❘❊◆❆❚❖ ❆❋❖◆❙❖ ❈❖❚❆ ❙■▲❱❆
P❙P ❊ ▼➱❚❖❉❖❙ ➪●❊■❙ ◆❆ ▼❊▲❍❖❘■❆ ❉❆
◗❯❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❊▼ P❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊✿
❯▼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❉❊ ❈❆❙❖
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐✲ ❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥✲ çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✧▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✧✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Seção de Catalogação e Classificação da Biblioteca Central da UFV
T
Silva, Renato Afonso Cota, 1981-
S586p PSP e métodos ágeis na melhoria da qualidade em 2006 produção de software : um estudo de caso / Renato
Afonso Cota Silva. – Viçosa : UFV, 2006. xvi, 128f. : il. ; 29cm.
Inclui apêndice.
Orientador: José Luis Braga.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Referências bibliográficas: f. 121-128.
1. Engenharia de software. 2. Software - Desenvolvi- mento - Administração. 3. Programação eXtreme. I. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. II.Título.
RENATO AFONSO COTA SILVA
PSP E MÉTODOS ÁGEIS NA MELHORIA DA
QUALIDADE EM PRODUÇÃO DE SOFTWARE:
UM ESTUDO DE CASO
Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, para obtenção do título de “Magister Scientiae”.
APROVADA: 05 de abril de 2006
___________________________ _________________________
Alcione de Paiva Oliveira Carlos Henrique Osório Silva
(Conselheiro) (Conselheiro)
___________________________ _________________________
José Carlos Maldonado Mauro Nacif Rocha
___________________________ José Luis Braga
❋❡❧✐③ é ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ q✉❡ ❛❝❤❛ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✱ ❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ q✉❡ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✳ Pr♦✈ér❜✐♦s ✸✿✶✸
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
✲ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ s♦♥❤♦✳ ●r❛ç❛s ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❣r❛ç❛✱ ✜❞❡❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♠♦r✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣✉❞❡ s❡♥t✐r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳
✲ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❍❡❧❡♥❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡st❡✈❡ ❝♦♠✐❣♦✱ s♦❢r❡♥❞♦ ❡ s❡ ❛❧❡❣r❛♥❞♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ✜r♠❡ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ●❡r❛❧❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛rrã♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♠♣r❡st♦✉ ♣r❛ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r q✉❡ ❛♥❞❛r ❛ ♣é✳ ❱❛❧❡✉ ♣❛✐✦ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss♦ ♠❡ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ✐r♠ã③✐♥❤❛ ❱✐✈✐❛♥❡✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♠❡ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ✜r♠❡ ♠❡✉ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❏ú♥✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞✐ q✉❛rt♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❛q✉✐ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❆♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦ t♦❞♦s ✈♦❝ês✱ ❡ ❡ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ é ♥♦ss❛✦
✲ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❏♦sé ▲✉✐s ❇r❛❣❛✱ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ t❡r ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❛ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❡ ♣♦r s❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❛q✉✐ ❡♠ ❱✐ç♦s❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ✈♦❝é é ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ❢♦✐ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡♥①❡r❣❛r ❛ ✢♦r❡st❛✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s ár✈♦r❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✲ ▼✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝❡s✐♥❤❛ ❏✉❧✐❛♥❛✱ ✈♦❝ê t❛♠❜é♠ é ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ✈♦❝ê é ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❱♦❝ê ❢♦✐ ❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✳ ◆ã♦ s❡✐ s❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ✈♦❝ê ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦ ✜♠ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♦✉ s❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✈♦❝ê✳ ❉❡
t♦❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ♠✐♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
✲ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❇r✉♥♦ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❙✐❧✈❛✳ ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✳✳✳ ❈♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠♦s s♦♥❤♦s ✳✳✳ ❆❣♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠♦s ✈✐tór✐❛s✳
✲ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤❡✐r♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❖sór✐♦ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r♠♦s ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ✲ ➚ t♦❞❛ ❣❛❧❡r❛ ❞❛ ■❣r❡❥❛ Pr❡s❜✐t❡r✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❝❡♣t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♠❡
♦❢❡r❡❝❡r❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✳ ❱♦❝ês ♠♦r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❡✉ ❝♦r❛çã♦✳ ✲ ➚ ❣❛❧❡r❛ ❞❛ r❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❢❡③ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
✲ ❆♦ ❯❧✐ss❡s ▲❡✐tã♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐✳ ❱❛❧❡✉✦
✲ ❆♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡s✲ s♦r❡s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣♦r ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r tã♦ ❜❡♠ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❡✉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ss❡ ✉♠ ❣❛❜✐♥❡t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ❊❧✐❛♥❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❆❧t✐♥♦✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❡♥t✐s✱ ❛♠✐❣á✈❡✐s ❡ ❞✐♣♦st♦s ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r✳
✲ ➚ ❉♦❝t✉♠❚❡❝ ❡ ❛ ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳ ✲ ➚ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✳
❇✐♦❣r❛✜❛
