●✃◆❊❙■❙ ❇❆❘❘❖❙ ❈❆▼P❖❙
❊❙P❊❈■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❈❖▼P❖❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❆●❊◆❚❊❙
❱■❘❚❯❆■❙ ■◆❚❊▲■●❊◆❚❊❙ P❖❘ ❉❊▼❖◆❙❚❘❆➬➹❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡✲ ❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
GÊNESIS BAROS CAMPOS
ESPECIFICAÇÃO DO COMPORTAMENTO DE AGENTES VIRTUAIS INTELIGENTES POR DEMOSTRAÇÃO
Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae.
APROVADA: 08 de julho de 2009.
Alcione de Paiva oliveira (Co-Orientadora)
José Luis Braga (Co-Orientador)
André Gustavo dos Santos Newton José Vieira
✐✐
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✳✳✳
à ❉❡✉s✱ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r❀
❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ✐r♠ã♦s ❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❛❞♠✐r❛çã♦✱ ❝rít✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦❜r❛♥✲ ç❛s❀
❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ❱❧❛❞✐♠✐r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ♦ ♠❡✉ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ♠♦str❛r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r t❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦❀
à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉P■ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s❀
❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❡ ✈❡❧❤♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐str❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✉❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
à ❈❆P❊❙ ❡ ❋❆P❊▼■● ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❊st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ é ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ✈♦❝ês✦
✐✐✐
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ✈✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✈✐✐✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✐①
❆❜str❛❝t ①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦ ✼
✷✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✶✳✶ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✷✳✶ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ P❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
❯s♦ ❞❡ ▲❛②♦✉ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✷✳✷ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✐✈
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❘❡❣r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✷✳✸ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ■♠✐t❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
●r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❝r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❯P ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✸✳✷ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❙❝r✐♣t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✸✳✸ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✸✳✹ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✸✳✺ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✶✽
✸✳✶ ❆ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❢❛③ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✷ ◆♦✈❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✸ ❖ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✹ ❋♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✺ ❙✉❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ✷✻
✹✳✶ ❆ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹✳✷ ❱✐st❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✹ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✈
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✹✺
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✈✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❉P■✲❯❋❱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ❊❯P Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❊♥❞✲❯s❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✮ ❋P❙● ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ t✐r♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❋✐rst P❡rs♦♥ ❙❤♦♦t❡r ●❛♠❡✮ ■❆ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧
■❱❆ ❆❣❡♥t❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❆❣❡♥t✮
■❱❊ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✮ P❇❉ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ❉❡♠♦str❛t✐♦♥✮
❯❚ ❯♥r❡❛❧ ❚♦✉r♥❛♠❡♥t
✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♠♦♥s✲ tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦✿ r❡❣r❛s ❡ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❯♥r❡❛❧ ❚♦✉r♥❛♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✺ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✻ ▼❛♣❛ ❉▼✲❚r❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❉❛②✱ ❡❞✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✼ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❯❚ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❚❡st❡s ❝r✐❛❞♦✳ ❆❝✐♠❛✱ ♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞♦ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡❀ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s✳ ❊♠ ♥❡❣r✐t♦ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✈✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✐①
❘❡s✉♠♦
❈❆▼P❖❙✱ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❇❛rr♦s✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❏✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❊s♣❡✲ ❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❱❧❛❞✐♠✐r ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❉✐ ■♦r✐♦✳ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❏♦sé ▲✉✐s ❇r❛❣❛✳
①
❆❜str❛❝t
❈❆▼P❖❙✱ ●ê♥❡s✐s ❇❛rr♦s✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❏✉❧② ♦❢ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜✲ ❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❛❣❡♥ts ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❜② ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❞✈✐s❡r✿ ❱❧❛❞✐♠✐r ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❉✐ ■♦r✐♦✳ ❈♦✲❛❞✈✐s❡rs✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❛♥❞ ❏♦sé ▲✉✐s ❇r❛❣❛✳
✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✏❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♠♦r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs t❤❛♥ ❛str♦♥♦♠② ✐s ❛❜♦✉t t❡❧❡s❝♦♣❡s✳✑
✷
