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Ecologia de actiniários no entremarés rochoso: mensuração do tamanho, estrutura da comunidade e avaliação do deslocamento

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Angeli, Andréa

Ecologia de actiniários no entremarés rochoso:

mensuração do tamanho, estrutura da comunidade e avaliação

do deslocamento / Andréa Angeli. - Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2011

100 f. : il., figs., gráfs., tabs.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista,

Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro

Orientador: Fernando José Zara

Co-Orientador: Alexander turra

1. Biologia marinha. 2. Anêmonas-do-mar. 3. Zonação. 4.

Locomoção. 5. Diversidade. I. Título.

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