❘❡♥❛t♦ ❆❢♦♥s♦ ❈♦t❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❛❧❞♦ ▲✐❜❡r❛t♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ ❈♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ♥❛s❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✶ ♥♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ■♣❛t✐♥❣❛✱ ♥♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✵✱ ❛♣ós ❝♦♥❝✉❧✐r ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❚é❝♥✐❝♦ ❡♠ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♣❛t✐♥❣❛✱ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦✉✲s❡ ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ■♥t❡❣r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❈❛r❛t✐♥❣❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❣r❛❞✉♦✉ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✹ ♠✉❞♦✉✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉rs❛r ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ✲ ❯❋❱✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠❡str❡ ❞♦ r❡❝é♠✲ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✲ ❉P■✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ t❡s❡ ❡♠ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻✳
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ①✐✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s✉❛ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✽
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❆ ◆♦r♠❛ ◆❇❘ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✷✷✵✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❆ ◆♦r♠❛ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✺✺✵✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❈▼▼✴❈▼▼■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸✳✹ ▼P❙✳❇❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✹ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ✭P❙P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❋❛s❡s ❞♦ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹✳✷ P❙P ❡ ❈▼▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❖ ❈✉rs♦ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹✳✹ P❙P ♥♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✹✳✺ P❙P ♥♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✺ ❚❡st ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✭❚❉❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✻ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❍í❜r✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✼ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸ P❙P♠ ✲ P❙P ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✹✽
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✳✶ Pr♦❥❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸ P♦ssí✈❡✐s ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♥♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✺✻
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❆❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✹✳✶ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❇♦♦tstr❛♣ ✲ ❚❡st❡ ♣♦r ❘❡❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✹✳✹ P✲✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✹✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✹✳✻ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❈❆ ≥ ✽✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹✳✼ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❈❆❁✽✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✺✳✶ P❙P♠ ❡ ▼P❙✳❇❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✽
✺✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
❆ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞♦ P❙P ✲ ❙ér✐❡ ❆ ✽✷
❆✳✶ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ✶❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
❆✳✷ ❘✶ ✲ P❆❉❘➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❚❆●❊▼ ❉❊ ▲■◆❍❆❙ ❉❊ ❈Ó❉■●❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ❆✳✸ ❘✷ ✲ P❆❉❘➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖❉■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ❆✳✹ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ❆✳✺ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❆✳✻ ❘✸ ✲ ❖ ❘❊▲❆❚Ó❘■❖ ❉❊ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❊ ❉❊❋❊■❚❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
❇ ❉❛❞♦s ❇r✉t♦s ✽✼
❇✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ❈♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✹ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❇✳✶✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❇✳✶✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ❇✳✶✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ❇✳✶✳✹ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ❇✳✶✳✺ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ❇✳✶✳✻ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ❇✳✶✳✼ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ❇✳✶✳✽ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ❇✳✶✳✾ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✲ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ❇✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❈♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ❇✳✷✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ❇✳✷✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ❇✳✷✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ❇✳✷✳✹ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❇✳✷✳✺ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ❇✳✷✳✻ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❇✳✷✳✼ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ❇✳✷✳✽ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ❇✳✷✳✾ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✲ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
❈ ❙❝r✐♣ts ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✶✵✻
❈✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✲ ❋❛s❡ ❚❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ❈✳✶✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ❈✳✶✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
❈✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✲ ❋❛s❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ❈✳✷✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ❈✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
❉ ❊♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✶✶✹
❉✳✶ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ❉✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ❉✳✸ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ❉✳✹ ❘♦t❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✲❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✷✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❙❝r✐♣t ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✷ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ✭H1✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❥❡t❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ P❙P ❡ P❙P♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ P❙P ❡
P❙P♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❥❡t❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ P❙P ❡ P❙P♠ ✲ ❈❆ ≥ ✽✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ P❙P ❡
P❙P♠ ✲ ❈❆ ≥ ✽✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✼ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❥❡t❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ P❙P ❡ P❙P♠ ✲ ❈❆❁✽✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✽ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ P❙P ❡
