copaifera langsdorffii(1.70),Stryphnodendronrotundifolium(1.52),Bowdichia virgiloides (1.10)and Amburanacearensis(1.02).The mentioned

speciespresented fromeight tothirtyhealing properties,

rang-ingfromfive totwelvebodysystems, andbeingmentioned by

informantsfromtwotofivecommunities.Ontheotherhand,ten

specieshadalowRIaverage(0.21–0.5),withlittleversatilitywithin

thecommunities.Theremainingspecies(12)hadameanRI

rang-ingfrom0.62 to0.99.From thepharmacological pointof view,

RIisconsideredarelevantcriterionintheselectionofplantsfor

detailedstudiesoftheirbiologicalactivities(Albuquerqueetal.,

2007;CarneiroandSantos,2014).

Among the species mentioned above, Copaifera

langsdorf-fii obtained the highest number of medicinal uses (30) and

encompassedtwelve body systems,being mentioned in allthe

communities,standingoutasthemostversatilespecies(IR=2)

infourlocationsofthefiveanalyzed.Thisresultshowsastrong

knowledgeamongtheinformantsintheselectionofthisspecies

forthetreatmentofdifferentdiseases.Instudiesthataddressthe

versatilityofspeciesfromtheSavannawoodlandpharmacopeia,C.

langsdorffiiisamongthemostoutstandingmedicinalspecies,

pre-sentingwithgreatRelativeImportance(RI=1.08;1.81;1.85;2.00)

(Carneiroand Santos,2014;Ribeiroetal.,2014a;Macêdoetal., 2015,2016).Thisspeciesalsoobtainedthelargestnumber(6)of

plantpartsused(Cc,Ec,Fo,Re,Fr,Ra),standingoutfromamong

theotherspecies.

AmongtheC.langsdorffiitherapeuticproperties,thefollowing

standout:rheumatism,gastricproblemsandgeneralpains,asthe

mostcommonindications.Severalpharmacologicalstudies

vali-datethetherapeuticapplicabilityofthisspecies.Theoilextracted

fromitstreesharborsasourcerichinactivecompounds(kaurenoic

andcopalicacid),presentinggastroprotectiveactivities(Paivaetal.,

1998),antimicrobial(Martisetal.,2010),antineoplastic(Senedese

etal.,2013), diureticandanti-inflammatory(Paivaetal.,2003),

antioxidant(Paivaetal.,2004),antinociceptive(Gomesetal.,2007).

Studiesalsoreveal,throughextractsobtainedfromthebarkofthe

treetrunk,thepresenceofbetulinicacidanditsimportant

antitu-moralaction(Oshakietal.,1994).

Stryphnodendronrotundifolium(1.52),presentedfourteen

thera-peuticpropertiesinsertedinsevenbodysystemsandwasreported

infourlocations.Itsmostcommonusesamong informantsare:

generalinflammation,respiratoryandgastrointestinaldisorders,

gynecological inflammation, healing and for the treatment of

injuries,usingthebarkandstembark.Neoplasia,ulcerandblood

infectionwerementionedonlybyonecommunity(Betânia,

Bar-balha,CE).In thestudybySouzaetal.(2014),inCarrasco area

locatedintheAraripeNationalForest,thisspeciespresentedeight

medicinalpropertiesandwasalsoindicatedforthetreatmentof

cancer,inflammationandcauterization, exhibitinga RIequalto

1.75,beingconsideredversatilewithinthecommunity.Itisalready

known,fromphytochemicalandpharmacologicalstudies,thatS.

rotundifoliumpresentsgreat therapeuticpotentialfor sheltering

tannins,flavonoidsandalkaloidsin itsbark(Costaetal.,2012),

whichactinthehealingofwounds(Lopesetal.,2005),in

inflam-matoryprocesses(Limaetal.,1998)andingynecologicalproblems

(Oliveiraetal.,2012),thusconfirmingitstraditionaluse.

Bowdichiavirgiloideswasmentionedinallthestudied

commu-nitiesandpresentedfourteentherapeuticproperties,withdiseases

ofthemusculoskeletalsystemandconnectivetissue(painsinthe

spineandrheumatism)themostfrequentindications.Amongthe

otherattributedproperties,thefollowing standout:respiratory

diseases(coughandflu),neoplasiaandgastrointestinalproblems,

referredto,respectively,bythecommunitiesofBarreiroGrande,

CatoléandBetânia.Thespecieswasalsoreportedwithan

aphro-disiacproperty(sexualimpotence)inonlyonelocality(Serrado

Zabelê,NovaOlinda,CE).Theseresultsdemonstrateavariability

intherapeuticindicationsamongcommunities,whichaccording

toAlbuquerqueandAndrade(2002)andSouzaetal.(2014)the

availabilityofresourcesandtheeffectiveneedofthepopulation

influencetraditionalbotanicalknowledge.

Theaforementionedspeciesstoodoutasthemostversatilein

theBarreiroGrandelocality(RI=2)(Table1),for whichit

pre-sentedthegreatestnumberofpropertiesandthesecondlargest

number of body systems attributed, corresponding to six uses

(spine pain,osteoarthritis, cough,flu,kidneypain and

rheuma-tism),linkedtothreebodysystems(OsteomuscularSystemand

ConnectiveTissueDiseases,RespiratorySystemDisorderand

Gen-itourinarySystemDisorder).Fortheotherlocalities,itisnotedthat

thisquantitativeindexdecreases(0.80–0.73),confirmingthatthe

localknowledgeonthehealingpropertiesofthespeciesdiverges

among theinformants. Inethnobotanical surveysconductedby

CarneiroandSantos(2014)and Macêdoetal.(2015)indisjoint

andnuclearSavannaareas,B.virgiloideswasamongtheten

medic-inal specieswithhighversatility,presenting anRI=1.71;1.08,

respectively.Whereasin thestudyofVieiraetal.(2015),inthe

communityofSãoBenedito,inthestateofMaranhão,thisspecies

wascitedwithoneofthesmallestRI(0.19),beingusedforthe

treat-mentofonlytwomedicinalproperties,neoplasiaandlowerlimbs

pains.Some chemical compounds (flavonoids,tannins)isolated

fromtheBowdichiavirgiloidesstembarkhavealreadybeen

inves-tigated pharmacologically,with theiranti-inflammatory(Barros

etal.,2010),antimalarialandantioxidantpotential(Deharoetal.,

2001;Thomazzietal.,2010)beingproven.

Amburanacearensis,whichisusuallyamongthespecieswith

the greatest relative importance in ethnobotanical research in

the Caatinga (RI = 1.08; 1.09; 1.91) (Albuquerque et al., 2006;

Cartaxo et al., 2010; Paulino et al., 2011), was also presented

asversatile inthis study(RI=1.02).Thespecies wasindicated

for the treatment of up to eight curative properties, included

in five body systems and wascited by the informants in two

communities. Flu was the most common respiratory disease.

Othertherapeuticindications(skininflammation,measles,fever,

throatinflammation,coughandgynecologicalproblems)differin

thelocalities.Thisspeciespresentswithgreatpopularityinfolk

medicine of theBrazilian northeast (Albuquerque et al., 2007),

beingwidelyusedforrespiratorydiseases,asverifiedinstudies

byCartaxoetal.(2010)andSilvaetal.(2015a,b).Theefficacyof

itspopularuseisconfirmedbypharmacologicalstudiesfromthe

hydroalcoholicextractofthestembarkandsomeofitschemical

constituents,whichdemonstrated analgesic,bronchodilator and

anti-inflammatoryactivities(Canutoetal.,2010).

ThespeciesthatpresentedaRIrangingfrom0.62to0.99were:

Ascomiumglasycarpa(0.62),Bauhiniacheilantha(0.83),Centrosema

sp. (0.84), Dimorphandra gardneiriana (0.64), Erythrina velutina

(9)

ferrea (0.99), Mimosa tenuiflora (0.63), Periandra mediterranea

(0.96),Sennaoccidentalis (0.94)and Senegaliasp.(0.73).Among

thespeciesmentioned,onlyH.courbarilandD.gardneirianawere

citedamongtheinformantsofallthecommunitiesstudied.Both

species presented nine totwelve properties, respectively, with

respiratorydiseases(flu,cough,bronchitisandexpectorant)and

cardiovasculardiseasesthemostreportedindications.Theother

species were referred to in one to four communities. Some of

these species stand out in ethnobotanical studies of medicinal

purposescarriedoutintheSavannawoodland(FrancoandBarros,

2006;MoreiraandGuarimNeto,2009;Limaetal.,2012a;Carneiro andSantos,2014; Silva etal., 2015)and alsoin Caatinga areas (AlmeidaandAlbuquerque,2002;Silvaand Albuquerque,2005; Cartaxoetal., 2010;Ribeiroetal., 2014b).The influenceofthe

Caatingavegetationinthepharmacopeiaofthestudied

commu-nitiesisjustifiedbecauseitisa disjointCerradoarea,occurring

asan enclavewithin thenorth-eastern semiarid(Ribeiroet al.,

2014a).

Species suchas Bowdichia sp.(0.31), Lochocarpus araripensis

(0.21),Amburanasp.(0.31)andMimosasensitiva(0.31)presented

onlyoneutilityeach,beingindicated,respectively,fortreatment

of rheumatism, skin allergy, inflammation and fever. Although

thesespeciesencompasslowervaluesofRelativeImportance,they

shouldnotbeconsideredoflowerpharmacologicalpotential,as

emphasizedbyAlbuquerqueetal.(2006)andRibeiroetal.(2014a)

thattheversatilityofspeciesmayvaryaccordingtothelocal

knowl-edgewheretheyarewidespread.Amongthementionedspecies,it

isnoticedthattherearefewreportsonthepopularuseattributedto

Lochocarpusararipensis,however,importantactivitieshavealready

beendemonstratedforsomeoftheirisolatedcompounds,suchas

theattenuationofallergicinflammation(Vasconcelosetal.,2008),

throughflavonespresentinitsroots,thusconfirmingitstraditional

usereportedinthisstudybythebesiegeroftheSerradoZabelê

community.

It is observed fromthescientific point ofview that, among

the most versatile species recorded in this research, Copaifera

langsdorffii,AmburanacearensisandStryphnodendronrotundifolium

arealready wellknown,with much of theirtherapeutic

appli-cationsvalidated. However, Bowdichiavirgiloides for presenting

few records confirming its medicinal properties, especially for

anticanceraction,stillrequiresmorein-depthphytochemicaland

pharmacologicalstudiesthatmayprovetheefficacyofitsactive

principles.Itisnoteworthythatthespeciesmentionedabovewas

mentionedinallcommunitiesforthetreatmentofvariousbody

systems,representingapromisingtargetforbioprospecting.

Informant’sconsensusfactorfortherapeuticpurpose

ThemedicinalspeciesoftheFabaceaefamilywereindicatedfor

70therapeuticpurposesgroupedin16bodysystems(Table2).The

categoriesthatpresentedmaximumvaluesforInformants

Consen-sus(ICF)were:MentalandBehavioralDisorders(MBD)andSensory

SystemDisorderSSD(Eyes),bothpresentinganICFequalto1.The

othercategoriesincludedvaluesthatrangedfrom0.33to0.91,and

fortheSexualImpotence (SI)category,there wasnoconsensus

amongtheinformants.

Mentaland BehavioralDisorders(MBD)and SensorySystem

DisorderSSD(olh),whichreachedhighconsensus(ICF=1),

encom-passeda totaloftencitationsofuses.IntheMBDcategory,the

useofasinglespecies(Copaiferalangsdorffii)withseven

indica-tionsofuseforthepurposesofdepressionandnerves.Fordiseases

relatedtothesensorysystem,onespecies(Dimorphandra

gardne-riana)wasalsoindicatedforconjunctivitisandeyedrops,which

togetherobtainedonlythreecitationsofuses.AccordingtoChaves

andBarros(2012),highICFvaluesshowauniformityofknowledge

amongtheinformantsintheselectionofaspeciesforsignsand

symptomsofacertaincategoryofdisease.Analogousresultswere

observedinstudiescarriedoutintheBraziliannortheast,where

thecategoryofMBDalsopresentedwithexpressivevaluesof

agree-mentofuse(Ribeiroetal.,2014b;Saraivaetal.,2015;Macêdoetal.,

2016).Thesensorysystemisreferredtoashavinglowconsensus

values(Cartaxoetal.,2010;Oliveiraetal.,2010;ChavesandBarros,

2012),withnoagreementbetweentheinformantsintheselection

ofspeciesusedforthiscategory,incontrasttotheoneobservedin

thepresentstudy.

