❉❊■❙❨▼❆❘ ❇❖❚❊●❆ ❚❆❱❆❘❊❙
P❘❖❈❊❉■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ P❆❘❆
❱❆▲■❉❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❉■❆●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ ❈▲❆❙❙❊❙ ❉❊
❉❖▼❮◆■❖ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊
❖◆❚❖▲Ó●■❈❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐✲ ❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
DEISYMAR BOTEGA TAVARES
PROCEDIMENTO DE ANÁLISE PARA VALIDAÇÃO DE DIAGRAMA DE CLASSES DE DOMÍNIO BASEADO EM ANÁLISE ONTOLÓGICA.
Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae.
APROVADA: 15 de Agosto de 2008. Prof. José Luís Braga
(Co-orientador)
Prof. Mauro Nacif Rocha (Co-orientador)
Prof. Jugurta Lisboa Filho Prof. Ricardo de Almeida Falbo
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ❛ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ q✉❡ t❡✈❡ ❛ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r❡❝✐♦s♦ ❜❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s s❡r✐❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ✈♦❝ê t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣r❛t✐❞ã♦ ❡ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐✦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
• ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡ ❜❡♥❞✐❣♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✱ ❞✐s❝❡r♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣❡rs❡✲ ✈❡r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r t❛♥t❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
• ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❡s♣♦s♦ ▲✉✐③ ♣♦r s❡r✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✳
• ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❧❡❣r❛r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❝♦♥s❡❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✿ ✧❈❛❧♠❛ ♠❛♠ã❡✱ ✈♦❝ê ✈❛✐ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✱ ❡✉ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐ ❢❛③❡r ♠✐♥❤❛ t❛r❡✜♥❤❛✱ ♠❛s ❞❡♣♦✐s ❡✉ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✳✧
• ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❆❝✐♦♥❡ q✉❡✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡✉s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♠❡str❡s✱ ♠❡str❡s ❞♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❞❛ ❤♦♥❡st✐❞❛❞❡✱ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛✳
• ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❚❛❝✐❛♥❛✱ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❱❛❧❞✐r ❡ ♠❡✉ ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦ ❈r✐st✐❛♥♦ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡s ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✳
• ➚ ❉❛ ❖rtê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r s❡ ❢❛③❡r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛✳ ❋♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣r❛ ♠✐♠✳
• ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡st❡③❛✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐✉ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳
• ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❡str❡ ❏♦sé ▲✉ís ❇r❛❣❛✱ ♣♦r q✉❡♠ t❡♥❤♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛❞♠✐r❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛♠♣❛r♦✳
• ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡❞✐✉ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦s ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ❋♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳ ❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡
✈♦❝ê ♥ã♦ só ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✉ s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✱ ✈♦❝ê ❢♦✐ ❛❧é♠✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛✳
• ❆ ♠❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ▼❛✉r♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ❊ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r♦♥❛s✱ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛s ❝❛r♦♥❛s✳
• ❆♦ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ q✉❡ ❞❡ q✉❛s❡ ❛❧✉♥♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦✳ ❙❡♠ s❡✉ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ t❡r✐❛ s✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ár❞✉♦✳
• ❆♦ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❇❛❧❜✐♥♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥♦s t❡st❡s ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ • ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❘❡♥❛t❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❡♠ ❧❡r ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❞✐s✲
s❡rt❛çã♦✳
• ❆♦ ❊❞ ❈❛r❧♦✱ à ◆✉♥③✐❛t❛ ❡ à ❖❞✐❧❛✐♥❡✱ ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♠♣r❡✳
• ➚ ❞✐r❡t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s ❞♦ ❯♥✐❧❡st❡✲▼●✱ q✉❡ ♥❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❞❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❈â♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③♦✉ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
• ❆♦ ❯♥✐❧❡st❡✲▼● ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ s❡♠ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❛❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦✳
• ➚ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❉P■ q✉❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦✳
• ➚ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✳
❇✐♦❣r❛✜❛
❉❡✐s②♠❛r ❇♦t❡❣❛ ❚❛✈❛r❡s✱ ✜❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ P❡❞r♦s♦ ❚❛✈❛r❡s ❡ ❆❝✐♦♥❡ ❇♦t❡❣❛ ❚❛✈❛r❡s✱ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ♥❛s❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✷ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✹ ♥♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ◆❡♣♦♠✉❝❡♥♦✱ ♥♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳
■♥❣r❡ss♦✉ ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✹✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❝❤❛r❡❧ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✾✾ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♥♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❞♦ ▲❡st❡ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✲ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✱ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳ ❉❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❛ ✷✵✵✶ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐✲ ♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳ ■♥✐❝✐♦✉ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ✲ ❯❋❱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽✳
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✐ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✐✐✐ ❆❜str❛❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✽
✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞❛ ✲ ❯❋❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❖ ❯s♦ ❞❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✸✳✶ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖✿❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲✿ ♣❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦✲
❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✸✻
✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❡ ❞♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❝♦♠ ♦ P❡r✜❧
❖♥t♦❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✺✷ ✹✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ●❡♥❡✲
r❛❧✐③❛çã♦✴❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✸ ❚❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡
P❛♣é✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✹ ◗✉❛rt❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ✼✾
✺✳✶ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❊st❛❣✐ár✐♦s ❡♠ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✶ ❞♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷ ❞♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋❛s❡s ✸ ❡ ✹ ❞♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✷ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ♣❛r❛ ❈✉rs♦s ❞❡ Pós✲
●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✶ ❞♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷ ❞♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❋❛s❡s ✸ ❡ ✹ ❞♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✶✶✷
✻✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
❆ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ ❋❛s❡ ✶ ✶✶✻
❇ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ ❋❛s❡ ✷ ✶✷✺
❈ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ ❋❛s❡ ✸ ✶✸✺
❉ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ ❋❛s❡ ✹ ✶✹✸
❊ ❙P❊▼ ✲ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧ ✶✹✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✷✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛✲♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛✲♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ❡st❛s ✐♠♣õ❡♠ ❛♦s r❡✲
❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s ❛♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✸ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛✲♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡
❛♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❯▼▲✱ ❡ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ✐♠♣õ❡♠ ❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✧♣❛rt❡✲t♦❞♦✧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✹ ❯♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡
❯▼▲✲ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❱✐❧❧❡❧❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮❝♦♠ ♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥✲
t♦❯▼▲ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s✿ ♠❡t❛✲♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♥str✉t♦r ❯▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ❞❛ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ❡ ❛s Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♣♦r
●✉❛r✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❧t② ✭✷✵✵✵❛✮✳ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ❛ ❝♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❯▼▲✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❱✐❧❧❡❧❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥✱ ❤❡r❞❛❞❛s ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖
✭❱✐❧❧❡❧❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ❞♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❯▼▲ ✭●✉✐③✲ ③❛r❞✐✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ♥❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❡ ♥♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦✲
r✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ P❡ss♦❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ P❡ss♦❛ ❏✉rí❞✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ❏✉rí❞✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ❋ís✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❆❧✉♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✼ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❆❧✉♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✽ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❈✉rs♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✾ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❚✉r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✶✵ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ P❧❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ P❧❛♥♦s ❋ís✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ P❧❛♥♦s ❏✉rí❞✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✶✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ✓t✐♣♦✔✴✓q✉❛s❡✲t✐♣♦✔ ♥❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❯❋❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ P❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❋✉♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❆ ✭❯❋❖✲❆✮✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❋✉♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❇ ✭❯❋❖✲❇✮✳ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❡
❊✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ P❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❋✉♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❈ ✭❯❋❖✲❈✮✳ ❆çõ❡s✱ ❆❣❡♥t❡s
❡ ❙✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛✐s ■♥❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣❛♣é✐s ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s t✐♣♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦s✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✺ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ P❛♣é✐s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●✉✐③✲
③❛r❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✻ ❱❡rsã♦ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✼ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛s♦s ♦♥❞❡
❡①✐st❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s s✉♣❡rt✐♣♦s ✓❦✐♥❞✔ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❡st❡r♦t✐♣❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✓r♦❧❡✔✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶ ❋❛s❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡ ✲ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✺✹ ✹✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ❡ s✉❜❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥✲
t♦❈♦♥✱ ♥✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✷ ✲ ❘✐❣✐❞❡③✳ P❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡✲
t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r s❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ rí❣✐❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✶✿ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✹✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷✿ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦✴❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❙✉❜❋❛s❡ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷✿ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❈♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛s ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❙✉❜❋❛s❡ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷✿ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛s
❊①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✲ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ❍✐❡r❛r✲
q✉✐❛ ■♥❝♦rr❡t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✶✵ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹❜✮✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✶✶ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❍✐❡✲
r❛rq✉✐❛ ■♥❝♦rr❡t❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹❜✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✶✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✲ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ❍❡✲
r❛♥ç❛ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✶✸ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛
▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✹ ✭❛✮ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦✐s
❝❛s♦s✿ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛ ❡ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❞❡ ✓t✐♣♦✔ ✭●✉✐③③❛r❞✐✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✭❜✮ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹❜✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✹ ✲ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❯▼▲✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❯▼▲ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❡st❛❣✐ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❯♥✐❧❡st❡✲▼●✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣❛❞♦ ❛♣ós tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ✶ ❞♦ Pr❖♥✲
t♦❈♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❊st❛✲
❣✐ár✐♦s ❞❡ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❯▼▲ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞♦s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❯♥✐❧❡st❡✲▼●✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡
✺✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ■♥❝♦rr❡t❛ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦s ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❯♥✐❧❡st❡✲▼●✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣❛❞♦ ❛♣ós tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❛ s✉❜❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❤❡✲
❝❛r ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✺✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s
♣❛r❛ ❈✉rs♦s ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥✳ ✶✵✾ ❆✳✶ ❋❛s❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❯▼▲ ✲
Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❆✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✶✿ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❆✳✸ ●✉✐❛ ✶✳✶ ✲ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ P❡r❝♦rr❡r ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦ ✳ ✶✶✽ ❆✳✹ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ❆✳✺ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶ ✲ P♦ss✉✐ ■❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦
❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r s❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❆✳✻ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✷ ✲ ❘✐❣✐❞❡③✳ P❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡✲
t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r s❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ rí❣✐❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ❆✳✼ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✸ ✲ ❉❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ P❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠
♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r s❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ❆✳✽ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✹ ✲ ❆♥t✐✲❘✐❣✐❞❡③✳ P❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r s❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❛♥t✐✲rí❣✐❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❆✳✾ ●✉✐❛ ✶✳✹ ✲ ■♥str✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❆♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ●✉✐❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦
✐♥str✉çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦ ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ s❡rá ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❆✳✶✵ ●✉✐❛ ✶✳✺ ✲ ❘❡t✐r❛r ❈❧❛ss❡s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❆tr✐❜✉✐çã♦✳ ●✉✐❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦
✐♥str✉çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡t✐r❛r ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛sss❡ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❆tr✐✲ ❜✉✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ❆✳✶✶ ●✉✐❛ ✶✳✷ ✲ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❈♦♠
❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❈❧❛ss❡s ✓t✐♣♦✔✴✓q✉❛s❡✲t✐♣♦✔✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧❛②♦✉t ❞❡ t❛✐s t❛❜❡❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
❆✳✶✷ ●✉✐❛ ✶✳✸ ✲ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❈❧❛ss❡s ✓t✐♣♦✔✴✓q✉❛s❡✲t✐♣♦✔✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ✓t✐♣♦✔✴✓q✉❛s❡✲t✐♣♦✔✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ❇✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ✲ ❱❡r✐✲
✜❝❛çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ❇✳✷ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✶ ✲ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❈❧❛ss❡s ❁t✐♣♦✔✴✓q✉❛s❡✲t✐♣♦✔✳ ●✉✐❛
♣❛r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✓t✐♣♦✔✴✓q✉❛s❡✲t✐♣♦✔✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ❇✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❙✉❜❋❛s❡ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷✿ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❈♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛s ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛s✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r ❛ ✭✐✮ ❝❤❡❝❛r s❡ ❛♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦s ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛s ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ❇✳✹ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✽ ✲ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❊①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ❇✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❙✉❜❋❛s❡ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✷✿ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛s
