Pyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria

(1)

! ["]

# $ $ # %

[&] '

# % ()* ()* (²

[) () '

' %

[+],

&()- ./ 0- 10→&()0- 1)0"

2 333$ 4

333$ ,

&()- &()0→5()0- 6)R &

7 333$ % ,

6)R- 50- 10→6 1)0 +

0

[6$.] 3

[8$"+] % 33$ 333

# 9 ["6] '%

' :$$ VE;

:/$ VE;

! ["& "+],

:$=9_"$₊:₉$P:/

$:/ 6

, :$P $

VE;)H6 9$ $ ;VE

< % ["+]

'

7 ; :7 VE;

8 UDGX MH SULND]DQ NLQHWL NL PRGHO RNVLGDFLMH SLULWD )H6 X VXVSHQ]LML SRPRþX

EDNWHULMH $FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV IHUURR[LGDQV X HUOHQPDMHULPD X] PXþNDQMH .RQFHQ WUDFLMH þHOLMD EDNWHULMD DGVRUERYDQLK QD HVWLFH SLULWD L VORERGQR VXVSHQGRYDQLK þHOLMD X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX VX X UDYQRWHçL VDJODVQR /DQJPXLURYRM DGVRUSFLRQRM L]RWHUPL 6SHFLIL QD EU]LQD UDVWD DGVRUERYDQLK þHOLMD µ$ G² MH RGUHH

QD L] SURPHQH NRQFHQWUDFLMH JYRçD X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX 0RGHO SRND]XMH GREUR VODJDQMH VD HNVSHULPHQWDOQLP SRGDFLPD SURPHQH NRQFHQWUDFLMH L]OXçHQRJ JYRçD L VORERGQH ELRPDVH X WRNX ELRRNVLGDFLMH SLULWD X VXVSHQ]LML

!" #

$%& ""'

( )& ) & * ++ ( ) ,& - ++

(2)

X WRNX ELRRNVLGDFLMH SLULWD X VXVSHQ]LML PRJX VH RSLVDWL VOHGHþLP GLIHUHQFLMDOQLP MHGD LQDPD[]

G)H7

GW =_<_;6$ ₊I_I< ;6 / ⋅

G;7

GW

G;7

GW = µ$;$( ²α)Θ    

+I<;6 /

<;$V    



JGH MH I ²PDVHQL XGHR JYRçD X SLULWX J)HJ)H6 L <;6$

L <;6/ NRHILFLMHQWL SULQRVD DGVRUERYDQH L VORERGQR VXV

SHQGRYDQH ELRPDVH X RGQRVX QD L]OXçHQR JYRçH PJVEJ)H Dµ$²VSHFLIL QD EU]LQD UDVWD DGVRUERYDQH

ELRPDVH G² 6PDQMHQMH SRYUåLQH HVWLFD XVOHG EDNWH ULMVNRJ GHMVWYD NRULJXMH VH PQRçHQMHP VD ²α SUL HPXαSUHGVWDYOMD RGQRV XNXSQR L]OXçHQRJ L SR HWQRJ VDGUçDMD JYRçD X SLULWX )H7)H 5DVW ELRPDVH ]DYLVL L

RG SULVWXSD QH VORERGQH SRYUåLQH HVWLFD SLULWD Θ=;$P² ;$

;$P 3URPHQD NRQFHQWUDFLMH ELRPDVH X OXçQRP

UDVWYRUX VDJODVQD MH EU]LQL OXçHQMD JYRçD [] RGQRVQR

;/=285_T / 2

= T2

<6/ G)H_GW7

JGH MH T2²VSHFLIL QD EU]LQD SRWURåQMH NLVHRQLND EDN WHULMD PJ2PJVEG[]L <26/ ²NRHILFLMHQW SR

WURåQMH NLVHRQLND X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX X RGQRVX QD L]OXçHQR JYRçH