P❙P♠ ✲ ❈❆❁✽✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❉✳✶ P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❉✳✷ ❘♦t❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✲❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ■❙❖✴■❊❈✾✶✷✻ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❈▼▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸ ▼P❙✳❇❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ▼P❙✳❇❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✺ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ▼P❙✳❇❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✼ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✽ ❑P❆✬s ❞♦ ❈▼▼ ❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♣❡❧♦ P❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✾ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❉❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✵ ❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❲♦❤❧✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞♦ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❚✐♠❡ ❘❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ▲♦❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❉❡❢❡❝t ❘❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ▲♦❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ Pr♦❥❡❝t P❧❛♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹ ➪r❡❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ▼P❙✳❇❘ ❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♣❡❧♦ P❙P♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ❇✳✶ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✶❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❇✳✷ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ❇✳✸ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ❇✳✹ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✶❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ❇✳✺ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ❇✳✻ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
❇✳✼ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✶❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ❇✳✽ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ❇✳✾ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ❇✳✶✵ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✶❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ❇✳✶✶ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ❇✳✶✷ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ❇✳✶✸ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✶❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❇✳✶✹ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ❇✳✶✺ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ■♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❇✳✶✻ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✶❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ❇✳✶✼ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✷❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ❇✳✶✽ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✸❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ❉✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
❘❡s✉♠♦
❙■▲❱❆✱ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❆❢♦♥s♦ ❈♦t❛✱ ▼✳❙✳✱❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻✳ P❙P ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s á❣❡✐s ♥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✿ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❏♦sé ▲✉✐s ❇r❛❣❛✳ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤❡✐✲ r♦s✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❈❛r❧♦s ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❖sór✐♦ ❙✐❧✈❛✳
❍á ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s❡ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ s✉❜♠❡t❡r❡♠ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ■ss♦ r❡❢♦rç❛ ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✳ P❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛♠ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥✜❛r ♦✉ ❞❡❧❡❣❛r ❛♦s t❡st❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❡ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s t❡st❡s é ♠❛✐s ❝❛r♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❢♦❝❛r ♥❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡❧❡s s❡r❡♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s✱ s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✐❛✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ♦ ♥ã♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ ❛♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛ ❡ss❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✳ ❙ã♦ ❡❧❡s ♦ P❙P ✭P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✮✱ q✉❡ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦s ♣♦r P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ♦ ❚❉❉ ✭❚❡st ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✮ q✉❡ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s
➪❣❡✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❣❡r♦✉ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ P❙P♠✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ P❙P♠ é ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ t❡st✲✜rst ♦r✐✉♥❞❛ ❞♦ ❚❉❉ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ P❙P✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s t❡st❡s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦ P❙P ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❖ P❙P♠ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡ t❡st❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛✈❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ■✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❙P♠ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❙P q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ t✉r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ P❙P♠ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ t❡st❛r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❚❡st❡s ♣♦r ❘❡❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜♦♦tstr❛♣ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s✳ ❋✐❝♦✉ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❙P♠✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙■▲❱❆✱ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❆❢♦♥s♦ ❈♦t❛✱ ▼✳❙✳✱❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❆♣r✐❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ■♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ P❙P ❛♥❞ ❛❣✐❧❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✿ ❛ ❈❛s❡ ❙t✉❞②✳ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❏♦sé ▲✉✐s ❇r❛❣❛✳ ❈♦♠♠✐tt❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❛♥❞ ❈❛r❧♦s ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❖sór✐♦ ❙✐❧✈❛✳