❆ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ é ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✐r t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ◆♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✱ q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛♠ ❞❡ s❡r r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞❛s ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛r s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❯♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ✈❡✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❛♠ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐❣✐r ✉♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✳ ❊st❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ss❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ❖ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦✲♥í✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r❛♠ ❛s s✐♥t❛①❡s ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ✭❍❆●❯❊❀ ❘❖❇■◆❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✻✮
◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✻✵✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡r❛♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♦✉ t✐♥❤❛♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡r❛ ✈❡rs❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❛♦ s❡✉ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♠✉❞♦✉✳ ❆♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s às s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ❡st❛s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡♠ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ✭❈❨P❍❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❉❛r ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛r s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ s❡♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ✐♥✈❡st✐r t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉✲ ♠❛♥♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❊st❛ s✉❜✲ár❡❛✱ ❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❤♦❥❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❯s✉ár✐♦s ❋✐♥❛✐s✶ ✭❊❯P✮ ✭▼❨❊❘❙❀ ❑❖❀ ❇❯❘◆❊❚❚✱
✷✵✵✻❀❈❨P❍❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ◆❆❘❉■✱ ✶✾✾✸❀▲■❊❇❊❘▼❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ t❡♥t❛ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛tr❛✐ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ❊❯P é t♦r♥❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❛❝❡✐t❛♥❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡♠ t❛♥t❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦✳ ❖s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡✐❣♦s✱ ♥❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❯s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ár❡❛s ✕ q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝ár✐♦s✱ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ t❛♥t♦s ✕✱ q✉❡ tê♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ q✉❡r❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ❡♠ t♦r♥❛r❡♠✲s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ✭◆❆❘❉■✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❖ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✷ ✭❱❊s✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✶❊♥❞✲❯s❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣
✸
❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✭■❆✮ ❡ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❝❤❛♠♦✉ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❱❊s ✕ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❥♦❣♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✕✱ s❡♠ ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❡ ❝✉st♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ✭❆◆●❘❖❙ ❏❘✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❀❆◆❆❙❚❆❙❙❆✲ ❑■❙❀ ❘■❚❈❍■◆●❙❀ P❆◆❆❨■❖❚❖P❖❯▲❖❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ót✐♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❛r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s
❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ✐❞❡✐❛s✳ ▼❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♦❧❤❛r ♣❛r❛ sí♠❜♦❧♦s✱ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r trás ❞❡st❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✳
❖ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❡♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛r ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❱❊s ❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐ss❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦s✱ ❛❞❛♣tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥❡✲ ❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡r✐❛♠ ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✐✉ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❛ss♦✉✲s❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❊❯P às ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❊s✳
❖ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜✲ ♥❛✐s ❞❡✉ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s às ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s t❡①t✉❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ▼❘ ✭❙❍❆❲ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮ ❡
❈②❜❡rs♣❛❝❡ ✭❉❖◆❖❱❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✸ ❛♣✉❞ ❇■▼❇❖❀ ❱■❈❆❘■❖✱ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❡r❛♠ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ r❡❝✉rs♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙♠✐t❤✱ ❈②♣❤❡r ❡ ❚❡s❧❡r ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡stá ♥❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦ ✉s❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛✳ ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛s✱ ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♠✉✐t❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ✭♦ q✉ã♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ ❢r❡❛r ✉♠ ❛✉t♦♠ó✈❡❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦t❛✲s❡ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❞❡str❡s❄✮✳
✹
❖s ❛♣❡❧♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s s✉♣❡r r❡❛❧✐st❛s✱ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❛ s❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♦✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✭❆❨▲❊❚❚❀ ❈❆❱❆❩❩❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ■♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐t✉❞❡s
