• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Externalismo social: mente, pensamento e linguagem

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "Externalismo social: mente, pensamento e linguagem"

Copied!
26
0
0

Texto

(1)

E

XTERNALISMO SOCIAL

:

MENTE

,

PENSAMENTO E LINGUAGEM1

Jonas Gonçalves Coelho

2

RESUMO0HXREMHWLYRpPRVWUDUTXHDVWHVHVH[WHUQDOLVWDV´RVVLJQLÀFDGRVQmRHVWmRQDFDEHoDµH

´RVSHQVDPHQWRVQmRHVWmRQDFDEHoDµQmRLPSOLFDPQHFHVVDULDPHQWHDWHVHPDLVUDGLFDO´DPHQWH QmRHVWiQDFDEHoDµ7UDWRGHVVDTXHVWmRQRkPELWRGR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOGH7\OHU%XUJHH/\QQH %DNHUDUJXPHQWDQGRTXHDLPSRUWkQFLDTXHHVVHVSHQVDGRUHVDWULEXHPjOLQJXDJHPQDVTXHVW}HV UHODWLYDVjPHQWHQmRVLJQLÀFDFRPRXPDOHLWXUDDSUHVVDGDSRGHULDVXJHULUDUHGXomRGDPHQWHj OLQJXDJHPHPXLWRPHQRVDHOLPLQDomRGDPHQWH$PLQKDFRQFOXVmRpTXHRH[WHUQDOLVPRVRFLDO OLQJXtVWLFRQmRVHFRQVWLWXLFRPRXPDHVWUDWpJLDHÀFD]GHHQIUHQWDPHQWRGRVSUREOHPDVGDQDWXUH]D GDPHQWHHGHVXDUHODomRFRPRFRUSR

PALAVRAS-CHAVE ([WHUQDOLVPR 6RFLDO /\QQH %DNHU 7\OHU %XUJH 0HQWH 3HQVDPHQWR

Linguagem.

1 INTRODUÇÃO

0HXREMHWLYRQRSUHVHQWHDUWLJRpPRVWUDUTXHDVWHVHVH[WHUQDOLVWDV´RV VLJQLÀFDGRVQmRHVWmRQDFDEHoDµH´RVSHQVDPHQWRVQmRHVWmRQDFDEHoDµQmR LPSOLFDP QHFHVVDULDPHQWH D WHVH PDLV UDGLFDO ´D PHQWH QmR HVWi QD FDEHoDµ 7DOLPSOLFDomRDPHXYHULPSOtFLWDQDLQWHUSUHWDomRGRH[WHUQDOLVPROLQJXtVWLFR IXQFLRQDFRPRXPDHVWUDWpJLDGHHQIUHQWDPHQWRGRVSUREOHPDVGDQDWXUH]DGD PHQWHHGHVXDUHODomRFRPRFRUSR7UDWDUHLGHVVDTXHVWmRQRkPELWRGHXP WLSR SDUWLFXODU GH H[WHUQDOLVPR DTXHOH TXH D ÀOyVRID /\QQH %DNHU FKDPD GH

2SUHVHQWHDUWLJRIRLSURGX]LGRDSDUWLUGHSHVTXLVDUHDOL]DGDGXUDQWHHVWiJLRGH3yV'RXWRUDGR

ÀQDQFLDGR SHOD )$3(63 H GHVHQYROYLGR QR 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH )LORVRÀD GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH 0DVVDFKXVHWWVHP$PKHUVW(VWDGRV8QLGRVVREDVXSHUYLVmRGDÀOyVRID/\QQH5XGGHU%DNHU

(2)

´([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOµFRQVLGHUDQGRQmRDSHQDVRVHXSUySULRSHQVDPHQWRPDV WDPEpPDDERUGDJHPGHXPÀOyVRIRTXHPXLWRDLQÁXHQFLRXRXVHMD7\OHU%XUJH $UJXPHQWDUHLTXHDLPSRUWkQFLDTXHHVVHVSHQVDGRUHVDWULEXHPjOLQJXDJHPQDV TXHVW}HV UHODWLYDV j PHQWH QmR VLJQLÀFD QHFHVVDULDPHQWH HPERUD VHXV WH[WRV PXLWDV YH]HV R VXJLUDP D UHGXomR GD PHQWH j OLQJXDJHP e, muito menos, a

HOLPLQDomR GD PHQWH (OHV DVVXPHP XPD SRVLomR PHWRGROyJLFD REMHWLYLVWD D TXDOFRQVLVWHHP´GHVFRQVLGHUDUQDSUiWLFDµRVIDWRUHVSXUDPHQWHVXEMHWLYRVRX LQWHUQRVGDPHQWHRSRQGRVHGHVVHPRGRjWUDGLFLRQDOÀORVRÀDGDOLQJXDJHP TXH+LODU\3XWQDPFKDPDGH´6ROLSVLVPR0HWRGROyJLFRµSHORIDWRGHDTXHOD ´GHVFRQVLGHUDUQDSUiWLFDµRVIDWRUHVH[WHUQRVjPHQWHRXVHMDDVRFLHGDGHR PXQGRQDWXUDOHDWpRSUySULRFRUSR

4XDQGR RV ÀOyVRIRV WUDGLFLRQDLV IDODUDP VREUH HVWDGRV SVLFROyJLFRV RX HVWDGRV´PHQWDLVµHOHVVXSXVHUDPRTXHQyVSRGHPRVFKDPDUGHVROLSVLVPR PHWRGROyJLFR(VWDpDVXSRVLomRGHTXHQHQKXPHVWDGRSVLFROyJLFRDVVLP SURSULDPHQWHFKDPDGRSUHVVXS}HDH[LVWrQFLDGHTXDOTXHULQGLYtGXRDOpPGR VXMHLWR D TXHP DTXHOH HVWDGR p DWULEXtGR 'H IDWR D VXSRVLomR HUD GH TXH QHQKXP HVWDGR SVLFROyJLFR SUHVVXS}H D H[LVWrQFLD QHP PHVPR GR FRUSR VH3pXPHVWDGRSVLFROyJLFRDVVLPSURSULDPHQWHFKDPDGRHQWmRGHYHVHU ORJLFDPHQWH SRVVtYHO SDUD XPD PHQWH ´QmR LQFRUSRUDGDµ HVWDU HP 3 (VWD VXSRVLomRHVWiEHPH[SOtFLWDHP'HVFDUWHVPDVHVWiLPSOtFLWDHPTXDVHWRGRR FRQMXQWRGDSVLFRORJLDÀORVyÀFDWUDGLFLRQDO3871$0S

$TXHVWmRTXHPHSDUHFHFUXFLDOQDUHÁH[mRSURSRVWDpDFRPSUHHQVmR TXHR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOGH7\OHU%XUJHH/\QQH%DNHUWHPVREUHDUHODomR HQWUHPHQWHSHQVDPHQWRHOLQJXDJHP2SRQWRDVHUHQIDWL]DGRpTXHDRGHÀQLU RSHQVDPHQWRHPWHUPRVGHDWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLVWDLVFRPRFUHQoDVGHVHMRVH LQWHQo}HVHSULYLOHJLDUFRQFHLWRVFRPRFRQWH~GRGRSHQVDPHQWRR([WHUQDOLVPR 6RFLDO SUHRFXSDVH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH FRP DV FRQGLo}HV H[WHUQDV QDWXUDLV H SULQFLSDOPHQWHVRFLDLVGHLQGLYLGXDOL]DomRGRSHQVDPHQWRRXGHDSOLFDomRGRV FRQFHLWRV'HL[DSRLVGHODGRDVSHFWRVTXDOLWDWLYRVGDVH[SHULrQFLDVVXEMHWLYDV RVTXDLVQmRVHULDPGHÀQLGRVFRPRSHQVDPHQWRHPERUDVHMDPHQWHQGLGRVFRPR HYHQWRVPHQWDLVLQWHUQRV(VVDVHSDUDomRHQWUHRVDVSHFWRVTXDOLWDWLYRVGDPHQWH SRU PXLWRV WLGRV FRPR SULPLWLYRV H LQIHULRUHV H RV DVSHFWRV SURSRVLFLRQDLV H FRQFHLWXDLVGDPHQWHVXSRVWDPHQWHVXSHULRUHVHPERUDFRQWULEXDSDUDUHVVDOWDURV JDQKRVLQTXHVWLRQiYHLVTXHDOLQJXDJHPHDYLGDVRFLDOWUD]HPSDUDRSHQVDPHQWR

eRTXHSRGHPRVREVHUYDUQDPDQHLUDSHODTXDO/\QQH%DNHUWUDWDGRSUREOHPDGDFDXVDomRPHQWDO

(3)

LQGLYLGXDOSRGHFRPRIULVDGRJHUDUDLGHLDDPHXYHUHTXLYRFDGDGHTXHHVWH pRFDPLQKRSDUDVHVROXFLRQDURXGLVVROYHUSUREOHPDVÀORVyÀFRVIXQGDPHQWDLV WDLVFRPRRGDQDWXUH]DGDPHQWHHVXDUHODomRFRPRFRUSRRVTXDLVUHVXOWDPGH

abordagens internalistas e individualistas da mente.

/HPEUHPRV D SDUDGLJPiWLFD GHÀQLomR LQWHUQDOLVWD GH SHQVDPHQWR LVWR p D FRQFHSomR GH 'HVFDUWHV TXH FRPR VH VDEH FRQVLGHUD R SHQVDPHQWR HP VXDV YiULDV IRUPDV FRPR D SUySULD HVVrQFLD RX SURSULHGDGH HVVHQFLDO GD DOPD RXPHQWHLPDWHULDOLQH[WHQVDHLQGLYLVtYHOLUUHGXWtYHOjOLQJXDJHP(VWDSRUVXD YH]pDSUHVHQWDGDFRPRDIHUUDPHQWDGRFRUSRPDWHULDOH[WHQVRHGLYLVtYHOQmR DSHQDVSDUDDH[SUHVVmRGRSHQVDPHQWRGDDOPDPDVSDUDDWHVWLÀFDomRGHVXD H[LVWrQFLD'HVVHPRGRDFRQFHSomRFDUWHVLDQDGDUHODomRHQWUHSHQVDPHQWRH OLQJXDJHPpFRUUHODWDGHVXDRQWRORJLDGXDOLVWDFXMRVSUREOHPDVHPHVSHFLDOR GDUHODomRHXQLmRHQWUHPHQWHHFRUSRMiIRUDPDPSODPHQWHUHVVDOWDGRVSHORV FUtWLFRV GH 'HVFDUWHV 6H FRPR SUHWHQGR PRVWUDU SDUD R ([WHUQDOLVPR 6RFLDO DH[WHUQDOL]DomRGRVLJQLÀFDGRQmRVLJQLÀFDDH[WHUQDOL]DomRRXHOLPLQDomRGD PHQWHHVVDDERUGDJHPQmRVHULDXPDDOWHUQDWLYDVDWLVIDWyULDGHHQIUHQWDPHQWR PDLV SUHFLVDPHQWH GH GHVFRQVWUXomR GH SUREOHPDV ÀORVyÀFRV GHFRUUHQWHV GH XPDFRQFHSomRLQWHUQDOLVWDGDPHQWHHPHVSHFLDORVSUREOHPDVGDQDWXUH]DGD PHQWHHGHVXDUHODomRFRPRFRUSRMiFLWDGRVDQWHULRUPHQWH6HQGRRFDVRR YDORULQTXHVWLRQiYHOGR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOHVWDULDOLPLWDGRDHQIDWL]DUHHOXFLGDU DLPSRUWkQFLDGDOLQJXDJHPSDUDRSHQVDPHQWRHSULQFLSDOPHQWHGDVRFLHGDGH HGRPXQGRSDUDDOLQJXDJHP&RPRUHVVDOWDH[SOLFLWDPHQWH+LODU\3XWQDP´$ ÀORVRÀD WUDGLFLRQDO GD OLQJXDJHP FRPR JUDQGH SDUWH GD ÀORVRÀD WUDGLFLRQDO GHL[DGHIRUDDVRXWUDVSHVVRDVHRPXQGRXPDPHOKRUÀORVRÀDHXPDPHOKRU FLrQFLDGDOLQJXDJHPGHYHPDEDUFDUDPERVµ3871$0S

(4)

2 O ANTI-INDIVIDUALISMO DE TYLER BURGE

$V PLQKDV FRQVLGHUDo}HV VREUH R ([WHUQDOLVPR 6RFLDO GH 7\OHU %XUJH FRPHoDUmRSHODVXDFUtWLFDjLQWHUSUHWDomRGH+LODU\3XWQDPTXDQWRDRH[SHULPHQWR GHSHQVDPHQWRSRUHOHPHVPRSURSRVWRTXHUGL]HURGDV7HUUDV*rPHDV

Grosso modoRH[SHULPHQWRGHSHQVDPHQWRGH3XWQDPpH[SRVWRSRU%XUJH

QRV VHJXLQWHV WHUPRV 6XSRQKDPRV TXH H[LVWD XP SODQHWD TXH VHMD XPD FySLD LGrQWLFDGHQRVVRSODQHWD7HUUDHPWRGRVRVDVSHFWRVItVLFRVHKLVWyULFRVLQFOXLQGR VHFySLDVLGrQWLFDVGRVKDELWDQWHVGD7HUUD²*rPHRV7HUUHVWUHV²FRPD~QLFD GLIHUHQoDGHTXHQD7HUUD*rPHDDFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFDGRTXHDTXLFKDPDPRV GH´iJXDµQmRp+2PDV;<=$SHVDUGDVVHPHOKDQoDVQRQtYHOPDFURItVLFR %XUJHFRQFRUGDFRPDLQWHUSUHWDomRGH3XWQDPVHJXQGRDTXDOHPYLUWXGHGD GLIHUHQoDPLFURItVLFDROtTXLGRTXHQD7HUUD*rPHDpWDPEpPFKDPDGRGH´iJXDµ SHORVQRVVRVJrPHRVQmRVHULDQDYHUGDGHiJXD´(XLUHLDSHQDVDVVXPLUTXH;<= QmRpiJXDGHQHQKXPWLSRÉJXDp+2µS'Dt%XUJHGHIHQGHU TXHVHHQFRQWUiVVHPRVQD7HUUDRPHVPROtTXLGRGD7HUUD*rPHDDSDUHQWHPHQWH LGrQWLFRjiJXDWHUUHVWUHHPERUDTXLPLFDPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVHULDPDLVDSURSULDGR FKDPiORSRUH[HPSORGH´WiJXDµDRLQYpVGH´iJXDµ

(5)

DWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLVGRVJrPHRVVHULDPDWLWXGHVde reTXHUGL]HURVres, no caso

