❉➱❇❖❘❆ P❊❘❊■❘❆ ❈❖❯❘❆
P❘❖❉❯❩■◆❉❖ ❆◆■▼❆➬Õ❊❙ ❆❚❘❆❱➱❙ ❉❆
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆➬➹❖ P❖❘ ❉❊▼❖◆❙❚❘❆➬➹❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Seção de Catalogação e Classificação da Biblioteca Central da UFV
T
Coura, Débora Pereira, 1976-
C858p Produzindo animações através da programação por
2006 demonstração / Débora Pereira Coura. – Viçosa : UFV, 2006. xii, 105f. : il. ; 29cm.
Orientador: Vladimir Oliveira Di Iorio.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Referências bibliográficas: f. 102-105.
1. Linguagem de programação (Computador). 2. Jogos - Processamento de dados. 3. Programação visual (Computador). 4. Animação por computador. 5. Programação (Computadores). 6. Software educacionais - Jogos por computador.
DÉBORA PEREIRA COURA
PRODUZINDO ANIMAÇÕES ATRAVÉS DA PROGRAMAÇÃO POR DEMONSTRAÇÃO
Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae.
APROVADA: 21 de dezembro de 2006 Prof. Alcione de Paiva Oliveira
(Co-orientador)
Prof. Marcos Vinícius Alvim Andrade (Co-orientador)
Prof. Mauro Nacif Rocha Prof. Roberto da Silva Bigonha
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ s❛✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ❧❡♠❜r❡✲s❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛❜❡♥ç♦❛r ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❛❜❡♥ç♦❡✳ ❈❤✐❝♦ ❳❛✈✐❡r
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❆❣♦r❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝❡rt❛s✱ ♥❛ ❤♦r❛ ❝❡rt❛✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡❧❛s✱ ❱♦❝ê✱ ♠❡ ❞✐③✐❛✿ ✏❱á ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡✦ ❚✉❞♦ s❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡rá ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✦✑✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❱♦❝ê✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❏♦sé ❘❛✐♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❱❡r❛✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ês ♥❛❞❛ ❞✐ss♦ s❡✲ r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t❛♥t❛s ✈✐❛❣❡♥s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ ♥♦s ♠❡✉s s♦♥❤♦s ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❡♠ ❛ t♦r♥á✲❧♦s r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝✉✐❞❛r❡♠✱ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✱ ❞❛ ♣❡ss♦✐♥❤❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ês✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛✱ t♦❞❛ ❡ss❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ s❡r✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❆♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✈♦❝ês ❞♦✐s✦ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ é ♥♦ss❛✱ ✈♦❝ês sã♦ ♦s ♠❡str❡s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✦✦✦ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦✦✦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ às ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠ãs ❘❛❝❤❡❧ ❡ ❉❛❧✐❧❛✦ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ t❛♥t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳ ❱♦❝ês ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♠ã♦s✱ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♣❡r♥❛s✱ ♠❡✉s ♦❧❤♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①❛✈❛ t❡r t❡♠♣♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ s♦❜r❛r❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❢❛❧t❛r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛s✱ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦s✳✳✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦✦✦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r✱ ❘♦♠ér✐♦✦ ◆♦ss❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ♥❡ss❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✉✲ r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛s ✈✐❞❛s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡✐ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ♥♦✐t❡s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❡♠ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ✈♦❝ê ❢❡③ s♦③✐♥❤♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❥✉♥t♦s✳ ▼❛s ♦ s❡✉ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✐❛ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❢♦rç❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐✳ ❚❡ ❛♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦✦✦ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦✦✦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣♦r t❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ s♦♥❤♦ s❡ s❡r ♠ã❡✳ P❡❞r♦✱ ♠❡✉ ♠❡♥✐♥✐♥❤♦✱ ❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❞❡ t❡r ✈♦❝ê s❡ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❊ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✈♦❝ê ❢♦✐ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳ ❆ss✐t✐✉ ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐✉ ♦ ❝♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❛♣é✐s ❡ ❧✐✈r♦s✳ ❋❡③ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ✈✐❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ♥❛s❝❡r✳ ❋♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✜❧❤♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ❊ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠✦ ❚✉❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ t❡r s✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✱ ♠❛s ♦ s❡✉ s♦rr✐s♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ s❡✉ ❜♦♠ ❤✉♠♦r✱ ♦ s❡✉ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ♠❡ ❞❛✈❛♠ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♥♦ ❜❡rç♦✱ ❧✐❣❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡ ❡st✉❞❛r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r t❛♥t♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❡♥s❛ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❥❡✐t♦ ❞♦❝❡ ❞❡ ✜❝❛r ♥❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞❛ ✈♦✈ó ❡ ❞♦ ✈♦✈ô✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦í❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❡ ❡✉ ♣♦❞✐❛ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ ❡st❛✈❛ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❝❡rt❛✳ ❆❣♦r❛ t❡r❡♠♦s ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❜r✐♥❝❛r ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦r♠✐r ❥✉♥t♦s✦ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦✦✦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ▼❛rq✉✐♥❤♦s✦✦ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡✦✦ ◆♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ t❛♥t❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❛tí♣✐❝❛s ✈♦❝ês ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❆❧t✐♥♦✦ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦✦✦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❱❧❛❞✐♠✐r✦ ❆ ✈♦❝ê ❞❡✈♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ s✉❛ ❝❛❧♠❛✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❛❥✉❞❛✱ ♦ s❡✉ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❆s ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❡r❛♠ ✐♠❡♥s❛s✱ ❛s ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s✱ ❡♥♦r♠❡s✱ ♠❛s ✈♦❝ê ❡st❡✈❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s✦✦✦ ❚❡♥❤❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❙❛✐r❡✐ ❞❡ss❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ❧✐çõ❡s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦✦✦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✦ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s ❡ ❛♦ ▼❛✉r♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♠❡ ❡s❝✉t❛r❛♠✱ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❡ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ t♦r❝❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❡rt♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r♦♥❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❯♥✐❧❡st❡▼● ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♦r✲ ❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ t♦r❝✐❞❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✳ P❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉ ❛q✉✐✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦✦✦✦
❇✐♦❣r❛✜❛
❉é❜♦r❛ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❈♦✉r❛✱ ✜❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❏♦sé ❘❛✐♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ❈♦✉r❛ ❡ ❱❡r❛ ▲ú❝✐❛ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❈♦✉r❛✱ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ♥❛s❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✻ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✻ ♥♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❚✐♠ót❡♦✱ ♥♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✹✱ ❛♣ós ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥❛❞♦r ❱❛❧❛❞❛r❡s✱ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦✉ ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✏❇❛❝❤❛r❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✑ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❣r❛❞✉♦✉ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✾✽ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❆♥❛❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚✐♠ót❡♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✾✾ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✉ ❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♣❛t✐♥❣❛✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✵ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❈♦r♦♥❡❧ ❋❛❜r✐❝✐❛♥♦✳ ❊ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ✉♠ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦✲♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❛♣ós ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦r♦♥❡❧ ❋❛❜r✐❝✐❛♥♦✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✹ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✲ ❉P■✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝✉rs♦✉ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ✲ ❯❋❱✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✈✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✐①
❘❡s✉♠♦ ①✐
❆❜str❛❝t ①✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ P❇❉ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ ✻ ✷✳✶ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✶✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛r s❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ t❡①t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✳✹ ▼❡t❛s ❞♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✳✺ ❊✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❊♠♣ír✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✷ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❚❛♥❣í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✸ ●❛♠✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✹ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✹✳✷ ❈ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ P❇❉ ✹✺
✸✳✶ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡♠ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ P❡ss♦❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✸ ❘❡❣r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ◆❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r ✺✼
✹✳✶ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❆❜str❛t❛s ✲ ❆❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧♦s
❆❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❳▼▲ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷✳✸ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❆♥✐♠❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✲ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✽✷
✺✳✶ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✷ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ ♥♦ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✸ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ ♥♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✹ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ ♥♦ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✾✽
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✵✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❘❡❣r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❘❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ r❡❣r❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✺ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ✏❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r ❲✐♥❞♦✇✑ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✻ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❛❦❡r ❝♦♠ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✼ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ●❛❧❧❡r②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✽ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❲♦r❦s❤❡❡t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✾ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ ❡❞✐t♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✶✵ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦
❞❛s r❡❣r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✶ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❚r✐❣❣❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✷ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ P❛❝♠❛♥✱ s❡♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❝♦♠
