Chapitre IV Variabilité naturelle des cassures à l'ADN et des micronoyaux in situ
Publication 4: Genotoxicity biomarkers in caged zebra mussels are related to the mussel
4. Détection des dommages oxydatifs en milieu naturel
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d’adduits plus importante en automne qu’en hiver, positivement corrélée à la bioaccumulation en HAP et notamment du benzanthracène, benzo[b]fluoranthène et le benzo[k]fluoranthène.
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contaminants chimiques sont plus faibles dans le milieu aquatique que celles utilisées en laboratoire, mais la multiplicité des substances présentes dans l'environnement peut conduire à des effets additifs sur les organismes et donc induire des niveaux de cassures à l'ADN aussi importants que dans les études en laboratoire.
Conclusions et perspectives
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Lors de ce travail de thèse, le test comet-hOGG1 a été adapté à Dreissena polymorpha, puis utilisé pour mesurer l'oxydation de l'ADN des branchies de moules par des expositions en laboratoire. Le niveau moyen d'oxydation par le BaP (12µg/L) est de 30% et de 25% pour le Cd (81µg/L). Les lésions oxydatives induites par le BaP sont très rapidement réparées et ne sont plus détectées après le premier jour de dépuration des moules. En revanche, les lésions oxydatives induites par le Cd sont réparées plus lentement et ne sont ainsi plus détectées après six jours de dépuration.
La partie terrain de cette thèse s'est déroulée en deux phases montrant dans un premier temps que les saisons favorables à l'étude de la réponse génotoxique, du taux de cassures à l'ADN et de la fréquence des micronoyaux exprimée par Dreissena polymorpha en milieu urbain, sont le printemps et l'automne. En effet, lors de ces deux saisons les températures de l'eau favorisent une activité de filtration suffisante permettant l'exposition des moules aux contaminants chimiques de la colonne d'eau.
Dans un deuxième temps, l'oxydation de l'ADN des branchies de moules a été mise en évidence lors de transplantation de dreissènes sur les sites urbains du bassin de la Seine. Les niveaux d'oxydation mesurés in situ sont du même ordre que ceux mesurés en laboratoire ce qui montre une certaine cohérence de ce biomarqueur et indiquent la présence de contaminants induisant un stress oxydatif sur les organismes présents dans la colonne d'eau du bassin de la Seine.
Ces divers travaux nous montrent l'intérêt d'utiliser la moule zébrée comme bioindicateur de la contamination chimique du bassin de la Seine.
Perspectives de ce travail:
L'application du test comet-hOGG1 pour la détection d’oxydation de l’ADN couplé à d'autres outils d'évaluation du stress oxydatif, comme la mesure de l'activité des enzymes du stress oxydatif pourrait être plus informative. Cloner et séquencer l'endonucléase homologue de OGG1 retrouvée chez la dreissène permettrait de mesurer son induction sur des moules exposées en laboratoire. Il serait alors possible de mesurer l'induction de l'enzyme homologue de hOGG1 et étudier le lien entre son induction et les niveaux de lésions oxydatives mesurés par le test comet-hOGG1. Ensuite, ces comparaisons pourraient être réalisées sur des organismes transplantés, afin d'établir une relation entre le niveau de 8-oxodG et les niveaux d'induction de l'enzyme de réparation de ces dommages.
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