PRELIMINARY
STUDY
Document produced for the Horizon 2020 project ‘ROCK’.
Year: 2018. Status: Final. DisseminaEon Level: Public.
Alberto Barcón
Institute of Social Sciences
University of Lisbon
CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK: ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE PARISHES OF MARVILA AND BEATO. ... 1
ANALYSIS OF THE ROCK AREA: MAIN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. ... 11
CONCLUSIONS ... 19
MAP 1. LOCATION OF THE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF THE ROCK AREA AND THE PARISHES OF
MARVILA AND BEATO IN LISBON __________________________________________________ 1
FIGURE 1. POPULATION OF THE PARISHES OF BEATO AND MARVILA ____________________________ 2 FIGURE 2. POPULATION PYRAMID OF LISBON (2011) _________________________________________ 3 FIGURE 3. POPULATION PYRAMID OF THE PARISH OF BEATO (2011) ____________________________ 3 FIGURE 4. POPULATION PYRAMID OF THE PARISH OF MARVILA (2011) __________________________ 3 FIGURE 5. POPULATION BY PARISH AND AGE GROUP (2011) ___________________________________ 4 TABLE I. DIFFERENT SOCIAL INDICATORS (2011) _____________________________________________ 4 FIGURE 6. NUMBER OF FAMILY UNIT MEMBERS BY PARISH (2011) ______________________________ 5 FIGURE 7. ACADEMIC LEVEL COMPLETED BY PARISH (2011) ___________________________________ 6 FIGURE 8. SUMMARY OF THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS BY PARISH (2011) ________________________ 6 FIGURE 9. MODE OF HOUSING TENURE BY PARISH (2011) _____________________________________ 7 FIGURE 10. HISTORICAL TREND OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BY PARISH (2011) __________________ 7 FIGURE 11. NUMBER OF FLOORS PER BUILDING BY PARISH (2011) ______________________________ 8 FIGURE 12. DIMENSION (M2) OF HOUSING (2011) ___________________________________________ 9 FIGURE 13. CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBER OF ROOMS PER DWELLING BY PARISH (2011) _____________ 9 FIGURE 14. RESIDENT POPULATION BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) _____________________________ 11 FIGURE 15. POPULATION BY NEIGHBOURHOOD AND AGE GROUP (2011) _______________________ 12 FIGURE 16. NUMBER OF FAMILY UNIT MEMBERS BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) __________________ 12 FIGURE 17. ACADEMIC LEVELS COMPLETED BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) _______________________ 13 FIGURE 18. MODE OF HOUSING TENURE BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) _________________________ 14 FIGURE 19. HISTORICAL TREND OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) ________ 15 FIGURE 20. NUMBER OF FLOORS PER BUILDING BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) ___________________ 16 FIGURE 21. DIMENSION (M2) OF HOUSING BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) ________________________ 16 FIGURE 22. CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBER OF ROOMS PER DWELLING BY NEIGHBOURHOOD (2011) __ 18
0 1,5 3Kms
¯ˉ
Map 1. Location of the neighbourhoods of the ROCK area and the parishes of Marvila and Beato in Lisbon
Contextual
Framework:
Analysis
of
the
Main
Sociodemographic and Morphological Characteristics of the
Parishes of Marvila and Beato.
The present analysis seeks to develop a local diagnosis of the intervention area of the ROCK project (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities), located in the parishes of Marvila and Beato in the city of Lisbon (see Map 1).
The area in question will be called the "Área ROCK", and will cover the following neighbourhoods:
Parish of Marvila: Alfinetes, M. de Abrantes, Prodac, Condado-‐Zona J, Marvila-‐a-‐Velha, Salgas e Quinta do Chalé.
Parish of Beato: Beato (Sul)
Marvila-‐a-‐Velha Beato (Sul) Condado-‐Zona J Prodac Alfinetes Salgadas M. de Abrantes Quinta do Chalé
Note: the shaded area of green corresponds to the parish of Marvila, and the mauve to that of Beato.
We will begin by establishing a small approach to the sociodemographic reality of both parishes to have a global view of the socio-‐geographical structure that fits our area of analysis. At first glance, we can see at the Fig. 1 that both parishes have been decreasing in population from 1991 to 2011. In that year, the parish of Beato was 2.3% of the population of Lisbon (which exceeds half a million in 2011), while that of Marvila reaches 7%.