+2H;<=VHULDPGLIHUHQWHVPDVRVFRQWH~GRVGDVDWLWXGHVVHULDPLGrQWLFRV %XUJHSHQVDLUPDLVORQJHGRTXH3XWQDPDRSRVWXODUTXHDGLIHUHQoD HQWUHRVJrPHRVQmRVHUHVWULQJHjH[WHQVmRGRVWHUPRVSRUHOHVHPSUHJDGRV PDVGL]UHVSHLWRDRVSUySULRVFRQWH~GRVGHVHXVSHQVDPHQWRVRTXHVLJQLÀFD TXH WHUPRV GH HVSpFLH QDWXUDO WDLV FRPR ´iJXDµ QmR VHULDP LQGH[LFDLV ´$ H[WHQVmRGH¶iJXD·WDOFRPRLQWHUSUHWDGDHPSRUWXJXrVHPWRGRVRVFRQWH[WRV QmRREOtTXRVpgrosso modoRFRQMXQWRGHWRGRVRVDJUHJDGRVGHPROpFXODVGH

+2MXQWRSURYDYHOPHQWHFRPDVPROpFXODVLQGLYLGXDLV1mRH[LVWHGHPRGR DOJXPQDGDGHLQGH[LFDODUHVSHLWRGH¶iJXD·QRVHQWLGRFRVWXPHLURGH¶LQGH[LFDO·µ %85*(S2XVHMDHQTXDQWRSDUD3XWQDPDSDODYUD´iJXDµWHULD RPHVPRVLJQLÀFDGRLQGH[LFDOLGDGHPDVH[WHQV}HVGLIHUHQWHVQDVGXDV7HUUDV SDUD%XUJHDSDODYUD´iJXDµWHULDVLJQLÀFDGRVGLIHUHQWHV$SDODYUD´iJXDµQmR PXGDULDDVXDH[WHQVmRQD7HUUD*rPHDSHORVLPSOHVIDWRGHOiQmRKDYHUiJXD PDVDSHQDVWiJXD´2IDWRGHRV*rPHRV7HUUHVWUHVDSOLFDUHP¶iJXD·D;<=QmR pXPUHÁH[RGHXPDPXGDQoDGHH[WHQVmRGHXPDH[SUHVVmRLQGH[LFDOFRPXP VLJQLÀFDGROLQJtVWLFRÀ[RSRUWXJXrVPDVGHXPDPXGDQoDGHVLJQLÀFDGRHQWUH XPDOtQJXDHFRPXQLGDGHOLQJtVWLFDHRXWUDµ%85*(S'HIDWR Ki XPD PXGDQoD QR SUySULR FRQWH~GR GR SHQVDPHQWR RX HVWDGR PHQWDO GRV JrPHRVFRQIRUPHSRGHPRVREVHUYDUQDVFRQVLGHUDo}HVGH%XUJHDEDL[R

$V GLIHUHQoDV QmR GHYHP VHU DVVLPLODGDV D GLIHUHQoDV QDV H[WHQV}HV GH H[SUHVV}HV LQGH[LFDLV FRP R PHVPR FRQVWDQWH VLJQLÀFDGR OLQJtVWLFR 2V WHUPRV UHOHYDQWHV QmR VmR LQGH[LFDLV $V GLIHUHQoDV DQWHV HQYROYHP D FRQVWDQWH LQWHUSUHWDomR GRV WHUPRV OLYUH GR FRQWH[WR $V DWULEXLo}HV GH DWLWXGHV SURSRVLFLRQDLV DV TXDLV FRORFDP RV WHUPRV HP RFRUUrQFLD REOtTXD DIHWDUmRGHVWHPRGRRFRQWH~GRGDVDWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLV'HVGHTXHRV DWRV H HVWDGRV PHQWDLV VmR LQGLYLGXDGRV SDUFLDOPHQWH HP WHUPRV GH VHXV FRQWH~GRVDVGLIHUHQoDVHQWUH7HUUDH7HUUD*rPHDLQFOXHPGLIHUHQoDVQRV DWRVHHVWDGRVPHQWDLVGHVHXVKDELWDQWHV%85*(S

2TXHVHULDPHVVDVH[SUHVV}HVGHRFRUUrQFLDREOtTXD"6HJXQGR7\OHU%XUJHVHULDPH[SUHVV}HVTXH

(6)

$FUtWLFDGH%XUJHD3XWQDPHDGLIHUHQoDSRUHVWHDSUHVHQWDGDHQWUHDPEDV DVLQWHUSUHWDo}HVGRH[SHULPHQWRGHSHQVDPHQWRGDV7HUUDV*rPHDVWRUQDPVH PDLVFODUDVTXDQGRVHWHPHPYLVWDDGLVWLQomRHVWDEHOHFLGDSRU3XWQDPHQWUH LQWHQVmRHH[WHQVmRHPWHUPRVGDGLIHUHQoDHQWUH´VHQWLGRHVWUHLWRµH´VHQWLGR DPSORµ GH XP HVWDGR SVLFROyJLFR DRV TXDLV VH DVVRFLDULDP UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

atitudes de dicto e atitudes de re(PVHXVHQWLGRHVWUHLWRRHVWDGRSVLFROyJLFRGH

XPD SHVVRD À[DULD D H[WHQVmR GRV WHUPRV SRU HOD XWLOL]DGRV SDUD H[SUHVVDU DV VXDV DWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLV SULYLOHJLDQGRVH GHVVH PRGR R HVWDGR GD SHVVRD H GHVFRQVLGHUDQGRVH LQGLYLGXDOLGDGHV H[WHUQDV D HOD &RQVHTXHQWHPHQWH RV HVWDGRV SVLFROyJLFRV GRV JrPHRV FRQVLGHUDGRV HP VHX VHQWLGR HVWUHLWR QmR À[DULDP´DVH[WHQV}HVGRVWHUPRVTXHHOHVXVDPµDVTXDLVVHULDPGLIHUHQWHVLVWR pRVJrPHRVWHULDPDSHQDVDPHVPDDWLWXGHSURSRVLFLRQDOde dicto.

$VDWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLVQmRUHODFLRQDLVde dicto seriam desse modo estados

SVLFROyJLFRVQRVHQWLGRHVWUHLWR(ODVQmRH[LJHPSRUJHQHUDOL]DomRH[LVWHQFLDO D H[LVWrQFLD GH QHQKXPD HQWLGDGH DOpP GR VXMHLWR H VHXV FRQWH~GRV GH SHQVDPHQWR $WLWXGHV SURSRVLFLRQDLVde re ² SHOR PHQRV DTXHODV DWLWXGHV

SURSRVLFLRQDLVde reQDVTXDLVRVXMHLWRpFDUDFWHUL]DGRFRPRHVWDQGRHPUHODomR

FRPDOJXPDRXWUDFRLVDDOpPGHOHPHVPRHGHVHXVFRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWR ²SDUHFHPVHUHVWDGRVSVLFROyJLFRVQR´VHQWLGRDPSORµ7HUDWLWXGHVde re em

UHODomRDdeREMHWRVRXWURVDOpPGHVLPHVPRH[LJHDH[LVWrQFLDGHRXWURV

REMHWRVDOpPGHVLPHVPR%85*(S

%XUJH GLVFRUGD GHVVD LQWHUSUHWDomR GR H[SHULPHQWR GH SHQVDPHQWR $UJXPHQWDSULPHLUDPHQWHTXHRVJrPHRVHPVXDVUHVSHFWLYDV7HUUDV*rPHDV QmRWrPDWLWXGHVUHIHUHQWHVjiJXDFRPRPHVPRFRQWH~GR'HIDWRQD7HUUD *rPHD QLQJXpP SRGHULD WHU SHQVDPHQWRV HQYROYHQGR R FRQFHLWR GH iJXD OHYDQGRVHHPFRQWDTXHQLQJXpPWHYHFRQWDWRFRPiJXDQHPFRPDOJXpPTXH WLYHVVHWLGRHVVHFRQWDWR$ÀQDOOiQmRH[LVWHiJXD

(7)

(PVHJXQGROXJDUYLVWRTXHQmRH[LVWHiJXDQD7HUUD*rPHDVHRJrPHR LGrQWLFRIRVVHFDSD]GHDWLWXGHVTXHHQYROYHVVHPRFRQFHLWRGHiJXDFRPRRSRVWR GRFRQFHLWRWiJXDPXLWDVGHVXDVFUHQoDVGLIHUHQWHPHQWHGDVFUHQoDVGRRXWUR JrPHRDUHVSHLWRGDiJXDVHULDPIDOVDV3RUH[HPSORVHULDPIDOVDVDVFUHQoDVGH TXHH[LVWHiJXDRXGHTXHRVFLHQWLVWDVFRQKHFHPDHVWUXWXUDTXtPLFDGDiJXD 0DVSDUHFHQmRID]HUVHQWLGRFRQVLGHUDUTXHDVVXDVFUHQoDVVmRIDOVDVSRUTXH HODV´>@IRUDPDGTXLULGDVHUHODFLRQDGDVDVHXVDPELHQWHVGHPRGRVH[DWDPHQWH SDUDOHORVHLJXDOPHQWHEHPVXFHGLGRVµ%85*(S$HVVHUHVSHLWRD FRQFOXVmRGH%XUJHpDVHJXLQWH

$VGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHDVDWLWXGHVGH$GDPH$GDPGHULYDPQmRGHGLIHUHQoDVQR YDORUGHYHUGDGHPDVGHGLIHUHQoDVHPVHXVUHVSHFWLYRVDPELHQWHVHFRQWH[WRV VRFLDLV(OHVGmRGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHHQWLGDGHVFRPRFDVRVSDUDGLJPiWLFRVGH H[HPSORV GR WHUPR 6HXV XVRV GRV WHUPRV HVWmR HPEHELGRV HP GLIHUHQWHV XVRVFRPXQLWiULRVHWUDGLo}HVFLHQWtÀFDVRVTXDLVGmRDRWHUPRGLIHUHQWHVH FRQVWDQWHV VLJQLÀFDGRV FRQYHQFLRQDLV (P FRQWH[WRV QRUPDLV HOHV SRGHP H[SOLFDU H XVDU R WHUPR GH PRGRV TXH VmR LQIRUPDWLYRV H VRFLDOPHQWH DFHLWiYHLV GHQWUR GH VXDV UHVSHFWLYDV FRPXQLGDGHV $R ID]rOR GHVVH PRGR HOHVH[SUHVVDPGLIHUHQWHVQRo}HVHGLIHUHQWHVSHQVDPHQWRVFRPHVVDVSDODYUDV 6HXVSHQVDPHQWRVHDÀUPDo}HVWrPGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLo}HVGHYHUGDGHHVmR YHUGDGHGHGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHHQWLGDGHV%85*(S

(QWUHWDQWR %XUJH VH FRORFD FRQWUD HVVD FRQFHSomR GH 3XWQDP TXH SUHVHUYDDRODGRGDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDVDWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLVUHODFLRQDLVDWLWXGHV SURSRVLFLRQDLVHPVHQWLGRDPSORDLGHQWLGDGHHQWUHDVDWLWXGHVde dicto, atitudes

QR VHQWLGR HVWUHLWR GRV JrPHRV 3DUD %XUJH RV FRQWH~GRV GH SHQVDPHQWR GLIHUHPPHVPRQRFDVRGHDWLWXGHVSXUDPHQWHde dictoRXVHMD´>@SDUDVDEHU

HH[SOLFDURTXHXPDSHVVRDDFUHGLWDde dictoVHGHYHWLSLFDPHQWHVDEHUDOJXPD

FRLVDVREUHRTXHHODDFUHGLWDde reVREUHRTXHRVVHXVSDUHVDFUHGLWDPde re

Hde dicto VREUH TXH HQWLGDGHV HOHV RVWHQWDP VREUH R TXH DV VXDV SDODYUDV H

DGHVHXVSDUHVVLJQLÀFDPHVREUHTXHHQWLGDGHVFDHPQDVH[WHQV}HVGHVHXV WHUPRVµ %85*( S ( LVVR VLJQLÀFDTXH´>@VHSRGH H[SOLFDU R

conteúdoGDDWLWXGHSURSRVLFLRQDOGHXPDSHVVRDFRQVLGHUDQGRVHDSHQDVRVIDWRV

VREUH HOD TXH VmR QmRLQWHQFLRQDLV H QmRLQGLYLGXDOtVWLFRVµ %85*( S &RQIRUPH%XUJHQmRH[LVWHPHVWDGRVSVLFROyJLFRVQRVHQWLGRHVWUHLWRSRLV

tanto as atitudes de dictoTXDQWRDVDWLWXGHVde reGHSHQGHPGHHOHPHQWRVH[WHUQRV

DRLQGLYtGXRLVWRpQmRDSHQDVGDVHQWLGDGHVjVTXDLVHOHVHUHIHUHPDVWDPEpP GDFRPXQLGDGHVRFLDOHOLQJXtVWLFDQDTXDOHVWiLQVHULGR

3RGHUVHLDGL]HUTXHDVDWLWXGHVde dictoGH$GDPHQYROYHQGRDQRomRGHiJXD

(8)

DDo}HVHDWLWXGHVGHRXWURVQDFRPXQLGDGH0HVPRDWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLV SXUDPHQWHde dictoSUHVVXS}HPDH[LVWrQFLDGHHQWLGDGHVRXWUDVTXHRVXMHLWR

QHVVHVHQWLGRGHSUHVVXSRVLomR6HJXQGRHVVHFRQVWUXWRnenhuma das atitudes relevantes, de re ou de dicto VmR HVWDGRV SVLFROyJLFRV QR VHQWLGR HVWUHLWR

%85*(S

3DUD PHOKRU FRPSUHHQGHU HVVD FRQFHSomR H[WHUQDOLVWD GR SHQVDPHQWR GHIHQGLGDSRU7\OHU%XUJHYHULÀTXHPRVDVXDMXVWLÀFDWLYDDSDUWLUGHXPGHVHXV H[HPSORVRGDGRHQoDDUWULWHDSUHVHQWDGRHPWUrVSDVVRVQRWH[WR´,QGLYLGXDOLVP DQGWKHPHQWDOµ2SULPHLURSDVVRFRQVLVWHQDGHVFULomRGRVSHQVDPHQWRVGHXPD SHVVRDTXHWHPFUHQoDVYHUGDGHLUDVHIDOVDVDUHVSHLWRGDDUWULWH&RUUHWDPHQWH HVVDSHVVRDSHQVDTXH´>@WHPDUWULWHKiYiULRVDQRVTXHVXDDUWULWHHPVHXVSXOVRV HGHGRVpPDLVGRORURVDGRTXHVXDDUWULWHHPVHXVWRUQR]HORVTXHpPHOKRUWHU DWULWHGRTXHFkQFHUGHItJDGRTXHRHQGXUHFLPHQWRGDVMXQWDVpXPVLQWRPDGD DUWULWHTXHFHUWRVWLSRVGHGRUHVVmRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDDUWULWHTXHH[LVWHPYiULRV WLSRV GH DUWULWHV H DVVLP SRU GLDQWHµ %85*( S ,QFRUUHWDPHQWH HVVDPHVPDSHVVRDDFUHGLWDTXHDVXDDUWULWHHVWiWDPEpPDIHWDQGRDVXDFR[D (VVDFUHQoDIDOVDpFRUULJLGDSHORPpGLFRTXHHVFODUHFHRSDFLHQWHH[SOLFLWDQGR DPHVPDGHÀQLomRGHDUWULWHTXHDSDUHFHQRVGLFLRQiULRVTXHUGL]HU´>@TXHD DUWULWHpHVSHFLÀFDPHQWHXPDLQÁDPDomRQDVMXQWDVµ%85*(S

2 VHJXQGR SDVVR GR H[SHULPHQWR GH SHQVDPHQWR D UHVSHLWR GD DUWULWH FRQVLVWH QD DSUHVHQWDomR GH XPD VLWXDomR FRQWUDIDFWXDO QD TXDO D GHÀQLomR GH DUWULWHLQFOXLDVGRUHVQDFR[D7HUtDPRVHQWmRXPDSHVVRDQDVPHVPDVFRQGLo}HV ItVLFDVÀVLROyJLFDV IHQRPHQDLV QmRLQWHQFLRQDLV H OLQJXtVWLFDV LQFOXLQGRVH D VHTXrQFLD KLVWyULFD GH VHXV HYHQWRV H LQWHUDo}HV ItVLFDV H OLQJXtVWLFDV FRP VHX

ambiente natural e cultural, as mesmas dores, inclusive na coxa, e o mesmo uso da

SDODYUD´DUWULWHµDSUHQGLGDSRUH[HPSORDWUDYpVGDFRQYHUVDFRPRXWUDVSHVVRDV HRPHVPRUHODWRSDUDRPpGLFR$~QLFDGLIHUHQoDQHVVDQRYDVLWXDomRFRQFHUQH DRXVRGDSDODYUD´DUWULWHµSHODFRPXQLGDGHOHLJDHPpGLFD(ODWHPXPXVRPDLV DEUDQJHQWHRTXDOLQFOXLDOpPGRVVLQWRPDVGHVFULWRVDQWHULRUPHQWHYiULDVRXWUDV GRHQoDVUHXPDWRLGHVLQFOXVLYHDVGRUHVQDFR[D´$SHVVRDSRGHULDWHUWLGRDPHVPD KLVWyULDItVLFDHIHQ{PHQRPHQWDOQmRLQWHQFLRQDOHQTXDQWRDSDODYUD¶DUWULWH·IRVVH FRQYHQFLRQDOPHQWHDSOLFDGDHGHÀQLGDSDUDDSOLFDUDYiULDVGRHQoDVUHXPDWyLGHV LQFOXVLYHXPDQDFR[DGDSHVVRDWmREHPFRPRDUWULWHµ%85*(S

(9)

´DUWULWHµSHODFRPXQLGDGHHQmRRVFRQWH~GRVGRVHVWDGRVPHQWDLVGRVLQGLYtGXRV RVTXDLVSHUPDQHFHULDPLGrQWLFRV'HDFRUGRFRPRÀOyVRIRDLQGDTXHDKLVWyULD ItVLFDHPHQWDOQmRLQWHQFLRQDOGRSDFLHQWHVHMDDPHVPDQDVLWXDomRFRQWUDIDWXDO RVFRQWH~GRVGHVXDVRUDo}HVPHQWDLVRXVHMDRVVHXVSHQVDPHQWRVRXDWLWXGHV FRPR SRU H[HPSOR FUHQoDV UHIHUHQWHV DRV FRQWH~GRV GH RUDo}HV GD SDODYUD ´DUWULWHµVmRGLIHUHQWHV,VVRVHGiHPYLUWXGHGDGLIHUHQoDGRFRQWH[WRVRFLDO SRUWDQWRGHGLIHUHQoDVTXHVmRH[WHUQDVDRSDFLHQWH

$SDODYUD´DUWULWHµQDFRPXQLGDGHFRQWUDIDWXDOQmRVLJQLÀFDartrite(ODQmR

VHDSOLFDDSHQDVDLQÁDPDomRQDVMXQWDV1yVVXSRPRVTXHQHQKXPDRXWUD SDODYUD QR UHSHUWyULR GR SDFLHQWH VLJQLÀFDartrite ´$UWULWHµ QD VLWXDomR

FRQWUDIDWXDOGLIHUHWDQWRQDGHÀQLomRGRGLFLRQiULRTXDQWRQDH[WHQVmRGH ´DUWULWHµ FRPR QyV D XVDPRV >@ 'HVVH PRGR RV FRQWH~GRV GD DWLWXGH FRQWUDIDWXDOGRSDFLHQWHGLIHUHPGRVFRQWH~GRVGHVXDDWLWXGHUHDO>@(P VXPDDVH[SHULrQFLDVTXDOLWDWLYDVLQWHUQDVGRSDFLHQWHVHXVHVWDGRVHHYHQWRV ÀVLROyJLFRV VHXV HVWtPXORV H UHVSRVWDV FRPSRUWDPHQWDOPHQWH GHVFULWRV DV VXDVGLVSRVLo}HVSDUDFRPSRUWDUVHHTXDOTXHUVHTrQFLDGHHVWDGRVQmR LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH GHVFULWRV PHGLDGRUHV GH VHX LQSXW H RXWSXW ² WXGR LVVR SHUPDQHFH FRQVWDQWH HQTXDQWR TXH RV FRQWH~GRV GH VXD DWLWXGH GLIHUHP PHVPR QDV H[WHQV}HV GDV QRo}HV FRQWUDSDUWH &RPR QyV REVHUYDPRV QR LQtFLRHVVDVGLIHUHQoDVRUGLQDULDPHQWHUHVXOWDPHPGLIHUHQoDVQRVHVWDGRVH HYHQWRVPHQWDLV%85*(S

6HJXQGR%XUJHVHKRXYHVVHXPDVLWXDomRLQYHUWLGDQDTXDORSDFLHQWH WLYHVVHXPDFRPSUHHQVmRFRPSOHWDHFRUUHWDGDSDODYUD´DUWULWHµRXVHMDXPD FRPSUHHQVmR TXH H[FOXtVVH D DUWULWH QD FR[D UHVWULQJLQGRD jV MXQWDV PDV QD TXDO R SDFLHQWH IRVVH FRUULJLGR SHOR PpGLFR R TXDO OKH GLULD TXH DUWULWH SRGH RFRUUHUHPRXWUDVSDUWHVGRFRUSRWDLVFRPRP~VFXORVWHQG}HVHWFDSOLFDQGRVH DVVLPDSDODYUD´DUWULWHµDWRGRVRVWLSRVGHGRHQoDVUHXPDWyLGHVD´>@QRomR FRPDTXDORPpGLFRHRSDFLHQWHHVWDULDPRSHUDQGRHPWDOFDVRQmRVHULDDGH DUWULWHµ%85*(S2TXHRH[SHULPHQWRGHSHQVDPHQWRSUHWHQGH PRVWUDUHPVXDVGXDVYHUV}HVDQRUPDOHDLQYHUWLGDpTXHFRQWH~GRGHXP SHQVDPHQWRRXHYHQWRPHQWDORXVHMDRVLJQLÀFDGRGHXPDQRomRLQFRPSOHWD RXFRPSOHWDGHSHQGHGHIDWRUHVH[WHUQRVDRVXMHLWRQmRGDVSURSULHGDGHVPLFUR RXPDFURHVWUXWXUDLVGRPXQGRPDVGDFRPXQLGDGHFXOWXUDOHOLQJXtVWLFDQDTXDO RVXMHLWRHVWiLQVHULGR

(10)

DVSHFWRVTXDOLWDWLYRVRXIHQRPHQDLVRXVHMDQmRLQWHQFLRQDLVGRVFRQWH~GRVGR SHQVDPHQWRGHXPLQGLYtGXR&RPRHQIDWL]DDLQGD%XUJHQmRVHDSOLFDWDPEpP jVQRo}HVRXFRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWRHQYROYHQGRRVYHUERVSVLFROyJLFRVWDLV FRPR´FRQKHFHUµ´ODPHQWDUµ´QRWDUµ´OHPEUDUµ´SUHYHUµH´SHUFHEHUµ2TXH GLVWLQJXLULDHVVHVYHUERVGDSDODYUD´DUWULWHµ"$MXVWLÀFDWLYDGH%XUJHpTXHHVVHV YHUERVVXJHUHPXPD´>@IiFLOHFODUDGLVWLQomRHQWUHDFRQWULEXLomRGRVXMHLWR LQGLYLGXDOHDREMHWLYD´YHUtGLFDµFRQWULEXLomRGRDPELHQWHSDUDWRUQDURVYHUERV DSOLFiYHLVµ S $LQGD TXH HP WDLV FDVRV D LPSRUWkQFLD GR DPELHQWH QDWXUDOSUHYDOHoDVREUHRDPELHQWHOLQJXtVWLFRFXOWXUDOHOHVVHUHVWULQJLULDPDRV HVWDGRV PHQWDLV LQWHQFLRQDLV GRV LQGLYtGXRV QmR YDOHQGR SRUWDQWR SDUD RV DVSHFWRVQmRLQWHQFLRQDLVGRVFRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWR

4XDQGRXPDSHVVRDVDEHTXHpFRPXPQHYDUHP*UHHQODQGVHXFRQKHFLPHQWR REYLDPHQWHGHSHQGHPDLVGRTXHGRPRGRHPTXHDSHVVRDHVWi(OHGHSHQGH GHTXHKDMDUHDOPHQWHXPERFDGRGHQHYHHP*UHHQODQG2VHXHVWDGRPHQWDO DFUHQoDGHTXHDQHYHpFRPXPHP*UHHQODQGGHYHVHUEHPVXFHGLGRGHXP FHUWRPRGRYHUGDGHLUR0XGDQGRRDPELHQWHVHSRGHPXGDURYDORUGHYHUGDGH GRFRQWH~GRGHWDOPRGRTXHQmRPDLVVHSRGHGL]HUTXHRVXMHLWRFRQKHFHR FRQWH~GR e SDUWH GD FDUJD GH QRVVR DUJXPHQWR TXH PHVPR HVWDGRV PHQWDLV LQWHQFLRQDLVGRVLQGLYtGXRVWDLVFRPRDVFUHQFDVRVTXDLVQmRWrPLPSOLFDo}HV SDUDYHUGDGHRXVXFHVVRQmRSRGHPVHUHQWHQGLGRVIRFDQGRVHSXUDPHQWHHP DWRVGRVLQGLYtGXRVGLVSRVLo}HVH´LQWHUQRµDFRQWHFHQGR%85*(S

(QÀP R TXH HVWRX GHIHQGHQGR p TXH Mi SRGHPRV HQWUHYHU QDV FRQVLGHUDo}HV DQWHULRUHV GH %XUJH TXH D VXD FRQFHSomR H[WHUQDOLVWD GR SHQVDPHQWRQmRDFDUUHWDDUHGXomRGDPHQWHDVXDUHODomRFRPRDPELHQWHQHP DOJXPWLSRGHHOLPLQDomRGDPHQWHHQWHQGLGDHPVHXVDVSHFWRVSXUDPHQWHLQWHUQRV HLQGLYLGXDLVeRTXHHQFRQWUDPRVH[SOLFLWDPHQWHDÀUPDGRSRU%XUJHHPVHX

livro recente Origins of ObjectivityDRFRPSDUDUDUHODomRHQWUHDVSODFDVWHFW{QLFDV

HRDPELHQWHJHROyJLFRFRPDUHODomRHQWUHRVHYHQWRVPHQWDLVHRDPELHQWH ItVLFRHOLQJXtVWLFR(OHUHVVDOWDTXHRVHUXPDSODFDWHFW{QLFDGHSHQGHHPSDUWHGH UHODo}HVFDXVDLVH[WHUQDVDHODWDLVFRPRRXWUDVSODFDVIRUoDVHPDVVDVJHROyJLFDV VREUHDVTXDLVHVFRUUHJDPRXFRPDVTXDLVVHFKRFDP0DVLVVRQmRVLJQLÀFDTXH VHSRVVDUHGX]LUDVSODFDVJHROyJLFDVDHVVDVUHODo}HVFRQVLGHUDQGRVHTXHHODV WrPXPDHVWUXWXUDLQWHUQDGHODVLQGHSHQGHQWH$OJRVHPHOKDQWHDFRQWHFHULDFRP RVHVWDGRVPHQWDLVHPVXDUHODomRFRPRDPELHQWH

2 DQWLLQGLYLGXDOLVPR GHIHQGH TXH D QDWXUH]D GH PXLWRV HVWDGRV PHQWDLV GHSHQGHFRQVWLWXWLYDPHQWHGHUHODo}HVHQWUHRVLQGLYtGXRVQDTXHOHVHVWDGRVH RXWUDVFRLVDV$QDWXUH]DGHPXLWRVHVWDGRVPHQWDLVSRGHVHUFRQVWLWXWLYDPHQWH H[SOLFDGDVRPHQWHSRUUHIHUrQFLDDXPDPELHQWHPDLVDPSORRXVXEMHFWPDWWHU $VVLP FRPR FRUDo}HV H SODFDV HVWDGRV PHQWDLV FRQVWLWXWLYDPHQWH PDQWpP

(11)

QHQKXPD SDUWH GDV HVWUXWXUDV GRV SUySULRV HVWDGRV PHQWDLV HVWi IRUD GR LQGLYtGXR QR DPELHQWH PDLV DPSOR (VWDGRV PHQWDLV QmR VmR HOHV SUySULRV UHODo}HVFRPRDPELHQWH$HVWUXWXUDGRVHVWDGRVPHQWDLVLQFOXLDHVWUXWXUDV GH VHXV FRQWH~GRV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQDLV (VVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWUXWXUDLV QmR VmR DSHQDV FRQVWLWXWLYDV (ODV VmR DVSHFWRV ´SDUWHVµGD QDWXUH]D GRV HVWDGRV 2 FRQWH~GR UHSUHVHQWDFLRQDO GH XPD FUHQoD H VHXV HOHPHQWRV HVWUXWXUDLV VmR DVSHFWRV GD QDWXUH]D GD FUHQoD HP DFUpVFLPR DR VHU GD FUHQoD XPD FUHQoD FRPR RSRVWD D HVSHUDQoD RX VXSRVLomR (OHV VmR SDUWH GR TXH p VHU XP HVWDGR PHQWDO ([SOLFDomR SVLFROyJLFD ID] XVR H[SOLFDWLYR GHVVDV HVWUXWXUDV $QWLLQGLYLGXDOLVPRpFRPSDWtYHOFRPYiULDVSRVLo}HVDUHVSHLWRGRSUREOHPD PHQWHFRUSR&HUWDPHQWHHVWDGRVPHQWDLVQmRÁXWXDPOLYUHGHHVWDGRVItVLFRV XQGHUO\LQJ(OHVHVWmRORFDOL]DGRVRQGHRLQGLYtGXRTXHWHPHVWHVHVWDGRVHVWi

