Ficaremos mais restritos à especifi cação do álcool ani- dro, componente da gasolina C, gasolina vendida ao consumidor, da ordem de 25%. As especifi cações são de- fi nições técnicas preparadas por partes interessadas, em consenso, transparência, sob égide de organização, nor- matização e adotadas voluntariamente.
As especifi cações da ASTM são eminentemente vo- luntárias. É um consenso. Elas podem ser mandatórias por contratos fi rmados entre as partes. Por isso, é muito importante estar atento ao tipo de contrato. A especifi - cação válida é a da entrega e não a da origem. A parte de transporte e logística precisa ser garantida.
A ANP, com atribuições legais, nas suas portarias, referencia uma determinada tabela de propriedade, que passa a ser mandatória. Nos Estados Unidos há alguns órgãos, por exemplo, o EPA, que legisla e cria a especifi - cação a partir de uma ASTM.
Os combustíveis são elementos do processo de enge- nharia do projeto dos motores dos veículos. A escolha dos materiais (metálicos, poliméricos etc.), a especifi cação do combustível, os limites de calibração, de otimização etc.
visam um desempenho principalmente nas emissões.
O combustível também é parte integrante do sistema de garantia de qualidade no caso dos produtores de veí- culos. Não adianta um veículo usar um combustível não conforme e depois reclamar. O fabricante cumpre com a exigência de usar um combustível em conformidade.
Para os produtores, a defi nição das propriedades do combustível é fator fundamental, porque:
Efetiva o atendimento de uma legislação;
Orienta a escolha de processo de produção mais adequado;
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SÃO PAULO ETHANOL SUMMIT 2007
look back on us as the providers of safe, renewable and economic fuels.
We have been involved in this debate of ethanol versus gasoline for 28 years. The former is much cleaner, with little greenhouse gas eff ect, high power and lower cost. In 1989, I made the fi rst ethanol-powered fl ight. In the nineties, we began to develop biodiesel. We made the fi rst certifi ca- tions of a Lycoming machine. We certifi ed the Cessna 152 in 1996, and the Pawnee in 2000.
Frequently, I argue with engineers over the lower densi- ty due to the high vaporization, but Brazil developed more power in ethanol. I began to fl y in 1980 with hydrated etha- nol, because anhydrous was not available. The diff erence in energy between them is small. The percentages of water reached 15% in my fi rst fl ights. We work with 20% biodiesel in ETBE. Our test base has been the Dominican Republic, at the so called Green Airport, with a group called LPAG. We have a training and apprenticeship program in aerial sci- ence with scientist pilots.
Thank you.
Pedro Buzatto Costa
The ABNT was created in 1940. It is a private non profi t or- ganization, recognized by the Brazilian government as a national standardization body. It is a founding member of ISO, of Copant and of the Mercosul Standardization Asso- ciation, and has been associated to IEC since its foundation.
It is a signatory to WTOTBN, Agriman, the good practices code for standardization.
Our resources come from contributions from our as- sociates. The ABNT has 1,132 members and 85 direct em- ployees. We have 2,788 meetings and 25,041 participants.
We have developed 9,600 standards, 423 published and revised, 5,200 published.
ABNT’s mission is to provide the standards that society needs, via systematic and consolidated knowledge. We do this by publishing standards documents which permit the production, sale and use of merchandise and services, in a competitive and a sustainable manner, in the domestic and external markets, so contributing to scientifi c and techno- logical development and protection of the consumer.
ABNT represents Brazil at meetings of international regional committees and cooperates with institutions of similar organizations. In reality, standards are prepared in the study commissions, and we need the participation of businessmen.
ABNT does not set standards. Rather, ABNT endeavors that standards set within the principles that rule an institu- tion which works by consensus. It would be impossible to imagine the work of ABNT in standardization, without be- ing intimately connected to Inmetro.
