1
Social Assist ent , PhD in Nur sing in Public Healt h, Adj unct Pr ofessor, Univer sit y of São Paulo at Ribeir ão Pr et o, Br asil, e- m ail: t elm avend@t er ra.com .br ; 2 Full Pr ofessor, e- m ail: car oline@eer p.usp.br ; 3 PhD Pr ofessor, e- m ail: m aiossi@eer p.usp.br. Univer sit y of São Paulo at Ribeir ão Pr et o, College of Nur sing, WHO Collabor at ing Cent er for Nur sing Resear ch Developm ent
D isponible e n ca st e lla no/ D isponíve l e m língua por t ugue sa SciELO Br a sil w w w .scie lo.br / r la e
PUBLI C CARE POLI CI ES FOR CHI LD AND ADOLESCENT VI CTI MS OF DOMESTI C VI OLENCE
Telm a San ch ez Ven dr u scolo1 Mar ia das Gr aças Car v alho Fer r iani2 Mar t a Angélica I ossi Silv a3
Ven d r u scolo TS, Fer r ian i MGC, Silva MAI . Pu b lic car e p olicies f or ch ild an d ad olescen t v ict im s of d om est ic
v iolen ce. Rev Lat in o- am En f er m agem 2 0 0 7 set em br o- ou t u br o; 1 5 ( n ú m er o especial) : 8 1 2 - 9 .
This is a qualit at ive st udy t hat aim ed t o know and analyze t he social represent at ions of social w orkers regarding t he assist ance t o t he child and adolescent , vict im s of dom est ic violence. The dat a collect ion was carried out t hrough sem i- st ruct ured int erviews and part icipant observat ion. The dat a analysis was based on t he herm eneut ic-dialect ic per spect iv e. The em pir ical cat egor ies t hat em er ged fr om t he subj ect s’ r epr esent at ions w er e: “ lack of policy” , “ do not support because have not received support ” , and “ social assist ance” whereas t he polit ical econom ic aspect w as highlight ed as det er m inant of violence; t he cult ur al aspect s, per pet uat ing a cycle of violence in t he fam ilies. An im port ant st ep m ust be t aken is t he form ulat ion of public policies direct ed t o all children and adolescent s and not policies of except ion, direct ed only t o t hose who are in sit uat ion of “ social and personal risk” .
DESCRI PTORS: public policies; w or k er s; social ser v ice; child; adolescent ; dom est ic v iolence
LAS POLÍ TI CAS PÚBLI CAS DE ATEN CI ÓN AL N I Ñ O Y LAS VÍ CTI MAS JUVEN I LES DE
VI OLENCI A DOMÉSTI CA
Se t r at a de un est udio con apr oxim ación cualit at iva que buscó conocer y analizar las r epr esent aciones sociales de los t rabaj adores sociales acerca de la at ención al nino y al adolescent e víct im as de violencia dom ést ica. Para la recolecta de los datos, utilizam os entrevistas sem iestructuradas y observación participante. El análisis de los dat os se inspiró en la herm enéut ica dialéct ica. Las cat egorías em píricas que em ergieron de las represent aciones de los sujetos fueron: “ ausencia de política” , “ no coger en los brazos porque no fue cogido” y “ atención social” sobresaliendo el aspecto político- económ ico com o determ inante de la violencia; los aspectos culturales, perpetuando un ciclo de la violencia en las fam ilias. Un paso im portante que se debe dar es la form ulación de políticas públicas para todos los niños y adolescentes y no políticas de excepción, solam ente para aquellos en situación de “ riesgo personal y social” .
DESCRI PTORES: polít icas pú blicas, t r abaj ador es; ser v icios sociales; n iñ o, adolescen t e, v iolen cia dom ést ica
AS POLÍ TI CAS PÚBLI CAS DE ATEN DI MEN TO À CRI AN CA E AO ADOLESCEN TE VÍ TI MAS DE
VI OLÊNCI A DOMÉSTI CA
Tr at a- se de um est udo de abor dagem qualit at iv a que buscou conhecer e analisar as r epr esent ações sociais dos t r abalh ador es sociais em t or n o do at en dim en t o à cr ian ça e ao adolescen t e v ít im as de v iolên cia dom ést ica. Para colet a dos dados, ut ilizam os ent revist as sem i- est rut uradas e observação part icipant e. A análise dos dados inspir ou- se na her m enêut ica dialét ica. As cat egor ias em pír icas que em er gir am das r epr esent ações dos suj eit os foram : “ ausência de polít ica” , “ não dar colo porque não t eve colo” e “ at endim ent o social” , sobressaindo o aspect o polít ico- econôm ico com o det er m inant e da violência e os aspect os cult ur ais, per pet uando um ciclo de violência nas fam ílias. Um passo im por t ant e que dev e ser dado é a for m ulação de polít icas públicas par a t oda criança e adolescent e e não polít icas de exceção, som ent e para aqueles em sit uação de “ risco pessoal e social” .
I NTRODUCTI ON
P
r o f o u n d c h a n g e s i n n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e t t i n g s( 1 - 4 ) h a v e t u r n e d c h i l d a n d ad olescen t car e in t o a p u b lic p olicy ; a St at e d u t y.Never t heless, in som e cases, of bot h public and pr ivat e
d o m ai n s, t h e set t i n g i s st i l l m ar k ed b y i n d i v i d u al
cr it er ia, good w ill and char it y, w hich har m s t he r ight
t o cit izenship.
I t is under st ood t hat t he pr inciple of int egr al
pr ot ect ion im plies a pr ocess of v alue r econst r uct ion,
a new cult ur e, new post ur e, i. e., t he const r uct ion of
new social and pr ot ect ion policies.
Par t icular ly in Br azil, t he pr inciple of int egr al
child and adolescent care w as est ablished w it h a view
t o pr om ot ing, in t his populat ion, t he r ight s of ev er y
cit izen . Th eir p ar t icu lar ch ar act er ist ics, con sid er in g
t h at t h ey ar e d ev el o p i n g i n d i v i d u al s l i v i n g i n r i sk
sit u at ion s, im p ly a g r ou p of r ig h t s t h at sh ou ld b e
ensured t hrough public policies w it h absolut e priorit y(
4-5)
.
Th e h ist or ical d isp ar it ies in t h e “ ch ild an d
a d o l e sce n t ” p o p u l a t i o n h a v e p r o d u ce d d i st a n ci n g
cult ur es and codes as opposed t o pr om ot ing equit y.
I n equ alit y h as r ein f or ced t h e “ apar t h eid”, w h ich , in
legal t er m s, t r anslat ed int o t he cr eat ion of “ special”
law s for poor children, in w hich t hey appear as obj ect s
r at h er t h an su bj ect s. Th is con sider ably ch an ges t h e
v i e w r e g a r d i n g c h i l d h o o d : r i g h t s r e i n f o r c e t h e
u n iv er salit y an d belief in t h is age gr ou p’s abilit y t o
claim ob lig at ion s an d f ollow t h e d u t ies of a cit izen
life. Ther efor e, it is not enough t o ensur e childr en’s
b a si c n e ce ssi t i e s. A d e e p e r u n d e r st a n d i n g o f t h e
m ean in g of con sider in g ch ildr en as su bj ect s im plies
t ak ing t he qualit y of car e ser v ice int o account .
This car e could be offer ed in an em ancipat or y
fashion, per m it t ing subj ect s t o m ak ing choices, or it
could be offer ed by m aint aining a t ut elar y at t achm ent
a n d , t h u s, i n cr e a si n g t h e st i g m a o f su b a l t e r n i t y.
Th er ef o r e, ed u cat i o n al act i o n s can b e car r i ed o u t
w it hin t he fam ily, along w it h t he socializat ion pr ocess
and social policies, cont ribut ing t o developing subj ect s
or t o m aint aining ex clusion r at her t han cit izenship.
The par adigm at ic per cept ion of childr en and
ad olescen t s as su b j ect s r ep r esen t s t h e at t em p t t o
b r ea k w i t h t h e cu r r en t so ci a l o r d er, p r esen t i n g a
d e m a n d f o r j u s t i c e a n d s o c i a l e q u i t y, n o t o n l y
r egar ding t he quant it y of ser vices and act ions for t he
c h i l d - a d o l e s c e n t p o p u l a t i o n . W h a t s e e m s
indispensable, in t his case, is a change in social policy
m an agem en t , f ocu sed on t h e m u lt it u de of ch ildr en ,
visible or not , so as t o effect ively increase t heir level
of social inser t ion.
Fr om t his per spect iv e, t he aim of t his st udy
w as t o gain k now ledge about and analy ze t he Social
Rep r esen t at i o n s f o r Car e t o Ch i l d an d Ad o l escen t
V i c t i m s o f D o m e s t i c V i o l e n c e , a s w e l l a s s o c i a l
w o r k er s an d ser v i ce ad m i n i st r at o r s, an d co m p ar e
social r ep r esen t at ion s an d su b j ect s’ social act ion s,
u s i n g t h e Ch i l d a n d A d o l e s c e n t S t a t u t e a s a
r ef er en ce( 4 ).
I n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e c h i l d a n d
adolescent care policy as w ell as t he t echnicians’ and
a d m i n i st r a t o r s’ st a t e m e n t s a n d p e r ce p t i o n s, t w o
a n a l y si s ca t e g o r i e s w e r e e st a b l i sh e d : “ ch i l d a n d
adolescent car e” and “ com m on sense and good sense”.
Com m on sense is t he spont aneous sy nt hesis of w hat
people in t he social environm ent t hink; it is a diffuse
t hought , and t his social env ir onm ent is an im por t ant
an d in t en se “ ed u cat or ”, w h ich g en er at es a n eed t o
oppose t his st r uct ur e w it h a new educat ional pr ocess,
or a hegem onic line in great er harm ony w it h t he social
classes( 6 ).
Th i s a s p e c t p r e s e n t s a p o s s i b i l i t y o f
u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p r e v i o u s k n o w l e d g e t h a t
pr ofessionals w ho perfor m and m anage public policies
hav e; i. e., t heir ow n per cept ion of t he w or ld, w hich
oft en ex pr esses t hought s elabor at ed in a dist ant and
o b s o l e t e p a s t , w h i c h s h o u l d b e q u e s t i o n e d a n d
r eplaced by a pr esent t hought .
Com m on sense, a pr oduct of m an’s inser t ion
in hist or y, com pr ises unat t ached ideas and opinions,
disconnect ed fr om a gener ic t hought fr om a specific
t im e, an d con cer n in g a specif ic en v ir on m en t . Th u s,
so ci et y d er i v es f r o m t h e co m m o n sen se b u i l t an d
r ebuilt by social act or s acr oss hist or y, w it h t he aim t o
m ain t ain cer t ain con d u ct s or b eh av ior s d et er m in ed
by dom inant ideologies, called social r epr esent at ions,
w hich are present in people’s habit s, cust om s, beliefs,
and values. These social represent at ions are t he goal
in t his st udy.
The issue is t hat it should be r ecognized t hat
people car r y along com m on sense elem ent s; elem ent s
o f k n o w l e d g e a c q u i r e d i n d i v e r s e p l a c e s a n d
m om en t s. I n ad d it ion , alt h ou g h k n ow led g e m ean s
p ow er, k n ow led g e alon e d oes n ot p er m it u s t o g et
dow n t o t he synt hesis it self of t he hist or y w e ar e par t
of, as a r esult of t he past .