r❡❛✐s ❞á ♠❛✐s ✈✐❞❛ ❛ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❥♦❣♦s✱ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❱❊s✱ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣♦✈♦❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❛✐s✱ ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ s❡r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳
❆❣❡♥t❡s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✸ ✭■❱❆✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ P❡rs♦✲
♥❛❣❡♥s ❆✉tô♥♦♠♦s✹♦✉ P❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ❙✐♥tét✐❝♦s✺✱ sã♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s ❝♦♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦
❢ís✐❝❛✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ♠❛✐s r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ❛ ❱❊s ✭❘❊❨◆❖▲❉❙✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❇❘❖▼✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❆❨▲❊❚❚❀ ❈❆❱❆❩❩❆✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❋❘❆◆❑▲■◆❀ ●❘❆❊❙❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
■❱❆s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛t♦r❡s ♦✉ t✉t♦r❡s ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ❡✴♦✉ ❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛s ✭❇❘❖▼✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❱❊s ♠❛✐s r❡❛✲ ❧✐st❛s✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❯P ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s✳
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇r♦♠ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ✭✶✮ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✈❛t❛r ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✮✱ ✭✷✮ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✭✸✮ ♠♦❞❡✲ ❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s ❡♠♦çõ❡s ❡ ✭✹✮ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ■❱❆s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❱❊✳
❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❯P ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❊s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❢♦rt❡s ❡ ❢r❛❝♦s ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❉❡✲ ♣♦✐s ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✈❛t❛r ❡ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ■❱❆s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❱❊✱ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡♠♦çõ❡s ❞♦ ■❱❆✱ ❜❛st❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜q✉❡ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ r❡st❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❝♦♠❛♥❞❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❊s✱ r❡st❛r✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✜❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
✺
❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ✭✶✾✾✾✮ ❝❤❛♠❛ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❛çã♦ ✐♥st✐♥t✐✈❛✱ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ó❜✈✐❛ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s s✐st❡♠❛ ♠❡✲ ❝â♥✐❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛ót✐❝♦ ❡ ❛té ✉♠❛ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❣♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡♠ três ❝❛♠❛❞❛s✿ ✭✶✮ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s✱ ✭✷✮ ♣✐❧♦t❛❣❡♠ ❡ ✭✸✮ ❧♦❝♦♠♦çã♦✳
❖ ♥í✈❡❧ ✭✶✮ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❆çõ❡s tr❛t❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ■❱❆✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ◗❯❊ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ✭✷✮ P✐❧♦t❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❈❖▼❖ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛rá ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ➱ ♥❡st❡ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ s❡ tr❛ç❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s✱ s✉❜✲ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❡ q✉❛✐s ❛çõ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ❊st❡s ❞♦✐s ♥í✈❡✐s ❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ■❱❆✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✭✸✮ ▲♦❝♦♠♦çã♦ é ❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❛çã♦ é ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ ♥í✈❡❧✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s✳ ❊♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡✱ ♥❡st❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ■❱❆✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❱❊s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ♣♦ss❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡r ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ③❡❧♦ ♣r❡③❛r ♣♦r ■❆ ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s✱ ❡st❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❥á ❢♦✐ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘❡♣❡♥♥✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳
❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❊s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❆ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦s✱ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❝❧❛r♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❊❯P ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ✈✐r ❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡ r❡❝✉rs♦✱ ❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳
✻
❞❡ ❊❯P ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛❞❛s✳
❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ é ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❛✈❛t❛r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çã♦✳ ❆t✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✐❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡ r❡❣✐str♦ é ❣❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ■❱❆✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ à ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❤♦♠♦❧♦❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♠✉✐t❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✳ ❊st❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ✐❧✉str❛r ❛ ❞✐s✲ ❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rá✲❧❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
P❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ❢♦✐ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❛t✉❛ss❡♠ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s s❡ssõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❧❤❡s ❢♦✐ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦ q✉❡ s❡✉ ❥♦❣♦ s❡r✐❛ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦✳ ◆❛ s❡ssã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ✏❝rít✐❝❛s✑ ❞❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛❧ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡s♣❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣ós t♦♠❛r❡♠ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣ré✲ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡st❡s ❜✉s❝❛r✐❛♠ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐á✲❧❛s✳
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
✼
✷ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦
✏■❢ ■ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐t ✐s ❜② st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❤♦✉❧❞❡rs ♦❢ ❣✐❛♥ts✳✑
✽
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦✿ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ár❡❛s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
✷✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♥❞❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❡①♣❧♦r❛ss❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❘❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡♠ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✭❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♠❛tr✐❝✐❛✐s ❡ t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✮✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✸❉ ✭❖♣❡♥●▲✶ ✱ ❉✐r❡❝t❳✷
❡ ❏❛✈❛✸❉✸✮✱ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ✭♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✮ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♦s
❱❊s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❛❧✐st❛s✳
❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s r❡❛❧✐st❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♣❛r❡❝❡r✱ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡stát✐❝♦s ❡ s❡♠ ❛tr❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♠ ❛ s❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❡rsã♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛❡♠ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝r✐❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ ❞✐♥❛♠✐s♠♦✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ♣ré✲ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ✈❛✐ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❧✐✈r❡s✱ ❡ só ❝❛t✐✈❛♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✭❆❨▲❊❚❚❀ ❈❆❱❆❩❩❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡st❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✕ ❱❊✱ ❘❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❡ ■❆✕ r❡s♦❧t♦✉ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✹ ✭■❱❊s✮ ✭❆❨▲❊❚❚❀ ▲❯❈❑✱
✷✵✵✵✮✳
❆♥❛st❛ss❛❦✐s✱ ❘✐t❝❤✐♥❣s ❡ P❛♥❛②✐♦t♦♣♦✉❧♦s ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ✐♥t❡✲ ❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ r❡❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♠❛❣✐♥ár✐♦✱ ❤❛❜✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♠ q✉❡ t❛♠❛♥❤❛s sã♦ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❱❊s q✉❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡st❡s só ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✳
■❱❊s sã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥✲ tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✭❆◆❆❙❚❆❙❙❆❑■❙❀ ❘■❚❈❍■◆●❙❀ P❆◆❆❨■❖❚❖P❖❯▲❖❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆♠❜✐✲
✶❖♣❡♥●▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦♣❡♥❣❧✳♦r❣
✷❉✐r❡❝t❳ ✲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♠s❞♥✳♠✐❝r♦s♦❢t✳❝♦♠✴❡♥✲✉s✴❞✐r❡❝t①✴❞❡❢❛✉❧t✳❛s♣① ✸❏❛✈❛✸❉ ✲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❥❛✈❛✳s✉♥✳❝♦♠✴♣r♦❞✉❝ts✴❥❛✈❛✲♠❡❞✐❛✴✸❉✴
✾
❡♥t❡s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ✭❡s♣❛ç♦s ✉r❜❛♥♦s✱ ♣ré❞✐♦s✱ r✉❛s✱ ❡t❝✮ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡tô♥✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❝✐✈✐❧✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✭❇❘❆❯◆❀ ❇❖❉▼❆◆◆❀ ▼❯❙❙❊✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✭❲❘■●❍❚ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽ ❛♣✉❞❆❨▲❊❚❚❀ ▲❯❈❑✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐✲
♣❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛✐s ✭✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✱ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s✱ ❡t❝✮ ♥ã♦ só ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s s❡♠ r✐s❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝✉st♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦✱ ❡❧❡s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ r❡❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r t❡st❛❞❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ■❱❊s ❞❡✜♥✐r❛♠ ♥♦✈♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♠❡♥s♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✭❲♦r❧❞ ♦❢ ❲❛r❝r❛❢t✺✮ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❞✐❛s✱ ❞r❛♠❛t✐③❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r❛✲
t✐✈❛s ✭♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ é ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡stór✐❛✮ ✭❘■❊❉▲❀ ❙❆❘❊❚❚❖❀ ❨❖❯◆●✱ ✷✵✵✸❀▼❆●❊❘❑❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ✐♠❡rsã♦ ❡ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ sã♦ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✭●❘❆◆❉❀ ❈▲■❋❋✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ P❆❯❙❈❍ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ■❱❊s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♥❛ ár❡❛
❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t✉t♦r❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠❛✐s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ ❡ ♣r❛③❡r♦s♦ ✭❘■❈❑❊▲❀ ❏❖❍◆❙❖◆✱
✷✵✵✸✮✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s
❆❣❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s é ✉♠❛ s✉❜❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛✱ ♥❡♠ s❡q✉❡r ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡♥✲ t✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ sã♦✱ ❡♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❡st❛r ❡str❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡✐t❛s ❝♦♥❝♦r❞❛♠ q✉❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r✿ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛❧ ❡ ♠♦t♦r❛ s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭❋❘❆◆❑▲■◆❀ ●❘❆❊❙❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ P❘❆❉❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛♥❦❧✐♥ ❡ ●r❛❡ss❡r ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❖♣t♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦r ❡st❛✱ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞❡③ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡✐t❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
✏❆♥ ✳✳✳ ❛❣❡♥t ✐s ❛ s②st❡♠ s✐t✉❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t t❤❛t s❡♥s❡s t❤❛t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛❝ts ♦♥ ✐t✳✳✳✑ ✭❋❘❆◆❑▲■◆❀ ●❘❆❊❙❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✼✮
❆❣❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s sã♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ✭P❘❆❉❆✱
✷✵✵✺✮✳ ■❱❆s ❢❛③❡♠ ❛ ✈❡③ ❞♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✈✐✈♦s ✭❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s✱ ❝r✐❛t✉r❛s ✜❝tí❝✐❛s✱ ❡t❝✮
✶✵
❡♠ ■❱❊s ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝rí✈❡✐s ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭❱❖❙■◆❆❑■❙❀ P❆◆❆❨■❖❚❖P❖❯✲ ▲❖❙✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❯♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐st❛✳ ❙✉❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r t❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦ss❛ ♣❡r❝❡❜ê✲❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ♦ ■❱❆ ❛♦ s❡❣✉r❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r✲s❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦✮✭P❘❆❉❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❚❤❛❧♠❛♥♥ ✭❛♣✉❞ P❘❆❉❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ Pr❛❞❛ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ■❱❆s ✭❛♥✐♠❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳ ❏á ❛ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣r❡③❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s t♦♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ■❱❆✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❡♠♦çõ❡s ✭P❘❆❉❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❱♦s✐♥❛❦✐s ❡ P❛♥❛②✐♦t♦♣♦✉❧♦s ✭✷✵✵✺✮
✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ❝rí✈❡✐s ❛♦s ■❱❆s é ❢❛③ê✲❧♦s r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡❧❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠ ■❱❆ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ é ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r✲s❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r✐❛✱ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❝✉❥❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❡❝❡♠ t❡r ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳
❈♦♠♦ ❞✐t♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ✭✶✮ ❞❡✜♥✐✲ çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✈❛t❛r ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✮✱ ✭✷✮ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✭✸✮ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s ❡♠♦çõ❡s ❡ ✭✹✮ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ■❱❆s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❱❊ ✭❇❘❖▼✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✿ ❚♦rr❡s ❡ ❇♦✉❧❛♥❣❡r
✭✷✵✵✸✮ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ❆◆■▼❯❙✱ ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s q✉❡ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦❀ ▲♦②❛❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❇❛t❡s✱ ▲♦②❛❧❧ ❡ ❘❡✐❧❧② ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛s ❡♠♦çõ❡s ❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s❀ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✭❆❨▲❊❚❚❀ ❈❆❱❆❩❩❆✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❑❆❙❆P❀ ▼❆●◆❊◆❆❚✲❚❍❆▲▼❆◆◆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❯♠ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✈❛t❛r✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♠♦çõ❡s✱ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ♦✉tr♦s ■❱❆s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❱❊✱ ❡ss❛s ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛q✉✐ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r❡♠ ❛♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ▼❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❆②❧❡tt ❡ ❈❛✈❛③③❛ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳
✷✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s
✶✶
♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳✭▼❨❊❘❙❀ ❑❖❀ ❇❯❘◆❊❚❚✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❈❨P❍❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀◆❆❘❉■✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ▲■❊❇❊❘▼❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
❯s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s sã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡♠ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞✐ár✐❛✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛té ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s ❡st❛ ♥ã♦ é ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ❡①❡r❝✐❞❛s✳✭▼❨❊❘❙❀ ❑❖❀ ❇❯❘◆❊❚❚✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❘❊P❊◆◆■◆●✱ ✷✵✵✻✮
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛r✱ ❡st❡♥❞❡r✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝r✐❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❯P ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t❛✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s só ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✭❈❨P❍❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❆s s✉❜s❡çõ❡s
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✿ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐♠✐t❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❯P ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s✳
✷✳✷✳✶ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ P❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦
❆ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ❜❡♠ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❊❯P ♥❡st❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛✳ ❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡♠ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ❡ss❡s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ♦♣❡r❛♠✳ ✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛②♦✉ts sã♦ ❡①❡♠✲ ♣❧♦s ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ♥❡st❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛✳ ❈②♣❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛ ♦s três ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s s♦❜ ♦ t❡r♠♦ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s
✶✷
P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡✴♦✉ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ♦✉ ❧é①✐❝♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦tõ❡s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛✱ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡❞✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ é ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦✳✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
❯s♦ ❞❡ ▲❛②♦✉ts
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛②♦✉ts ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥á✲❧♦s ❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣á✲❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s sã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐❧♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ tít✉❧♦s ❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ é ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡ss❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦✳ ✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
✷✳✷✳✷ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦
❆ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❊❯P ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜q✉❡ ❛s s✉❜✲t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊st❡ é ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ❣r❛ç❛s ❛♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ♥ã♦ sã♦ tã♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s✳ ✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❝r✐♣t✱ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s r❡✉♥✐❞❛s s♦❜ ❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛✳
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❙❝r✐♣t
✶✸
r❡s♣♦st❛s ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛s ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡
◆❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦✱ sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❖s í❝♦♥❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s s❡❣✉❡♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦s í❝♦♥❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠✐❣á✈❡❧ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s t❡①t✉❛✐s✳
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❘❡❣r❛s
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s✱ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ✉♠ s✉❜✲❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ só ❡①✐st❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✷✳✷✳✸ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ■♠✐t❛t✐✈♦
◆❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛✱ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❊❯P s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ré♣❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✕ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛❧ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡❧❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛r✱ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛t✐✈❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ r❡❣✐str❛❞❛✳ P♦r ♣♦❞❡r r❡✲ ♣❧✐❝❛r s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❡①❝❡t♦ t❛❧✈❡③✱ ❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✮ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮
❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❝r♦s ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❊❯P q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ♥❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛✳
●r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❝r♦s
✶✹
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦
❚❛❧ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❝r♦s✱ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✻ ✭P❇❉✮ ❢❛③ ✉s♦
❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛r ❧✐t❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❝r✐❛♠✲s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧♦s ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
❖ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦ é ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳ ❆❧✲ ❣✉♠❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳
✷✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❯P ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡✱ ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦✱ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❯P ❥á ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■❱❆s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t♦❞❛ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
✷✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s
❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦ts ✭❛❜r❡✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦❜♦ts✮ ✕ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛s✼✱ ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ◆P❈s ✕✱ ♥♦ ❈♦✉♥t❡r ❙tr✐❦❡✽✱ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ t✐r♦ ❞❡
♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✾ ✭❋P❙●✮✱ s❡❣✉❡ ❡ss❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✭❈❖▲❊❀ ▲❖❯■❙❀ ▼■▲❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❥✉❧❣❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♥✜❣✉✲ rá✈❡✐s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s✳ P♦✉❝♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♠✉✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♠ ❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣r❡✈❡r ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ q✉❛❧ s❡rá ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✳
✻Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ❉❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥ ✼◆♦♥✲P❧❛②❡r ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r
