1
Confira se os dados contidos na parte inferior desta capa estão corretos e, em seguida, assine no espaço reservado para isso.
Se, em qualquer outro local deste Caderno, você assinar, rubricar, escrever mensagem, etc., será excluído do Exame.
2
Este Caderno contém 5 questões discursivas referentes à Prova da Língua Estrangeira escolhida pelo candidato. Não destaque nenhuma folha.3
Se o Caderno estiver incompleto ou contiver imperfeição gráfica que impeça a leitura, solicite imediatamente ao Fiscal que o substitua.4
Será avaliado apenas o que estiver escrito no espaço reservado para cada resposta, razão por que os rascunhos não serão considerados.5
Escreva de modo legível, pois dúvida gerada por grafia, sinal ou rasura implica rá redução de pontos.6
Só será permitido o uso de dicionário INGLÊS/INGLÊS.7
A Comperve recomenda o uso de caneta esferográfica, confeccionada em material transparente, de tinta preta. Em nenhuma hipótese se avaliará resposta escrita com grafite.8
Utilize para rascunhos, o verso de cada página deste Caderno.9
Você dispõe de, no máximo, três horas, para responder as 5 questões que constituem a Prova .10
Antes de retirar-se definitivamente da sala, devolva ao Fiscal este Caderno.ao texto abaixo.
Recycling nutrients from horse manure: effects of bedding type and its compos tability
Riikka Keskinen, Markku Saastamoinen, Johanna Nikama, Susanna Särkijärvi, Marianna Myllymäki, Tapio Salo, Jaana Uusi-Kämppä
The equine sector has increased globally during the last decades and currently about 6 million hobby and sports horses r eside in the EU member states. Manure produced by these horses constitutes a considerable nutrient resource. Based on average nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, and an average daily production of about 12–17 kg dung and 12 l urine, the horses in EU can be calculated to excrete over 300 million kg N and 48 million kg P annually. The N originates mainly from urine and P from dung.
Exploitation of horse manure in agri- and horticulture as a fertilizer or soil conditioner should be enhanced. To preserve the value of horse manure as a fertilizer, proper management, including choice of bedding material, handling, storing and end use is essential. If nutrients are leached due to poor manure handling, horse manure may pose a risk to local watercourse s and finally to the Baltic Sea. In Finland, lot of horse stables and activities are placed on areas that are critical regarding leaching of nutrients to waters. Especially leaching of P from horse manure or paddocks can be considered an environmental risk .
Under warm climatic conditions horses are commonly kept outdoors for several hours daily, but in northern cool climate, horses are exercised outside only a few hours during a winter day. Most of the dung and urine is thus produced in the stalls and mixe d with the bedding material, which is applied to bind moisture and gases and afford a soft bed to the horses. The choice of bedding material has a marked effect on the properties of the manure since bedding makes up 60 to 80% of the manure volume depending on the material applied. Several choices are available for the bedding in horse stables, wood shavings, saw dust, peat, pelleted straw and straw being the most common ones. For the welfare of both horses and people working and visiting in stables, stall bedding should be hygienic, free from dust, able to absorb ammonia, and be easy and light to handle. From environmental perspective, the bedding should have high capacity to retain nutrients during use and storage but at the same time efficiently release th em once recycled into agricultural soil.
Horse manure typically has a high carbon (C) to N (C:N) ratio, meaning that decomposing microbes absorb released N to satisfy their growth requirements. Due to this net N immobilization, horse manure is not a desired fertilizer. However, due to beneficial effects on soil structure and C content, it can be considered a valuable soil conditioner. Composting, meaning biological aerobic decomposition, reduces the manure volume, moisture and odor, increases its uniformit y, stability and concentration and eliminates pathogens, parasites and flies. Handling, transport and utilization of manure can thus be enhanced by composting. Efficient composting of animal faeces requires the use of a C rich bulking agent to adjust both the nutrient balance and the physical structure of the substrate. In horse manure, the bedding serves as the bulking agent.
In this study, horse manure with three bedding materials, peat, wood shavings and pelleted straw, was examined on the nutrient cycl ing point of view. The three manures were compared in relation to their N, P and potassium (K) content, ability to store N and P during storage even under rainfall, compostability and ability to release N when used as a soil amendment. Bedding material makes up the bulk of horse manure and can thus be expected to govern the decomposition rate and nutrient cycling properties of the manure.
Questão 1
Discorra sobre o panorama apresentado pelos autores em relação à possibilidade de exploração do estrume de cavalo como fonte de nutrientes nos países da União Europeia.
Questão 2
Explique porque, segundo o texto, a exploração de estrume de cavalo pode passar de algo produtivo para um risco ao meio ambiente e o que deve ser feito para prevenir isto.
Espaço para Resposta
Descreva qual a relação, segundo o texto, entre os excrementos dos cavalos e o material sobre o qual esses animais repousam nos estábulos e explique quais os cuidados a serem tomados para que esse material não seja prejudicial para as pessoas e o meio ambiente.
Questão 4
Explicite de que maneira o estudo reportado no texto procurou investigar a relação entre os materiais usados para a cama dos animais e o potencial nutritivo do estrume.
Espaço para Resposta
Questão 5
Traduza o fragmento textual abaixo no espaço reservado para isso.
Seu texto deverá apresentar clareza e estar bem articulado tanto em termos estruturais quanto de sentido.
Horse manure typically has a high carbon (C) to N (C:N) ratio, meaning that decomposing microbes absorb released N to satisfy their growth requirements. Due to this net N immobilization, horse manure is not a desired fertilizer. However, due to beneficial effects on soil structure and C content, it can be considered a valuable soil conditioner.