Re g a r d i n g t h e f i r s t c a t e g o r y, c h i l d a n d
considerat ion is t he prevalence of policies for t he poor
popu lat ion . Ch ild an d adolescen t car e policies h av e
been ch ar act er ized by t h e car e of f er ed t o a cer t ain
populat ion segm ent , t he poor and excluded. They ar e
con n ect ed t o t h e ef f ect s of a capit alist sy st em an d
a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s Ca r e Po l i c i e s . Th e B r a z i l i a n
gov er n m en t h as r espon ded t o t h e gr ow in g dem an d
for social issues, especially t he increase in m arginalit y,
w it h a com p lex car e n et w or k t h at aim s t o p r ov id e
car e t o sp ecif ic “ r isk g r ou p s”. Th ese r esid u al social
p olicies u su ally h av e a m ain ly t en d in g r ole, d u e t o
t he pover t y sit uat ion affect ing m ost of t he populat ion.
I t w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t S t a t e r e s p o n s e s
regarding t he child and adolescent social issue m ainly
co n ce r n e d o f f e r i n g ca r e t o a p o p u l a t i o n o f p o o r
ch ild r en an d ad olescen t s, w it h ou t sch ool, h ealt h or
basic social policies.
An ot h er im p or t an t p oin t is t h e p r esen ce of
civil societ y and t he St at e in child and adolescent care.
I n cer t ain m om en t s, t h e h egem on y of on e of t h ese
act ors is appropriat e and, in ot her s, t he posit ions ar e
sh a r ed . Th i s a ct i o n p er m ea b i l i t y i n d i ca t es, i n t h e
Brazilian societ y, t he pr ivat e appr opr iat ion of a public
asset( 7 ).
I t sh ou ld b e m en t ion ed t h at som e p r iv at e
gr oups, especially aft er t he 1990s, defended t he public
space as t he space for child and adolescent r ight s.
The Cat holic Church is a social act or t hat has
alw ay s p ar t icip at ed in car e f or p oor an d ex clu d ed
children and adolescent s, w orking in t his diffuse space
o f p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e sect o r s. An d , f i n a l l y, i t w a s
obser v ed t h at t h er e is an in t r in sic r elat ion bet w een
l e g a l f r a m e w o r k s a n d ch i l d a n d a d o l e sce n t ca r e .
Hen ce, t h is j u st if ies t h e in f lu en ce of legislat ion s on
t he hist or ical developm ent of policies in t his segm ent
and ex plains t he r ange of ser v ices and pr ogr am s.
I t is underst ood t hat t his relat ionship bet w een
car e p olicy an d leg al f r am ew or k s, also k n ow n as a
“ j u d iciar y cu lt u r e of su p p lem en t ar y social p olicies”,
m olded t he j udiciar y st r uct ur e ( Minor s Cour t s) for a
r ole t hat com plem ent ed car e policies( 8).
The j udiciary becam e t he possibilit y of children
and adolescent s t o have access t o basic social policies
and car e pr ogr am s. Due t o t he significance for car e
p o l i ci e s, i t ca n b e ch a r a ct e r i ze d , a t f i r st , b y t h e
“ ir r egular sit uat ion and inst it ut ionalizat ion” and, also,
as “ subj ect s ent it led t o r ight s and special pr ot ect ion”.
This social policy configur at ion is r esponsible
for an im por t ant par t of t he unsat isfact or y r esult s t hat
c h a r a c t e r i z e g o v e r n m e n t a l s o c i a l a c t i o n s . Th e
m arginal sit uat ion, am ong t he priorit ies of t he polit ical
a n d e c o n o m i c a g e n d a , i s a l s o f o u n d i n s p e c i f i c
l i t e r a t u r e . Re s e a r c h e r s h a v e r e c e n t l y b e c o m e
int er est ed, especially aft er t he 1980s, in st udies about
so ci a l p o l i ci e s, m a i n l y t h o se r e g a r d i n g ch i l d a n d
ad olescen t car e.
METHOD
This is a st rat egic research, using a qualit at ive
ap p r oach . Social r ep r esen t at ion s w er e u sed as t h e
m et hodological pr inciples of choice( 9 ).
To p e r f o r m t h i s s t u d y, s t a n d a r d s a n d
regulat ions for research involving hum an beings w ere
com plied w it h, accor ding t o r esolut ion 196, issued in
1996, and appr ov ed by t he Ribeir ão Pr et o College of
Nu r sin g Rev iew Boar d.
Th e st u d y set t in g w as t h e Dep ar t m en t f or
Children and Adolescent s at Risk at t he Ribeirão Pret o
Social Care Secret ary, in São Paulo St at e, Brazil. The
D e p a r t m e n t h a s s e v e r a l p r o g r a m s a n d s e r v i c e s
dir ect ed t o childr en and adolescent s at per sonal and
social r isk : Social Car e, Mu n icipal Fin an cial Su ppor t
Pr ogr am for Fam ilies, Childr en and Adolescent s w it h
Mat er ial Needs; Welcom ing Fam ily; Subst it ut e Fam ily;
St r eet Pedagogy; Pr ogram for Child Wor k Eradicat ion;
So ci o - ed u cat i o n al Measu r e an d Assi st ed Fr eed o m ;
Child and Adolescent Vict im Cent er shelt er s ( CACAV) ;
an d t h e Tr av essia sh elt er. Th e st u dy w as lim it ed t o
analyzing one of t he public pr ogr am s - t he Pr ogr am a
de Apoio e Or ient ação Fam iliar ( PAOF) [ Pr ogr am for
Fa m i l y Su p p o r t a n d Gu i d a n ce ] , w h i ch a t t e n d s a n
aver age of 440 fam ilies ever y m ont h, w it h 995 childr en
a n d / o r a d o l e sce n t s w h o h a v e su f f e r e d d o m e st i c
v iolen ce, est ablish in g an av er age of 4 4 fam ilies per
t echnician, r egar ding new and/ or follow - up cases.