s❡✉ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✶✸ ❏♦❣♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ◗✯❇❡rt ❝r✐❛❞♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ●❛♠✉t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✶✹ ❚❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✶✺ ❚r♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✕ ❘❡❣r❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷ ❯s♦ ❞❛ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ✭❘❡♣❡♥♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ P❡rr♦♥❡✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈r❡❛t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✹✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✼ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✶✵ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r ✲ ❊❞✐t♦r ❞❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✶✶ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r ✲ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✶✷ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r ✲ ❊❞✐t♦r ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ▼♦✈❡❛❜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✸ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r ✲ ❊❞✐t♦r ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ P❛❝♠❛♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✹ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r ✲ ❚❡❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r r❡❣r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✺ ❏❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡♠ t❡r❝❡✐r❛
♣❡ss♦❛ ❝♦♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✶✻ ❏❛♥❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡♠ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✶✼ ❏❛♥❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✶✽ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ r♦t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✶ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ r❡❣r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❞❛r ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❝♠❛♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✷ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ♣♦r ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✈❛③✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✸ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✲ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ ❝♦♠❡r ♣í❧✉❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✹ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ♣♦r ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✈❛③✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✺ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛❝♠❛♥ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ❡ ❝♦♠❡r ❛s ♣í❧✉❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✻ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ✕ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ▼♦✈❡❛❜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
❘❡s✉♠♦
❈❖❯❘❆✱ ❉é❜♦r❛ P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻✳ Pr♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥s✲ tr❛çã♦✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❱❧❛❞✐♠✐r ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❉✐ ■♦r✐♦✳ ❈♦✲❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ▼❛r❝✉s ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s ❆❧✈✐♠ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡✳
◆♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛s ❡ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ❡ ❥á é ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❡s✲ s❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ s✉❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✳ ▲❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❢r❛❝♦s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s três ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s✿ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s t❡st❡s ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r tr❛ç❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✱ ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❈❖❯❘❆✱ ❉é❜♦r❛ P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✷✵✵✻✳ Pr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❛♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ❞❡♠♦♥str❛✲ t✐♦♥✳ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❱❧❛❞✐♠✐r ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❉✐ ■♦r✐♦✳ ❈♦✲❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❛r❝✉s ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s ❆❧✈✐♠ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡✳
Pr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❆♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ❉❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡r♥ t♦♦❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❛♥✐♠❛t❡❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛♣♣❧② ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ t❡❝❤✲ ♥✐q✉❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ♥♦♥✲♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡rs✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ❉❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥ ✭P❇❉✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ♥❡✇ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❜② ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ st✉❞✐❡s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ s②st❡♠s ❢♦r s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ P❇❉ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ t❤r❡❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✿ ✜rst✲♣❡rs♦♥ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢♦r ✈✐s✉❛❧ r✉❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ t♦♦❧ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❚❛❜❛❥❛r❛ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r✳ ❆ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ t♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ t✇♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡♠❡♥ts ♠❛② ❜r✐♥❣ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r é ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡s❝♦♥❞❡✱ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✳ ❆ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ▼❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳
❊❧❧✐♦t ❙♦❧♦✇❛②✱ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❞♦ ❍✐❣❤❧② ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐❝❤✐❣❛♥✱ ❡st✐♠♦✉ q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦r ❝❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s t❡r♠✐♥❛♠✳ ■st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦ ✉s❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❞❡ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ❡st❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡r✐❛ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜❝❛ss❡ ♠❛✐s ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡r✐❛ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜❝❛ss❡ ♠❛✐s ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦♣çã♦ é ❞❡s❝♦♥❢♦rtá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊❧❛s ❞❡♠♦r❛♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❢❛③❡r ✐ss♦ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❣♦st❛♠ ❞❡ ❢❛③ê✲❧♦✳ ❆✜♥❛❧✱ t♦❞♦s q✉❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s❡♠ t❡r q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭❙♠✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❍♦❥❡ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♦♣çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✜q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦r s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ▼❛s ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡ ♥❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛s ❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠
q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦s s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳
❆ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥str✉✐r ♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ✭❈②♣❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❊ss❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡r♠♦ P❇❉✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ❉❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦✉ P❇❊✱ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❜② ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❆ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞✐③❡r✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦✱ s❡♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❡♠ ❞✐③❡r ❝♦♠♦ ✐ss♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦✳ ❊ss❛s ❛çõ❡s sã♦ s❛❧✈❛s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
❖ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛ P❇❉ é q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ❯t✐❧✐③á✲❧❛ é tã♦ ❢á❝✐❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❥á ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ■ss♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ P❇❉ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s s✐♥tát✐❝❛s✳ ❊♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s s✐♥tát✐❝❛s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❣✉❛r❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❥á ♥❛ P❇❉ ❜❛st❛ ❞❛r ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡❥❛ ❢❡✐t♦ ❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ P❇❉ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✲ çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ P♦r s❡r ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞❛✱ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛r ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈❡r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❛♥✐♠❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❖s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❧✐❜❡r❛✐s ❣❛♥❤❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ❆ ár❡❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❛♥❤❛ ✉♠ ❢♦rt❡ ❛❧✐❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í✲ ♥✐♦ ❞❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞❛ ❡ ♣r❛③❡r♦s❛✳ ❊ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳
❊♠ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✭❙♠✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✜❝♦✉ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❇❉ ♦❜t✐✈❡r❛♠✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✳
❆ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r t❛r❡❢❛s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ✭▲❛✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ▼❛s✉✐✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱
❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❲❡❜ ✭❙✉❣✐✉r❛✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❘✉✈✐♥✐ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥②✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ♦ r❡❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ✭▲✐❡❜❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ❡t❝✳ ❖✉tr❛ ár❡❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ P❇❉ tê♠ ❢♦rt❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❛♥✐♠❛❞❛s ❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❞♦r✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ sã♦ ♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✭❙♠✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts ✭❘❡♣❡♥♥✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦ ●❛♠✉t ✭▼❝❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❛♥❞ ▼②❡rs✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ♦ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦ ✭❑❛❤♥✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ P❇❉ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s tr❛③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❡❧❡ s❡ s❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡stá ♥❛ s✉❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ■ss♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❛ ❛♥❞❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❙ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s q✉❛tr♦ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♣♦ss❛ s❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦✈❡r ♥❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✳ ❊ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❊ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝❛❜❛r ❞❡s❛♥✐♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛tr❛t✐✈♦ s❡r❡♠ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛r ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
◆♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛çã♦✱ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✈❡③❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❥á ❝r✐❛❞❛s✳ ❊❧❛s t❡rã♦ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ■ss♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ s❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♥♦✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s✳ ❙❡♠ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛s r❡❣r❛s ❝r✐❛❞❛s✱ t✉❞♦ ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✈❡③❡s✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú✲ ♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s q✉❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛❝✐♠❛✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡t❡♥t❡✲s❡✿
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦s✱ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r✱ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts✱ ●❛♠✉t ❡ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s ❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❤♦r❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝r✐❛r r❡❣r❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡stá ♥❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ✐rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❣r❛❀