RespiratorySystemDisorders(ICF=0.91)includedthe

high-estnumberofcitations(187),correspondingto35.96%ofthetotal

reported uses.This category also obtainedthe highest number

ofspecies(18),correspondingto19.78%ofthetotalmentioned.

Thesespecieswereindicatedtotreatinfluenza,cough,bronchitis,

throatinflammation,asthma,pneumonia,lunginfection,sinusitis

andexpectorant.

Amongthe diseases reported,influenza includedthelargest

numberofcitations(82),withthespeciesHymenaeacourbariland

Periandramediterraneabeingthemostcited(55)forthispurpose.

Thehighnumberofspeciesindicatedforthiscategoryisprobably

associatedwiththeprevalenceofdiseasesrelatedtotherespiratory

system,whichaccordingtoMacêdoetal.(2015)aremanifestedas

aresponse tothelongperiodsofdrought,theSavannafires,as

wellasthelowrelativehumidity.Thiscategoryisalsoamongthe

mostcitedincentralBrazil,aswellasinthenortheasternsemi-arid

regionoftheCaatinga(AlmeidaandAlbuquerque,2002;Silvaand

Proenc¸a,2008;MoreiraandGuarimNeto,2009;ChavesandBarros, 2012;Santosetal.,2012;AraujoandLemos,2015).

InjuriesandPoisonsandOtherCausesofExternalConsequences

(IPOCEC) and Disease of the Endocrine Glands, Nutrition and

Metabolism (DEGNM) alsoobtained a highagreement of uses,

presenting similarICF values among themselves(0.90).IPOCEC

reachedatotalof59citationsofusesconveyedtotheuseofseven

species.Stryphnodendronrotundifoliumwasthemostreportedfor

healingpropertiesandwounds,whichtogethercomprised40

cita-tions,correspondingto13.47%ofthetotalcitations(502).EGDNM

(5),obtainedthreeuses,forthetreatmentofdiabetes(5),

weak-ness(2)anddizziness(4),whereonlythespeciesBauhiniacleilantha

andCajanuscajanwereindicatedforthesepurposes.

Pharmacolog-icalanalyzesofBauhiniacleilanthademonstrateitshypoglycemic

action(Almeidaetal.,2006),validatingitspopularuseforthe

treat-mentofdiabetes.AsforCajanuscajan,studiesshowitsabortive

andteratogenicaction,whichdemonstratesthetoxiceffectofthis

species(LemonicaandAlvarenga,1994).

ThecategoriesofNon-DefinedDisordersorPain(NDDP)and

Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue

(DMSCT)alsoincludedequalICFvalues(0.87).NDDPwasthe

sec-ondcategorywiththehighestnumberofcitations(77),covering

11species(12.09%),amongwhich,Copaiferalangsdorffiistandsout

among theinformants’knowledge for thetreatmentof general

pain,whosetherapeuticpurposewasthemostcited(28).Forthe

DMSCTcategorytheuseoffivespecieswasreported,withemphasis

onC.langsdorffiiandBowdichiavirgiloideswhichhavethehighest

numberofreportedcitationsfortreatingrheumatismandspinal

pain,whichtogethertotaled24citations.Pharmacologicalstudies

revealtheanti-inflammatoryactionofthesespecies(Paivaetal.,

2004;Barrosetal.,2010),thusjustifyingitsuse.

ForthecategoryofNeoplasia,theuseoffivespecies,witheight

citationsforCopaiferalangsdorffii,wasindicatedforthetreatment

ofcanceringeneral.Phytochemical andpharmacological

analy-sesperformedbyOshaki etal. (1994)revealedthepresence of

betulinicacidanditsimportantantitumoraction,evidencingits

widepopularusewithinthiscategory.

Withonlyfivecitationsofuses,thecategory Diseasesofthe

NervousSystem(DNS)comprisedtwospecies(Copaifera

(10)

Table2

FactorofinformantconsensusbasedoncitingsofuseofmedicinalspeciesbyinformantsinthecommunitiesofSerradoZabelê,CE,Catolé,PE,BarreiroGrande,CE,Betânia,

CE,Matozinho,Estância,SerradeZéGomesandMangueiras,PE,ChapadadoAraripe,Brazil.

Bodysystemcategories/therapeutic purposes/quotations

Numberofusesreported Numberandspeciesofplants ICF

MBD:Depression(4),nerves(3). 7 1–Copaiferalangsdorffii 1.00

SSD(Eyes):Conjunctivitis(2),eyedrops. 3 1–Dimorphandragardneriana 1.00

RSD:Influenza(82),Cough,(58),expectorant,(26), Inflammationinthethroat(6),bronchitis(6), asthma(3),lunginfection(4),pneumonia,sinusitis.

187 18–Acosmiumglasycarpa,Anadenantheracolubrina,

Amburanacearenses,Bauhiniacheilantha,Bowdichia

virgiloides,Centrosemasp.,Copaiferalangsdorffii,

Dimorphandragardneriana,Enterolobium

contortisiliquum,Hymenaeacourbaril,Hymenaeasp.,

Libidibiaferrea,Mimosasensitiva,Periandra

mediterranea,Poincianellapyramidalis,Senna

occidentalis,Senegaliasp.,Stryphnodendron

rotundifolium.

0.91

DEGNM:Diabetes(5),weakness(2),dizziness(4). 11 2-Bauhiniacheilantha,Cajanuscajan. 0.90

IPOCEC:Injury(23),healing(17),strokes(5),fractures (3),intoxication(4),wounds(7).

59 7-Copaiferalangsdorffii,Dimorphandragardneriana,

Diocleagrandiflora,Hymenaeacourbaril,Libidibiaférrea,

Mimosatenuiflora,Stryphnodendronrotundifolium.

0.90

DMSCT:Rheumatism(12),spinepain(14),bonepain (3),arthrosis,kneeswelling(2).

32 5-Acosmiumglasycarpa,Bowdichiasp.,Bowdichia

virgiloides,Copaiferalangsdorffii,Libidibiaferrea

0.87

NDDP:Generalpain(28),generalinflammation(26), fever(10),inflammationexternal(5),inflammation internal(4),anti-inflammatory,allergy(2),swelling.

77 11-Amburanacearenses,Amburanasp.,Bowdichia

virgiloides,Copaiferalangsdorffii,Dimorphandra

gardneriana,Libidibiaférrea,Machaerimacutifolium,

Mimosatenuiflora,Mimosasensitiva,Stryphnodendron

rotundifolium,Centrosemasp.

0.87

DGS:Gynecologicalinflammation(29),kidney problems(5),menopause(2),menstrualcycle(4).

40 8-Amburanacearenses,Bauhiniacheilantha,Bowdichia

virgiloides,Copaiferalangsdorffii,Enterolobium

contortisiliquum,Mimosatenuiflora,Stryphnodendron

rotundifolium,Erythrinavelutina.

0.82

DDS:Stomachpain(12),gastritis(9),gastriculcer(5), herniatedstomach,constipation(5),indigestion(4), bellyswelling,woundstomach,bloodydiarrhea, toothache.

40 9-Acosmiumglasycarpa,Bauhiniacheilantha,Bowdichia

virgiloides,Centrosemasp.,Copaiferalangsdorffii,

Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum,Hymenaeacourbaril,

Mimosatenuiflora,Stryphnodendronrotundifolium.

0.79

N:Cancer(15),leukemia(3). 18 5-Bowdichiavirgiloides,Copaiferalangsdorffii,

Dimorphandragardneriana,Stryphnodendron

rotundifolium,Senegaliasp.

0.76

DNS:Headache(4),epilepsy. 5 2-Copaiferalangsdorffii,Sennaoccidentalis. 0.75

IPD:Tuberculosis(7),measles,intestinalinfection. 9 4-Amburanacearenses,Hymenaeasp.,Periandra

mediterranea,Anadenantheracolubrina.