St u d y su b j ect s w er e all PAOF p r of ession als
and t heir adm inist r at or s, com pr ising 12 par t icipant s;
i . e., t h r ee ad m i n i st r at o r s, si x so ci al w o r k er s ( o n e
pr ofessional for t he Disque- Cr iança progr am [ a hot line
p r og r am ] ) , t w o p sy ch olog ist s an d on e occu p at ion al
t h er apist .
D a t a c o l l e c t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t t h r o u g h
s e m i s t r u c t u r e d i n t e r v i e w s a n d p a r t i c i p a t i v e
o b se r v a t i o n b y t h e r e se a r ch e r s a n d sch o l a r sh i p
-holding st udent s. This per m it t ed t o ex plor e t he dat a
r egar din g t h e in st it u t ion an d iden t if y elem en t s t h at
could denot e t he t y pe of car e being offer ed, as w ell
To e n s u r e d a t a p r i v a c y a n d s e c r e c y,
par t icipant s w er e ident ified t hr ough a let t er sy st em :
adm inist r at or s - C; social w or k er s - A; psy chologist s
- P; and occupat ional t herapist s - T.
Dat a analysis w as based on t he her m eneut
ic-dialect ic m et hod. This m et hod essent ially pr oposes a
confr ont at ion, w hich im plies t he ar t iculat ion bet w een
t h e m a t e r i a l o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s o c i a l w o r k e r s ’
st a t e m e n t s a n d o b se r v a t i o n , a l l i e d t o t h e so ci a l
inst it ut ion set t ings t hat com prise t he social know ledge
p r ocess, w it h a v iew t o p r ov id in g u n d er st an d in g of
t h e st a t em en t s a s a r esu l t o f a so ci a l k n o w l ed g e
pr ocess. Dat a w er e or der ed an d classif ied so as t o
b eco m e o p er a t i o n a l - r ea d i n g a n d r e- r ea d i n g t h e
collect ed m at erial and elaborat ing em pirical cat egories
based on t heor et ical foundat ions.
RESULTS AND DI SCUSSI ON
Th i s st u d y w a s b a sed o n t h e si t u a t i o n o f
d o m e s t i c v i o l e n c e c h i l d r e n a n d a d o l e s c e n t s a r e
e x p o se d t o a t h o m e a n d i n so ci a l sp a ce s i n o u r
com m u n it y. Ch ild r en an d ad olescen t s r eceiv e car e
f r om t h e pr ogr am f or f am ily su ppor t an d gu idan ce.
Th e sam e applies t o f am ilies f or w ar ded b y Tu t elar y
Co u n ci l s, Pr o m o t er s a n d Ju d g es o f t h e Ch i l d h o o d
Co u r t .
Th e p r o g r a m i s m a d e e f f e c t i v e t h r o u g h
individual and group care, offered t o fam ilies and child
a n d a d o l e sce n t v i ct i m s o f d o m e st i c, se x u a l , a n d
psychological violence, as w ell as vict im s of negligence
and abandonm ent . I n or der t o car r y out t he pr oposed
w or k , p r of ession als or g an ize t h e car e accor d in g t o
t he fam ily ’s r esidence locat ion. This m et hod aim s t o
det erm ine one reference professional for each region,
so as t o m ak e it possible for him or her t o becom e
f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e p o p u l a t i o n , p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e
inst it ut ions in t he w ork area, and, consequent ly, ot her
p r of ession als in v olv ed .
D u r i n g t h e f a m i l y f o l l o w - u p p e r i o d ,
pr ofessionals encour age t he fam ily ’s inser t ion in t he
com m unit y - count ing on a suppor t net w or k: day car e
c e n t e r s ; c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r s ; h e a l t h c a r e ;
p r o f e s s i o n a l i z i n g a c t i v i t i e s ; m i n i m a l i n c o m e ;
n u t r i t i o n a l s u p p o r t ; a n d o t h e r s . Gr o u p s m e e t
according t o t he fam ilies’ dem ands, aim ing t o include
t hem es r elat ed t o dom est ic v iolence, child educat ion,
f am ily an d con j u g al r elat ion sh ip s, ad olescen ce an d
d r u g s.
Thr ee em pir ical cat egor ies w er e ident ified in
t he st at em ent gr oups: “ lack of policy” , “ not com for t ing
because w as not com for t ed” and “ social car e” , w hich
cov er social w or k er s’ social r epr esent at ions r egar ding
t he car e t o child and adolescent v ict im s of dom est ic
v i ol en ce.
The em pir ical cat egor ies of t he dat a analy sis
p r o cess r ep r esen t t h e a u t h o r s’ r ef l ect i o n s o n t h e
social represent at ions of professionals involved in care
for child and adolescent vict im s of dom est ic violence.
These cat egor ies could offer elem ent s t hat cont r ibut e
t o int erpret t his phenom enon in social w orkers at ot her
organizat ions, governm ent al or not , w hich are insert ed
in t h e Br azilian ch ild an d ad olescen t p r og r am s an d
ser v ices, cont r ibut ing t o t he analy sis of t his pr ocess
o f i m p l e m e n t i n g / e v a l u a t i n g Ch i l d a n d Ad o l e sce n t
Car e Policies.