The process of standardization starts with a request on the part of those interested in a standard. The study com-
mission should be comprised of producers, consumers, re- tailers, science, academics and the government. Balance is needed to avoid distortions.
The standard is voluntary, and its adoption is not oblig- atory, but when we enter into a commercial dispute, its ex- istence is almost natural to the business. The more diffi cult and disputed the market is, the greater the requirement for the product to meet agreed standards.
The fi rst idea of quality of a product is to meet the cli- ent’s expectations, as translated in the standard. It is easier to be met when there is responsibility and affi rmation that the product compiles with the standards.
When we arrive at a gas station to fi ll up the car, wheth- er with gasoline or ethanol, my concern is that the fuel is in accord with existing standards. Without conditions to make this kind of evaluation ourselves, our salvation lies in the document from the certifying organ, after having been accredited by Inmetro.
Today, standardization enters in all sectors of the econ- omy (fruit, leather, meat and cuts). The goal is to make the national businessman aware of the necessity for stan- dards, for his participation, so that we have force when we are overseas and participate in international meetings. It avoids elements of discrimination against our products, based on requirements on sustainability, environment and social responsibility.
Thank you.
Sérgio Antonio Monteiro Fontes
I shall speak more specifi cally about the specifi cation of anhydrous ethanol, a component in the order of 25% of gasoline C, which is the gasoline sold to the consumer. The specifi cations are technical defi nitions prepared by inter- ested parties, in consensus, transparency, under the aegis of organization, standardization.
The specifi cations of ASTM are eminently voluntary. It is a consensus. But they maybe be mandatory for contracts signed between parties. For this, it is very important to be alert to the type of contract. The valid specifi cation is that of delivery and not the origin. The part of transport and lo- gistics needs to be guaranteed.
The ANP exercises its legal attributions through its de- crees. It can establish as a reference a determined property table, which becomes mandatory. In the United States there are some organs, for example, the EPA, that legislates and creates the specifi cation based on an ASTM standard.
Fuels are elements of the engineering process of de- signing vehicle engines. The choice of materials (metals, polymers etc.), the fuel specifi cation, the calibration limits, optimization etc are all geared to seeking a specifi c level of performance, mainly in the emissions.
Fuel is also an integral part of the quality guarantee system in the case of vehicle producers. It is no good us-
Fornece um combustível dentro de certas caracte- rísticas;
Opera uma unidade de processo de maneira rentável.
A primeira especifi cação de etanol foi baseada em produtos farmacêuticos. Depois, houve um trabalho na década de oitenta, de testes, com o Ministério de Indús- tria e Comércio, a Secretaria de Tecnologia Industrial, produtores de veículos e de petróleo. Foi estabelecida uma especifi cação com as propriedades mais importan- tes para o desempenho do etanol nos veículos.
A infl uência da propriedade do etanol na qualidade da gasolina está dividida em dois tipos:
Intrínseca ao etanol, de alterar a qualidade da gasolina, no que diz respeito à octanagem, vola- tilidade, estabilidade da oxidação, estabilidade da mistura, formação de depósito;
Ligada à qualidade do etanol, que seriam os te- ores de etanol, cobre, enxofre e fósforo, acidez, pH, combustibilidade elétrica, a parte de ataque de oxidação, de corrosão, e também o grau de hi- dratação. O grau de hidratação e a estabilidade da mistura estão elencados.
Conforme a propriedade da gasolina base, quando o etanol é adicionado, pode haver um maior ou um
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menor incremento na octanagem. Da mesma forma, cada nafta misturada para ser formada a gasolina tem uma reação diferente. No que diz respeito à volatili- dade, a curva de destilação não é muito sensível em termos de desempenho. A adição do etanol aumenta a pressão de vapor de acordo com a composição da gaso- lina. E quanto à oxidação, corrosão, presença de cobre e enxofre, acidez, a depósitos nos motores, ao uso de aditivo, à temperatura e concentração de etanol? A Pe- trobras, conhecedora dessas questões, além de trading
company, presta serviços e assessoramento aos paísesimportadores e às companhias de petróleo, na formu- lação de gasolina.
