LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE Abbreviations
ISO International Organization for Standardization TIT Turbine Inlet Temperature
TIC Turbine Inlet Cooling
Symbols Units
Cp 6SHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUH [kJ/kg°C]
COP &RHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHU [-]
LHV /RZHUIXHOKHDWYDOXH [kJ/kg]
h 6SHFL¿FHQWKDOS\ [kJ/kg]
HR Heat rate >N-N:K@
mǜ 0DVVÀRZUDWH >NJV@
P 3UHVVXUH [Pa]
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Qǜ +HDWWUDQVIHUUDWH [kW]
r &RPSUHVVRUSUHVVXUHUDWLR [-]
T Temperature [°C]
Tb 'U\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUH [°C]
Tw Wet-bulb temperature [°C]
Wǜ Power output [MW]
SFC 6SHFL¿FIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ >NJN:K@
Analysis of Gas Turbine Performance with Inlet Air Cooling
Techniques Applied to Brazilian Sites
Ana Paula Santos1, Cláudia R. Andrade2,*
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Keywords:*DVWXrbLQHTXrbLQHLQOHWFRROLQJT,C(YDpRrDWLYHFRROLQJChLOOHrDbVRrpWLRQ
İ (YDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJHIIHFWLYHQHVV [-]
I 5HODWLYHKXPLGLW\ [-]
Ȗ 6SHFL¿FKHDWUDWLR [-]
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Ȧ 6SHFL¿FKXPLGLW\ [kgwater/kgair]
Subscripts
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CL Cooling load
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in Input
N Net
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T Total
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w water
INTRODUCTION
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
ISO Conditions: T = 15 °C
I= 60 %
TIT = 1385 K Heat rate Power output
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
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TIT = 1385 K I= 60%
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
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TIT = 1385 K H= 0.90
I= 18% I= 60% Base-case
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0
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Intake temperature[°C]
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Intake temperature[°C]
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
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Intake temperature[°C]
25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
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TIT = 1385 K
I= 60 % COP = 7.0 COP = 4.5 COP = 2.0
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Intake temperature [°C]
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
34.5 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0
Po
w
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tp
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t
[M
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TIT = 1385 K COP = 4.5
I= 18% I= 60%
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Ma
s
s
flo
w
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[k
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ma= 141.16 kg/s
TET = 1385 °C
I= 18%
Evaporative cooling:H= 0.90 Absorption chiller Mechanical chiller: COP = 4.5
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
C
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in
g
load
[M
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TIT = 1385 K I= 18 %
Mechanical chiller: COP = 4.5 Absorption chiller Evaporative cooling:H= 0.90
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Table 2. *HRJUDSKLFVLWHV
Site &DPSRV5-%UD]LO *RLkQLD*2%UD]LO
$OWLWXGH>P@ 25.0
Latitude [°]
Longitude [°] - 41.34
3UHVVXUH>N3D@ 101.25
&DPSRV LV D FRDVW FLW\ ZLWK KLJKHU DYHUDJH PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUHVRFFXUULQJGXULQJWKHVXPPHUPRQWKV& LQ'HFHPEHUWR0DUFKDQGORZHURQHVRFFXUULQJLQ-XQHWR
$XJXVWa&DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KHDYHUDJHUHODWLY
-LW\KXPLGLW\OHYHOLVKLJKGXULQJDOO\HDUUHDFKLQJDOPRVW LQ$SULO)LJ
2QWKHRWKHUKDQG*RLkQLDLVDSODQQHGFLW\ORFDWHGDW WKH FHQWUDO UHJLRQ RI WKH %UD]LO ZLWK PD[LPXP DYHUDJH
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Po
w
e
r
o
u
tput
[M
W
]
TIT = 1385 K I= 18% Evaporative cooling: Absorption chiller
Compression chiller: COP = 4.5 Base case
H= 0.90
)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHJDVWXUELQHSRZHURXWSXWIRU HDFKVLPXODWHGFRROLQJWHFKQLTXHV
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [°C]
25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0
Th
e
rma
l
e
ff
ic
ie
n
c
y
[%
]
TIT = 1385 K I= 18 % Evaporative cooling: Absorption chiller
Compression chiller: COP = 4.5 Base-case
H= 0.90
)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHJDVWXUELQHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\ IRUHDFKVLPXODWHGFRROLQJWHFKQLTXHV
27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0
Months
DEC OCT SEP AUG JUL JUN MAY
APR NOV
MAR FEB JAN
Ambient temperature [°C]
)LJXUH &DPSRV¶VVLWHPRQWKO\DYHUDJHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUH RFFXUUHGRYHU\HDUV
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
DEC NOV OCT SEP AUG JUL JUN MAY APR MAR FEB JAN
Relative humidity [
%
]
Months
WHPSHUDWXUHV&RFFXUULQJGXULQJ$XJXVWWR2FWREHU )RUWKHRWKHUPRQWKVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLVLQWKH& UDQJHDVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ'LIIHUHQWO\RI&DPSRVFLW\ WKLVVLWHKDVORZHUDYHUDJHUHODWLYLW\KXPLGLW\OHYHOV)LJ )RUH[DPSOHWKHFROOHFWHGYDOXHLQ$XJXVWZDVDURXQG DJDLQVWREWDLQHGIRUWKH&DPSRV¶VVLWH7KLVIDFWZLOOEH LPSRUWDQWZKHQWKHFRROLQJPHWKRGVZLOOEHWHVWHGPDLQO\IRU WKHHYDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJZKLFKLVVWURQJO\GHSHQGHQWIURPWKH UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\OHYHO
$VWKHZDWHUUHVHUYRLUVOHYHOXVXDOO\GHFUHDVHVIURP-XO\WR 'HFHPEHULQWKHVHJHRJUDSKLFVLWHVWKHK\GURSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQ DOVR LV UHGXFHG &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH %UD]LOLDQ DJHQF\ QDPHG OpHraGRr NaFiRnaOGR SiVWHma (OpWriFR216GHWHUPLQHVWKH WKHUPDOSRZHUSODQWRSHUDWLRQGXULQJWKLVSHULRG$WWKLVFRQWH[W WKHLQFUHPHQWDOHOHFWULFHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQDQGDQDQDO\VLVRIWKH HOHFWULFLW\FRVWZLOOEHKHUHLQFRQGXFWHGRQO\IRUWKHVHFRQG VHPHVWHURYHUFLWHGPHWHRURORJLFDOGDWD
)LJXUHDQG)LJSUHVHQWWKHLQFUHPHQWDOHOHFWULF HQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQSURYLGHGZKHQWKHFRROLQJPHWKRGVDUH
LQFOXGHG IRU WKH &DPSRV DQG *RLkQLD ORFDWLRQV UHVSHF
-WLYHO\1RWLFHWKDWWKHVHYDOXHVUHSUHVHQWHQKDQFHPHQWLQ UHODWLRQWRWKHHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQSURGXFHGE\WKHJDVWXUELQH ZLWKRXWDQ\FRROLQJ
(PSOR\LQJUHVXOWVRIHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGLQSUHYL
-RXVOLWHUDWXUHZRUNV$O,EUDKLPDQG9DUQKDP'H/XFLD
HW aO*DUHWDHW aODQHFRQRPLFVWXG\ZDVDOVR
SHUIRUPHGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRVWRIDGGLWLRQDOGHYLFHV DVVRFLDWHGZLWKHDFKFRROLQJPHWKRG%HVLGHVWKHVWDWLRQDU\ SRZHUJHQHUDWLRQV\VWHPLVH[SHFWHGWRKDYHDKLJKXWLOL]DWLRQ IDFWRULHWKLVV\VWHPLVDVVXPHGWRRSHUDWHKRXUVSHUGD\ GD\VSHU\HDUUHVXOWLQJLQKRXUVSHU\HDU
7KXVWKHWRWDOLQFUHPHQWDODQQXDOHQHUJ\XQLWFRVWKDG EHHQ FRPSXWHG LQ &DPSRV DQG *RLkQLD FRQVLGHULQJ WKH IROORZLQJFRQWULEXWLRQVFDSLWDOFRVWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHDFKLQOHW DLUFRROLQJPHWKRGRSHUDWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH2 0¿[HG DQGYDULDEOHFRVWVDQGLQFUHPHQWDOIXHOFRVWV7DEOHSUHVHQWV WKHLQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQFRPSXWHGE\VXP RIWKHPRQWKO\FRQWULEXWLRQSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJDQG)LJ
29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0
Months
DEC OCT
SEP AUG JUL JUN MAY
APR NOV
MAR FEB JAN
Ambient temperature [°C]
)LJXUH *RLkQLD¶VVLWHPRQWKO\DYHUDJHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUH RFFXUUHGRYHU\HDUV
DEC NOV OCT SEP AUG JUL JUN MAY APR MAR FEB JAN
Months
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Relative humidity [%]
)LJXUH *RLkQLD¶V VLWH 0RQWKO\ DYHUDJH UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ RFFXUUHGRYHU\HDUV
Evaporative cooling: = 0.90 Absorption chiller Mechanical chiller: COP = 4.5
DEC OUT
SEP AUG
JUL NOV
Months
0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 3,600 4,000 4,400
Incremental electric energy generation [MWh]
)LJXUH &DPSRV¶V VLWH PRQWKO\ LQFUHPHQWDO HOHFWULF HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQSURYLGHGE\WKHWHVWHGFRROLQJPHWKRGV
0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 3,600 4,000 4,400 4,800 5,200
Mounths
DEC OUT
SEP AUG
JUL NOV
Evaporative cooling: = 0.90 Absorption chiller Mechanical chiller: COP = 4.5
Incremental electric energy generation [MWh]
IXHOFRVWDQGWRWDOHQHUJ\XQLWFRVWREWDLQHGIRU&DPSRVDQG *RLkQLD¶VVLWHVHPSOR\LQJWKHWKUHHVWXGLHGFRROLQJPHWKRGV 7KH HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ SURYLGHV PRQWKO\ DXJPHQWHG HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ OHVVHU WKDQ 0:K IRU &DPSRV¶V VLWH )LJ UHVXOWLQJ LQ D DQQXDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI DERXW 0:KDVVKRZQLQWKHWKLUGFROXPQRI7DEOH7KH DEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUV\VWHPSURGXFHGFORVHWRIRXUWLPHVPRUH HOHFWULFHQHUJ\WKDQWKHSRZHUSODQWZLWKHYDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJ V\VWHPa0:K)RUWKHPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHUPHWKRG WKH\HDUO\LQFUHPHQWDOHOHFWULFHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQLVDURXQG 0:KLQWKH&DPSRVVLWH7DEOHWKLUGFROXPQGXH WRSRZHUH[WUDFWLRQIURPWKHJDVWXUELQHWRGULYHWKHYDSRU FRPSUHVVLRQHTXLSPHQW
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG )LJ VKRZV WKDW WKH LQFUHPHQWDO PRQWKO\HOHFWULFHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQDW*RLDQLD¶VVLWHLVKLJKHU WKDQ&DPSRVFLW\)LJZKHQWKHHYDSRUDWLYHV\VWHPLV HPSOR\HGGXHWRWKHORZHUUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RFFXUUHGDWWKH ¿UVWVLWH$OWKRXJKWKLVFRROLQJPHWKRGRIIHUVWKHORZHVWWRWDO
HQHUJ\XQLWFRVW7DEOHWKHHYDSRUDWLYHRSWLRQKDVDQLQIH
-ULRUFDSDFLW\RILQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQZKHQ FRPSDUHGZLWKWKHRWKHUWZRFRROLQJPHWKRGV
5HVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW IRU ERWK ORFDWLRQV WKH EHVW FRRO
-LQJRSWLRQLVWKHDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUV\VWHPZKLFKSURYLGHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\DVXSHULRUYDOXHRIWKHLQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDO HQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQDQGDORZHQHUJ\XQLWFRVWLQFRPSDULVRQ ZLWKPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHUPHWKRG
CONCLUSIONS
7KHYDULDWLRQRIWKHDPELHQWDLUWHPSHUDWXUHVKRZHGWKDWDW ,62FRQGLWLRQVDQLQFUHDVHRI&LQWKHLQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUH JHQHUDWHVDUHGXFWLRQRILQWKHJDVWXUELQHSRZHURXWSXW DQGRILQWKHF\FOHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\)LJ7KHVH UHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDW7,&WHFKQRORJLHVDUHSULPRUGLDOWRHQVXUH
WKHJDVWXUELQHORDGFDSDFLW\HYHQDWVHYHUHDPELHQWFRQGLWLRQV 7KHHYDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJPHWKRGSURYLGHGDOLPLWHGWHPSHUDWXUH GURSEHFDXVHLWGHSHQGVRQWKHDPELHQWZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUH ZKLOHWKHFKLOOHUV\VWHPVRIIHUDODUJHFRROLQJHIIHFW)LJ ,QRUGHUWRSHUIRUPDFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQHYDSRUDWLYHDQG FKLOOHUFRROLQJV\VWHPVWKHJDVWXUELQHSHUIRUPDQFHZDVWHVWHG XQGHUGLIIHUHQWRSHUDWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH
DQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\$WT0 &DQGI WKH%DVH
&DVHZLWKRXWFRROLQJJLYHVDSRZHURXWSXWRI0: )LJ $Q LQFUHPHQW RI 0: LV REWDLQHG ZKHQ WKH HYDSRUDWLYHLVXVHG2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHSRZHURXWSXWLV DXJPHQWHGLQ0:DQG0:IRUWKHPHFKDQLFDODQG DEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUV\VWHPVUHVSHFWLYHO\
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRREVHUYHWKDWDQ\FRROLQJV\VWHPUHTXLUH DGGLWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWV)RUH[DPSOHWKHDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHU QHHGVDKHDWUHFRYHU\GHYLFHWRXWLOL]HWKHJDVH[KDXVWHQHUJ\ +RZHYHUWKHVHDGGHGFRPSRQHQWVSUHVHQWDQLQIHULRUFRVW ZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKDODUJHVLPSOHF\FOHJDVWXUELQHHQJLQH 1DMMDU
7KXVWKHEHVWFRROLQJDOWHUQDWLYHPXVWWDNHLQWRDFFRXQW VHYHUDOIDFWRUVDVJDVWXUELQHSDUDPHWHUVSRZHUSODQWLQVWDOOHG
FDSDFLW\ORDGRSHUDWLRQW\SHVLWHORFDWLRQFOLPDWLFFRQGL
-WLRQVGHVLUHGFRROLQJSRWHQWLDODQGHFRQRPLFIHDVLELOLW\$W WKLVFRQWH[WWKLVZRUNVKRZHGWKDWFRQVLGHULQJWZRVSHFL¿HG %UD]LOLDQ¶VVLWHDQGHFRQRPLFIHDWXUHVWKHDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHU SUHVHQWHGKLJKHULQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQZLWK DORZHUXQLWHQHUJ\FRVW
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Table 3. IQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOJDVWXUELQHSDUDPHWHUV
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REFERENCES
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