Lack of policies
Fam ilies and child and adolescent v ict im s of
d om est ic v iolen ce w h o r eceiv e car e f r om t h e PAOF
and ot her pr ogr am s and ser v ices of t he Depar t m ent
for Children and Adolescent s at Risk have a life realit y
char act er ized by t he sit uat ion of pover t y: t hey live in
p r e c a r i o u s h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d h a v e s e v e r a l
p r o b l e m s r e g a r d i n g n u t r i t i o n , u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d
educat ion ( par t icular ly school dr opout ) , as show n in
t he follow ing r epor t :
[ …] The result of a realit y, of an econom ic m odel t hat is
incr easingly excluding, especially r egar ding poor er fam ilies, and
due t o t he incr ease in unem ployed people in societ y, as w ell as
due t o t he issue of t he st r ong advent of dr ugs t r affic, especially
in big cit ies like Ribeir ão Pr et o ( C1) .
St udies about violence and it s causes indicat e
t h a t , a m o n g v a r i o u s f a ct o r s, u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d
p o v er t y ap p ear as r esp o n si b l e f o r f r u st r at i o n an d
st r ess, w hich, in t ur n, m ay lead t o abuse( 7, 10- 11). These au t h o r s al so n o t e t h at w o r k co n d i t i o n s sh o u l d b e
consider ed as fact or s t hat could incr ease st r ess and
per son al fr u st r at ion . Ex t en siv e w or k sh ift s an d r igid
discipline, am ong ot her s, appear as t he m ain causes
in t he aggr essor ’s pr ofile.
Re g a r d i n g Ri b e i r ã o Pr e t o , s o c i a l
c o n t r a d i c t i o n s d u e t o m i g r a t i o n , a s w e l l a s t h e
r edu ct ion in t h e r u r al popu lat ion du e t o t h e h igh er
c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n a g r o - i n d u st r i e s a n d t h e u se o f
t em p o r a r y w o r k , co m p r i se a set t i n g i n w h i ch t h e
populat ion t hat ar r iv es in t he cit y faces difficult ies t o
for t heir childr en. This set t ing, t hr oughout t he 1990s,
r esu lt ed in an in t en se pr ocess of det er ior at ed liv in g
co n d i t i o n s, esp eci al l y o n t h e o u t sk i r t s o f t h e ci t y,
w h er e social ex clu sion t ak es place.
“ [ …] for exam ple, for childr en w ho have not hing, it is
difficult t o set lim it s, because t he fam ily get s t ir ed. So, I t hink
t hat it is not j ust a life st or y, it is t he cur r ent st or y t hat par ent s
face. Because adolescent s w ho never have anyt hing, t hey don’t
have sneakers, t hey don’t have snacks, t hey don’t have t elevision,
it becom es har d on t he par ent s t o use ot her for m s t o set lim it s
because t hey have not hing else t o lose” ( P2) .
Geogr aph ical an d econ om ic st u dies in dicat e
t hat t he int erior of São Paulo St at e is one of t he m ost
developing areas in Brazil, receiving high invest m ent s
i n t e c h n o l o g y - i n t e n s i v e s e c t o r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e
St at e( 12). This econom ic developm ent of int erior cit ies, f or in st an ce, d u e t o in v est m en t s an d t ech n olog ical
diffusion in t he sugar and alcohol indust ry in t he case
of Ribeirão Pret o, have result ed in int ense urbanizat ion
and, due t o t he cit y’s m edium size, aggr avat ed social
in equ alit ies an d u r ban segr egat ion .
Th e con t r adict ion s in Ribeir ão Pr et o can be
ex plained by t he dist r ibut ion of r esour ces, w hich ar e
m o s t l y u s e d t o s a t i s f y t h e n e e d s o f h e g e m o n i c
b u si n esses an d t h e ci t y ’s h i g h er - cl ass p o p u l at i o n .
I n v e st m e n t s a n d t e ch n o l o g i ca l d i f f u si o n a r e n o t
i m p a r t i a l l y d i v i d e d , a n d t h u s r e su l t i n p r o b l e m s
concer ning t r anspor t at ion, com m unicat ion, elect r icit y
and basic social ser v ices. This cit y ’s adj ust m ent w as
du e t o t h e accu m u lat ion an d con cen t r at ion of lar ge
com panies in det r im ent of social int er est s.
Th er ef or e, t h e cit y h as por t r ay ed, ov er t h e
last decades, an in cr ease in social pr oblem s du e t o
t h e d i s s o n a n c e b e t w e e n e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l
ev olut ion, as show n in t he follow ing st at em ent :
“ ( …) t he cit y grows and problem s increase and children
and adolescent s becom e vict im s of t hat unor der ed developm ent
of our societ y” ( C2) .
Pu b l i c ca r e sp a ce s, i n t h i s co n t e x t , h a v e
alw ay s r eceiv ed a dem and fr om populat ion segm ent s
punished by povert y, holding a place in public policies
“ of ideological su bst it u t e f or t h e r et r act ion of basic
social policies”( 13).
Th i s p o l i c y h a s b e e n s t i g m a t i z i n g a n d
segm ent ing, since it div ides and labels childr en fr om
p oor social classes - n eed y, ab an d on ed , an t i- social
beh av ior, t r an sgr essor, delin qu en t - t h u s cr eat in g a
per v er se cir cle. The Child and Adolescent Car e Policy
st igm at izes an d is st igm at ized, sin ce it is con ceiv ed
as a place of poor for t he poor, an ideological space
pr esent in t he im aginat ion of m iddle- class and w ealt hy
fam ilies. I n t he follow ing st at em ent , t his sit uat ion is
clear ly ob ser v ed :
“ Middle and above m iddle class seek doct or offices.
This fam ily does not w ant t o be exposed in a m unicipal pr oj ect .
They alr eady go t o doct or offices” ( P3) .