Embora a adição de etanol à gasolina altere algumas propriedades, isso não é um impeditivo para uso de mis- tura etanol-gasolina. Usamos no Brasil há muitos anos. A Petrobras tem uma grande experiência de uso de mistura e transfere essa experiência para os seus clientes. As espe- cifi cações atuais de etanol anidro e do hidratado podem ser consideradas como referência mundial. E também é importante lembrar que o custo de um ensaio não pode ser justifi cativa para retirada de uma propriedade da es- pecifi cação. Isso é muito pouco.
Obrigado.
ing a non compliant fuel and complaining afterwards. The manufacturer compiles with the requirement to use a com- pliance fuel.
For fuel producers, the defi nition of fuel properties is fundamental, because it means they can:
Comply with legislation;
Choose the most suitable production process;
Establish the required investments;
Supply a fuel within certain characteristics; and Operate a processing unit in a profi table manner.
The fi rst specifi cation for ethanol was based on phar- maceutical products. Afterwards, testing and work was done in the eighties involving the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the Secretary of Industrial Technology and pro- ducers of vehicles and petroleum. A specifi cation was es- tablished with the most important properties for the per- formance of ethanol in vehicles.
The infl uence of the property of ethanol in the quality of gasoline is divided into two types:
Properties intrinsic to ethanol for altering the qual- ity of the gasoline in terms of octane rating, volatility, oxidation stability, mixture stability, and formation of deposits;
Properties connected to the quality of ethanol, for ex- ample the content of copper, sulfur and phosphorus, acidity, pH, electrical combustibility, oxidation attack,
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corrosion, and also the degree of hydration. The degree of hydration and the stability of the mixture are linked.
Depending on the properties of the gasoline base, to which the ethanol is added, there may be a greater or lesser increase in the octane rating. In the same way, all naphtha that goes to make gasoline has a diff erent reaction. In re- spect of the volatility, the distillation curve is not very sen- sitive in terms of performance. The addition of ethanol in- creases the vapor pressure according to the composition of the gasoline. What about oxidation, corrosion, presence of copper and sulfur, acidity, deposits in the engines, the use of additives, the temperature and concentration of etha- nol? Petrobras has good knowledge of these questions. As well as being a trading company, it supplies services and consultancy to importing countries and the petroleum companies, in the formulation of gasoline.
Although the addition of ethanol to gasoline alters some properties, this is not an impediment to the use of the ethanol-gasoline mixture. We have used it in Brazil for many years. Petrobras has great experience in the use of the mixture and transfers this experience to its clients. The current specifi cations of anhydrous and hydrated ethanol may be considered as a world reference. It is also important to remember that the cost of a test may not be a reason to remove a property from the specifi cation. This is very little.
Thank you.
Presidente da mesa
Chairman
Luiz Horta Nogueira
Professor Titular do Instituto de Recursos Naturais da Unifei – Universidade Federal de Itajubá Professor of Unifei – Federal University of Itajubá, Brazil
Palestrantes
Speakers
Rodrigo Augusto Rodrigues
Subchefe-Adjunto da Casa Civil da Presidência da República, Coordenador da Comissão Executiva Interministerial do Biodiesel
Adviser for Analysis and Following up Government Policies; Biodiesel Federal Program Coordinator
Donato A. G. Aranda
Professor de Engenharia Química da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Ganhador do Prêmio Finep de Inovação Tecnológica
Professor of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
Ingo Melchers
Coordenador do Componente Combate à Desertifi cação do Programa Nordeste da GTZ (Cooperação Técnica Alemã), sediado em Recife, Pernambuco
Coordinator of the “Combate à Desertifi cação”
Component on the Nordeste Project of GTZ (German Agency for Technological Cooperation), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil