Sounds of lament, melancholy and wilderness: The Zenithist revolt and music

0HOLWD0LOLQ

d72129,1$5,&$:$0(/$1+2/,-(

,',94,1(o

r=(1,7,67,A.$32%81$,08=,.$

$SVWUDNW-RVLSD6ODYHQVNRJL4XERPLUD0LFL`DRVQLYDaD]HQLWL]PD ]EOLCLODMHVURGQRVWSRJOHGDQDXPHWQRVWNRMDMHSRZLPDWUHEDORGDVH HPDQFLSXMH RG ]DSDGQLK XWLFDMD GD EL VH REQRYLOD NUR] dEDONDQL]DFLMXo RGQRVQR RVORED_DZH NUHDWLYQLK PRJX`QRVWL EDONDQVNRJ aRYHND MR^ dQH LVNYDUHQRJ FLYLOL]DFLMRPo 8 aDVRSLVX=HQLWr REMDYTHQR MH QHNROLNRNUD`LKWHNVWRYDRPX]LFLD^WDPSDQDMHLMHGQDNRPSR]LFLMD-6ODYHQVNRJQDVWDODQHNROLNRJRGLQDSUHZHJRYRJVXVUHWDVD]HQLWLVWLPD 2YLSULOR]LVDJOHGDQLVXXVYHWOXDQWL]DSDGQHLGHRORJLMH]HQLWLVWLaNRJ SRNUHWD NDR L VURGQLK VWUXMDZD QD HYURSVNRM NXOWXUQRM VFHQL SRVOH 3UYRJ VYHWVNRJUDWD

.TXaQHUHaL]HQLWL]DP4XERPLU0LFL`-RVLS6ODYHQVNLVUSVNDPX]L NDMXJRVORYHQVNDPX]LND%DUEDURJHQLMH

=HQLWLVWL VX RGUH_HZHP VHEH NDR SURWLYQLND ]DSDGQH FLYLOL]D FLMHLXaHVQLNDERUEHL]PH_X,VWRNDL=DSDGDL]D]YDOLPQRJREURMQH QHGRXPLFH L RVSRUDYDZD D GD VH SUL WRP QLMH GRYRTQR REUD`DOD SDCZDQDXPHWQLaNLLGUX^WYHQRSROLWLaNLNRQWHNVWZLKRYRJGHOR YDZD2QLVX]DSDGQXFLYLOL]DFLMXGRCLYTDYDOLNDRSUHWZXHPDQFL SDFLMLLDILUPDFLMLPDOLKLSHULIHUQLKNXOWXUDLVXSURWVWDYTDOL VH QDPHWDZX ZHQLK NXOWXUQLK REUD]DFD ]ERJ XYHUHZD GD VH L VDPD QDOD]L X GXERNRM NUL]L 6QDCQR UD]YLMHQR RVH`DZH GD SRVOH NDWD NOL]PH L]D]YDQH 3UYLP VYHWVNLP UDWRP WUHED RaHNLYDWL SUHREUDCDM VYHWDSURPHQHXVIHUDPDSROLWLNHLNXOWXUHLUD_DZHQHaHJNYDOL WD WLYQR QRYRJ VYDNDNR MH RVWDYLOR GXERNRJ WUDJD X 4XERPLUX 0LFL`X r RVQLYDaX ]HQLWL]PD .DR 6UELQ L] .UDMLQH NRML MH SUR YHR UDW NDR YRMQLN X DXVWURXJDUVNRM YRMVFL GRaHNDR MH VYDNDNR VD

UDGR^`XXMHGLZHZHMXJRVORYHQVNLK]HPDTDDRQRMHLVWRYUHPHQR]QD aLORSROLWLaNRRGYDMDZHWLK]HPDTDRG=DSDGDLZHJRYLKDJUHVLYQLK WHCZL ND SURGRUX QD MXJRLVWRN (YURSH 5DGLNDOQR RULMHQWLVDQ L SRQHVHQVYRMLPXWRSLVWLaNLPLGHMDPDRQVHVXSURWVWDYTDR]YDQLaQRM SROLWLFL .UDTHYLQH 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD NRMD MH RGELMDOD GD SUL]QD6RYMHWVNL6DYH]DRQVDPMHYHOLaDRERT^HYLaNXUHYROXFLMX 7R MH GRYHOR GR ]DEUDQH L]ODCHZD=HQLWD ,DNR MH ELR HNVSOLFLWQR DQWL]DSDGZDaNL XVPHUHQ 0LFL` MH VDUD_LYDR VD XPHWQLFLPD L] ]DSDGQRHYURSVNLK ]HPDTD L REMDYTLYDR ZLKRYH SULORJH X aDVRSLVX SRUHG IUDQFXVNRQHPDaNRJ SHVQLND ,YDQD *ROD Goll VD NRMLP MH XUH_LYDRQHNHEURMHYH=HQLWDWXVXELOLL)LOLSR7RPD]R0DULQHWL Marinetti QHPDaNL GDGDLVWD 5DXO +DXVPDQ Hausman QHPDaNL SH VQLN)UDQF5LKDUG%HUHQVRichard-BehrensIUDQFXVNLSLVDFLVOLNDU

0DNV#DNREJacobaH^NLLPD_DUVNLDYDQJDUGLVWLLPQRJLGUXJL

1HNLP VYRMLP LGHMDPD L VXEYHU]LYQLP NDUDNWHURP ]HQLWL]DP MH ELR EOL]DNIXWXUL]PXHNVSUHVLRQL]PXLGDGDL]PXDOLL]CHTHGDLVWDN QHVYRMXL]YRUQRVWRQVHGLVWDQFLUDRRGZLK

,QWHUHVDQWQRMHWR^WRMH0LFL`VPHVWLRVYRM]HQLWL]DPQD%DO NDQ RGXVWDMX`L RG SUH^LURNRJ SRMPD ,VWRND RQ MH WX SRGUD]XPHYDR XJODYQRP dVODYHQVNLo ,VWRN L RG SUHXVNH SROLWLaNH RGUHGQLFH 'UCDYH6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFDRGQRVQR-XJRVODYLMH2EMD^ZHZH YHURYDWQR WUHED WUDCLWL X aLZHQLFL ^WR MH SRGUXaMH %DONDQD GR r GR %DONDQVNLK UDWRYD L 9HOLNRJ UDWD NRML MH L]ELR SRWRP ELORYH`LQRPSRGYOD^`XWX_LKFDUHYLQDDWHNRQGDVWHNORVORERGX GRVSHORGRQHNRJQXOWRJVWDZDSXQRJRSWLPL]PDXPRJX`QRVWKXPDQL MHJ SRUHWND 0LFL` QHNDGD R^WUR UD]GYDMD ,VWRN RG =DSDGD d,VWRN SURWLY =DSDGDo QHNDGD MH PLURTXELYLML SD MH d%DONDQ[...] 0RVW

_{9LG GHWDTQLMH R WRPH X UDGRYLPD 9LGRVDYH *ROXERYL`=HQLW r}

7H]H.ZLCHYQDLVWRULMDrL=HQLWaDVRSLVHYURSVNHDYDQJDU GH'DQLFD%HRJUDGr

9 R WRPH X UDGRYLPD 9LGRVDYH *ROXERYL`ADVRSLV d=HQLWo.ZLCHYQRVW r

r=HQLW r 7H]H.ZLCHYQD LVWRULMD r

Eksperiment Zenita, X NDWDORJX L]ORåEHZenit i avangarda 20ih godina, Narodni PX]HM%HRJUDGL,QVWLWXW]DNQMLåHYQRVWLXPHWQRVW%HRJUDGIHEUXDU±PDUW±48.

d6YHaRYHaMDVOD YHQVNDNRQFHSFLMDLVWRNDSUHSRURGL`H(YURSXLX]YL VLWLLGHMXARYHNDor40LFL`'HOR]HQLWL]PD=HQLW

1LMH MDVQR ]D^WR 5DGRPLU .RQVWDQWLQRYL` UHGXNWLYQR WXPDaL 0LFL`HYRJ %DUEDURJHQLMDNDRdJHQLMDVUSVNRJYDUYDUVWYDoRGQRVQRdQDMPUDaQLMHJJHQLMD VUSVNH NXOWXUHo NDG RVQLYDa ]HQLWL]PD XYHN DVRFLUD WDM SRMDP QD %DONDQ L ZHJRYH QDURGH QH VDPR QD 6UEH 95DGRPLU .RQVWDQWLQRYLüKo je Barbaroge-nije,7UHüLSURJUDP5DGLR%HRJUDGDSUROHüH±

L]PH_X,VWRNDL=DSDGDoQDMaH^`HMH%DONDQ]DVWXSQLN,VWRNDd0L QH`HPR GD VPR (YURSHMFL 0L VPR %DONDQFL r ,VWRaQLFLo SRMDP dLVWRaQLNoLPDRYGHGYRVWUXNR]QDaHZHNXOWXUQRJHRJUDIVNRJSRMPD LSRMPDL]YRUDNXOWXUH0LFL`YL^HSXWDL]QRVLLGHMXGD]HQLWLVWL CHOH dEDONDQVNX XPHWQRVWo L dEDONDQL]DFLMX (YURSHo UDGL SUHSRURGD (YURSH L ZHQH dHNOHNWLFLVWLaNHo FLYLOL]DFLMH ,GHML R SUHSRURGX REQDYTDZX SRaLZDZX L] SRaHWND SUHWKRGL LGHMD UX^HZD ^WR MH LQKHUHQWQR DYDQJDUGQLP SRNUHWLPD D SRVHEQR RQLPD L] UD]GRETD NRMHMHXVOHGLORSRVOHLVNXVWYDVWUD^QRJUDWD

3UYLSXWVHQDYDUYDUVWYRXNRQWHNVWX]HQLWL]PDPRJORQDL`LX

0DQLIHVWX]HQLWL]PDNRMLMH%R^NR7RNLQREMDYLRXMXQX,GHMD R%DUEDURJHQLMXXEU]RVD]UHYD X 0LFL`X L RQ MHXYRGL X VYRM aODQDN

'HOR ]HQLWL]PD5HYROWLUDQ MHGQRP SHVPRP *DEULMHOD 'n$QXQFLMD D’AnnunzioL]NRMHQDYRGLIUDJPHQWRQQDSHVQLNRYRdFuori i barba-riod1DSRTHYDUYDULoRGJRYDUDd=DUVPRVDPRVWUDCDQDRGEUDQX =DSDGD"o L d1DSRTH /DWLQLo 8 MHGQRP RG VOHGH`LK EURMHYD aDVR SLVD RQ GDTH UD]YLMD WX WHPX d>WD KR`H WL G L Y T D F L ]HQL WLVWL" 9DVNUV EDONDQVNRJ SUDWLSD aRYHNDKHURMD X XQXWUD^ZRM GXKRY

QRMLQNDUQDFLML%$5%$52*(1,-$o0H_XLGHMDPDNRMHVXXWL

FDOHQD0LFL`DXRYLPUD]PL^TDZLPDELOHVXVYDNDNRLRQHNRMHVX VWUXMDOHQDUXVNRMXPHWQLaNRMLNXOWXUQRMVFHQLWRNRPSUYHGYHGHFH QLMHYHNDQD^WD`HPRVHRVYUQXWLPDORNDVQLMH

3LWDZH PHVWD PX]LNH X=HQLWXL GR VDGD MH L]D]LYDOR SDCZX PX]LNRORJD D PL X RYRP UDGX CHOLPR GD JD VDJOHGDPR L] SHUVSHN WLYHUHODFLMH,VWRNr=DSDGLGDXNDCHPRQDQHNHYDCQHPRPHQWHNRML GRVDGDQLVXSULYXNOLSDCZXLVWUDCLYDaD-RVLS6ODYHQVNLMHMHGLQL NRPSR]LWRUNRJDVX]HQLWLVWLXVSHOLGD]DLQWHUHVXMX]DVDUDGZXDOL

RQDQLMHELODQDURaLWRLQWHQ]LYQD8=HQLWXEUREMDYTHQD

MH NDR VHSDUDW ZHJRYD NODYLUVND NRPSR]LFLMD=DJRUVNL WDPEXUD^L

Danse balkaniqueQDVWDODJRGLQHNDGDMHELODQDSLVDQD]DGYH FLWUH1DQDVORYQRMVWUDQLGRGDWNDSL^HGDMHNRPSR]LFLMXd]D=HQLW

8'HOX]HQLWL]PD=HQLW

40LFL`=HQLWPDQLIHVW=HQLW

_{2NUHWDZH DUKDLFL X PRGHUQL]PX LPD VOLaDQ VPLVDR NDR RGEDFLYDZH QRYLMH} WUDGLFLMHXWUDJDZX]DaLVWRWRPLDXWHQWLaQR^`XL]UD]D

_{'HOR]HQLWL]PD=HQLW}

,VWR

,VWR _6DQMD*UXMLü

SUHSLVDR DXWRUo ^WR ]QDaL GD MH QDaLQLR NODYLUVNX WUDQVNULSFLMX 6ODYHQVNLVHMR^VDPRMHGQRPSRMDYLRXaDVRSLVXaHVWLWNRP0LFL`X SRYRGRP SHWRJRGL^ZLFH L]ODCHZD=HQLWD SRVODWRP L] 3DUL]D L REMDYTHQRPXEURMX'HOH`LPL^THZH]HQLWLVWDGDMHNXOWXUD =DSDGDXGXKRYQRPSRJOHGXNORQXODLQHPR`QDRQXSLVPXLURQLaQR DSRVWURILUD IUDQFXVNX RGQ ]DSDGQX NXOWXUX d'UDJL GUXCH QDOD ]H`LVHXPDJOHQRP3DUL]XQHPRJXGD]DERUDYLPQDNXOWXUQLGRJD_DM JRGLQD ]HQLWL]PD D ZHJRYX YUHGQRVW YLGLP MR^ MDVQLMH RGDYGH L] RYH‘NXOWXUHn9D^DMHERUEDYHOLNDLVYHWOD=DWRSULPLWHPRMLVNUH QLLGUXJDUVNLSR]GUDYVDWYUGRPYHURPGDYD^SXWYRGLNDSREHGL QD^HJ]DMHGQLaNRJQHSULMDWHTDXPQDEHGDUHDNFLMDLLPSRWHQWQD(Y

URSD#LYHR0LFL`r-RV>WROFHU6ODYHQVNLr3DUL]o

8VOHGH`HPEURMX=HQLWDQHSRWSLVDQLDXWRUEH]VXPZH%UDQNR 9H 3RTDQVNL X VYRP L]YH^WDMX R MHGQRM ]HQLWLVWLaNRM DNFLML RGQ GHPRQVWUDFLMLX3DUL]XVSRPHQXRMH>WROFHUD6ODYHQVNRJ]DMHGQR VD 3RTDQVNLP .XMDaL`HP L GUXJLPD NDR SULSDGQLNH dXVWUDMQH L QHXVWUD^LYHoJUXSH]HQLWLVWD1DLPHLVSURYRFLUDQSR]LYRP$OIUH GX .HUX dKLVWHULaQRP NULWLaDUXo L] 1HPDaNH GD X IUDQFXVNRM SUH VWRQLFL RGUCL SUHGDYDZH X LPH SRVOHUDWQRJ GXKRYQRJ ]EOLCDYDZD )UDQFXVNHL1HPDaNH%UDQNR9H3RTDQVNLMHNDGMHGRELRUHaGDX LPH ]HQLWLVWD SR]GUDYL JRYRUQLND SRaHR GD UHFLWXMH VWLKRYH SHVPH

6UELMDPRUDXPUHWLSerbien muss sterbienSRSXODUQH]DYUHPHUDWDX $XVWURXJDUVNRML1HPDaNRMDXWRUWHSHVPHMHSUHPD3RTDQVNRPELR XSUDYR.HU3XEOLNDVHXVNRPH^DODDOLMHSUHGDYDZHdVDFHORPVYR MRPDSVXUGQR^`XLSDNRGUCDQRo,SDNSUHPDSLVFXaODQNDd$OIUHG .HU MH SRJLQXR RG ]HQLWLVWLaNH UXNH 7R MH ]D QDV RG SUYRUHGQH YDCQRVWL -HU DNR MH YH` QD SROLWLaNRP SRTX PRJX`H GD UDWQL ]ORaLQDF EXGH SUHGVHGQLN UHSXEOLNH ]HQLWLVWLaNL JHVW %UDQND 9H 3RTDQVNRJ X 3DUL]X MH GRND] GD QD^D EDONDQL]DFLMD (YURSH LPD VPLVOD L PRUD GD L]YU^L VYRMX PRUDOQX PLVLMX DQWLSROLWLaNX L DQWLNXOWXUQXo

3UYH NRQWDNWH L]PH_X EUD`H 0LFL` L 6ODYHQVNRJ GR NRMLK MH YHURYDWQRGR^ORMR^X3UDJXJGHMHNRPSR]LWRUVWXGLUDRRGGR PRJX`H MH GDWLUDWL X JRGLQX NDGD MH NRPSR]LWRU SRVOH VWXGLMDX3UDJXSRaHRGDUDGLX=DJUHEXD]HQLWLVWLVHVSUHPDOLGD VHSUHVHOHX%HRJUDG2QLPRJXGDQDYHGXQDSRPLVDRGDMH6ODYHQVNL VYRMX RSVHVLMX %DONDQRP L ,VWRNRP SULPLR GLUHNWQR RG URGRQDaHO

3LVPRMHSRVODWRL]3DUL]DGHFHPEUDDREMDYTHQRX=HQLWX %LOR EL LQWHUHVDQWQR ]QDWL GD OL VX 6ODYHQVNL L 0LFL` ELOL X YH]L X SHULRGXSRVOH'UXJRJVYHWVNRJUDWD

=HQLWLVWLaNHGHPRQVWUDFLMHX3DUL]X=HQLWUXEULND0DNURVNRS

QLND]HQLWL]PD,SDNNDNRQDSRPLZH6DZD*UXML`6ODYHQVNLMHMR^ UDQLMHELRRNUHQXW%DONDQXRaHPXVYHGRaHQD]LYLQHNLKZHJRYLKUD QLKNRPSR]LFLMDLR]QDNH]DWUDCHQLL]UD]QSUdferoce balcanicooX

-XJRVORYHQVNRM VYLWLL] JRGLQH GD EL VXVUHW VD ]HQLWLVWLPD VDPR SURGXELR WX VNORQRVW .DR L QH^WR SUH ZHJ D %HOD %DUWRN [Bartók]Allegro barbaro ,JRU 6WUDYLQVNL[6WUDYLQVNL?] 3RVYH`H ZHSUROH`D6HUJHM3URNRIMHY[3URNRILHY]6NLWVNDVYLWDLGUXJL L 6ODYHQVNL MH RVH`DR SRWUHEX GD L]UD]L GRCLYTDM YLWDOLVWLaNLK LPSXOVDaRYHNDLZHJRYXHOHPHQWDUQXSRYH]DQRVWVDVLODPDSULURGH ^WRMHXRVQRYLSUHGVWDYTDORUHDNFLMXQDJXETHZHGXKRYQRJLUHOL JLR]QRJ RVORQFD SRMDYX WLSLaQX ]D GHFHQLMH SUHG 3UYL VYHWVNL UDW 3R]QDWD MH ]DVWXSTHQRVW SULPLWLYQH XPHWQRVWL X GHOLPD RG 3ROD *RJHQDGauguinGR3DEOD3LNDVDPicassoL]SUHWNXELVWLaNHID]H8 UXVNRP VOLNDUVWYX WRJ YUHPHQD PRJDR VH XRaLWL VOLaDQ VPHU NRML MH RG VYRMLK SULVWDOLFD ELR R]QDaHQ NDR dQRYL YDUYDUL]DPo L NDR dMHGLQLSXWNDXPHWQRVWLEXGX`QRVWLo,XNZLCHYQRVWLSUYLKGHFH QLMDYHNDELRMH]DVWXSTHQSULPLWLYL]DPNRMLVHPRCHGRYHVWLX YH]X VD NXOWRP LUDFLRQDOQRJ dSULURGQLP VWDZLPDo L dSUYRURGQRP GXKRYQR^`Xo5XVNDNZLCHYQRVWWRJYUHPHQDELODMHWDNRREHOHCHQD IHQRPHQRPVNLWVWYDWDNR QD]YDQRP SR SOHPHQX 6NLWD VLPEROX SUYR ELWQLKHQHUJLMDPR`LLVORERGH

7DNDYGRCLYTDMVYHWDNRPSR]LWRULVXPRJOL GD L]UD]H SURQLFD ZHP X QDMVWDULMH VORMHYH QDURGQRJ SHYDZD D SUHGQRVW -RVLSD 6OD YHQVNRJELODMHXWRPH^WRMHSRVHGRYDRQHSRVUHGQRLVNXVWYRQDMSUHVD DUKDLNRP PX]LaNRJ IRONORUD VYRJ URGQRJ 0H_XPXUMD D ZX XPHR GD XRaLLXPX]LaNLPWUDGLFLMDPDMXCQRVORYHQVNLKLGUXJLKEDONDQVNLK QDURGD3LWDZHMHLSDNGDOLMHHNVSUHVLRQLVWLaNLL]UD]NRMLaHVWR NDUDNWHUL^HPX]LNX6ODYHQVNRJGRYRTDQSRND]DWHTZHJRYHHVWH WLa NH VURGQRVWL VD ]HQLWLVWLPD :LKRYH LGHMH R EDONDQVNRM XPHWQRVWL NRMD LPD VQDJX GD SUHREUD]L XPHWQRVW =DSDGD ELOH VX SRWSXQR SR GX GDUQH^WRVHQHPRCHUH`LL]DWLSRYHLQLYRHDYDQJDUGQRVWLNRMHVX ]DVWXSDOL 'RN VX ]HQLWLVWL QDMSUH SURSDJLUDOL QRYX XPHWQRVW QD HNVSUHVLRQLVWLaNRMIXWXULVWLaNRMLGDGDLVWLaNRMRVQRYLDRG

96*UXML`QDYGHOR

90LODQ5DGXORYL`0RGHUQL]DPLDYDQJDUGD6USVNDDYDQJDUGDXSHULRGL FL]ERUQLNUDGRYD%HRJUDG

JRGLQHVHRNUHQXOLNRQVWUXNWLYL]PXUXVNHDYDQJDUGHaLMLVXQRVLRFL X %HUOLQX ELOL ,TD (UHQEXUJ L (O /LVLFNL 6ODYHQVNL QLMH LPDR WDNRVXEYHU]LYDQLLQWHOHNWXDOQRRVPL^THQSULVWXS:HJRYRVWYD UDOD^WYR L] WLK JRGLQD PRJOR EL VH QDMSUH GRYHVWL X YH]X VD GHOLPD %DUWRND6WUDYLQVNRJL-DQDaHNDL]SUHWKRGQLKGHFHQLMDRQRGDNOH QLMH LPDOR WDM SURYRNDWRUVNL HNVSHULPHQWDOQL QDERM NRML EL ELR SDQ GDQ]HQLWLVWLaNRMXPHWQRVWLSREXQHXVPHUHQRMQHVDPRSURWLYWUD GL FLMH YH` L SURWLY VNRUR VYLK DNWXHOQLK WRNRYD QD WDGD^ZRM HYURS VNRMDYDQJDUGQRMVFHQL

'DOLVHGDNOHPRCHJRYRULWLRQHXVNOD_HQRVWLL]PH_XLGHRORJD ]HQLWL]PD L MHGLQRJ NRPSR]LWRUD V NRMLP VX VH SRYH]DOL" 0LFL` X VX^WLQLQLMHELRXVWDZXGDRPX]LFLGRQRVLUHOHYDQWQHVXGRYHaLPH VH QH L]GYDMD RG RVWDOLK GRPD`LK NZLCHYQLND L WHRUHWLaDUD VYRJ YUHPHQDSDWDNRQLMHPRJDRUHDOQRGDVDJOHGDSR]LFLMX-6ODYHQVNRJ XNRQWHNVWXSURJUDPVNLKFLTHYD]HQLWL]PD6GUXJHVWUDQHPRJX`HMH GD VX RYD GYD XPHWQLND RVHWLOD PH_XVREQX EOLVNRVW SUYHQVWYHQR X UDYQL QDMRS^WLMLK WHCZL L]UDCHQLK X SDURODPD R EDONDQL]DFLML (YURSH%DUEDURJHQLMXLDXWRKWRQRMEDONDQVNRMXPHWQRVWLNRMD`HUH YROXFLRQLVDWL XPHWQRVW =DSDGD 6ODYHQVNRJ MH VYDNDNR L ERUDYDN X 3DUL]XrJRGLQHJGHMHWDGDGRPLQLUDODJUXSDd>HVWRULFHoL ZHQDRULMHQWDFLMDNDQHRNODVLFL]PX]DNRMLQLMHLPDRQLPDOR VNOR QRVWL RVQDCLR X XYHUHZX GD MH ZHJRY PX]LaNL dEDONDQL]DPo SUDYL RGJRYRU QD NUL]X X NRMRM VH QDOD]LOD PX]LND =DSDGQL VYHW PH_XWLP QLMHQLUD]XPHRQLSULKYDWLR6ODYHQVNRJRQDNRNDNRMHRQRaHNLYDR SUYHQVWYHQR ]DWR ^WR SR QHNLPD ZHJRY SULVWXS IRONORUX QLMH ELR GRYRTQRVXEOLPLVDQDUDGVDWRPdaLVWRPEDONDQVNRPPX]LNRP ELR GDWXSRQH^WRVWHUHRWLSQRMIRUPLo1HPDVXPZHGDVX6ODYHQVNRJr DXWRUD+DRVDVWDYDL] QHRVWYDUHQH dNRVPLaNH YL]LMHo+HOLRIRQLMD r

99*ROXERYL`=HQLWr7H]Hr

(6HGDNXQDYGHOXVSUDYRPSL^HRdNYDOLWDWLYQRMLHVWHWLaNRMGLVNUH SDQFLMLL]PH_XZHJRYHPX]LNHL]HQLWLVWLaNLKSURNODPDFLMDo

]HQLWLVWLPD SULYXNOH L LGHMH L]ORCHQH X *RORYRP0DQLIHVWX ]HQL WL]PDXNRPHVHDILUPL^XKXPDQL]DPLNRVPL]DP

1LMH SR]QDWR GD OL MH 4XERPLU 0LFL` SRNX^DYDR GD DQJDCXMH MR^QHNRJXPHWQLNDrPX]LaDUDNDRVDUDGQLND=HQLWDDOLaLZHQLFD MH GD VH PDOREURMQL REMDYTHQL SULOR]L R PX]LFL PRJX RGUHGLWL NDR QHGRYRTQR VWUXaQL D LGHROR^NL XVPHUHQL NDR L XRVWDORP YH`LQD GUXJLKSULORJD6YLVX^WDPSDQLEH]SRWSLVDRVLPaODQNDR6HUJHMX 3URNRIMHYXLVSRGNRJDVWRMHLQLFLMDOL,*^WRELPRJORXSXWLWL QD,YDQD*ROD 0H_XWLP SUDYRJ DXWRUD MH RWNULOD 9LGD *ROXERYL` NRMD QDP MH TXED]QR XND]DOD QD aLZHQLFX GD MH aODQDN X=HQLWX SUH YRG MHGQRJ RGORPND L] aODQND ,JRUD *OHERYD R 3URNRIMHYX REMDY THQRPXaDVRSLVX9MH^aX%HUOLQXXSUROH`HLVWHJRGLQH8aODQNX ,*OHERYD^WRMHSVHXGRQLPSR]QDWRJPX]LNRORJD%RULVD$VDIMHYD L]UD]LWRVHDILUPDWLYQRRFHZXMHVWYDUDOD^WYRUXVNRJNRPSR]LWRUD SUHVYHJD]ERJNDNRWYUGLLGHDOQRJL]UD]DVDYUHPHQRJCLYRWDNRMLMH X ZHJRYRP GHOX RVWYDUHQ 2YDM RS^LUDQ aODQDN SUHQHW MH X=HQLWXX YUORVDCHWRPL]YRGXDSUHYRGQLMHXUD_HQSDCTLYRLSUHFL]QR

8aODQNX^WDPSDQRPX=HQLWXLSDNVXVDaXYDQHJODYQH$VDIMHY THYH PLVOL *RYRUH`L VD RGX^HYTHZHP R QDaLQX QD NRML 3URNRIMHY NRULVWL UXVNX QDURGQX SHVPX DXWRU SL^H GD MH NRPSR]LWRU dX VYRMRM VLQWH]L[...] CH_ SUDL]YRUQH GLYTLQH JULPDVD MH]RYLWLK IDQWRPD GHORYDZH GR QHL]PHUQR L]R^WUHQH XREUD]LTH L NUDM MHGQRJ QDLY QRJ VKYDWDZDSULURGHLCLYRWDrXCDVSUH]LUDo$VDIMHYWDaQRXYL_DGD MH 3URNRIMHYX VWUDQD KURPDWL]DFLMD KDUPRQLMH MHU MH NRPSR]LWRU dV GLDWRQLNRPVUD^WHQ[...]VQDMGXETLPNRUHZHPUXVNHQDURGQHSHVPHL ZH]LQRJSUDELWNDo3LVDFVHQDGDGD`HUXVNLNRPSR]LWRURERJDWLWL VYRMXVWYDUDODaNXGHODWQRVWLGHOLPD]DPX]LaNXVFHQXREUD]ODCX`L WR VYRMRP RFHQRP GD dUXVND RSHUD EROXMH QD SUHRSWHUH`HZX VWDWLaNH RSLVQHLKODGQRREMHNWLYQHPX]LNHo7RMHRaLJOHGQRDOX]LMDQDGHOD ,6WUDYLQVNRJYHURYDWQRQD6ODYXMDL/LMXrZHJDXRVWDORPDSR VWURILUD YH` X VOHGH`RM UHaHQLFL $VDIMHY WDNR X QDVWDYNX VXS URWVWDYTD 3URNRIMHYD 6WUDYLQVNRP X SRJOHGX EU]LQH UHDJRYDZD QD L]D]RYHPRGHUQL]PDd'RNMH6WUDYLQVNLVPXNRPVDYODGDR.RUVD NRYD L ]DYRGQL IUDQFXVNL LPSUHVLRQL]DP SRND]XMH VH 3URNRIMHY YH` X SUYLP VYRMLP NRPSR]LFLMDPD NDR VORERGDQ L QHRYLVDQ XPHWQLNo 'HYHWJRGLQDPOD_L3URNRIMHYQLMHQLPRUDRGDVHXSRaHWNXVXRaDYD VD QDYHGHQLP VWLOVNLP XVPHUHZLPD D WDaQR MH GD MH EUCH GR^DR GR VYRJVSHFLILaQRJL]UD]D2ERMLFDVXLKJRGLQDELOLSRGXWLFD MHPVNLWVWYDNRMH MH ELOR LGHMQR EOLVNR ]HQLWLVWLPD D NDRVNLWVNL

Ivan Goll, Zenitistiches Manifest, Zenit, 5, 1921, 1–2.

I. G., Kompozitor Prokofjev, Zenit, 17/18, 1922, 57. &HREURMaDVRSLVDMHSRVYH`HQ QRYRMUXVNRMXPHWQRVWL

NRPSR]LWRUpar excellenceVPDWUDQMHXSUDYR3URNRIMHYLWRSUHVYHJD ]ERJ6NLWVNH VYLWH]D RUNHVWDU L NDQWDWH :LK VHGPRULFD

6NLWVWYRMH SUHGVWDYTDOR VDPR MHGDQ RG YL^H SRMDYQLK REOLNDHYUD]LMVWYDNRPSOHNVQRJIHQRPHQDUXVNRJDQWL]DSDGZD^WYD NRMH MH WUDMDOR L SRVOH GUCDYQRJ VORPD L NDWDVWURIH JRGLQH X UXVNLPLQWHOHNWXDOQLPNUXJRYLPDXHPLJUDFLML1HNLRGLVWDNQXWLK

HYUD]LMDFD r SLVFL 1LNRODM 7UXEHFNL L *HRUJLM 9HUQDGVNL r DOWHU QDWLYQR VX ]D VYRMX LGHRORJLMX NRULVWLOL WHUPLQWXUDQVWYR SUHPD d7XUDQLMLo GUHYQRP SHUVLMVNRP QD]LYX ]D RJURPQX WHULWRULMX RG 8UDODGR3DFLILNDNRMXVXWLDXWRULLGHQWLILNRYDOLVDLVNRQVNRP 5XVLMRP ,JRU 6WUDYLQVNL MH VD RYLP LGHMDPD GR^DR X GRGLU SUHNR VYRJ SULMDWHTD 3MHUD 6XYaLQVNRJ 6YHGRaDQVWYR R WRPH NROLNR MH XVYRMLR WH LGHMH VDaXYDQR MH X XVSRPHQDPD 5RPHQD 5RODQD Rolland JGHVHSRPLZHUD]JRYRUYR_HQXYUHPH3UYRJVYHWVNRJUDWDXNRMHPMH 6WUDYLQVNL WYUGLR GD MH 5XVLMD ]HPTD dVMDMQRJ ]GUDYRJ YDUYDUVWYDo GD`HLPDWLYHOLNXXORJXXEXGX`QRVWLLGD`HdUHYROXFLMDNRMD`HQD VWXSLWL SRVOH UDWD VUX^LWL FDUVNX GLQDVWLMX L RVQRYDWL 6ORYHQ VNH 6MHGLZHQH'UCDYHo

8SUDYR MH 6WUDYLQVNRP SRVYH`HQ YH`L GHR QDMGXCHJ L QDMDPEL FLR]QLMHJaODQNDRPX]LFLX=HQLWX6WUDYLQVNLrQRYDPX]LNDr'R EURQL`3RYRGRPMHGQRJNRQFHUWDXd*OD]EHQRP]DYRGXoIV

.RPHQWDUL^X`LQDYHGHQLNRQFHUWQDaLMHPVXSURJUDPXELOLFLNOXV

6DVHOD$QWXQD'REURQL`DL8VSDYDQNH,JRUD6WUDYLQVNRJXLQWHU SUHWDFLML 0DMH 6WURFL3HaL` NRMRM MH 6WUDYLQVNL L SRVYHWLR WR GHORDXWRUSUHWSRVWDYTDPRGDMHWRELR4XERPLU0LFL`YHURYDWQR SLVDF L RVWDOLK QHSRWSLVDQLK aODQDND QD VDPRP SRaHWNX L]QRVL WYUGZXNRMDQLMHELODQRYDYH`VHVYUHPHQDQDYUHPHDNWXHOL]RYDOD GDdSHYDZHQLMHXPHWQRVW3HYDZHMHVDPRYH^WLQDo MHUMHdUHSURGXNFLMDVUHGVWYRDVUHGVWYRQLNDGDQLMHXPHWQRVWoSDMH WDNR dSHYDF LOL JXGDF DGHNYDWDQ[...] FHOXORLGSDSLUX ELOR NRMH YUV WHDLSDNVXRQLQHNDSULYLOHJRYDQDSULPD‘XPHWQLaNDnNODVDNDRL VOLNDULo 3RVWDYTDZH DQDORJLMH L]PH_X PX]LaNLK L]YR_DaD L FHOX ORLGQRJSDSLUDRGQRVQRERMHLSODWQDVDVYLPMHQHXVSHORNDR^WRMH QHRVQRYDQD L WYUGZD GD RSHUD QLMH XPHWQRVW ]DWR ^WR VX ]D ZX QHRSKRGQLL]YR_DaLrNDRGDGUXJLPX]LaNLURGRYLLVWRWDNRQHPDMX SRWUHEX]DSUHQR^HZHPX]YXaQXIRUPX5D]YLMDMX`LWH]XRdDSVXUGQR

9R. Taruskin, op. cit., 855. 8YH]LVDVNLWVWYRPYUHGL]DEHOHCLWLGDMHX=HQLWX rREMDYTHQDSHVPD6NLWL$OHNVDQGUD%ORNDXUXVNRPRULJLQDOX

2 XWLFDMLPD HYUD]LMVWYD RGQ WXUDQVWYD QD LGHMH L VWYDUDOD^WYR , 6WUD YLQVNRJYLGHWLXR. Taruskin, op. cit, Vol. II, RGVWUGRNUDMDSRJODYTD

=HQLWrUXEULNDd0DNURVNRSo

VWLo L]YR_D^WYD QLJGH PH_XWLP QH SL^H HNVSOLFLWQR GD MH RQR QHSRWUHEQR DXWRU aODQND VH QHRSUH]QR XSX^WD L X PDOX UDVSUDYX R HVWHWLFL PX]LNH 3UHPD ZHPX dSHYDZHP LOL VYLUDZHP QLSR^WR[VH] [...] QH PRCH GDWL UHDOQD DSVWUDNFLMD XPHWQRVWL r PX]LNH $ UHDOQD DSVWUDNFLMD X PX]LFL MH E L W Q Do 2VLP WRJD SLVDF L]ODCH NDNR dPX]LND PRUD GHORYDWL VDPD SR VHEL QHSRVUHGQR SULPDUQR JDMGD^ FLJDQLQLOLVHYGDOLMDXaDVXNDGGDMHRQRSULPDUQRRGVHEH LL]VHEHrRQVWYDUDLYH`LMHXPHWQLNRGVYLMXNR PRUQLK SHYDFDLYLUWXR]DQDYLROLQLaHOXLOLNODYLUXo$XWRUQDSRaHWNX VYRJaODQNDGRGLUXMHLSUREOHPWHPSHURYDQRVWLPX]LNHNULWLNXMHWR ^WR PX]LaDUL NRULVWH dWRQRYH aLVWLK WLWUDMDo L GLVWDQFLUD VH X RGQRVX QD PX]LaDUH NRML dVDaLZDYDMX PHORGLMX SR ]DNRQXo ]DODCX`L VH]DNRPSRQRYDZHQDED]LQHWHPSHURYDQLKVNDODNRPSR]LWRULWUHED dGD GDMX D S V R O X W Q H WRQRYH X ZLKRYRM DWRPVNRM NRUHODFLML EH] RE]LUD QD KDUPRQLMX LOL VNDOX %PROD LOL *GXUDo 0RCH VH V UD]ORJRPYHURYDWLGDMHSLVDFLPDRL]YHVQRPX]LaNRREUD]RYDZHDOL MH RQR ELOR RaLJOHGQR QHGRYRTQR ]D LROH R]ELTQLMX UDVSUDYX R YHOLNLPWHPDPDNRMHMHSRNUHQXR

VDVYLPQHSR]QDWWHJRGLQHrZHJRYXPX]LNXQLDXWRUaODQNDQLMH PRJDR aXWL r ELR ROLaHZH PX]LaNRJ %DUEDURJHQLMD SUHPD ]DPLVOL DXWRUD aODQND 1LMH QHPRJX`H GD MH QD RVPL^TDYDZH L REOLNRYDZH NRPSR]LWRURYRJ PX]LaNRJ EDONDQVWYD YH` SULVXWQRJ X PODGDODaNLP UDGRYLPDXWLFDRNRQWDNWVD]HQLWLVWLPDGRNRMHJDMHGR^ORNDR^WR MHYH`QDSRPHQXWRYHURYDWQRX=DJUHEXDPRCGDLUDQLMHX3UDJX