.RHILFLMHQW SULQRVD DGVRUERYDQH ELRPDVH X RGQR VX QD L]OXçHQR JYRçH <;6$ = PJVEJ)H L]UD XQD

YD VH OLQHDUL]DFLMRP VOHGHþH MHGQD LQH[]

<;6$ =(;7²;7)9 ²α:I<;6 /

α:

JGH MH :²SR HWQD PDVD HVWLFD SLULWD J L 9 ²]DSUH

PLQD VXVSHQ]LMH GP $NWXHOQD L SR HWQD NRQFHQ WUDFLMD XNXSQH ELRPDVH ;7 ;74 SUHGVWDYOMD ]ELU VORERGQR VXVSHQGRYDQH L]UD XQDWH SUHNR EU]LQH SRWUR åQMH NLVHRQLND L DGVRUERYDQH ELRPDVH NRMD VH L]UD XQD YD SRPRþX VOHGHþH MHGQD LQH

;$=.$;₊$P_. ;/: $;/9 ( ²α)

&LOM RYRJ UDGD MH UD]YRM PDWHPDWL NRJ PRGHOD NRML RSLVXMH OXçHQMH SLULWD SRPRþX EDNWHULMH X HUOHQPDMHULPD X] PXþNDQMH NDR L SURFH QD XWLFDMD VORERGQR VXVSHQGRYDQLK L DGVRUERYDQLK þHOL MD QD ELRSURFHV

(NVSHULPHQWL VX L]YHGHQL VD EDNWHULMRP % L] ]ELU NH PLNURRUJDQL]DPD &HQWUD ]D KHPLMX ,+70 %HRJUDG %DNWHULMVND RNVLGDFLMD SLULWD SURX DYDQD MH X HUOHQPDMHUL

PD RGQRV UDGQH L ]DSUHPLQH HUOHQPDMHUD FP X] PXþNDQMH SUH QLN URWDFLMH FP EU]LQD URWDFLMH V² 8 HNVSHULPHQWX MH NRULåþHQ LQRNXOXP L] VUHGQMH HN VSRQHQFLMDOQH ID]H GDQD VWDU X NROL LQL RG YY RG UDGQH ]DSUHPLQH ELRUHDNWRUD 5DGQD WHPSHUDWXUD X VYLP LVSLWLYDQMLPD MH RGUçDYDQD QD R&

8 UDGX MH NRULåþHQ NRQFHQWUDW SLULWD NRML VDGUçL JYRçD PDVHQL XGHR JYRçD X SLULWX I J)HJ)H6 D HVWLFD SLULWD MH PDQMH RG

PP .RQFHQWUDW SLULWD VH VWHULOLåH DVD QD R& =D SURFHV ELROXçHQMD JYRçD VWHULOQL SUDK NRQFHQWUDWD SLULWD VH GRGDMH JGP X DVHSWL QLP XVORYLPD X WH QX SRG ORJX . VOHGHþHJ VDVWDYD JGP 1+62² .+32

² 0J62+2 ² .&O ² L &D12²

! "

8NXSQR UDVWYRUQR JYRçH MH RGUHLYDQR SODPH QRP DWRPVNRP DSVRUSFLRQRP VSHNWURIRWRPHWULMRP 3<( 81,&$0 $$6 ² 3KLOOLSV

# !$

%U]LQD SRWURåQMH NLVHRQLND X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX RGUH LYDQD MH L] QDJLED SUDYROLQLMVNRJ GHOD ]DYLVQRVWL QRUPD OL]RYDQH NRQFHQWUDFLMH NLVHRQLND RG YUHPHQD 5HODWLYQD NRQFHQWUDFLMD NLVHRQLND X SRGOR]L PHUHQD MH NLVHRQL

QRP HOHNWURGRP +$11$ +,

# # ! #

=D RGUHLYDQMH RGQRVD DGVRUERYQH L VORERGQR VXVSHQGRYDQH ELRPDVH þHOLMD L]GYRMHQ MH OXçQL UDVWYRU L] ELRRNVLGDFLMH SLULWD X EDUERWDçQRM NRORQL SRVOH GDQD VD SR]QDWRP NRQFHQWUDFLMRP ELRPDVH RGUHHQD PHWR GRP VXåHQMD ²[] 5D]OL LWLP RGQRVLPD OXçQRJ UDVWYR UD L SRGORJH . GRGDYDQ MH SLULW ZY 1DNRQ PXþNDQMD K SUH QLN URWDFLMH FP EU]LQD URWDFLMH V² VXVSHQ]LMDPD MH RGUHLYDQD EU]LQD SRWURåQMH NLVH RQLND X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX 5D]OLND NRQFHQWUDFLMD ELRPDVH L]UD XQDWLK L] EU]LQD SRWURåQMH NLVHRQLND SUHNR VSHFLIL QH EU]LQH SRWURåQMH NLVHRQLND[] SUH L SRVOH PXþND QMD VD SLULWRP RGJRYDUD NRQFHQWUDFLML ELRPDVH NRMD MH DGKHURYDQD QD HVWLFH SLULWD 3UHWSRVWDYOMHQR MH GD VH SRVOH PXþNDQMD RG VDWD SRVWLçH UDYQRWHçD L]PHX DG KHURYDQH L ELRPDVH X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX NDR L GD MH EURM þHOLMD DGKHURYDQLK QD ]LG HUOHQPDMHUD ]DQHPDUOMLY[] %& &'

=DYLVQRVW DGVRUERYDQH L VORERGQR VXVSHQGRYDQH ELRPDVH X WRNX ELRRNVLGDFLMH SLULWD X HUOHQPDMHULPD X] PXþNDQMH RSLVDQD MH /DQJPXLURYRP DGVRUSFLRQRP UDY QRWHçQRP L]RWHUPRP VOLND 9UHGQRVWL PDNVLPDOQRJ DGVRUSFLRQRJ NDSDFLWHWD ;$P PJVEJ)H6 L

NRQVWDQWH DGVRUSFLMH .$ GPPJVE L]UD XQDWH

VX SRVOH OLQHDUL]DFLMH MHGQD LQH

1D RVQRYX MHGQD LQD L L]UD XQDWH VX YUHGQRVWL NRQFHQWUDFLMH XNXSQR UDVWYRUHQRJ JYRçD L NRQFHQWUDFL MH ELRPDVH X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX NRMH SRND]XMX GREUR VOD JDQMH VD HNVSHULPHQWDOQLP YUHGQRVWLPD GRELMHQLP X

'6 6$9,ý L VDU 2.6,'$&,-$ 3,5,7$ 3202ý8 %$.7(5,-( +HP LQG

(3)

# (' 4 > >

< + 0 0 > 2%-A &' *

* # =' 4+ 0 0 1 > 2 ,1 & ?

#D D'

= 3

7 = 0

0 + #µ 2

,A ' E+E

0 0 # $' 4+ * 0 0 0 #> '

%= 9&# [,-]'

%'&()

< # A' ,$, &# (' !

* 0 # $' 9 [$ A =] * + * ! 0#': + # (' F 0 0 0#':[,-] 0#': + +

+[$]

4+ #%$ &' +

0#': #%,A &'

# 0 0' * + 7 #, ' 0#': #, '

!

" # $%/&%) '

())&*))+ , $'(-(( ²- '" +

. / H V NRQ FHQWUDFLMD ELRPDVH X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX R 0RGHO ² SXQH OLQLMH ,V SUHNLGDQD OLQLMD ² NRQFHQWUDFLMD XNXSQH ELRPDVH L]UD XQDWH SUHPD PRGHOX

)LJXUH 0RGHO RIS\ULWH ELRR[LGDWLRQ LQ (UOHQPD\HU IODVNV 9/9) VKDNHQ RQ D URWDWLRQDO VKDNHU IUHTXHQF\

V² DQG RUELW GLDPHWHU FP ([SHULPHQW WRWDO GLVVROYHG LURQ V DQG ELRPDVV FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ WKH FXOWXUH PHGLXP R 0RGHO IXOO OLQHV DQG WRWDO ELRPDVV FRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH PRGHO HTXDWLRQ GRWWHG OLQH

6OLND (NVSHULPHQWDOQH V L L]UD XQDWH OLQLMH YUHGQRVWL NRQ FHQWUDFLMH XNXSQRJ JYRçD SUHPD PRGHOX ]D UD]OL LWH YUHGQRVWL VSHFLIL QH EU]LQH PLNUREQRJ UDVWD X HUOHQPDMHUX 9/9) X] PXþNDQMH Y V² U FP

)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQ RIWKH H[SHULPHQWDO V DQG FDOFXODWHG OL QHV YDOXHV RI WKH WRWDO LURQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ IRU GLIIHUHQW VSHFLILF PLFURELDO JURZWK UDWHV IRU S\ULWH ELRR[LGDWLRQ LQ (UOHQPD\HU IODVNV 9/9) VKDNHQ RQ D URWDWLRQDO VKDNHU IUHTXHQF\ V² _{DQG RUELW GLDPHWHU FP}

'6 6$9,ý L VDU 2.6,'$&,-$ 3,5,7$ 3202ý8 %$.7(5,-( +HP LQG

(4)

! " ! #"$ %$& $ [']" ( ! ) #"$! $ IHUURR[RGDQV * ( [] ! ) # +, 8--0$"

%$" # ) $ IHUURR[RGDQV . #!

[/ ] !

) # )

( !)0*)0$% + ,- ).-/D X SLULWX

)HJGP ² NRQFHQWUDFLMD SR HWQRJ VDGUçDMD JYRçD X

SLULWX

)H7JGP ² NRQFHQWUDFLMD XNXSQRJ JYRçD X OXçQRP

UDVWYRUX

.$GPPJVE ² NRQVWDQWD DGVRUSFLMH

T2PJ2PJVEG² VSHFLIL QD EU]LQD SRWURåQMH NLVHRQLND

EDNWHULMD

9 GP ² ]DSUHPLQD VXVSHQ]LMH

:J ² SR HWQD PDVD HVWLFD SLULWD

;$PJVEGP ² NRQFHQWUDFLMD þHOLMD DGVRUERYDQLK QD HVWLFH

SLULWD

;$PPJVEJ)H6² PDNVLPDOQL DGVRUSFLRQL NDSDFLWHW

;/PJVEGP ² NRQFHQWUDFLMD VORERGQR VXVSHQGRYDQLK þHOLMD

X OXçQRP UDVWYRUX

;7PJVEGP ² NRQFHQWUDFLMD XNXSQH ELRPDVH

;7RPJVEGP² SR HWQD NRQFHQWUDFLMD XNXSQH ELRPDVH

<;6$ PJVEJ)H² NRHILFLMHQW SULQRVD DGVRUERYDQH ELRPDVH X

RGQRVX QD L]OXçHQR JYRçH

<;6/ PJVEJ)H² NRHILFLMHQW SULQRVD VORERGQR VXVSHQGRYDQH

ELRPDVH X RGQRVX QD L]OXçHQR JYRçH <26/ PJVEJ)H² NRHILFLMHQW SRWURåQMH NLVHRQLND X OXçQRP

UDVWYRUX X RGQRVX QD L]OXçHQR JYRçH

α² ² RGQRV XNXSQR L]OXçHQRJ L SR HWQRJ VDGUçDMD JYRçD X SLULWX

µ$G² ² VSHFLIL QD EU]LQD UDVWD DGVRUERYDQH ELRPDVH

Θ² ² VORERGQD SRYUåLQD HVWLFD SLULWD

/,7(5$785$

[1] 3RROH\ )' 0LQHUDO OHDFKLQJ ZLWK EDFWHULD LQ (QYL URQPHQWDO ELRWHFKQRORJ\ &) )RVWHU '$- :DVH HGV (OOLV +RUZRRG &KLFKHVWHU SS ²

