❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❚❘■◆❉❆❉❊ ●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙
▼❯▲❚■✲❑✿ ❯▼ P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❖ ❉❊ ❘❖❚❊❆▼❊◆❚❖ P❆❘❆ ❘❊❉❊❙ ❉❊ ❙❊◆❙❖❘❊❙ ❙❊▼ ❋■❖ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ➪❘❱❖❘❊❙ ❉❊ ❊❙P❆▲❍❆▼❊◆❚❖ P❆❘❈■❆■❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥✲ ❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
RODRIGO TRINDADE GONÇALVES
MULTI-K: UM PROTOCOLO DE ROTEAMENTO PARA REDES DE SENSORES SEM FIO USANDO ÁRVORES
DE ESPALHAMENTO PARCIAIS
Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae.
APROVADO: 10 de agosto de 2007.
Prof. Mauro Nacif Rocha (Co-orientador)
Prof. Ricardo dos Santos Ferreira (Co-orientador)
Prof. Alcione de Paiva Oliveira Prof. Antonio Alfredo Ferreira Loureiro
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❏❡s✉✐♥♦ ❡ ❈❧❡♦♥✐❝❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ●♦✉❧❛rt✱ ❛♦ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ❈❛r❧♦s ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❙❡ró❞✐♦ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛ ❏❛♥✐♥❡✳
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
✲ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❏❡s✉✐♥♦ ❡ ❈❧❡♦♥✐❝❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡♠ ❡❧❡s ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
✲ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦✳
✲ ❆♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ♣r♦❢✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ●♦✉❧❛rt ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳
✲ ❆♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❆❧❢r❡❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦ ♣♦r ❛❜r✐r ❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞♦ ❉❈❈✴❯❋▼● ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✲ ❆♦ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ❈❛r❧♦s ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❙❡ró❞✐♦ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦✱ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✳
✲ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛ ❏❛♥✐♥❡ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
✲ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s ▼❛✉r♦ ◆❛❝✐❢ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❡ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✳
✲ ❆♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉P■✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ s❡❝r❡tár✐♦ ❞❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❆❧t✐♥♦ ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡❀ à ❝❤❡❢❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❊❧✐❛♥❛ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡st❡③❛ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✳
✲ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦✳
❇■❖●❘❆❋■❆
❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❚r✐♥❞❛❞❡ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ ✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉✐♥♦ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ▲✐♠❛ ❡ ❈❧❡♦♥✐❝❡ ❚r✐♥❞❛❞❡ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ♥❛s❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✷ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✷ ♥♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ♥♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♥♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ✲ ❈♦❧✉♥✐✱ ❯❋❱✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✺ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉✐③ ❞❡ ❋♦r❛ ✲ ❯❋❏❋✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥♦ ✐♥✲ ❣r❡ss♦✉ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ✲ ❯❋❱✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♠❡str❡ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✲ ❉P■✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✳
❙❯▼➪❘■❖
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ✈✐
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✈✐✐
❘❊❙❯▼❖ ✈✐✐✐
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚ ✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❙❡♠ ❋✐♦ ✼
✷✳✶ ❖ ❙❡♥s♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❛ú❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸✳✷ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❊s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✸✳✺ ❊①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘❙❙❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘❙❙❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷✳✺ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ◗♦❙ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ◗♦❙ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✻ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✻✳✶ ❊❋✲❚r❡❡ ✭❊❛r❧✐❡r✲❋✐rst ❚r❡❡✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✻✳✷ ❙■❉ ✭❙♦✉r❝❡✲■♥✐t✐❛t❡❞ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✼ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✿ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ✷✾
✸✳✶ ▼✉❧t✐✿ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❍í❜r✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ✸✼
✹✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐s✲
tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❋✉t✉r❛s ✺✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✺✵
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙
✹✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✷✳✶ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ✭▲♦✉r❡✐r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ❆❧t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝✉t❛ ✭❧✐st❡♥✮ ❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ✭s❧❡❡♣✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ✭P✐♥t♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✺ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❊❋✲❚r❡❡ ✭❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✻ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙■❉ ✭❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ✭❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✈✐❛ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘♦❜✉st❡③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✸ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝♦♠ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✹ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐✲
③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
❘❊❙❯▼❖