Figure 1. Population of the parishes of Beato and Marvila
The most severe population drop takes place in Beato, where the average annual growth rate is -‐1,35% between 2001 and 2011 and-‐1,69% since 1991. Marvila, on the other hand, has managed to reduce this decrease a little in recent years (-‐0,17% and -‐1,13%, respectively), losing less population than the general average of Lisbon (-‐0,30%). That is, the loss of population is deeper and lasting in Beato.
Regarding the way this population is configured, it should be noted, firstly, that the municipality of Lisbon registers an alarming number of women over 75 years of age (see Fig. 2). This tendency is reproduced practically under the same parameters in the case of Beato (see Fig. 3). Marvila, on the other hand, has a less regressive and more homogeneous demographic composition (see Fig. 4). It should be noted, moreover, that the distribution by gender is fairly balanced in the case of parishes, having the female gender a greater weight in the case of the municipality of Lisbon.
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Marvila Beato 1991 2001 2011
-‐800 -‐600 -‐400 -‐200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 <10 15-‐19 25-‐29 35-‐39 45-‐49 55-‐59 65-‐69 >75 Homens Mulheres Men Women -‐30000 -‐20000 -‐10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 <10 15-‐19 25-‐29 35-‐39 45-‐49 55-‐59 65-‐69 >75 Homens Mulheres Men Women -‐2000 -‐1500 -‐1000 -‐500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 <10 15-‐19 25-‐29 35-‐39 45-‐49 55-‐59 65-‐69 >75 Homens Mulheres Men Women
Figure 2. Population Pyramid of Lisbon (2011)
Figure 3. Population pyramid of the parish of Beato (2011)
We also analysed the average ages of each area, so that the parish of Beato exceeds, with 45.52 years, the general average of the municipality of Lisbon (44.44 years), while Marvila has a mean age well below (42.12 years), which confirms a structure less aged than the other two areas of analysis.
Figure 5. Population by parish and age group (2011)
In short, the parishes of Beato and Marvila have a slightly aging social structure with low relative weight of women compared to the municipal trend (see Fig. 5). Marvila has a younger composition while Beato shows a slightly more regressive progression. These data are also confirmed by observing the aging index or the economic depend rate.
Table I. Different social indicators1 by parish (2011)
Aging
index Average age
Economic dependency rate
School
dropout rate1 Unemployment rate2
Single-‐parent families without any academic level Lisboa 185,8% 44,44% 58.18% 1,81%* 11,76% 6,3% Beato 217,1% 45,52% 62.45% 2,89% 16,57% 8,6% Marvila 135,0% 42,12% 48.14% 2,09%* 16,72% 11,8%
1. Data updated in August 2015
2. Data updated in January 2016
1 Aging index: Expresses the relationship between the number of older adults and the number of children and young people.
Economic dependency rate: proportion of dependents (persons under 16 or over 64) over the working-‐ Economic dependency rate: proportion of dependents (persons under 16 or over 64) over the working-‐ age population (between 16 and 64 years).
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Beato
Marvila
Área ROCK
We can see in Table I, that school dropout is high in both parishes, especially in Beato waiting to get an update of the data. The unemployment rate is equally high in the two areas compared to the municipal average. And, finally, the percentage of single-‐parent families without any type of academic study is significantly above the general average of Lisbon, especially in the case of Marvila. That is, these indicators outline two areas with important social problems in terms of unemployment, school dropout and family planning.
At the level of the parish, families consisting mainly of small nuclei, from 1 to 2 people, especially in the case of the Beato, which exceeds the municipal average. On the other hand, Marvila presents a more balanced relation and a greater percentage of classic families composed by 3 or 4 people (see Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Number of family unit members by parish (2011)
As for the educational level (see Fig. 7), both parishes are above the municipal average in terms of population that does not read or write. Of course, the ROCK area also exceeds the general percentage of the municipality of Lisbon.
Similarly, the parishes -‐and the ROCK area-‐ exceed the municipal average in the population with basic education completed in any of the three cycles that comprise it. That is, we face a general scope with a low level of academic education in relation to the general average of the municipality of Lisbon. The population of the parishes/ROCK area has mainly and at a much higher percentage than the municipal average, studies up to the secondary level.
Of course, the percentage of the population with secondary or post-‐secondary education is progressively lower than what we can find at the municipal level. The difference is spectacular in relation to "Higher Education", especially if we compare the ROCK area with the municipality of Lisbon, whose difference is 21 percentage points.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Lisboa
Beato Marvila
Figure 7. Academic level completed by parish (2011)
Next, we will outline the main characteristics of the parishes of Beato and Marvila in relation to their constructive activity. In Figure 8, we can see how Marvila, with a smaller number of buildings, has a series of lodgings and, consequently, of families and individuals, much superior to those of Beato. These data may suggest notable differences in the type of construction that exists in both parishes. Possibly, the buildings in Marvila are characterized by a greater height that allows to house a greater number of houses.
Figure 8. Summary of the main characteristics by parish (2011)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lisbon Beato Marvila Área ROCK Do not read or write 1st Cycle of Basic Educanon 2nd Cycle of Basic Educanon 3rd Cycle of Basic Educanon High school Post-‐Secondary Educanon Higher educanon 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Buildings Housings Families People Beato Marvila
The pattern of ownership regime in both parishes is very similar (see Fig. 9), balancing the number of rented accommodation with those occupied by the owner. In any case, rent accommodation has more weight, in both areas, than those dwellings that inhabit the property.
Figure 9. Mode of housing tenure by parish (2011)
If we analyse the constructive periodicity in each of the areas (see Fig. 10), we see how the buildings located in the parish of Beato are older than those of Marvila. Concretely, the constructive activity of the Beato is concentrated in the period between half of the last century and decade of 1970, date in which the activity decays considerably. On the contrary, the number of buildings in Marvila was gradually increasing since the mid-‐twentieth century, reaching its peak activity from the 1970s. In both cases, the construction of new buildings declined at the turn of the century.
Figure 10. Historical trend of building construction by parish (2011)
31.3 36.7 22.8 37.4 44.5 55.5 31.3 18.8 21.7 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Beato Marvila Área ROCK
Owner-‐occupied dwelling Rented housing Others
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 before 1919 1919-‐1945 1946-‐1970 1971-‐1990 1991-‐2000 aoer 2001 Lisboa Beato Marvila Área ROCK
Finally, we will briefly analyse only the main characteristics that make up the average residential area of the two parishes and, in the case of available data, the ROCK area.
In Figure 11, it can be seen how the buildings are noticeably larger in number of floors (5 or more) in Marvila than in Beato. This confirms the hypothesis suggested above, that is, the high number of houses in Marvila, compared with Beato, it is explained by the high blocks of existing buildings.
However, in Marvila the number of buildings of only 1 and 2 floors and of 5 or more is the same, which suggests the coexistence of two parallel and, to some extent, complementary, construction models. On the one hand, the significant number of buildings of 5 or more floors agrees with the greater modernity of the real estate stock compared to the Beato and already observed in Figure 9. However, this context coexists with another type of construction, possibly old and previous to the 1970s, which shows a different morphology and possibly associated with other socioeconomic characteristics. In the particular case of Beato, the buildings are mostly small in height (1-‐2 floors). This fact is explained largely by the age of the housing stock.
Of course, the fact that the housing stock of Marvila be more modern than the Beato's implies to assume that has better characteristics in terms of size (see Figure 12). The houses below 50 square meters clearly predominate in Beato, while the percentage of houses in the 100-‐200 meter range is quite scarce.
Both types of housing are differentiated from the pattern developed by the other areas, where the dimension of housing is broader in general, especially in relation to the Lisbon average.
39 65 46 31 22 9 30 13 46 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Lisboa Beato Marvila
1-‐2 floors 3-‐4 floors 5 or more floors
Finally, and in coherence with the above mentioned, we verified how the number of divisions of each floor is different between the two parishes (see Fig. 13). In the case of Beato, and confirming the data that point to the fact that, in a generalized way, the houses have smaller dimensions, the predominant number of divisions is of 3-‐4. However, in Marvila most of the dwellings have 4-‐5 divisions.
13 65 22 0
Marvila
até 50m2 50 a 100m2 101 a 200m2 sup 200m2 17 49 31 4Lisboa
até 50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 sup 200 m2 17 66 17 0Área Rock
até 50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 sup 200 m2 30 54 14 1Beato
até 50m2 50 a 100m2 101 a 200m2 sup 200m2Figure 12. Dimension (m2) of housing (2011)
52 47 2
Marvila
5 ou + divisões 3 a 4 divisões 1 a 2 divisões
31
62 7
Beato
ANALYSIS OF THE ROCK AREA: MAIN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC
AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
Next, we will analyse the so-‐called "ROCK area", which covers these neighbourhoods, or specific subareas within them, that are the scope of the research project study. We must clarify, previously, that this brief analysis is made based on the statistical data obtained for the year 2011. It has been impossible to obtain official data at this level of territorial disaggregation in relation to other censuses (1991 and 2001).
The search and management of statistical data, together with an earlier cartographic analysis, allowed us to break parishes at the level of the subsection. In this way, it was possible to delimit neighbourhoods or subareas that, we believe, should be analysed independently because they have particular characteristics. This is the case, for example, of Quinta do Chalé, belonging to the district of M. de Abrantes, but which, however, we analyse autonomously. In this way, we will start by observing the population levels of each area (see Fig. 14). The total population of the ROCK Area amounts to 14,148 residents in 2011. The neighbourhood of Condado is the most populous while the Quinta do chalet, which we identified as an independent entity, although, strictly speaking, belonging to the neighbourhood of M. de Abrantes, it would demographically be the smallest one.
Figure 14. Resident population by neighbourhood (2011)
The lack of access to official statistical data at the subsection level prevented us from conducting a detailed analysis of the socio-‐demographic reality of the neighbourhoods. In any case, we present below a classification of the social structure of each area by large age groups (see Fig. 15). 3663 2589 2038 2025 1714 1273 513 333 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Condado -‐ Zona J Alfinetes M. de Abrantes PRODAC Marvila Velha Beato (Sul) Salgadas Quinta do Chalé
The size of the families is mostly small (1 or 2 people) (see Fig. 16). These data are, in general, in tune with the means observed for each of the parishes. However, there are some differences that deserve to be highlighted. Thus, the area of Ribeirinha (Marvila-‐a-‐Velha and Beato (Sul)) has a smaller family dimension, in percentage terms, than the rest of the parish. This is especially evident in the case of Beato (Sul). On the other hand, the Alfinetes neighbourhood is the only one in the entire ROCK area that escapes this trend and shows a large family size (3 or 4 people).
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 Alfinetes Beato (Sul) M. de Abrantes Prodac Condado -‐ Zona J Marvila-‐a-‐Velha Salgadas Quinta do Chalé
0-‐24 25-‐64 65 and more 41.5 77.4 50.0 59.5 53.2 66.3 50.0 66.9 47.2 19.0 39.1 33.5 36.7 29.1 36.3 28.4 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Alfinetes Beato (Sul) M. de Abrantes PRODAC Condado -‐ Zona J Marvila Velha Salgadas Quinta do Chalé
1-‐2 pessoas people 3-‐4 pessoas people
Within the configuration of these classic families, it is important to analyse how many members are over 65 years old. At the parish level, differences are again evident between Beato (42.2%) and Marvila (35.7%), with the municipal average at 38.5% and the ROCK area at 38.9%. In this area, the neighbourhoods of Prodac and Quinta do Chalé have the highest percentage of families with a 65-‐year-‐old member (57.1% and 53.4%, respectively). On the opposite side, we find again the neighbourhood of Alfinetes, which with only 22.9%, denotes the existence of young families with a low presence of members over 65 years.
On the other hand, the percentage of classic families that do not have any unemployed members is similar to the average presented at parish level (with 86.2% for Beato and 82.4% for Marvila) and 89.0% at the municipal level. Only Alfinetes has a differentiated percentage (78.7%), that is, it has a smaller percentage of families with all its members employed. Similarly, 4.3% of the Alfinetes families have more than one unemployed person, well above 2.9% of the general average of Marvila's parish.
With regard to the degree of academic instruction (see Fig. 17), we can divide the area into two large blocks. The first block, composed by Beato (Sul), Marvila-‐a-‐Velha, Alfinetes and Condado, has academic levels of higher grades in percentage than the second group, composed by M. de Abrantes, Prodac, Salgadas and Quinta do Chalé. However, in both cases they are well below the general average of the parishes of Marvila and Beato, indicating that we are facing an area with low levels of academic development.