• ❉❡t❛❧❤❛r ❛s três s✉❣❡stõ❡s✱ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡♠ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ P❡ss♦❛✱ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ❘❡❣r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ◆❡❣❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛❞❛s❀
• ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ ♦s ♥♦✈♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s❀
• ❱❛❧✐❞❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s três ♥♦✈♦s r❡✲ ❝✉rs♦s ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s✳
❊ss❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s sã♦✿ ❡❧❡ t❡rá q✉❡ ❝r✐❛r ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥t❡s✳
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s q✉❛tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✱ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r✱ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts✱ ●❛♠✉t ❡ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛s ❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ P❇❉ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ◆❡❧❡ sã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ às s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❛s s❡r✐❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❛r ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ◆❡❧❡ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛
❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ✐rá ❝r✐❛r ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡r✲ t❛çã♦✱ sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ P❇❉ ♣❛r❛
♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦
◆❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ P❇❉ ✭Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✮✳ ❊❧❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝r✐❛r s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❊ sã♦ ❢❡rr❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛s ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s sã♦ ♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r✱ ♦ ❆❣❡♥t❙❤❡❡ts✱ ♦ ●❛♠✉t ❡ ♦ ❚♦♦♥❚❛❧❦✳ ❖ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛s s❡çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡ s❡❣✉❡♠✳
✷✳✶ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r
❖ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r ✭❙♠✐t❤✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❙♠✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠ ❛ P❇❉✳ ➱ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s✱ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ❝r✐❡♠ s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❤✐stór✐❛s✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❊❧❡ ❢♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✾✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❡♥tã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡ú♥❡ ❞✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✿ ❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✭P❇❉✮ ❡ ❛s ❘❡❣r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❆♥t❡s✲❉❡♣♦✐s ✭❜❡❢♦r❡✲❛❢t❡r r✉❧❡s✮✳ ❊ss❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡
❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r s❡❥❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❙♠✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r é ❛ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ s❡t❡ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ ♥❛ ❆♣♣❧❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✳ ❊❧❡ é ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ■♥❝✳✱ ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❑✐❞❙✐♠✱ ❢♦✐ r❡❜❛t✐③❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦❝♦❛✱ ❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❈r❡❛t♦r✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❢♦ss❡♠ ♠❛✐s út❡✐s ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ P♦r ✈ár✐❛s r❛③õ❡s✱ ♦s ❝♦✲✐♥✈❡♥t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❈r❡❛t♦r ✲ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❙♠✐t❤ ❡ ❈②♣❤❡r ✲ ❢♦❝❛r❛♠ ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ✐❞é✐❛s ❛❜str❛t❛s ❡♠ ✐❞é✐❛s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡✐s✳ ❆s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♠ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❡♠ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ s❡qü❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❈r❡❛t♦r ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ✲ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✲ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉ír❡♠ ❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳
✷✳✶✳✶ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛r s❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ t❡①t✉❛❧
❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐✲ s❛ss❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❞✉❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✿ P❇❉ ❡ ❘❡❣r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❆♥t❡s✲❉❡♣♦✐s✳ ◆❛ P❇❉✱ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❞✐③❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ s❡♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❣r❛✈❛ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉tá✲❧❛s ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛ P❇❉ é q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❛ P❇❉ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s s✐♥tát✐❝❛s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ♦✉ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ s✐♥tát✐❝❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦s✱ ♥❛ P❇❉ ❜❛st❛ ❞❛r ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡st❛rá ♣r♦♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛r ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❤❛
❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✭❙♠✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ P❇❉ é ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ◆ã♦ é ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s t❡♥❤❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ s✐♥tát✐❝❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ✈ê✲❧♦ ♦✉ ♠♦❞✐✜❝á✲❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❇❉✳ ◆♦ ❈r❡❛t♦r✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦s s❡✉s ❝r✐❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧ár✐♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♦✉ t❡①t✉❛❧✳ ▼❛s ❝❤❡❣❛r❛♠ à ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✜❝❛r✐❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡s✳ ❖ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❛❝❛❜❛r✐❛ ♣♦r ❞❡s❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛r✐❛ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳
P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❡❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❣r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❆♥t❡s✲ ❉❡♣♦✐s✳ ❊ss❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❈r❡❛t♦r ♠♦str❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❞❡s❡❥❡✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❣r❛ ❝r✐❛❞❛✳ ❖ ❈r❡❛t♦r ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛s ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s✳ P❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❡ss❛s ❧✐st❛s só sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s s❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r✳ ❆ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ s❡♠ ✜❝❛r ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ss❛ s✐♥t❛①❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❛❜❡r ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ s✐♥t❛①❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ✈ír❣✉❧❛ ❡ ♣❛rê♥t❡s✐s✳ ❆ s✐♥t❛①❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈r❡❛t♦r é ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s ♦✉ t❡①t♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❥á ❝r✐♦✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ só é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♦✉ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❥á ❝r✐❛❞❛✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r
❖ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ❈r❡❛t♦r é ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊ss❛ s❡çã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐❛r r❡❣r❛s ♥❡ss❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦✉tr♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❡❧❛✳
❆s r❡❣r❛s ❛tr✐❜✉❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♦✉ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝❤❡❣❛ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛✳
✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛ss♦s✳ P❛ss♦ ✶ ✲ ❛t✐✈❛r ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠❀ ♣❛ss♦ ✷ ✲ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦❀ ♣❛ss♦ ✸ ✲ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛ss♦ ✹ ✲ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛ r❡❣r❛✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ❞❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❜❛st❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛ss♦s✳ ◆♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✶ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥♦ ❜♦tã♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r r❡❣r❛s ✭✏❘✉❧❡ ❚♦♦❧✑✮ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ♥♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♠♦✈❡r✳ ❖ ❢✉♥❞♦ ✐rá s❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❡❧❛ q✉❛❞r✐❝✉❧❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❆ t❡❧❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡rá ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ é ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❛❜r❛♥❥❛ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳ ❖ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ♦✉ ár❡❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧ç❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥❛ ❛❧ç❛ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❡ ❛rr❛stá✲❧❛ ❛té ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✳ ◆❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❛❦❡r✳ ❊❧❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ r❡❣r❛ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♠ ❝r✐❛çã♦✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ✐❣✉❛✐s ❞♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♥❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ❢♦r ❝r✐❛❞❛✱ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ✐rá s❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ r❡❣r❛✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ t❡♠♦s ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ t❡♠♦s ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❡st❛❞♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❙t❛❣❡❝❛st ✲ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛✳
✜♥❛❧✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❣r❛ç❛s ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❣r❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❆♥t❡s✲❉❡♣♦✐s✳ P❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛rr❛stá✲❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ r❡❣r❛ é ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ✏❘✉❧❡ ▼❛❦❡r✑✳ ❱❡❥❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ q✉❛rt♦ ♣❛ss♦✱ q✉❡ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛✱ ❥á ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦✳ ❆ ú♥✐❝❛ ❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❡❧❡ ❡ ❝❧✐❝❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❜♦tã♦ ✏❉♦♥❡✑✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❞❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ✏❘✉❧❡ ▼❛❦❡r✑✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛r ✉♠❛ só ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛ss♦s✱ t❡r❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ q✉❡ ❢❛rá ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ s❡ ❞❡s❧♦q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❧✐❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
✏❙❡ ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❡st✐✈❡r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ r❡t♦ ❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ r❡t♦ ❡ ✈❛③✐♦ à s✉❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♠♦✈❛ ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✳✑
P❛r❛ ✈❡r ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥♦ ❜♦tã♦ ✏P❧❛②✑✱ ❡ ♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ s❡ ♠♦✈❡rá ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐q✉❡ ❞♦ r❡❧ó❣✐♦✳ ❊ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛rá s❡ ♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛té q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡ ✉♠ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ à s✉❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❡❞r❛✱ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳
❆s r❡❣r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛s r❡❣r❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❜❛st❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛ss♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❝✐♠❛✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❞♦✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❣❡♥s✿ ✉♠ ❜♦♥❡❝♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ r♦❝❤❛✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