[2] -RQVRQ '% .% +DOOEHUJ 5HVHDUFK 0LFURELRO

[3] 6DQG : 7 *HKUNH 5 +DOOPDQQ $6FKLSSHUV 0LQ 3UR ([W 0HW 5HY

[4] %RRQ 0 . /X\EHQ -- +HLMQHQ +\GURPHWDOOXUJ\

[5] 6FKLSSHUV 3 -R]VD $ : 6DQG $SS (QYLURQ 0LFURELRO

[6] 6FKLSSHUV $ : 6DQG $SS (QYLURQ 0LFURELRO

[7] 6DQG : 7 *HKUNH 5 +DOOPDQQ $6FKLSSHUV $SS 0L FURELRO %LRWHFKQRO

[8] $VDL 6 < .RQLVKL . <RVKLGD &KHP (QJ 6FL

[9] &UXQGZHOO ). %LRWHFKQRO %LRHQJ ² [10] .RQLVKL < < 7DVDND 6 $VDL %LRWHFKQRO %LRHQJ

[11] 1DJSDO 6 ' 'DKOVWURP 7 2OPDQ %LRWHFKQRO %LRHQJ

[12] &KDQJ <& $6 0D\HUVRQ %LRWHFKQRO %LRHQJ

[13] .RQLVKL < 6 $VDL + .DWRK %LRSURFHVV %LRHQJ

[14] 6DYLþ ' 9% 9HOMNRYLþ 0/ /D]Lþ LQ %LRKLGURPHWDOOXUJ\ DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW WRZDUG WKH PLQLQJ RI WKH VW FHQ WXU\ 5 5DPLV $ %DOHVWHU HGV (OVHYLHU $PVWHUGDP SS

[15] 9HOMNRYLþ 9 ' 6DYLþ 0 /D]Lþ 0 9UYLþ LQ %LRKLGURPHWDO OXUJ\ DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW WRZDUG WKH PLQLQJ RI WKH VW FHQWXU\ 5 5DPLV $ %DOHVWHU HGV (OVHYLHU $PVWHUGDP SS

[16] 6DYLþ ' 9 9HOMNRYLþ 0 /D]Lþ &RQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH TXDQWL ILFDWLRQ RI WKH $FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV IHUURR[LGDQV ELRPDVV FRQ FHQWUDWLRQ IURP WKH R[\JHQ XSWDNH UDWH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %LRK\GURPHWDOOXUJ\ 6\PSRVLXP $WKHQV VHSWHPEHU 6\PSRVLXP SURFFHGLQJV RI IXOO WH[W SGI [17] %DVDUDQ $+ 2+ 7XRYLQHQ &RDO 3UHS

6800$5<

!"# $ $% &'# & &'()" !"*' ! &

_{+,'- " ."'"- ,' "*'"/"#(( 012 $*)" /} _{+,'- " .3*- )#3*) 04 '# /}

. ) 3"#' " - ' #**"'," /- . " " / !" *.) '3- '*) 5* *# . 3"6 #' # 5'' 5. . 73' # " . 7# " # . ,3/ " ''* . '8,# .* . * "5. " . #*"/# ''* 5* ',# µ$9 0 4 #² /- . 73' # " . 3"6

#' , '*" . ' " . 5" ""*# 3.*3* " . /6 ' #**"'," " *,'.# # # # 5* #*,**# # . . # " 5* #"3 . #*"" "** " # !" " . - *, 5* 5'' "'# /- $3, - *".3

:- 5"#*; !" • - /""7#" • !.3' 3"#'•

:'(, ; !" • )*#( • !3 ) 3"#'•

'6 6$9,ý L VDU 2.6,'$&,-$ 3,5,7$ 3202ý8 %$.7(5,-( +HP LQG