Figure 17. Academic levels completed by neighbourhood (2011)
In all cases, the percentage of people who cannot read or write is above the municipal average. The same happens in the three cycles of Basic Education. As a result, as explained in the general case of parishes, the percentage of people with secondary, post-‐secondary and tertiary education completed is clearly below the municipal average, especially in the case of higher education. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Alfinetes Beato (Sul) M. de
Abrantes Prodac Condado -‐ Zona J Marvila Velha Salgadas Quinta do Chalé Do not read or write 1st Cycle of Basic Educanon 2nd Cycle of Basic Educanon 3rd Cycle of Basic Educanon High school Post-‐Secondary Educanon Higher educanon
level, it is confirmed that the ROCK area is an area with unquestionably low levels of academic instruction in relation to the entire municipality and, in particular, to the rest of the parishes of Marvila and Beato.
Figure 18. Mode of housing tenure by neighbourhood (2011)
We can observe in residential tenure mode (Fig. 18) that the housing property is in clear minority in each of the neighbourhoods that constitute the ROCK Area. This is normal if we take into account that most of the houses are municipal property, social housing, and that there is a strong presence of cooperative property models.
With respect to the construction date of the buildings (see Fig. 19), there are different dynamics within the ROCK area. In the case of Salgadas, Quinta do Chalé, Condado and Prodac neighbourhoods, the majority of their buildings were built between 1970 and 1990. The area of Ribeirinha (Marvila-‐a-‐Velha and Beato (Sul)) is much older, especially Beato, since most of its buildings were built in the second half of the nineteenth or early twentieth century. Finally, the neighbourhoods of Alfinetes and M. de Abrantes are the most recent and its buildings date mostly from the end of the last century.
33.9 14.6 13.1 32.2 22.3 18.5 6.8 34.9 46.5 46.6 74.6 49.8 60.5 49.9 77.8 48.8 19.5 38.8 12.3 18.0 17.3 31.6 15.5 16.3 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Alfinetes Beato (Sul) M. de Abrantes Prodac Condado -‐ Zona J Marvila-‐a-‐Velha Salgadas Quinta do Chalé
Figure 19. Historical trend of building construction by neighbourhood (2011)
Regarding building typologies, the buildings that make up the ROCK area are generally characterized by a very polarized height structure, something that can be easily checked visually in case of a short walk through the area.
In percentage terms, the buildings with the highest number of floors (5 or more) are located in the neighbourhoods of Salgadas, Alfinetes, Quinta do Chalé and Condado (see Fig. 20). The area of Ribeirinha (Marvila-‐a-‐Velha and Beato (Sul)) has a greater number of small buildings (1 or 2 floors), which makes sense if we observe that it is a traditionally industrial and storage area that recently increased its residential functions. Finally, the Prodac neighbourhood, with its characteristic physiognomy like a small urbanization of small single-‐family houses, registers 92% of the buildings with one or two floors.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 before 1919 1919-‐1945 1946-‐1970 1971-‐1990 1991-‐2000 aoer 2001 Alfinetes Beato (Sul) M. de Abrantes PRODAC
We are going to finish the analysis of the ROCK Area, observing its main characteristics in terms of the dimension of the houses by neighbourhood and, finally, the number of rooms in which they are divided.
Regarding the first objective, to analyse the average size of the homes in the ROCK Area (see Fig. 21), we can see how there are practically no houses larger than 200 square meters. The areas that stand out for the dimension of their homes are Alfinetes and Condado, in any case well below the general average observed for the city of Lisbon. Quinta do Chalé, Prodac and Salgadas are the neighbourhoods that have a smaller percentage of homes over 100 square meters.