❙♠❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ s✐③❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❢❛❝❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ q✉❛❧✐t② s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❈♦sts t♦ ❛❞❤❡r❡ t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛❧✐t② st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ❤✐❣❤✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✐t ❛❧♠♦st ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❛❞♦♣t ❛♥❞ ❛❝q✉✐r❡ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤♦s❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞s✳ ❖♥❡ ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❡ss ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡ ✇❛② t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t q✉❛❧✐t② ✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ P❛rt ♦❢ q✉❛❧✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❧②✐♥❣ t♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ ♦♥ t❡sts ❛s ❛ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛ss✉r❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠✳ ❚❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s ❞❡❢❡❝t ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡✱ ♥♦♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥♣r❡❞✐❝✲ t❛❜❧❡ st❡♣ ✐♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ Pr❡✈✐♦✉s r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❡sts ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡rr♦r ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✐♥ ❡❛r❧② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t st❡♣s✱ ❜❧♦❝❦✐♥❣ ❡rr♦r ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❧❛t❡r st❡♣s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡✐r r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♥❡ t♦ ♠♦r❡ ❡rr♦r ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✳ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❡❧✐❝✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥✲ ❞✐♥❣ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛♥ ❡rr♦r ♣r♦♥❡ st❡♣✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✇❤❡♥ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛❝t♦rs t❤❛t ❝♦♠✲ ♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❛❧②sts ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡rs ✉s✐♥❣ ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❤②❜r✐❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ q✉❛❧✐t② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦✲ ❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛ t✐♥② ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P❙P ✭P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✮ t❤❛t ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ P❧❛♥ ❇❛s❡❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❚❉❉ ✭❚❡st ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✮ t❤❛t ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❆❣✐❧❡ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss s♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ P❙P♠✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♠ st❛♥❞s ❢♦r ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞✳ ■t
✇❛s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡st✲✜rst t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❢r♦♠ ❚❉❉✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ P❙P ❉❡s✐❣♥ ♣❤❛s❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ t❡sts ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥ s♠❛❧❧ s❧✐❝❡s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ✉s❡ t❤♦s❡ t❡st ❝❛s❡s ✐♥ t❡st✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦❞❡❞✳ P❙P♠ ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ❜② ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❞ ✐♥ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ■ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛t ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✷✵✵✹ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❉❛t❛ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✺ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ❞❛t❛ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✹ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ✉s✐♥❣ P❙P♠ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛ s♠❛❧❧❡r ❡rr♦r ✐♥❥❡❝t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✐♥ P❙P ❉❡s✐❣♥ ♣❤❛s❡✱ t❤✉s ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ s♠❛❧❧❡r t❡st✐♥❣ ♠❡❛♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❉❛t❛ ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❘❡s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ❚❡sts ❜♦♦tstr❛♣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ②❡❛rs✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✧❙❡ ♦s ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥str✉íss❡♠ ♣ré❞✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣✐❝❛✲♣❛✉ s❡r✐❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡str✉✐r ❛ ❝✐✈✐❧✐③❛çã♦✧✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❲❡✐♥❜❡r❣✳
❍♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ ✉♠ ❞✉♣❧♦ ♣❛♣❡❧✳ ❊❧❡ é ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡❧❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦✉✱ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ◗✉❡r r❡s✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ q✉❡r ♦♣❡r❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦rt❡✱ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ✉♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✲ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦✱ ❛❞q✉✐r✐♥❞♦✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥❞♦✱ ❡①✐❜✐♥❞♦✱ ♦✉ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❜✐t ♦✉ tã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✭Pr❡ss♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❖ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ é♣♦❝❛ ✲ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦ é tr✉ís♠♦ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ✉❜íq✉♦s ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s✳ ❊♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❡❧❡s ❡✈♦❧✉ír❛♠ ❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ às ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ✭❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛r❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛s ✈✐❞❛s ✭Pr❡ss♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ P❛r❛ ♥♦ss❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✈♦t❛r♠♦s ❛t❡♥çã♦ à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ à ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
é ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❝✉❥♦ ❢♦❝♦ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ❝✉st♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝✉❥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ ❛ ♥❡✲ ❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❜❛✐①❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ r❡✢❡t✐♥❞♦✲ s❡ ♥❛ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❡♠ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❡♥♦r♠❡s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❚❤❡ ❙t❛♥❞✐s❤ ●r♦✉♣✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❛st♦s ❯✩✷✺✵ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✷✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡st❡s✱ ❯✩✸✽ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❢♦✲ r❛♠ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♠❛❧ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦s ❡ ❯✩✶✼ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❛st♦s ❡①tr❛✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ✭●r♦✉♣✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✿
• ✶✺✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❛♥❝❡❧❛❞♦s❀
• ✹✸✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❝✉st♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣r❡✲ ✈✐sã♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥tár✐❛❀
• ✻✻✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♥ã♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡r❛♠ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s❀ • ✺✷✪ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦❀ • ✸✹✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s sã♦ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦s✳
❖s ❢❛t♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛❝✐♠❛ sã♦ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✧❛✢✐çã♦ ❝rô♥✐❝❛✧✶ ♦✉
✧❝r✐s❡ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✧✱ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♦ ✏s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✧✳ ❊ss❛ ❛✢✐çã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❞á s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ r❡✢❡①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❛✲ ♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♣❧❡♥❛♠❡♥t❡ às ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥♦ s❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ tê♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡
✶❊ss❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❢♦✐ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❚❡✐❝❤r♦✇✱ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼✐❝❤✐❣❛♥✱
♥✉♠❛ ♣❛❧❡str❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ●❡♥❡❜r❛✱ ❙✉íç❛✱ ❡♠ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✾✳
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❤á ♦ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼❛t✉r✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ✭❈▼▼✮✱ s❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼❛t✉r✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❈▼▼■✮ ✭P❛✉❧❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❙❊■✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✭▼P❙✳❇❘✮ ✭❙❖❋❚❊❳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❡s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜❛✲ s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ Pr♦❝❡ss ✭❯P✮ ✭❏❛❝♦❜s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❘❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ Pr♦❝❡ss ✭❘❯P✮ ❑r✉❝❤t❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ ♦ P❘❆❳■❙ ✭P❛✉❧❛ ❋✐✲ ❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s á❣❡✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❳tr❡♠❡ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✭❳P✮ ✭❇❡❝❦✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❆♠❜❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ ❙❈❘❯▼ ✭❆♠❜❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❏á ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ t❡♠♦s ♦ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ✭P❙P✮ ✭❍✉♠♣❤r❡②✱ ✶✾✾✺✱ ✶✾✾✻✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❚❡st✲❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✭❚❉❉✮ ✭❇❡❝❦✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❊r❞♦❣♠✉s✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♦✉tr❛s✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❛❧t♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❡ss❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛✲ ❞r❛♠ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ P❛r❛ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❈▼▼■✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳ ❆s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣õ❡♠ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❯P✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❘❯P ❡ ♦ P❘❆❳■❙✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❊ss❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❡♠ ♥❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉s✲ t♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛♣ó✐❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦❡❤♠ ❛♥❞ ❚✉r♥❡r ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❞❛♣✲ t❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ➪❣❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦s ♣♦r P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ às ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❤í❜r✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❤í❜r✐❞❛s é ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲
♠❛s r❡s♦❧✈í✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ➪❣❡✐s ❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦s ♣♦r P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❙P ✭❍✉♠♣❤r❡②✱ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❚❉❉ ✭❇❡❝❦✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❖ P❙P é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡rr♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♣r❡✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❝✉st♦s✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❚❉❉ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✲❧♦✱ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❚❡st✲❋✐rst✳
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s✉❛ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