I n su m m a r y, t h e set t i n g i n w h i ch ca r e i s
of f er ed t o ch ild an d adolescen t v ict im s of dom est ic
violence is a field w it h st rong resist ances from different
sect or s t h at act in op p osit ion t o r ecog n izin g social
r i g h t s. Th ese el em en t s i n d i cat e t h at t h ei r ch an g e
depend m ost ly on t he r elat ionship bet w een for ces t hat
result from t he various part icipat ion spaces - councils
- and t he inst it ut ional adm inist r at or s r esponsible for
im plem ent ing t he cur r ent legislat ion.
Not com for t ing because w as not com for t ed
Th i s e m p i r i c a l c a t e g o r y, p r e s e n t i n t h e
r e se a r ch su b j e ct s’ st a t e m e n t s, b r i n g s a b o u t t h e
aspect s of dom est ic violence as a cyclic charact erist ic
i n t h e i r h a p p e n i n g s . S o c i a l w o r k e r s ’ s o c i a l
r e p r e se n t a t i o n s, r e g a r d i n g t h e ca r e t o v i ct i m s o f
dom est ic violence, present as a result of t his sit uat ion
t he st at em ent of violence in t he fam ily m em ber s’ life
h i st o r y r e p o r t s: m o t h e r s, f a t h e r s, g r a n d p a r e n t s,
u n c l e s , a u n t s , a n d / o r r e s p o n s i b l e a d u l t s i n t h e
i n d i v i d u a l i n t er v i ew s a n d g r o u p w o r k b y t h e Ri sk
Dep ar t m en t .
“ Many t im es t hey ar e not aw ar e. The st or y happened,
but t hey don’t st op t o t hink t hat it is being r epeat ed, how it
happens, w hy t hey per m it t ed it , [ …] ( P1) . “ I t is, like, a cult ur al
issue [ …] , t hat people have of “ I got beat en for … I needed t he
beat ing” , “ childr en w ho ar e spanked ar e w ell- m anner ed” , “ t his
helps a lot in educat ion” , physical punishm ent , it is seen as a
benefit for educat ion” ( A5) .
The int er view ed social act or s, w ho w or k w it h
t h e car e p olicy, con st an t ly list en t o f am ilies r ep or t
t hat t he m ost appr opr iat e for m of educat ing t heir child
is “ t he nat ural and appr opr iat e” “ spanking pedagogy”,
ap p r ov ed b y t h e f am ily an d r eif ied in ou r cu lt u r e,
in t er n alized as an asy m m et r ical an d adu lt - cen t er ed
pow er r elat ionship( 10). The social hist or y of childhood h as sh ow n t h at t h er e is v iolen ce in h er en t in adu lt
-c h i l d i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , b a s e d o n t h e
pr esupposit ion of adult pow er ov er childr en.
Social w or k er s sh ou ld also pu t ECA an d it s
pr oposit ions int o pract ice. How ev er, a car eful r eading
o f t h e s t u d i e d a c t o r s ’ s t a t e m e n t s s h o w e d t h a t ,
m ult iple pr oblem and st r uct ur al issues, but t hey r epor t
t her e is not hing “ t hey can do”.
Social w or k er s h av e t h e r ole t o p er f or m a
m or e com pr ehensiv e act ion r egar ding legal sanct ion,
using efficacious t echniques inst ead of char it y and/ or
r epr ession. Thus, it is obser ved t hat t her e is a gr oup
o f n ew so ci al p r o f essi o n s t h at ar e n o t ex cl u si v el y
linked t o an inst it ut ion and have t heir act ions direct ed
t o t h e p o p u l a r l ev el s, esp eci a l l y a i m i n g a t i n f a n t
diseases, considering children at risk, as w ell as t hose
suffering dom est ic violence and delinquent children( 14). Social w orkers, w it hin t heir w ork w it h children,
adolescent s and t heir fam ilies, pr esent , int ent ionally
or n ot , t r aces, con cep t s an d id eas p r ev iou s t o t h e
Child and Adolescent St at ut e( 4). I t could be said t hat c h i l d a n d a d o l e s c e n t c a r e h a s b e e n i n f l u e n c e d ,
t hr oughout it s hist or y, by som e of t heses ideas, w hich,
due t o t he Br azilian social sit uat ion or t o t he scar ce
social in v est m en t s in Basic Social Policies, con t in u e
unt il t oday.
He n ce , i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t , d e sp i t e so ci a l
w or k er s hav ing a new inst r um ent al v iew of childr en
and adolescent s as subj ect s, t he social sit uat ion and
t he Public Policy for Social Care, as w ell as t he ot her
Care Policies, m old t heir w ay of act ing t ow ard children,
adolescent s and t heir fam ilies, lim it ing t heir possibilit y
of cr eat in g t h eir ow n cr eat iv e an sw er s t o ch ild an d
ad olescen t car e.
These cont r adict ions in child and adolescent
car e ar e n ot iced b y t h e st u d y su b j ect s, w h o h av e
at t em pt ed, st ar t in g f r om t h e im plem en t at ion of t h e
ser v ice, t o im pr ov e t heir pr ofessional qualificat ion so
a s t o a d d q u a l i t y t o t h e se r v i ce , p a r t i ci p a t i n g i n
s p e c i a l i z a t i o n a n d g r a d u a t e c o u r s e s i n p u b l i c
u n iv er sit ies.
Social car e
This em pirical cat egory is relat ed t o t he social
p r a ct i ces o f p r o f essi o n a l i n t er v en t i o n a n d , f i r st l y,
according t o t he social act or s’ st at em ent s, it expresses
t he car e t o child and adolescent v ict im s of dom est ic
violence, in t heir role as a channel for insert ing fam ilies
in t he social ar ea.