8 SRVWVNULSWXPX VYRJ aODQND ]DX]LPD WUH`LQX XNXSQRJ WHNVWD DXWRU QHRaHNLYDQR GRYRGL X SLWDZH NRQFHUW R NRPH SL^H WYUGZRP GDMHSURJUDPNRPSURPLVQRJNDUDNWHUDLGDVXNRPSR]LFLMHSUHWHCQR VWDULMHJ GDWXPD 2YH SULPHGEH VH RaLJOHGQR QH RGQRVH QD GHOD 6WUD YLQVNRJ L 'REURQL`D YH` QD RVWDOD GHOD NRMD VH X aODQNX L QH VSR PLZX .ULWLNXMH VH L dSRGVPHKLYDZHo 0DMH 6WURFL3HaL` ]D YUHPH LQWHUSUHWDFLMHSHVDPD,6WUDYLQVNRJLWRVHWXPDaLZHQLPWUXGRP GDRGELMHRGVHEHHYHQWXDODQSULJRYRUQDdQHR]ELTQRVWoNRMLELOR^H XWLFDRQDZHQXUHSXWDFLMX

2VWDOL SULOR]L R PX]LFL X=HQLWXPDZHJ VX ]QDaDMD DOL LSDN SRPDCXGDVHVWHNQHERTLXYLGXRGQRV]HQLWLVWDSUHPDPX]LFL+UR QROR^NLSUYLRVYUWLQDPX]LNXPRJXVHQD`LXSULORJXRDNWXHOQLP

GRJD_DMLPDXVORYHQDaNRMNXOWXULXEURMXL]8WHNVWXLQIRU

PDFLMLVDPRVHVSRPLZXGYDNRPSR]LWRUD$QWRQ/DMRYLFNRMLdSUD YL NRPSR]LFLMH ]D %DODODMNXo L 0DULM .RJRM X] aLMH LPH VWRML d2VQLYD ED]X Q R Y H VORYHQDaNH PX]LNH (QHUJLMD NRMD GROD]Lo 8 NUDWNRM IXWXULVWLaNRVLQWHWLaNRM QRYHOL r UHPLQLVFHQFL QD UDWQD VWUDGDZD3ULVHJDQD0DGHLULREMDYTHQRMX=HQLWXEURM0LFL` VSRPLZHSRUD]DXVWURXJDUVNHYRMVNHNRG2KULGDGRGDMX`LDVRFLMDFLMH QD0RNUDZaHYXXUXNRYHWd3OHVDWL%DUXQLFH0U]LPEUDGDWRJOHNDU QLND1HGDGHQDPSOHVDWLMHUWXaHQHVXFUQRCXWHYRMVNHQD 2KULGX #LYR SHYDM 0RNUDZDFX 5XNRYHW‘%LTDQD SODWQR EHOH^H QD RKULG VNL SUDL]YRULno 8 WHNVWX VH ]DSDCD QH]QDWQR DOL NDUDNWHULVWLaQR RGVWXSDZHRGRULJLQDODRKULGVNLWHL]YRULRKULGVNLSUDL]YRULX VPLVOXXND]LYDZDQD]DMHGQLaNHNRUHQHMXCQRVORYHQVNLKNXOWXUD

AODQDN%UDQND9H3RTDQVNRJ$WHQWDWQDNRQFHUWXQHVSDGDX WHNVWRYHRPX]LFLXSUDYRPVPLVOXUHaLDOLPRCHELWLRGLQWHUHVD ]DQD^XWHPX'DGDLVWLaNLUD]LJUDQDPD^WDSLVFDSULND]XMHDSVXUG QDGH^DYDZDQDMHGQRPNRQFHUWXNRMHPSULVXVWYXMXSRMHGLQFLNRMHVX

1DRVQRYX=HQLWDOPDQDKDrNZLJHXUXNRSLVXNRMXMH4XERPLU0L FL` SUHGYLGHR ]D REMDYTLYDZH D SRVWKXPQR REMDYTHQH SRG QD]LYRP 4XER PLU0LFL`=HQLWL]DPL]G'RP1L^PRJORELVHWYUGLWLGDMHDXWRU aODQND6WUDYLQVNLr1RYDPX]LNDr'REURQL`ELRV¼P0LFL`=DRYDMSRGDWDN VH]DKYDTXMHP9LGL*ROXERYL`

V-R-,)LOPVORYHQDþNHNXOWXUHZenit, 3, 1921, 1–2.

4XERPLU0LFL`3ULVHJDQD0DGHLULQRYHOD=HQLW

VDYUHPHQLFLVLJXUQRPRJOLODNRGDLGHQWLILNXMXPX]LaNLNULWLaDU 6YLZDYHUMHQDUDYQR6WDQLVODY9LQDYHUSRWRPDOX]LMDLQDZHJRYX PDMNX 5XCX SLMDQLVWNLZX ]DWLP REUD]RYDQD JRVSR_D SUHGVHGQLFD GUX^WYD ]D XQDSUH_LYDZH XPHWQRVWL 5XCD 6LVDUL` &YLMHWD =X]RUL`r.ULVWD?RU_HYL`LWG9HURYDWQRMHPRJX`HRGJRQHWQXWLL NRVHNULMHL]DdGRNWRUD9ODGDQD9HDodVUSVNRJ/L7DM3RDoLdVUS VNRJ 7X)XDo 3RG GHMVWYRP PX]LNH dGLYQLMH RG VQRYD NRNDLQLVWDo IDQWD]LMDSULVXWQLKVHUDVSODPVDYDDVDOXSRVH`XMXGXKRYL%HWRYHQD L dYHOLNLK PX]LaDUD RG 0HQGHOVRQD GR 9DJQHUDo ]DWLP GXKRYL 1L aHD 6WUDYLQVNRJ L 'HELVLMD 1D YUKXQFX IDQWD]PDJRULMH GRNWRU 9ODGDQ 9H SRG GHMVWYRP KLSQR]H YDGL UHYROYHU L SRJD_D SLMDQLVWX SUDYR X aHOR WR MH PRCGD PRWLY SUHX]HW L] EDOHWD6REDUHYD PHWOD

0LORMD0LORMHYL`D2YRGHORSUHPDWHNVWX0DUND5LVWL`DL]YHGHQR SRaHWNRP JRGLQH QDVWDOR MH QD LQLFLMDWLYX aODQLFD GUX^WYD

&YLMHWD =X]RUL`UDGL L]YR_HZD QD GREURWYRUQRP EDOX ]D SULNXSTD ZH VUHGVWDYD ]D L]JUDGZX LVWRLPHQRJ XPHWQLaNRJ SDYLTRQD 3UHPD 9LGL *ROXERYL` SLVDF MH HVWHWVNX SRGORJX ]D6REDUHYX PHWOXL ZHQ JODYQLOLN+LSQRWL]HUDSURQD^DRXWHPLNDOLJDUL]PDL]HNVSUH VLR QLVWLaNRJ ILOPD.DELQHW GRNWRUD .DOLJDULMD D LQVSLUDFLMX ]D WR MH PRJDR QD`L X aDVRSLVX=HQLWEU L 7DNR VPR ]D WYRULOLPRJX`LNUXJX]DMDPQRJGHORYDZD=HQLW4XERPLU0LFL`r

6REDUHYDPHWOD0DUNR5LVWL`L0LORMH0LORMHYL`r=HQLW%UDQ NR9H3RTDQVNL9HURYDWQRQLMHPRJX`HXWYUGLWLGDOLMH9H3RTDQ VNLSULVXVWYRYDRL]YR_HZX6REDUHYHPHWOHDOLMHVNRURVLJXUQRGDMH ]QDR]DWHNVW0DUND5LVWL`DLLPDRLQIRUPDFLMHRFHORPGRJD_DMX