❯♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ✐♥✈❡s✲ t✐r ♥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✳ ❖ P❙P t❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇❛❧❜✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❇r❛❣❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥s❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✐❣♥✐✲ ✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦✐s sã♦ ❡rr♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s✲ ❝♦❜❡rt♦s ❡♠ ❢❛s❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡rr♦s t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❜❛✐①♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦s ♥❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡❧❡s ❢♦r❡♠ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦s✱ ♠❛✐s ❝❛r❛ s❡rá ❛ s✉❛ r❡♠♦çã♦✱ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ r❡✲tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❡rr♦s✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝❛✉s❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ♥❡ss❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ ❛ t❡♥✲ ❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡r❡r ♣❛rt✐r ❧♦❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡rr♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❚❡st❡s✳ ❖ ❝✐❝❧♦ ✧❈♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦⇐⇒❚❡st❡s✧ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥✲ ❝✐❛ é ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧ ❣❛st♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ ✜❝❛rá ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♣❡♥s♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡ ❛ ♥ã♦ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❳P✱ ❞❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ➪❣✐❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✭❆♠❜❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ s❡✉s t❡st❡s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ■ss♦ ♦ ❢♦rç❛ ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ✭❆♠❜❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦s t❡st❡s✱ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡s❝♦❜r❡♠ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ s✉❛s ✐❞é✐❛s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s t❡st❡s ✐rã♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦✉ ♥ã♦ s❡✉s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ✐❞é✐❛s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s ✭❆♠❜❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ P❙P ❝♦♠ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡st✲✜rst ♦r✐✉♥❞❛ ❞♦ ❚❉❉✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✲ ✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r❡t❡♥s❡✲s❡✿
• ❆❞❛♣t❛r ♦ P❙P ❝♦♠ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ t❡st✲✜rst ✲ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛♠♦s P❙P♠ ✭P❙P ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✮❀
• ❆♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ P❙P♠ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛❀
• ❈♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ♦ P❙P♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ♦ P❙P❀
• ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❤♦✉✈❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❥❡t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦❀
• ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❤♦✉✈❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❣❛st♦s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s❀ • ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t❡r s✐❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s s✐t❡s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞✐s♣♦✲ ♥í✈❡✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s❝❤♦❧❛r✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❝♦♠✱ ❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❝♦♠✱ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝♦s✳❝❛♣❡s✳❣♦✈✳❜r✱ ❡t❝✳ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡st❡✱ ❡♥①❡rt❛♥❞♦ ♦ P❙P ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❚❉❉✳
❋♦r❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭t❡st✲✜rst✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭t❡st✲❧❛st✮✱ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❝✐t❛✲s❡✿ ❊r❞♦❣♠✉s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ P❛♥❝✉r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ P❙P♠✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ q✉❡ ✉♥❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❚❉❉ ❝♦♠ ♦ P❙P✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ P❙P ❡ ♦ P❙P♠✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲ ❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ❡ r❡❧❛t❛❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡✳
❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s ❡ ❛s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡✿
• ◆♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
• ◆♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❜r✉t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
• ◆♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ r❡s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ st❛ts ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✳
• ◆♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❉ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡✲ ❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✏■t ✐s ♥♦t ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❞♦ ②♦✉r ❜❡st✿ ②♦✉ ♠✉st ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❛t t♦ ❞♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❚❍❊◆ ❞♦ ②♦✉r ❜❡st✧✳
❲✳ ❊❞✇❛r❞s ❉❡♠✐♥❣✶
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❍✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✉❝❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛♥t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ♣r❛③♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❤❛✈✐❛♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦✳ ❊ss❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝r✐❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠á ❢❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❛✉s❛r❛♠ sér✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✳ ❍á ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❢r❛❝❛ss❛❞♦s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s ❡ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t✐r❛r❛♠ ✈✐❞❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ✭P❡t❡rs♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❊♠ ♥♦ss♦s ❞✐❛s ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦t♦r❛ q✉❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s✱ ♠é❞✐❛s ♦✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ■ss♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s tr✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳
❖ t❡r♠♦ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦❜s❝✉r♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ tã♦ ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ♦✉ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥♦s ♥♦ss♦s ❞✐❛s s❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❆rt❡ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛
✶❊①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ Pr♦✈❡r❜s ✲ ❚♦♠ ❱❛♥ ❱❧❡❝❦
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠✉❧t✐❝✐❛♥s✳♦r❣✴t❤✈✈✴♣r♦✈❡r❜s✳❤t♠❧ ✭✵✸✴✶✶✴✷✵✵✺✮