●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❚r✐♥❞❛❞❡✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✳ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✿ ❯♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛s✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ●♦✉❧❛rt✳ ❈♦✲❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✿ ▼❛✉r♦ ◆❛❝✐❢ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❡ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ▼✉❧t✐✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❘❙❙❋✮✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✳ ❯♠❛ ❘❙❙❋ é ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❖ ▼✉❧t✐ é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s é ❜❛✐①❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣ró✲❛t✐✈❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥✲ t♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❞❡✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠❛♥t✐❞❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ▼✉❧t✐ ❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ é ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ t❡♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛t✐♥❣❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ é ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❢♦♥t❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ✉s❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ s♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦✱ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❦ s❛❧t♦s ✭❤♦♣s✮ ❛té ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ✭♦✉ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✮✳ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞ ✭❡♠ ❤♦♣s✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛té ♦ ♥♦❞♦ s✐♥❦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♥♦❞♦s ❡stã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❛❧t♦s ❦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡✱ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❞✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ s❡ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❛♦ ♥♦❞♦ s✐♥❦✱ ❤❛✈❡rá ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧✳ ❆ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❢♦✐ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ◆❙✲✷ ✭◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ✷ ✮
❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✳ ❖s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r❛♠ ❞✉❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛✱ ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❡r❛♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✉♥✐✲ ❢♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❝♦rr✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✳ ◆❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ é ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧✱ ♠❛♥té♠ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ▼✉❧t✐✳ ◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥ã♦✲✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❞♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❡ ❡st❡s✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❛♦ ♥♦❞♦ s✐♥❦✱ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♦❜t❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡❣✐❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✳ ❊st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❛♦ ♥♦❞♦ s✐♥❦✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❚r✐♥❞❛❞❡✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❆✉❣✉st ♦❢ ✷✵✵✼✳ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✿ ❛ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✉s✐♥❣ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ tr❡❡s✳❆❞✈✐s❡r✿ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ●♦✉❧❛rt✳ ❈♦✲❆❞✈✐s❡rs✿ ▼❛✉r♦ ◆❛❝✐❢ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❛♥❞ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✳
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✱ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▼✉❧t✐ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐✲ ♥❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❆ ❲❙◆ ✐s ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ s♣❛t✐❛❧❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠♦✉s ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ✉s✐♥❣ s❡♥s♦rs t♦ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡❧② ♠♦♥✐t♦r ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♦r ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ▼✉❧t✐ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐s ❛ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧✱ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❡✐t❤❡r ✉s❡ ❛ r❡❛❝t✐✈❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥ts ✐s ❧♦✇ ♦r ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ ❛ ♣r♦❛❝t✐✈❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥ts ✐s ❤✐❣❤✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❛❝t✐✈❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ▼✉❧t✐ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s ❛ s♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ tr❡❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t❤❛t ♠✉st ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧❧② ❜❡ r❡❢r❡s❤❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✉s❡s ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♦❢ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣✱ st❛rt✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✐♥❦ ♥♦❞❡✱ ❛ tr❡❡ ♦❢ ❦ ❤♦♣s✱ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ s♦✉r❝❡ ♥♦❞❡ ✭♥♦❞❡ t❤❛t ✐s tr❛♥s♠✐tt✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞ ✭❤♦♣s✮ ❢r♦♠ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♥♦❞❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✐♥❦ ♥♦❞❡ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s❤♦rt❡st ♣❛t❤✳ ❲❤❡♥ t✇♦ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❛r❡ tr❛♥s♠✐tt✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤♦♣s ❦✱ ❢♦r ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❡❡✱ ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡st ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛②✱ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♥❡❛r t❤❡ s✐♥❦ ♥♦❞❡✱ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧♦✇❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ tr❡❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ◆❙✲✷ ✭◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ✷✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤♦s❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t✇♦ ❞✐st✐♥❝t s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡✱ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s ✇❡r❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛❧s♦ ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ✐s s❝❛❧✲ ❛❜❧❡✱ ❝❛♥ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ s♠❛❧❧ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣②
❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ▼✉❧t✐✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛✲ t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ♥♦♥✲✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡❞ ✐♥ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♥❡❛r t❤❡ s✐♥❦ ♥♦❞❡✱ t❤❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦♥s✉♠♣✲ t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ t❤❡ ▼✉❧t✐ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛st s❡t ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts r❡❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s ♥❡❛r t♦ t❤❡ s✐♥❦ ♥♦❞❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊♠ ✶✾✾✵✱ ♦ ■❊❊❊ ✭■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs✮ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐✉ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❡♠ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛ ♥♦✈❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶✳ ❊st❛ ✜❝♦✉ ✐♥❡rt❡ ♣♦r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡t❡ ❛♥♦s✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às s✉❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♦ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭s❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s✮ ❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ✐♥✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✮✱ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ s❛✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳ ❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ s❡♠ ✜♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❡♥✈✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❛❞❛ ✭✇✐r❡❞✮ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ r❡♣❡t✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s✳ ◆❛s r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s✳
❖ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦✲ ♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣♦rtát❡✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠ã♦✳ ❆ ❛s❝❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛❧❛✈❛♥❝❛r❛♠ ❡st❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆s r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦✉ s❡♠ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛✳ ❊♠ r❡❞❡s ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ✭♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✮✱ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❖s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s s❡♠♣r❡ ✉s❛♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❆♥t♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✉❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛s r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❛❞ ❤♦❝✱ sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛✲ ♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡✳ ◆❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ✭❈✉♥❤❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝♦s ❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ ✉♠ ✈❛st♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ✜①❛s✱ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦rt❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❛❞ ❤♦❝✳ ❆ ❤❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s tr♦❝❛r❡♠ s✉❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s à r❡❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞ ❤♦❝ é ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ s✉❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♠✉❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❢r❡qüê♥✲ ❝✐❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♦✉ ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧❛✱ ♥♦✈❛s r♦t❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡❥❛ ♠❛♥t✐❞❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛✳
❆s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❘❙❙❋s✮ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❛ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❛ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛✳ ❊st❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛❞♦✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❡st❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧ ✭♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✮✳ ❈♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s ❘❙❙❋s é ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛té ♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✭♥♦❞♦ s♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦ ♦✉ s✐♥❦✮✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✳ ❊ss❛s r❡❞❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❡st❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❖s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝❛r❛❝t❡rís✲ t✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r q✉❛✐s ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❢♦♥t❡s✮✱ q✉❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❞❡st✐♥♦s ♦✉ s♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦s✮ ❡ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✜✲ ♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❙❡ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ♣♦r ♦♥❞❡ tr❛❢❡❣❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢❛❧❤❛r✱ t❡rá q✉❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❛ s❡r ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ tê♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❘❙❙❋s✮✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ é q✉❡ ❘❙❙❋s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s ❧✉❣❛r❡s✱ s✉r❣✐♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ✉s♦✳
❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s é ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❧✐♠❛ ♦✉ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♠❛s ❡❧❡s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣❡r✐❣♦s♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s s❡❥❛♠ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❡ ❞♦✐s ♥♦❞♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛ r♦t❛ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ r♦t❛ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡r❝♦rr❛ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳
❖ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ♦s ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ♦s r❡❛t✐✈♦s ✭♦✉ s♦❜ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✮ ✭❘♦❝❤❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❖s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦s s❡❣✉❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ❝❛❜❡❛❞❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♦❜té♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ s✉❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡st✐♥♦s✳ ❆s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜t✐❞❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❢✉t✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r♦t❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤♦✉✈❡r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✱ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ à t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ ❥á ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛
❛♦ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ❆s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡s ♥❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♥♦❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳
❖s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s r❡❛t✐✈♦s ❛t✉❛♠ s♦❜ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡st❛ r♦t❛ ❢♦r s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❛té ❡st❡ ♥♦❞♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥♦❞♦✱ é ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ r♦t❛✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡✲ ❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s r❡❛t✐✈♦s ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♣❛ss❛♥t❡ ❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s r❡❛t✐✈♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❧❛tê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ❆ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s só s❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛ ❛♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ❆ r♦t❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ é ♠❛♥t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛té q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛✱ ♦✉ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ s❡ t♦r♥❡ ✐♥❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❡ à r✉♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ss❛ r♦t❛✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r t❛♥t♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛t✐✈♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ s❡r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✲ ♠✐ss♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ q✉❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ❖ ▼✉❧t✐ é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❈❛r❧♦s ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❙✳ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❡♠ ✭❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❤í❜r✐❞❛✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ s✉❜✲❝❧❛ss❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s r❡❛t✐✈♦s✳
❖ ✐❞❡❛❧ é q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐✲ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛❥✉st❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♠❛♥t❡r t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✭s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡t❝✳✮✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✭❡♥❡r✲ ❣✐❛✱ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡t❝✳✮ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛✳ ➱ ❞❡s❡❥❛✈é❧ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♦❢❡r❡ç❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ à q✉❛✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗♦❙✮✳ ❊st❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ✉♠ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♠♦✜✜❝❛r ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✲ ✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥t❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ♠♦❞♦ ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦✳ ❙❡rã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋✱ ❞❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ ▼✉❧t✐✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✲♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r✲ ❣✐❛✳ ❊st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❉P■✲❯❋❱ ✭❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✮ ❡ ♦ ❉❈❈✲❯❋▼● ✭❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✮ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ▼✉❧t✐✱ ❡st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡✿
• ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❘❙❙❋ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲
t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ◗♦❙❀
• Pr♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ♥♦
♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛❀
• ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ◗♦❙❀
• ❯s❛r ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rá✲❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜✲
❝❛❞❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛❜♦r❞♦✉ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s s❡rã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ é ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥❛s ❘❙❙❋s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▼✉❧t✐✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❙❡♠ ❋✐♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❝♦♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦❀ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ▼✉❧t✐ ❡ s✉❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑❀ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛s❀ ♦ ❈❛♣í✲ t✉❧♦ ✺ ❡♥❝❡rr❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❡ ❞✐r❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❙❡♠ ❋✐♦
❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❘❙❙❋✮ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❛ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s✲ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t♦s ✭s❡♥s♦r❡s✮ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❛ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ s❡♥s♦r✱ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜❛t❡r✐❛✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s s❡♥s♦r❡s✮ ❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭rá❞✐♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❢r❛✲✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✱ ♦s ♥♦❞♦s sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❛ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ✭❙t♦❝❤❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
✷✳✶ ❖ ❙❡♥s♦r
❙❡♥s♦r❡s sã♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ♠✐❝r♦✲❡❧❡tr♦✲♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ✭▼❊▼❙✮✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❱▲❙■ ✭❱❡r② ▲❛r❣❡✲❙❝❛❧❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥✮✳ ❊st❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❣❡r❛♠ r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✭❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦✮✳ ❯♠ s❡♥s♦r ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♠❡♥s✉rá✈❡❧ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❧✉③✱ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳
▼✉✐t♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛
♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛ ❞✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✿ ✭✐✮ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ✜❝❛ ❡①♣♦st♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦s r✉í❞♦s ❡♠ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✭P❡r❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tê♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥♦❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s sã♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✱ ♦✉ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳
❖s ♥♦❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐✲ ❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ tr❛♥s❝❡♣✲ t♦r✱ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ s❡♥s♦r ❡ ❜❛t❡r✐❛✳ ❊st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ✭▲♦✉r❡✐r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❉❡✈❡ s❡r r❡ss❛❧t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦t❡❜♦♦❦s ❡ P❉❆s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ P♦r ✐ss♦ ♦ s❡♥s♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛ t❛r❡❢❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❞♦✐s ♣❛❝♦t❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❞✐③❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ❖ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ❝rít✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ✭▲♦✉r❡✐r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆s ❘❙❙❋s✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ rá❞✐♦ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s s❛❧t♦s ✭♠✉❧t✐✲❤♦♣✮✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ s❡♥s♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥♦✉ ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ♣❡r❝♦rr❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s✱ ❛té ♦ ♥♦❞♦ s✐♥❦✳ ❖ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲❤♦♣ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❡s✲ t❡❥❛ ♣ró①✐♠♦ é ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞✐st❛♥t❡✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r✐✐s ✭❍❡♥r②✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❆ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❋r✐ss ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ❡ ✈❛✐ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss♦r ❡ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✱ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❛♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ❞❡ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ s❡rá ✜①♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss♦r ❡ r❡❝❡♣✲ t♦r ❞♦❜r❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❛❞r✉♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ s❡❥❛ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✳
Pr =GdrGdt
λ
4πr
2
Pt
♦♥❞❡
Pt= P♦tˆe♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ Gdr =●❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❆♥t❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❝❡♣ç˜a♦ Pr =P♦teˆ♥❝✐❛ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ Gdt =●❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❆♥t❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss˜a♦ λ=❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ r =❉✐stˆa♥❝✐❛
❊q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❋r✐✐s✳
✷✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ t❡rr❛✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♦ s❡♥s♦✲ r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✭❚✐❧❛❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❛s ❘❙❙❋s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s sã♦✿ ❈♦♥tí♥✉♦✱ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s sã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s❀ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛❧✈♦ ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦ é ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ s❡♥s♦r✐❛❞❛❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜✲ s❡r✈❛❞♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❛ú❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s✱ ♠é❞✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❝♦♥s✐❣♦ ♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r❀ ♦✉ ❍í❜r✐❞♦✱ ❝❛s♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❡stã♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✭❆❦②✐❧❞✐③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r sã♦✿ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛s ❛❧✐❛❞❛s✱ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠✉♥✐çã♦❀ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛❀ r❡❝♦♥✲ ❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛s ❡ t❡rr❡♥♦s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s❀ ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦s ❡♠ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛s ✭❆❦②✐❧❞✐③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❖ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr♦♣❛s ❛❧✐❛❞❛s✱ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠✉♥✐çã♦ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s s❡✉s ❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♦ st❛t✉s ❞❡ s✉❛s tr♦♣❛s ♥♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛s✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❝❧♦♣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣♦rt❛r ♦ st❛t✉s ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡♣♦rt❛❞❛s sã♦ r❡✉♥✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥t❡ ❞❛ tr♦♣❛✳
❊♠ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣✉❡rr❛✱ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛s ❡ t❡rr❡♥♦s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s r❡♣♦rt❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❢♦r ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦✳
❆s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s
❞❡ ♠✉♥✐çõ❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ r❡❛❣✐rã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ❛❧✈♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆♣ós ✉♠❛ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛✱ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡✉♥✐r ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦s ❡♠ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❛❧✈♦✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦s ❡ s❡❧✈❛❣❡♥s✳ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ♣❡r♠✐t✐r✐❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❛❞❛✳ ❖✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡✲ t❛r ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♦✉ ❛❢❡t❛r ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s q✉❡ ❛❧✐ r❡s✐❞❡♠✳ ◆❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s sã♦ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ á❣✉❛✱ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡r♦sã♦ ❞❛ t❡rr❛ ❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣♦❧✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳
✷✳✷✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❛ú❞❡
❊①✐st❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✭❆❦②✐❧❞✐③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✿
• ❚❡❧❡♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s❀
• ❘❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❝♦s ❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤♦st✐♣❛❧❀
• ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♠é❞✐♦s ♥♦s ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s✳
◆♦ t❡❧❡♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ♦ ❞❛❞♦ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝♦❧❡✲ t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❝❛ ✭❖❣❛✇❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❊st❡s ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♥♦❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ót✐♠♦ ❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ♠é❞✐❝♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜q✉❡♠ s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐s ❝❡❞♦ ✭❆❦②✐❧❞✐③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❖ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❝♦s ❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤♦st✐♣❛❧ ❥á sã♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ P❡q✉❡♥♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ♠é❞✐❝♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ s❡♥s♦r t❡rá ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ◆♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡♣♦rt❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✈✐t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❜❛t✐♠❡♥t♦s