8MHGQRPRGSRVOHGZLKEURMHYD=HQLWDXUXEULFL0DNURVNRS

REMDYTHQDVXMR^GYDNUDWNDQHSRWSLVDQDWHNVWDrNRQFHUWQHNULWLNH

8SUYRPVHSULND]XMHNRQFHUWRGUCDQX1DURGQRPSR]RUL^WXQDaL MHPSURJUDPXMHSLVFDNDNRVDPNDCHLQWHUHVRYDODVDPRPX]LND.UH

^LPLUD%HQL`DDUD]OR]L]DWRVXXWRPH^WRMHd%HQL`NDRNRPSR

5DGRYDQ9XaNRYL`LVWLaHGDMH3RTDQVNLXRYRPWHNVWXSULPHQLRdSRVWXSDN WHDWUDOL]DFLMH X RNYLUX NYD]LNULPLQDOLVWLaNRJ ]DSOHWDo L GD GLUHNWQR ND ULNLUDZHPRQGHQVNLKNUXJRYDSULEOLCDYDRYXSUR]XdRQRMYUVWLGDGDLVWLaNH SUR]HNRMDELRGJRYDUDODNDULNDWXUDOQRPLVDWLULaQRPVWLOXWDGD^ZLKEHU OLQVNLK GDGDLVWDo 9 5DGRYDQ 9XaNRYL`6USVND DYDQJDUGQD SUR]D%HRJUDG

_{99LGD *ROXERYL`6REDUHYD PHWOD 7HNVW 0DUND 5LVWL`D ]D EDOHWVNX JUR}

WHVNX0LORMD0LORMHYL`D.RPSR]LWRUVNRVWYDUDOD^WYR0LORMD0LORMHYL`D ]ERUQLNUDGRYD%HRJUDGr$XWRUNDGRND]XMHLGDMHWHNVW0DUND 5LVWL`DGDGDLVWLaNLDQHQDGUHDOLVWLaNLNDNRVHUDQLMHVPDWUDOR

]LWRU VLURYD VQDJD 2Q VYHVQR JDML VYRMX VLURYLQX[...] :HJ RY‘3OHV aRYHNDnMH HOHPHQWDUQD PX]LND 7R ]QDaL GD QLMH ^NROVND L YH^WDaND IDEULNDFLMDo1LMHMDVQR^WD]QDaLVOHGH`DNRQVWDWDFLMDd2GGUXJR VWHSHQH YDCQRVWL MH LQVWUXPHQWDOQD VWUDQD PX]LaNRJ GHOD SR^WR MH RQD XPHWQLaNRP GHOX XYHN QD VPHWZXo $XWRU WHNVWD NULWLNXMH L]YR_HZH d6D MHGQRP SURERP QH L]YRGH VH VLPIRQLMVNL NRQFHUWL QL QDAXEXULoDPDOLFLR]QRVHRVYU`HLQDGYRMLFXNULWLaDUDNRMHQLMH LPHQRYDR DOL VH PRJX SUHSR]QDWL SUYL SRG RSLVRP dPX]LaNL‘NUL WLaDUnREDYH^WHQH‘3ROLWLNHnor9LNWRU1RYDNDGUXJLNDRdGRNWRU PX]LNRORJLMHor0LORMH0LORMHYL`,DNRMH0LORMHYL`SLVDRL]D3R OLWLNXL]D6USVNLNZLCHYQLJODVQLNIRUPXODFLMDX=HQLWXMHWDNYD GDXND]XMHQDWRGDVHUDGLRGYHUD]OLaLWHRVREHDSR]QDWRMHGDMHX WR YUHPH L 1RYDN SLVDR ]D3ROLWLNX3LVDF aODQND SUHEDFXMH 9LN WRUX1RYDNX^WRQLMH]DEHOHCLRL]YR_HZH%HQL`HYLKNRPSR]LFLMDSD GRGDMH d$ WR ]QDaL QH^WR -H]XLWL]DP MH X QD^H GRED SRVWDR QDMYH`D YUOLQD ,GRNWRUPX]LNRORJLMH X‘6.*n SR VYRM SULOLFL SUHVSDYDR MH WDM SRPHQXWL NRQFHUW GD PX EXGH ODN^H SUL GRNWRUVNRM GX^Lo 3LVDFRaLJOHGQRQLMHSURaLWDR0LORMHYL`HYSULND]LVWRJNRQFHUWDX

6USVNRPNZLCHYQRPJODVQLNXXNRPHVXL]PH_XRVWDORJXSX`HQH]D PHUNH%HQL`HYRMLQVWUXPHQWDFLML

'UXJL aODQDN NRML MH GDW X QDVWDYNX SUYRJ SUHGVWDYTD SULND] NRQFHUWD MXJRVORYHQVNH KRUVNH PX]LNH RGUCDQRJ WDNR_H X 1DURGQRP SR]RUL^WX 1DYH^`HPR JD X FHOLQL ]ERJ ZHJRYH NUDWNR`H L NDUDN WHULVWLaQRJ ]D^WLWQLaNRJ VWDYD SUHPD 6ODYHQVNRP NRML VH VPDWUD ]HQLWLVWRP LOL EDU VLPSDWL]HURP SRNUHWD 1DSRPLZHPR X]JUHG GD QLMHWDaQDWYUGZDGDMH6ODYHQVNLX'RQDXH^LQJHQXGRELRELORNDNYX QDJUDGX MHU VH RQH QD IHVWLYDOX QLVX QL GRGHTLYDOH d, RSHW SUL ]QDMHPR ORMDOQR QDV MH LQWHUHVRYDR VDPR -RVLS >WROFHU 6ODYHQVNL =DZHJDVHNDCHQDSUXNDWDORJXGDMH‘ZHJRY*XGDaNLNYDUWHWLPDR XVSHKD QD PX]LaNLP VYHaDQRVWLPD X 'RQDXH^LQJHQXn 0H_XWLP >WRO FHU6ODYHQVNLVDVYRMLP.YDUWHWRPGRELRMHSUYXQDJUDGX$OLWUHED QHNR GD EXGH]HQLWLVWDLOL GD L]UD]L VDPR VLPSDWLMH L]JXEL`H VDY ‘GREDUJODVnDVYXZHJRYXYUHGQRVWSURJXWD`HSRPUaLQD:HJRYHVWDUH NRPSR]LFLMHNRMHVXSHYDQHQDWRPHNRQFHUWXL]YUHPHQDGRNMH>WRO FHU6ODYHQVNLKRGDRMR^XNUDWNLPSDQWDORQDPDPX]LNHRQHVXELOH ‘QDMPRGHUQLMHn SUHPD VYDWDZX QD^LK PX]LNDQDWD ,]JOHGD SR VYHPX GD >WROFHU6ODYHQVNL VOXCL VDPR NDR HWLNHWD‘PRGHUQHn PX]LNH 6WYDUQRRZHJRYRMXPHWQLaNRMVQD]LQDMPDZHVHYRGLUDaXQD

1HL]EHCQLGRNWRUPX]LNRORJLMH SURQD^DR MH ]D ZHJRYX NRPSR ]LFLMX0ROLWYX GREULP RaLPDGD‘RVLPQHSULURGQLKWH^NR`D QHPD

6.*EU

QLaHJD X VHEL ^WR EL QDP PRJOR GDL]PDPL XPHWQLaNR SUL]QDZHn ( QD]GUDYTHoNXU]LYMH0LFL`HY

3LVDFSULND]DMHUHaHQLFXFLWLUDQXQDNUDMXSURQD^DRXNULWL FL NRMX MH 0LORMH 0LORMHYL` REMDYLR X6USVNRP NZLCHYQRP JODVQL NX%LORMHLQDaHSR]QDWRGDMHSRVWRMDODQHWUSHTLYRVWL]PH_XRYH GYRMLFH LVWDNQXWLK OLaQRVWL VUSVNRJ PX]LaNRJ CLYRWD L]PH_X GYD VYHWVNDUDWD