With regard to the percentage of homes below 50 square meters, the neighbourhoods of the
Ribeirinha stand out clearly (Marvila-‐a-‐Velha and Beato (Sul)), well above of the 17% of the
municipality. 11 61 28 0
Alfinetes
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2 21 69 9 1Salgadas
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2 4 73 10 92 11 73 0 11 4 18 30 0 8 22 7 0 92 9 60 8 81 5 93 89 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Alfinetes Beato (Sul) M. de Abrantes PRODAC Condado -‐ Zona J Marvila Velha Salgadas Quinta do Chalé1-‐2 pisos floors 3-‐4 pisos floors 5 ou + pisos or more floors
Figure 21. Dimension (m2) of housing by neighbourhood (2011)
We will finish, as we have already said, classifying the number of rooms per dwelling (see Fig. 21). It should be noted that, despite the fact that the percentage of houses with only 1 or 2 rooms is very small, it is in any case clearly above the general percentages observed previously for the total of each parish. The neighbourhoods of Marvila-‐a-‐Velha and Beato (Sul) stand out for having a higher percentage of homes with only 1 or 2 rooms. This data agrees completely with the scarce surface that many of their houses possess and that has been studied in the previous figure. 17 75 8 0
Prodac
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2 6 73 21 0Condado -‐ Zona J
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2 34 52 13 1Beato (Sul)
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2 39 47 14 0Marvila-‐a-‐Velha
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2 14 72 14 0M. de Abrantes
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2 23 72 5 0Quinta do Chalé
<50m2 50-‐100 m2 101-‐200 m2 >200 m2
Figure 22. Classification of number of rooms per dwelling by neighbourhood (2011)
rooms 3 15 4 3 1 11 3 4 97 85 96 97 99 89 97 96 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Al fin ete s Be ato (S ul ) M. d e Ab ran te s Pr od ac Co nd ad o -‐ Z on a J Mar vi la-‐ a-‐ Ve lh a Sal gad as Q ui nta do C hal é
CONCLUSIONS
As a conclusion, we can confirm that the ROCK area is an area that has some notable differences in relation to the parishes that encompass it or at the municipal level. It is an area determined by districts with different dimensions, being the district of Condado the most populous and Quinta do Chalé the smallest.
In terms of their social structure, the districts of Alfinetes and M. de Abrantes are those with a younger demographic composition, both with respect to the percentage of individuals under 24 years and over 65.
Alfinetes is the only neighbourhood that have most families with a size between 3 and 4 members, compared to the smaller size of the rest (1 or 2), especially the Beato (Sul). Again, the family cores of Alfinetes are those that have a smaller percentage of members over 65 years old compared to cases like Prodac or Quinta do Chalé.
That is, Alfinetes develops socio-‐demographic dynamics clearly differentiated from the rest of the ROCK area and, of course, from the parishes of Marvila and Beato. It is a neighbourhood with a young demographic structure, constituted by extensive family nuclei. However, it is also the area with the highest percentage of families with an unemployed member, even more evident if we speak of more than one member in this situation.
Regarding the educational level, there is a block formed by Alfinetes, Beato (Sul), Marvila-‐a-‐ Velha and Condado, that have the highest educational level within the ROCK area. On the opposite side, we find the neighbourhoods of M. de Abrantes, Prodac, Salgadas and Quinta do Chalé. In any case, the ROCK area as a whole, and also individually, is an area with an educational level that is noticeably below the municipal average and the parishes of Marvila and Beato and with even alarming levels in most cases of illiterate population. In the absence of data in this regard at the subsection level, we already verified that are dealing with parishes with very high ratios of school dropout and unemployment, besides having percentages of single-‐parent families without any academic level well above the Lisbon average
Regarding the morphology of the house, the ROCK area is very polarized between buildings of high height (5 or more floors), as is the case of Salgadas, Alfinetes, Quinta do Chalé and Condado, and small buildings (1-‐ 2 floors) as in the case of Ribeirinha (Marvila-‐a-‐Velha and Beato (Sul)), and in particular Prodac. The buildings in the area of Ribeirinha stand out for being very old and with an industrial functionality that explains their small dimensions. The most modern zone is located in Alfinetes and M. de Abrantes. This fact can be related to the type of family, especially in the case of Alfinetes, that resides there and that was studied in detail in this report. Most of the rest of the neighbourhood buildings were built between 1970 and 1990, when the relocation process occurred in the area.
It is mainly social housing, so the mode of tenancy is basically based on rent. Alfinetes and Condado stand out above the rest in terms of breadth of housing, while in the case of Marvila-‐ a-‐Velha and Beato (Sul) predominate homes less than 50 square meters. In any case, the figures are significantly below the general average of Lisbon.