0.63

DCS:Circulation(2),stroke(3),thrombosis(2),high bloodpressure(2),bleeding(5),heart,angina.

16 7-Acosmiumglasycarpa,Dimorphandragardneriana,

Bauhiniacheilantha,Copaiferalangsdorffii,Senna

occidentalis,Erythrinavelutina,Libidibiaferrea.

0.60

DBHO:Bloodpurifier(4),anemia(2),problemasno sangue(2).

8 5-Copaiferalangsdorffii,Hymenaeacourbaril,

Stryphnodendronrotundifolium,Bauhiniacheilantha,

Sennaoccidentalis.

0.43

DSSCT:Skininflammation(5),skinallergy,furuncle. 7 5-Stryphnodendronrotundifolium,Lochocarpus

araripensis,Diocleagrandiflora,Amburanacearenses,

Bowdichiavirgiloides.

0.33

SI:Aphrodisiac(sexualimpotence) 1 1-Bowdichiavirgiloides. 0,00

ICF,InformantConsensusFactor.NDDP,Non-DefinedDisordersorPain;DEGNM,DiseaseoftheEndocrineGlands,NutritionandMetabolism;IPD,InfectiousandParasitic Diseases;MBD,MentalandBehavioralDisorders;DBHO,DiseasesofBloodandHematopoieticOrgans;DMSCT,DiseasesoftheMusculoskeletalSystemandConnectiveTissue; IPOCEC,Injuries,PoisoningsandOtherConsequencesofExternalCauses;N,Neoplasias;DDS,DisorderoftheDigestiveSystem;DGS,DisorderoftheGenitourinarySystem; DNS,DiseasesoftheNervousSystem;RSD,RespiratorySystemDisorder;SensorySystemDisorder(Eyes);DCS,DiseasesoftheCirculatorySystem;DSSCT,Diseasesofthe SkinandSubcutaneousCellularTissue;SI,SexualImpotence.

0.75.Thereferredtreatmentswereforheadaches(4)andepilepsy. Itisobservedthattheuseofmedicinalplantsconveyedtothisbody systemisscarcelymentioned,asverifiedinthestudiesofMontelos andPinheir(2007),Oliveiraetal.(2010)andChavesandBarros (2012).

TentherapeuticpropertiesweregroupedforDigestiveSystem

Disorder(DDS)withtheuseofninespecies.Themostfrequent

diseaseswerestomachpain,gastritis,gastriculcer,constipation

andindigestion,relatedto35citationsofuse.Themostreported

propertyamongtheinformantswasbellyache(12),withCopaifera

langsdorffiibeingthemostusedspeciesforthispurpose.Inresearch

carriedoutindifferentcommunitiesinBrazil,itisobservedthatthe

diseasesoriginatingfromthissystemarewellreported,coveringa

largeamountofmedicinalspecies(Cartaxoetal.,2010;Oliveira

et al.,2010; Costa andMayworm, 2011; Cunha and Bortolotto, 2011;AlvesandPovh,2013;AraujoandLemos,2015).

Amongthemostfrequentaffectionsofthegenitourinarysystem

aregynecologicalinflammations andrenalproblems,where the

useofeightspecies,includingEnterolobiumcontortisiliquumand

Stryphnodendron rotundifolium,wasreportedamongthespecies

withthehighestnumberofreportswithinthiscategory.

Bonel-Raposo et al. (2008)have described, in theirstudy ontoxicity,

divergentresultstothosementionedinthisstudyforthemedicinal

useofE.contortisiliquum,evidencingtheirabortivepotential.

InfectiousandParasiticDiseases(IPD)andDiseasesofthe

Cir-culatorySystem(DCS)presented ICFrangingfrom0.60to0.63.

Tuberculosiswasthemostfrequentlyreporteddisease(7)within

thecategoryof IPD,wheretheuseoffourspeciesprevailed,of

which, Periandra mediterraneastandsout asthemostindicated

speciesforthispurpose.DCSobtained16citationsofuses,mainly

for hemorrhagic properties. Libidibia ferrea was themost cited

(11)

Diseases of Blood and Hematopoietic Organs (DBHO) and

DiseasesoftheSkinandSubcutaneousCellularTissue(DSSCT)

pre-sentedlowvaluesofagreementofuse,withICFrangingfrom0.43

to0.33,respectively.Thesesystemsencompassedsixtherapeutic

purposesandfifteencitationsofuses,wheretheuseoffivespecies

ineachsystemwaspredominant,withStryphnodendron

rotundi-foliumbeingmentionedinbothcategories.Inferredstudiesinthe

centralBrazilianregionandinthenorth-easternsemi-aridregion

revealthatthesebodysystemsareamongthosewiththeleast

con-sensus,encompassingICFvaluesrangingfrom0.25to0.57(Santos

etal.,2012;ChavesandBarros,2012;AlvesandPovh,2013).

Withonlyonecitationofreportedusefortheaphrodisiac

prop-erty and with only one species indicated for this purpose, the

categoryofSexualImpotencedidnotpresentaconsensusamong

theinformants,whichsuggeststhatthebesiegersdonotsharethe

sameknowledgeordonotagreeontheuseofthisspecieswithin

thisbodysystem,accordingtoCartaxoetal.(2010).

Ofthespeciesmentionedforthedifferentbodysystem

cate-gories,itisobservedthatCopaiferalangsdorffiistandsoutasthe

mostindicatedspeciesformostbodysystems.

Conclusions

Fabaceaepresentedanexpressiveamountofmedicinalspecies

usedforthetreatmentofdifferentconditions,provingthegreat

importanceofthefamilytothecommunitiesintheuseofmedicinal

plants.

B.virgiloides,D.gardneriana,C.langsdorffiiandH.courbarilwere

citedin all localities,showing a wide knowledgeor usein the

SavannaofChapadadoAraripe.

Becausetheypresentedagreatnumberoftherapeutic

indica-tions,S.rotundifolium,A.cearensis,B.virgiloidesandC.langsdorffii

reachedgreatversatility,actinginvariedbodysystems.

Therewasconsensusamonginformantsinmostbodysystems,

which shows that there is a well-defined selection criteria for

medicinalplantsand/orthatusageand/orknowledgeinformation

issharedamongthepeoplewithinthecommunity.

Considering,in thisresearch,thelargenumberof promising

species for the discovery of bioactive substances, belonging to

theFabaceaefamily,anincreaseinethnobotanicalstudiesinthis

region,withthepurposeofsupportingbiochemicaland

pharmaco-logicalresearchthatprovethebiologicalactivitiesofspeciesthat

requirefurtherstudyisrecommended.

Ethicaldisclosures

Protectionofhumanandanimalsubjects. Theauthorsdeclare

thattheproceduresfollowedwereinaccordancewiththe

regula-tionsoftherelevantclinicalresearchethicscommitteeandwith

thoseoftheCodeofEthicsoftheWorldMedicalAssociation

(Dec-larationofHelsinki).

Confidentialityofdata. Theauthorsdeclarethattheyhave

fol-lowed theprotocolsof theirworkcenter onthepublication of

patientdata.

Right to privacy and informed consent. The authors have

obtainedthewritteninformedconsentofthepatientsorsubjects

mentionedinthearticle.Thecorrespondingauthorisinpossession

ofthisdocument.

Authors’contributions

Alltheauthorscontributedfundamentallytothisstudy.MJFM

isresponsibleforthemanuscriptwrittenbytheliteraturereview

ofthepharmacologicalactivitiesofthespecies,togetherwiththe

MMAS,guidance.Inaddition,MMASandDARparticipatedinthe

increaseofinformation toormanuscript. DAR,DGM,MESwere

responsiblefortheaccomplishmentofinterviewsandMOS,JGFM,

BVA,MNSLparticipatedinthecollectionofbotanicalmaterial.

Conflictsofinterest

Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest

Acknowledgments

We thank Fundac¸ãoCearensede Apoio ao Desenvolvimento

CientíficoeTecnológicoforthescholarshipgiventothefirstauthor,

andtheinformantsofthecommunities,fortheprovisionof

infor-mation.

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