,DNRQLVXPRJOLELWLGRNUDMD]DGRYRTQLHIHNWLPDVYRMLKVWYD UDODaNLKWHCZLGDDILUPL^XXPHWQRVWEDONDQVWYDNDRNRUHQLWRJ SUHR EUDCDYDZD]DSDGQHXPHWQRVWLL4XERPLU0LFL`VDVYRMLP]HQLWLV WLPDL-RVLS6ODYHQVNLRVWDYLOLVXGXERNWUDJXNXOWXUL-XJRVODYLMH SUL aHPX VH QH PRJX ]DQHPDULWL QL PH_XQDURGQL HIHNWL ZLKRYRJ GH ORYDZD=HQLWLVWLVXQDaLQLOLXSHaDWTLYSURGRUQDHYURSVNXXPHW QLaNXVFHQXWLPH^WRVX]DVDUDGZXXVYRPaDVRSLVXSULGRELOLLVWD NQXWH DYDQJDUGLVWH D 6ODYHQVNL MH ELR XRaHQ X HYURSVNRP PX]LaNRP VYHWXNDRLQWHUHVDQWDQQRYLJODVRaHPXVYHGRaLXJRYRUNRMLMHVNOR SLRVDMHGQRPRGQDMXJOHGQLMLKPX]LaNLKNX`DVYHWDr>RWSchottL] 0DMQFDrSR]QDWRMSR]DODJDZX]DPRGHUQXPX]LNX8GRPD`RMVUHGLQL VX VXGELQH RYLK XPHWQLND VOLaQLK FLTHYD ELOH PH_XVREQR YUOR UD ]OLaLWH 0LFL`HY VRILVWLFLUDQL SULPLWLYL]DP IXWXULVWLaNH RVQRYH QLMHQDL^DRQDL]UD]LWLMLRGMHNGRNVH6ODYHQVNLVDVYRMRPIRONORU QRP DUKDLNRP HNVSUHVLRQLVWLaNRJ QDERMD D URPDQWLaDUVNLK NRUHQD GREUR XNORSLR X PX]LaNL DPELMHQW NRML MH VQDCQR SRGUCDYDR VWUHP THZHNDQDFLRQDOQRPL]UD]X:HJRYVWDULMLNROHJDNRPSR]LWRU3H WDU .RZRYL` YLVRNR MH YUHGQRYDR dLVWRaQX RULMHQWDFLMXo X VOR YHQ VNRM PX]LFL NRMD dJUDGL VYRMH SULQFLSH L XYHUHZD QD VD]QDZX R VDPRQLNORVWL L YLWDOLWHWX NRML MH PD GD ODWHQWDQ ERJDWR UDVXW X SULPLWLYQRPPX]LaNRPMH]LNXQDM^LUHJVORMDVYRJVRSVWYHQRJQDURGD LNRMLSRGXERNRPMHGQRPSVLKROR^NRP]DNRQXWUDCLQDMaLVWLML XPHW QLaNL L]UD]o d7D XPHWQLaND GHODo GRGDMH .RZRYL` dGDMX SRWYUGX

0LORMH0LORMHYL`0X]LaNLSUHJOHG-XJRVORYHQVNLNRQFHUW%HRJUDGVNRJ SHYDaNRJ 'UX^WYD6USVNL NZLCHYQL JODVQLN %HRJUDG NZXVII EU r &LWDWMHL]VOHGH`HJGHODNULWLNHd2QKRU%3'DMHPRJDRGDVDYODGDaHVWR QHYHURYDWQH WH^NR`H PRGHUQLK NRPSR]LWRUD QD^HJD QDURGD >WROFHUD QD SUYRP PHVWX aLML ]ERU0ROLWYD GREULP RaLPD RVLP QHSULURGQLK WH^NR`D QHPD QLaHJ D X VHEL ^WR EL QDP PRJ OR GD L]PDPL XPHWQLaNR SUL]QDZH GRN )WLaHN YHOLCHQVNL ]ERU VD NODYLURP RG LVWRJ DXWRUD LPD SXQR ]QDaDMD X VPLVOX >WROFHURYRJ PDQLUD DQWLWH]H‘SHYDZDn L‘LJUDZDn QD ED]L QDFLRQD OLVWLaNRJSULPLWLYL]PD3LWDZHMHVDPRGDOLVYHWHNRPSR]LFLMH]DVOXCXMX WROLNLWUXGLWDNRSRCUWYRYDQUDG6LJXUQRQHMHUMHXPQRJLPDRGZLKYL^H NDSULVDQRLQWXLFLMHLOLLVXYL^HLQWXLFLMHEH]VSRVREQRVWLGDVHRQDSUR EUDQLPWHKQLaNLPVUHGVWYLPDRVWYDULNUR]XPHWQLaNRGHORo

GD WDPR JGH LPD WLK aLVWLK L]YRUD VDPRQLNORJ SULPLWLYQRJ VWYDUDZD LPD L ]GUDYH L aLVWH VYHCLQH PX]LaNLK HOHPHQDWDo 7HN `H NRPSR ]LWRUVNDJHQHUDFLMDNRMD`HVWDVDYDWLXWULGHVHWLPJRGLQDPDYHND ELWL X RSR]LFLML SUHPD ELOR NDNYRP PX]LaNRP EDONDQVWYX L QD FLR QDOQRP L]UD]X XRS^WH L SRWSXQR VH XNTXaLWL X ]DSDGZDaNH DYDQ JDUGQHNRQFHSWHVYRJYUHPHQD

Melita Milin

“SOUNDS OF LAMENT, MELANCHOLY AND WILDERNESS” –

THE ZENITHIST REVOLT AND MUSIC

(Summary)

The aim of writing this article is to analyse how the articles published by Zenith magazine (1921–1926) reflected the role of modern music within the framework of Zenithism – a movement relating to Dadaism and Futurism. The founder of the movement Ljubomir Miciü and the Croatian composer Josip Slavenski both settled in Serbia and shared similar views concerning the Zenithist role of art. They sought to create a novel artistic expression free from Western influence, rooted in primitive and intrinsic creative forces of Eastern, and more specifically, Balkan peoples. Nevertheless, the intellectual sophistication and radicalism of their ideas differed somewhat: whereas 0LFLü ZDV LQFOLQHG WRZDUGV H[SHULPHQW DQG SURYRFDWLRQ LH KLV DQQRXQFHPHQW RI D

Balkan “Barbarogenius”), Slavenski’s aim was to revise and transform the archaisms preserved in old layers of folk music (primarily that of the Balkans), thus yielding an RULJLQDO PRGHUQLVW ODQJXDJH :KHQ LQ 0LFLü PRYHG IURP =DJUHE WR %HOJUDGH Slavenski was already there, only to leave for Paris in winter of the same year and remain there until the following summer. This may explain Slavenski’s single contribution to ZenithDSLHFHFRPSRVHGEHIRUHKHPHW0LFLü

Zenith’s articles on music included a positive account of Prokofiev, whose works were seen as representative of the movement’s intentions. The article was an abridged translation of Igor Glebov’s (pseudonym of Boris Asafiev) text printed in 9¶Hãþ(in German).0LFLüKLPVHOIZDVWKHDXWKRURIDQRWKHUFRQWULEXWLRQ±DFRQFHUWUHYLHZZKLFK served as an opportunity to express his views on contemporary music, one being an appraisal of Stravinsky whose music was felt to correspond to Zenithist aesthetics. He was labeled a musical ‘Cubist’, who composed music of ‘paradox and simultaneity’. In WKHVDPHDUWLFOH$QWXQ'REURQLüDQDWLRQDOLVW&URDWLDQFRPSRVHUZDVFULWLFLVHGRQWKH EDVLVWKDWKLVPXVLFZDVQRWµ%DONDQLVHG¶HQRXJK0LFLüZKRREYLRXVO\KDGOLWWOHRUQR musical education, was unable to find any musical critics who would adhere to his views. Several other articles in Zenith, such as concert reviews and literary texts with reference to both old and new composers, shed more light on the spirit of the movement and contribute to our understanding of it.

UDC 7.037.4(497.1) Zenitizam:78.037(497.1)