❊①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❚❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r ♥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡rr♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ❇✳✻ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✸ ✲ ❙✉♣❡rt✐♣♦s ❡ ❙✉❜t✐♣♦s P♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r ❙✉♣❡rt✐♣♦ ❡ ❙✉❜t✐♣♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❡r✲ r♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ❇✳✼ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦✿ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✸ ✲ ❙✉♣❡rt✐♣♦s ❡ ❙✉❜t✐♣♦s P♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❊st❡r❡ó✲
t✐♣♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ❇✳✽ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✼ ✲ ❈♦♥❞✉çã♦ à ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ❇✳✾ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✻ ✲ ❈♦♥❞✉çã♦ à ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ❇✳✶✵ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✹ ✲ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❊①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❖❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛s✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s
q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛s ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ❇✳✶✶ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✺ ✲ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❖❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧❛②♦✉t ❞❡ t❛❧ t❛❜❡❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❇✳✶✷ ●✉✐❛ ✷✳✷ ✲ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❈♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✓♣❛♣❡❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✔✱ ✓♣❛♣❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛❧✔ ♦✉ ✓❢❛s❡✔✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹
❈✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✲❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✿ ❈❛s♦ ❍✐❡r❛r✲ q✉✐❛ ■♥❝♦rr❡t❛ ✲ ❋❛s❡ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ❈✳✷ ●✉✐❛ ✸✳✶ ✲ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✿ ❈❛s♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ■♥❝♦rr❡t❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ❈✳✸ ●✉✐❛ ✸✳✷ ✲ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❖❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ♥♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ❈✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✲❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✿ ❈❛s♦ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛
▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛✳ ❋❛s❡ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ❈✳✺ ●✉✐❛ ✸✳✸ ✲ ❈❤❡❝❛r ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡♠ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✓♣❛♣❡❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✔✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ❈✳✻ ●✉✐❛ ✸✳✹ ✲ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✿ ❈❛s♦ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡
✓♣❛♣❡❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✔ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❝❧❛ss❡ ✓t✐♣♦✔✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ❈✳✼ ●✉✐❛ ✸✳✺ ✲ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❖❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ♥♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✳ ✶✹✷ ❉✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❛s❡ ✹✿ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉t♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✹ ❉✳✷ ●✉✐❛ ✹✳✶ ✲ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉t♦r❡s✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛
❝❤❡❝❛r ✉s♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❯▼▲ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✹ ❊✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ❝♦♠ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s í❝♦♥❡s ❞♦ ❙P❊▼✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▲❛❤♦③
✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ❊✳✷ P❛❝♦t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❉✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❊❧✐❝✐❞❛çã♦✳ ❯♠ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s ❉✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●❡♥❣✐✈✐r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾ ❊✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❲♦r❦❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛
❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●❡♥❣✐✈✐r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵
❘❡s✉♠♦
❚❆❱❆❘❊❙✱ ❉❡✐s②♠❛r ❇♦t❡❣❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽✳ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✳ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✿ ❏♦sé ▲✉ís ❇r❛❣❛ ❡ ▼❛✉r♦ ◆❛❝✐❢ ❘♦❝❤❛✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡①✐s✲ t❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ é ❣❡r❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✜❞❡❞✐❣♥♦s ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡①♣r❡ss♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❯▼▲✳ ❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝✉✐❞❛✲ ❞♦s❛ ❞❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❡ ❞♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲✳ ❆♠❜♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡str✉t✉r♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❤❡r❞❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❡ ❞♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲✳ ❚❛❧ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥✱ ❢♦✐ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ r❡❣r❛s ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❯▼▲✳ P♦ré♠✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠♦❞❡❧❛✲ ❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ sã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s❀ ❞✐✜❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ t♦r♥❛r ✈✐á✈❡❧ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ❝♦♥str✉✐✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ■♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ Pr❖♥t♦✲ ❈♦♥✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ❣✉✐❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r ♥❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❯▼▲ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦rr✐❣✐♥❞♦ ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦
❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣❛♣é✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❤❡r❞❛❞♦ ❞♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❯▼▲ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥✱ ♦❜t❡✈❡✲ s❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ♠❛✐s ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡✐s✱ ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr❖♥✲ t♦❈♦♥ ❛❣r❡❣♦✉ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✜❧♦só✜❝♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥✳ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛✲s❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❝♦♠ t❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❆❱❆❘❊❙✱ ❉❡✐s②♠❛r ❇♦t❡❣❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❆✉❣✉st✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ♦❢ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❱❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈❧❛ss ❉✐❛✲ ❣r❛♠ ❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❆❧❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡ P❛✐✈❛ ❖❧✐✲ ✈❡✐r❛✳ ❈♦✲❆❞✈✐s♦rs✿ ❏♦sé ▲✉ís ❇r❛❣❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❛✉r♦ ◆❛❝✐❢ ❘♦❝❤❛✳
❚❤❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✜❡❧❞ ♠❛❦❡s ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛♥ ❛❜str❛❝t ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✐s t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t r❡✢❡❝ts t❤❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❧✐t②✳ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❯▼▲ ❝❧❛ss ❞✐❛❣r❛♠s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♠❛❦❡s ❛ ❝❛r❡❢✉❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲ ♣r♦✜❧❡✳ ❇♦t❤ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛s ❛ ✇❛② t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛ ♥❡✇ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ t❤❛t ✐♥❤❡r✐ts ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❢r♦♠ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❛♥❞ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥✱ ✇❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ②✐❡❧✲ ❞✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣❡r❧② str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❜② ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✴s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ✐♥ ❯▼▲ ❝❧❛ss ❞✐❛❣r❛♠s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛r❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ❛♣♣❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ♠❛❦❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❤❛r❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♠❛st❡r❡❞ ❜② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡rs✳ ❆✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ✈✐❛❜❧❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥✱ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✱ ❡♥t✐t❧❡❞ Pr❖♥✲ t♦❈♦♥✱ ✇❛s ❜✉✐❧t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ t❤❡ ❖♥t♦❈♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ❣✉✐❞❡s t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❡r✱ ❜② ❛s❦✐♥❣ s✐♠♣❧❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✱ tr♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❯▼▲ ❝❧❛ss ❞✐❛❣r❛♠s✳ ■t ❞❡t❡❝ts ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❡s✬ ♠✐s❝♦♥❝❡♣t✐♦♥s ♦r ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ■t ✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲
♣r♦✜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❯▼▲ ❝❧❛ss ❞✐❛❣r❛♠s ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ Pr❖♥t♦❈♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❧❡ss ❞❛t❛ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② ❛♥❞ s❡❡♠❡❞ ♠♦r❡ s❝❛❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✉s ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ s②st❡♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❡❛s✐❡r t♦ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✱ ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♠♣❧❡① s②st❡♠s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ sã♦ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♣♦✐s é q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♦❜té♠ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❯♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❢❛t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝♦rr❡rá ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✜♥❛❧ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❣❡r❛r sér✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡✲ ♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❡ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❜str❛t❛ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í✲ ♥✐♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✳ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦ ❡✴♦✉ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s é ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s✳ ❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❡ss❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✈ár✐❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ▼❛s✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ t❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✿ t❡r ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛✱ s❡r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝á✈❡❧✱ ✐st♦ é✱ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ❚❡r ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tê♠ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡stá r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✳ ❊❧❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❝♦✐s❛s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s ✉♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❏á ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❝á✈❡❧ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞❛
♠✉t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r t❡♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ♦✉ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ t❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡rá t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✳
❊ss❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é ❛ ♠❛✐s r❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❯▼▲✲❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦✱ s❡✉s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞ ❤♦❝✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ é ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r s✉❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭❱✐❧❧❡❧❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣❛rt❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
P❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❡r✲ t❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡❧❛s ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ●✉❛r✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❧t② ✭✷✵✵✵❛✱❞✮ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❇✉♥❣❡ ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❛♣✉❞ ❲❛♥❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾❛✮ ❡ ❇✉♥❣❡ ✭✶✾✼✾✮ ❛♣✉❞ ❲❛♥❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾❜✮✳
●✉❛r✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❧t② ✭✷✵✵✵❛✱❞✮ ❞❡✜♥✐r❛♠ ♦✐t♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♠❡t❛✲♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ r✐❣✐❞❡③✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊s✲ s❛s ♠❡t❛✲♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐st✐r ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♠❡t❛✲ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡①♣r❡ss♦s ♣♦r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❯▼▲✳ ❱✐❧❧❡❧❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡✲
❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ●✉❛r✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❧t② ✭✷✵✵✵❛✱❞✮ ♥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❛ ❯▼▲✳ ❊ss❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❖♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭❱❊❘❖◆❚❖✮✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✲ t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐♦✉✲s❡ ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡♠❜✉t✐❞❛ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✳
●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹❛✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠ P❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲ t✉❛❧ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♠❡t❛✲♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♣♦r ●✉❛r✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❧t② ✭✷✵✵✵❛✱❞✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ●✉✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹❛✮ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ P❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✧♣❛♣é✐s✧✱ q✉❡ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♠✲ ♣❧✐❛❞♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ tr❛t❛r ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐✲ ❝♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❯▼▲✳ ❚❛❧ ♣❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲✿ ♣❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ✭●✉✐③✲ ③❛r❞✐✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❥á ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❯▼▲✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❱❊❘❖◆❚❖ ❡ ♦ P❡r✜❧ ❖♥t♦❯▼▲✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ é q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥ã♦ é ❛❧❣♦ tr✐✈✐❛❧✳ ❈♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❡①tr❛✐r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐sá✲❧♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❢á❝✐❧✳ ❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡①✐❣❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✜❧♦só✜❝♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦✳ P♦r ❡ss❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❢❛t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛q✉✐ ❝✐t❛❞❛s tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛s✳ P❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❣✉✐❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✿ ✭✐✮ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ q✉❡ ✐rã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ♥❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✉❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✳
❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í✲ ❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s s❡rá ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ tr❛③❡r ✈ár✐♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
• ▼❛✐♦r ❊s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲ t✉❛❧ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦r ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡✐s ✭rí❣✐❞♦s✮ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳ ❚❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ t❡♥❞❡rá ❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ s❡♠ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♣❛♣é✐s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❡♠ s❡rã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❡ss❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜❛s❡✳
• ▼❡♥♦r r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✿ ✐ss♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó✲ ❣✐❝❛ ❤á ✉♠ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡♠ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣❛♣é✐s ✭r♦❧❡✮ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❡①❡r❝❡♠ ♦s ♣❛♣é✐s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛✲ ❞♦s ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ t✐♣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ✭●✉❛r✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❧t②✱ ✷✵✵✵❞❀ ❙t❡✐♠❛♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ✜❝❛♠ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❡①❡r❝❡♠ ♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ✜❝❛♠ ♥❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s rí❣✐❞❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ é t❡r♠♦s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❝❧❛ss❡ P❡ss♦❛ ❡ ❛s s✉❜❝❧❛ss❡s ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❡ ❈P❋ ❡st❛rã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ P❡ss♦❛✳ ▼❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❡①❡r❝❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ r❡♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛❧ ❢❛t♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✐❛ s❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✳
• ▼❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✈✐sõ❡s✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡rá ♦s ❡❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡①✐st✐rá ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ✈✐sõ❡s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳
• ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡✲ ❧❛❣❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡ ❛❝♦♣❧❛r ♥♦✈♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛rá ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✳