“ We per for m , like, social act ivit ies. Adolescent s w ho
don’t have a “ cool” life, m iddle- class like, who have never been t o
t he m ovies or t o t he m all, or t o a zoo, our pr oj ect offer s t hat kind
of support … We also respect , once a m ont h, t he m ont h birt hdays,
t h e f est iv e act iv it ies, t h r ou gh ou t t h e y ear , “ j u n in a” par t ies
[ folk lor ic ‘June fest iv al’] , Chr ist m as, Mot her ’s day , t he m ost
im por t ant com m em or at ions. Ther efor e, t her e is an educat ional
act ivit y, t he gr oup has at t ended a lect ur e about dr ugs at t he
arm y, a lect ure about dom est ic violence also t ook place at t he M.,
I invit ed t hem , also cult ural act ivit ies, we have been t o t he t heat er,
m ovies, t hat ’s it ” ( P3) .
Al t h o u g h t h e o f f i ci a l d o cu m e n t s f r o m t h e
Municipal Secr et ar y for Social Car e clear ly st at e each
p r o f e s s i o n a l ’ s a t t r i b u t i o n s - s o c i a l w o r k e r,
p s y c h o l o g i s t , o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t , n u r s e ,
pedagogue, and ot her s - t he dem ands fr om fam ilies
a n d t h ei r ch i l d r en em er g e r el a t ed t o b a si c so ci a l
act ion s, t h u s r eflect in g a “ social car e” t h at in clu des
t he fam ilies’ social needs and im posing specific lim it s
on PAOF’s pr ofession al act ion s.
Considering t he goals of st at e inst it ut ions, t he
lack of funds and qualified personnel, t he social issue
an d t h e r ole of St at e social ser v ice em ploy ees an d
user s, aft er pr om ulgat ing t he ECA, evade fr om act ion
and r ect ify t he pr oblem s of pr ogr am s cr eat ed befor e
t h e Ch i l d an d Ad ol escen t St at u t e, si n ce t h e St at e
r e a c h e s m o r e c h i l d r e n a n d a d o l e s c e n t s t h r o u g h
em er gency pr ogr am s or t hose for specific segm ent s,
aim ed at m inim izing t he sit uat ion of ext r em e pover t y
of it s low - incom e populat ion( 15).
These fam ilies’ claim s w er e obser v ed at t he
ser v ice cen t er door w ay, w h en on e fam ily “ t ells” t h e
o t h e r w h a t t h e y h a v e a ch i e v e d w i t h t h e se r v i ce ,
t h r ou g h r eq u est s d u r i n g p r i v at e i n t er v i ew s an d i n
gr ou p m eet in gs w it h par en t s/ r espon sible adu lt s an d
i n g r o u p m e e t i n g s w i t h a d o l e sce n t s. So m e t i m e s,
fam ilies seek t he special prot ect ion service j ust t o be
included in t he basic social ser v ice net w or k , such as
d ay car e cen t er s, com m u n it y cen t er s, p r of ession al
ed u cat ion p r og r am s, sch ools, sp or t s act iv it ies an d
ot hers. This service, due t o it s special charact erist ics,
has gained pr ior it y in t he cit y’s pr im ar y car e net w or k,
becom ing m ore accessible for t he inclusion of children
a n d a d o l escen t s a n d t h ei r f a m i l i es i n t h e sev er a l
m u n icipal pr ogr am s an d ser v ices.
I t should also be r em inded t hat t his ser v ice
giv es access t o social in com e ben ef it s, su ch as t h e
f o o d - ca r d , m i n i m u m i n co m e p r o g r a m , m u n i ci p a l
pr ogr am for childr en and adolescent s depr iv ed fr om
social r esou r ces.
“ This m ot her , so she can also t ake t his gir l, she’ll have
t o st ay in t he Car e Pr ogr am because she doesn’t have financial
condit ions t o pay for t ransport at ion t o t he psychology care service.
So, we see t hat only a m ore com prehensive care in every area, at
t he exact m om ent of t he fam ily’s needs, would ease t his sit uat ion”
He n ce , si n ce t h e St a t e d o e s n o t p r o v i d e
u n i v e r s a l s o c i a l p r o g r a m s a n d s e r v i c e s , s p e c i a l
gover nm ent al car e becom es a pr ivilege of few , w hich
opens t he door s for client pat r onage. Pr ofessionals in
“ social car e” of t en “ scr een ” clien t s f or t h e p r im ar y
p u b l i c n e t w o r k , w h o se si t u a t i o n i s a p r i o r i t y a n d
“ d eser v es” t h e v acan cy, w h ich can also b e d en ied
depending on t he public ser vice, like day care cent er s.
Th e r e f o r e , i n s o m e c a s e s , t h i s s e g m e n t o f t h e
popu lat ion depen ds on social w or k er s t o h av e t h eir
basic social needs m et .
Th e so ci al w o r k er s at t h e D ep ar t m en t f o r
Ch i l d a n d A d o l e s c e n t a t Ri s k , a t e c h n i c a l t e a m
b e l o n g i n g t o t h e St a t e , a r e r e q u i r e d t o a t t e n d a
r e s t r a i n e d d e m a n d o f t h e c i t y ’ s p r o b l e m s a n d ,
despit e t h e pr ior it y t o in clu de fam ilies in basic social
s e r v i c e s , i t i s n o t a l w a y s p o s s i b l e t o r e s p o n d
sat i sf act o r i l y. Th e t eam w or k s as a p al l i at i v e, b u t
n ot alw ay s ef f ect iv e, solu t ion f or t h e clien t s’ d aily
p r o b l e m s . Pr o f e s s i o n a l s , i n t h i s s e n s e , b e c o m e
com pen sat ion in st r u m en t s du e t o t h e lack of social
g u a r a n t ees a n d ev en t h e p u b l i c ser v i ce st r u ct u r e
w h ich it is lin k ed t o.
Wit h “ social care”, t he St at e assum es t hat t he
p o p u l a t i o n e x p e r i e n ce s v i o l e n ce o n a n e v e r y d a y
b asi s, b y cr eat i n g p r o g r am s f o r car e t o ch i l d an d
adolescent v ict im s of dom est ic v iolence, but ex t ends
t he individual or fam ily flaw s, as an explanat or y m odel
t o j ust ify t his violence. I t is evident , unt il t his m om ent ,
t h at social w or k er s’ social r ep r esen t at ion r eg ar d in g
ca r e t o ch i l d a n d a d o l e sce n t v i ct i m s o f d o m e st i c
v iolen ce is a r ef lect ion of t h e h ist or ical an d social
ev er y d ay / r ealit y t h ey w or k in . How ev er, in v iew of
t h e m acr o - st r u ct u r al i ssu es, t h ey t en d t o assu m e
p sy ch olog ical con cep t s, r ed u cin g v iolen ce t o social
p r o ce sse s a n d p h e n o m e n a co n ce r n i n g i n d i v i d u a l
b eh av ior.
Fr om t h is per spect iv e, it is n ot iced t h at , in
or der t o pr ov ide access t o a pr ogr am f or ch ild an d
adolescent v ict im s of dom est ic v iolence, som e cr it ical
p o i n t s sh o u l d b e o v e r co m e : so ci a l a n d e co n o m i c
condit ions of childr en, adolescent s and fam ilies w ho
su f f er dom est ic v iolen ce, f ocu sin g on t h e in div idu al
p r o b l e m o f t h e i ssu e , e m p h a si zi n g t h e p o l i t i ca l ,
e co n o m i c, cu l t u r a l a n d so ci a l co n t e x t s i n w h i ch
v iolen ce em er g es, cir cu lat es an d f eed s it self ; lack
o f p o l i t i c a l w i l l t o c r e a t e a n d m a n a g e s e r v i c e s
c o m m i t t e d t o a c o h e r e n t p l a n t o c o m b a t a n d
d ism an t le v iolen ce.
FI NAL CONSI DERATI ONS
Th e h i st o r i cal an d so ci al d et er m i n at i o n o f
ch i l d a n d a d o l escen t p r o t ect i o n ser v i ces i n Br a zi l
ev i d en ces h o w t h e so ci o eco n o m i c r eal i t y i n h er en t
t o class societ ies h as gen er at ed t h e social ch ild an d
a d o l e sce n t i ssu e a n d m o l d e d ca r e p r o g r a m s a n d
ser v ices f or specif ic gr ou ps of t h is popu lat ion . Th is
obser v at ion con t in u es ch allen gin g gov er n m en t s an d
so ci et y as a w h o l e, i n t h e q u est f o r so l u t i o n s f o r
t h i s s e g m e n t , c h i l d r e n a n d a d o l e s c e n t s : o n t h e
st r e e t ; a t w o r k ; a b a n d o n e d ; a b u se d ; e x p l o i t e d ;
p o o r.
Th e c r e a t i o n a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e
s p e c i a l p r o t e c t i o n s y s t e m r e c o m m e n d e d b y t h e
ECA , i n Ri b e i r ã o Pr e t o , t h r o u g h p r o g r a m s a n d
s y s t e m s f o r c a r e t o “ p e r s o n a l a n d s o c i a l r i s k
sit u at ion s” w er e su ccessf u l in m ov in g r ig h t v iolat ion
d en u n ciat ion s, ag ain st ch ild r en an d ad olescen t , as
s h o w n i n t h e s e r v i c e a n a l y s i s . H o w e v e r, a n
i n t e g r a t e d a n d a r t i c u l a t e d g r o u p o f a c t i o n s i s
n e e d e d i n s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , l e g a l ,
t h e r a p e u t i c a n d p o l i c e d o m a i n s i n t h e s h o r t ,
m ed i u m a n d l o n g t er m s, r eg a r d i n g p r ev en t i o n a s
w e l l a s d e n u n c i a t i o n , d e f e n s e , v i c t i m c a r e a n d
a g g r e sso r ch a r g e s.
T h e S t a t e s h o u l d g i v e p r i o r i t y t o t h e
im p lem en t at ion of ot h er ch ild an d ad olescen t car e
policies, such as Basic Social Policies and Social Car e
Po l i c i e s , s i n c e t h e y a d d r e s s e s s e n t i a l h u m a n
dev elopm ent needs. This pr oposal per m it s t o br oaden
t h e s p a c e f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k t o w a r d s a n e w
p a r a d i g m , a l o v i n g ch i l d cu l t u r e , w i t h e q u i t a b l e
r elat ion sh ip s an d b ased on t h e g u ar an t ee of t h eir
r i g h t s. Th e cu r r e n t cu l t u r a l p r o ce sse s sh o u l d b e
r ev iew ed, as w ell as t h e cu r r en t social con t ex t an d
p r o g r a m s.
Social w or k er s, t her efor e, should dir ect t heir
w or k at cit izen sh ip an d d em ocr acy w h en act in g on
t h e social ch ild an d adolescen t issu e an d r egar din g
t h e h eg em on ic cu lt u r al v alu es in ou r societ y. Th is
“ fight ” is not of a sect or ial policy, r at her, it concer ns
ev er y su b j ect com p r isin g social p olicies. Mor eov er,
car e t o dom est ic v iolence should be founded on t he
n e t w o r k co n n e ct i n g h e a l t h a n d e d u ca t i o n a ct o r s,
s o c i a l w o r k e r s , N GOs a n d l e g a l o p e r a t o r s . Th i s
in t er sect or ial, m u lt id iscip lin ar y d ialog u e sh ou ld b e
founded on t he locat ion’s hist or ical- social cont ex t and
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