Seu lociHPWUDQVDo}HVFDXVDLVHVWmRRQGHRVHQVRFRPXPHDSVLFRORJLDHPStULFD

FRQVLGHUDTXHHOHVHVWmR$QDORJLDVFRPFRUDo}HVHSODFDVWHFW{QLFDVYDOHPDSHQD QRYDPHQWHPDQWHUHPPHQWH2IDWRGHTXHHVVDVHVSpFLHVFRQVWLWXWLYDPHQWH GHSHQGDP GH UHODo}HV FRP HQWLGDGHV DOpP GH VHXV OLPLWHV p FRPSOHWDPHQWH FRPSDWtYHO FRP FRUDo}HV H SODFDV WHFW{QLFDV HVWDUHP ORFDOL]DGRV QR HVSDoR (OHVQmRHVWmRORFDOL]DGRVRQGHDVUHODo}HVRXDVRXWUDVHQWLGDGHVFRPDVTXDLV HOHVHVWmRFRQVWLWXWLYDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRVHVWmR$QWLLQGLYLGXDOLVPRWDOFRPR DSOLFDGRDHVWDGRVPHQWDLVHPStULFRVTXHVmRFRPRDVHQWLGDGHVItVLFDVGHIHQGH TXHWDLVHVWDGRVFRQVWLWXWLYDPHQWHQmRSRGHULDPVHUGDHVSpFLHTXHHOHVVmRVH UHODo}HVFDXVDLVHVSHFtÀFDVQmRVHPDQWLYHVVHPHQWUHRDPELHQWHHRLQGLYtGXR TXHHVWiQHVWHVWLSRVGHHVWDGRV%85*(S

$SHVDU GDV FUtWLFDV D WRGDV DV IRUPDV GH LQWHUQDOLVPR H LQGLYLGXDOLVPR DV TXDLV DSDUHFHP FODUDPHQWH QD LQWHUSUHWDomR GR SHQVDPHQWR GH 3XWQDP 7\OHU %XUJHFRQWUDULDPHQWHDRTXHVHSRVVDLQLFLDOPHQWHHVSHUDUQmRGHIHQGHQHPTXHRV VLJQLÀFDGRVHVWmRIRUDGDFDEHoDQHPPXLWRPHQRVTXHRVHVWDGRVPHQWDLVHVWHMDP IRUDGDFDEHoD(LVVRHOHSUySULRIRFDOL]DOLWHUDOPHQWHQROLYURPHVPROLYUR

2DQWLLQGLYLGXDOLVPRSHUVHQmRUHLYLQGLFDTXHRVHVWDGRVPHQWDLVVmRUHODo}HV FRPRDPELHQWHRXTXHRVHVWDGRVPHQWDLVQmRHVWmRQDFDEHoDRXTXHHQWLGDGHV QRDPELHQWHVmRSDUWHGRHVWDGRPHQWDORXGRFRQWH~GRUHSUHVHQWDFLRQDOGRV HVWDGRV(XUHMHLWRHVVDVDOHJDo}HV(VSpFLHVHVWDGRPHQWDOIXQGDPH[SOLFDo}HV SVLFROyJLFDV$PDLRULDGDVUHODo}HVFRQVWLWXWLYDVHQWUHRLQGLYtGXRHRDPELHQWH QmRVmRHVSpFLHVTXHVmRFLWDGDVHPH[SOLFDo}HVSVLFROyJLFDVRXRXWUDVH[SOLFDo}HV FLHQWtÀFDV$LQGDHOHVVmRUHOHYDQWHVSDUDXPDH[SOLFDomRFRQVWLWXWLYDGHXP LQGLYtGXRHVWDUHPXPHVSHFtÀFRHVWDGRSVLFROyJLFR

(12)

DUJXPHQWRX FRP VXFHVVR ² LPSOLFD TXH HVWDGRV RX HYHQWRV PDUFDGRV SRU FRQWH~GRUHSUHVHQWDFLRQDOQmRSRVVDPHVWDUQDFDEHoD%85*(S

$ SDUWLU GDV UHÁH[}HV DQWHULRUHV VREUH R ([WHUQDOLVPR 6RFLDO GH 7\OHU %XUJHHXJRVWDULDGHFKDPDUDDWHQomRSDUDGRLVDVSHFWRVRVTXDLVTXHPHSDUHFHP IXQGDPHQWDLV 3ULPHLUR R ÀOyVRIR WUDWD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GRV FRQWH~GRV GD PHQWH H QmR GD VXD IRUPD RX VHMD HOH GHIHQGHULD TXH D DWLYLGDGH SHQVDQWH p SUySULDGRVXMHLWRDLQGDTXHRVVHXVFRQWH~GRVGHSHQGDPGRDPELHQWHItVLFR HOLQJXtVWLFR6HJXQGRHPERUDDVXDGHÀQLomRGHSHQVDPHQWRQmRLQFOXDWRGR R FRQMXQWR GH DWLYLGDGHV PHQWDLV LVVR QmR VLJQLÀFD TXH D VXD FRQFHSomR GH PHQWH H[FOXD DVSHFWRV SXUDPHQWH LQWHUQRV Mi TXH FRPR YLPRV SUHVHUYDPVH WDQWRDVH[SHULrQFLDVVXEMHWLYDVTXDOLWDWLYDVUHODFLRQDGDVDRPXQGRH[WHUQRTXHU GL]HUDVYiULDVIRUPDVGHSHUFHSomRVHQVtYHOTXDQWRDVH[SHULrQFLDVTXDOLWDWLYDV FRQFHELGDVFRPRSXUDPHQWHVXEMHWLYDVWDLVFRPRGRUHVHVHQWLPHQWRVHPJHUDO

3DUD GHVHQYROYHU HVVHV DVSHFWRV H FRP EDVH QHOHV WHFHU DOJXPDV FRQVLGHUDo}HVDUHVSHLWRGRVOLPLWHVGR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOSDUDRHQIUHQWDPHQWR GRV SUREOHPDV GD QDWXUH]D GD PHQWH H GD UHODomR PHQWH WUDWDUHL D VHJXLU GR SHQVDPHQWR GD ÀOyVRID /\QQH %DNHU FXMDV LGHLDV FRPR VXEOLQKDPRV IRUDP EDVWDQWHLQÁXHQFLDGDVSRU7\OHU%XUJH

3 O ANTI-INDIVIDUALISMO DE LYNNE BAKER

(13)

LQFOXtVVHDOJXPDVH[SHULrQFLDVVXEMHWLYDVTXDOLWDWLYDVWDLVFRPRDOHJULDWULVWH]D GRUHWF&RQWXGRFRPRYHUHPRVSRVWHULRUPHQWHHVVDQmRpXPDTXHVWmRPXLWR VLPSOHV SRLV GH DFRUGR FRP R H[WHUQDOLVPR VRFLDO WDLV H[SHULrQFLDV QmR VmR FDUDFWHUL]DGDVFRPRWLSRVGHSHQVDPHQWRVRVTXDLVVmRGHVFULWRVHPWHUPRVGH DWLWXGHVSURSRVLFLRQDLV'HL[DQGRSURYLVRULDPHQWHHVVDTXHVWmRHPDEHUWRSDVVR DJRUDjDQiOLVHGDGHÀQLomRGHH[WHUQDOLVPRVRFLDOH[SRVWDSRU/\QQH%DNHUQR

mesmo artigo.

&RPR YLPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH R H[WHUQDOLVPR p DSUHVHQWDGR FRPR XPD FRQFHSomR VHJXQGR D TXDO RV FRQWH~GRV GH SHQVDPHQWR GH XPD SHVVRD VmR GHWHUPLQDGRVSHORVHXDPELHQWH1HVVHVWHUPRVDTXHVWmRIXQGDPHQWDOSDVVDD VHUDVHJXLQWHIRUPXODGDSRU/\QQH%DNHUGHWUrVPDQHLUDVGLVWLQWDVFRPR´>@DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGRDPELHQWHSRGHPFRQWULEXLUSDUDRFRQWH~GRGRSHQVDPHQWRGH XPDSHVVRDµ"%$.(5ES´>@FRPRRVFRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWR VmRLQGLYLGXDGRVµ"%$.(5ESTXDLV´>@VmRDVFRQGLo}HVVREDV TXDLVXPDSHVVRDtemXPSHQVDPHQWRFRPXPFRQWH~GRSDUWLFXODU"µ%$.(5

ES2HOHPHQWRFRPXPGHVVDVWUrVTXHVW}HVpDEXVFDSHODVFRQGLo}HV UHVSRQViYHLVSHORFRQWH~GRHVSHFtÀFRGHFDGDSHQVDPHQWRRXVHMDRTXHID] FRPTXHXPSHQVDPHQWRVHMDGLIHUHQWHGHRXWURSHQVDPHQWRRXRTXHGHWHUPLQD DVXD´LGHQWLGDGHµWHUPRXVDGRSHODÀOyVRIDFRPRYHUHPRVDVHJXLU

$UHVSRVWDDHVVDVTXHVW}HVDGYpPGHXPDDERUGDJHPWHyULFDDTXDO/\QQH %DNHUFKDPDGH([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOSRUHODGHÀQLGDQRVVHJXLQWHVWHUPRV´$ PDLRULDGRVFRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWRGHXPDSHVVRDpGHWHUPLQDGDHPSDUWH SHODVSUiWLFDVVRFLDLVHOLQJtVWLFDVGDFRPXQLGDGHGDSHVVRDµ%$.(5E S 2EVHUYHPRV QRYDPHQWH TXH D ÀOyVRID XVD DV H[SUHVV}HV ´PDLRULDµ H ´HP SDUWHµ D FXMDV GLÀFXOGDGHV Mi QRV UHIHULPRV 2 TXH JRVWDULD GH UHVVDOWDU SULPHLUDPHQWH QHVVD GHÀQLomR GH ([WHUQDOLVPR 6RFLDO p R IDWR GH TXH R DPELHQWHWLGRSRUIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDRFRQWH~GRGRSHQVDPHQWRGHXPDSHVVRD pRDPELHQWHVRFLRFXOWXUDOQRTXDOHODHVWiLQVHULGDpDSUiWLFDOLQJXtVWLFDGHVXD FRPXQLGDGH7DOSUiWLFDFRPRYHUHPRVID]DPHGLDomRFRPRXWURDPELHQWHQR TXDOWRGDSHVVRDHVWiLPHUVDLVWRpRDPELHQWHQDWXUDO&RPRSURFXUDUHLPRVWUDU R ([WHUQDOLVPR 6RFLDO HVWDEHOHFH XPD UHODomR LQGLVVRFLiYHO HQWUH SHQVDPHQWR OLQJXDJHP H QDWXUH]D SULYLOHJLDQGR FRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWH D OLQJXDJHP 9HMDPRV FRPRHVVDUHODomRpDSUHVHQWDGDSRU/\QQH%DNHU7UDWDUHLLQLFLDOPHQWHGDUHODomR HQWUHSHQVDPHQWRHOLQJXDJHP$VHJXLUIRFDOL]DUHLDUHODomRHQWUHOLQJXDJHP SHQVDPHQWRHDPELHQWHFXOWXUDO3RUÀPIRFDUHLQDUHODomRHQWUHSHQVDPHQWR

(14)

$UHODomRHQWUHSHQVDPHQWRHOLQJXDJHPpFRPRVHSRGHREVHUYDUQD FLWDomRDVHJXLUXPDUHODomRLQWUtQVHFDRXVHMDSHQVDPHQWRHOLQJXDJHPHVWmR

intimamente ligados.

$ LGHQWLGDGH GH XP SHQVDPHQWR GHSHQGH GD LGHQWLGDGH GH VHX FRQWH~GR SURSRVLFLRQDO >@ (X XVDUHL D SDODYUD ´FRQFHLWRµ SDUD UHIHULU DRV LWHQV FRQVWLWXWLYRVGRVFRQWH~GRVSURSRVLFLRQDLVHHXXVDUHLDSDODYUD´SHQVDPHQWRVµ SDUD TXDOTXHU HVWDGR PHQWDO FRP FRQWH~GR SURSRVLFLRQDO SRU H[HPSOR FUHQoDVGHVHMRVLQWHQo}HVHVSHUDQoDVPHGRVHWF(XGLUHLTXHSHQVDPHQWRV FRQWrPRXVmRFRPSRVWRVSRUFRQFHLWRV%$.(5ES

3DUDPHOKRUHQWHQGHUDHQXQFLDGDUHODomRHQWUHSHQVDPHQWRHOLQJXDJHP WUrVDVSHFWRVGHYHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRV$SDUWLUGDVFLWDo}HVDQWHULRUHVH[DPLQDUHL DGHÀQLomRGHSHQVDPHQWRDVHJXLUDGHÀQLomRGHFRQFHLWRHSRUÀPDUHODomR SHQVDPHQWRHFRQFHLWR4XDQWRjGHÀQLomRGHSHQVDPHQWRWUrVDVSHFWRVPHSDUHFHP UHOHYDQWHV3ULPHLURRTXHVLJQLÀFDGL]HUTXHD´>@LGHQWLGDGHGRSHQVDPHQWR GHSHQGHGDLGHQWLGDGHGHVHXFRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDOµ"6HULDRPHVPRTXHGL]HU TXHRFRQWH~GRGRSHQVDPHQWRGHSHQGHGRFRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDO"2EVHUYHPRV TXHDRDSUHVHQWDUFRPRH[HPSORVGHFRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDODVFUHQoDVRVGHVHMRV DVLQWHQo}HVHWF/\QQH%DNHUQmRGLIHUHQFLDDQRomRGH´FRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDOµ GDQRomRGH´DWLWXGHSURSRVLFLRQDOµRTXHHQWHQGRVHULPSRUWDQWHSDUDVHSHQVDU QDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHPRGRV²DWLWXGHV²HRVSUySULRVFRQWH~GRVGRSHQVDPHQWR(VVD GLIHUHQoDSDUHFHHVWDULPSOtFLWDQRSUySULRWH[WRGDÀOyVRIDTXDQGRHODVHUHIHUH DRV FRQFHLWRV FRPR RV ´>@ LWHQV FRQVWLWXWLYRV GRV FRQWH~GRV SURSRVLFLRQDLVµ 6HQGRRFDVRSDUHFHQmRKDYHUSUREOHPDHPUHVSRQGHUjVTXHVW}HVFRORFDGDVQR LQtFLRGHVWHSDUiJUDIRFRPDLQWHUSUHWDomRGHTXHRSHQVDPHQWRHPVXDIRUPDH FRQWH~GRGHSHQGHGDIRUPDHFRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDLV

2 VHJXQGR DVSHFWR p R TXH WUDWD GD UHODomR HQWUH R SHQVDPHQWR FDUDFWHUL]DGRFRPRXPHVWDGRPHQWDOHRFRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDO$RUHVVDOYDU TXHXVDDSDODYUD´SHQVDPHQWRµSDUDVHUHIHULUD´>@TXDOTXHUHVWDGRPHQWDO FRP FRQWH~GR SURSRVLFLRQDOµ HVWDULD /\QQH %DNHU GHIHQGHQGR TXH H[LVWHP HVWDGRVPHQWDLVTXHQmRWrPFRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDOHTXHSRUWDQWRQmRVmR

$UHODomRHQWUHSHQVDPHQWRHOLQJXDJHPpH[SRVWDQRVPHVPRVWHUPRVQRWH[WR´)LUVW3HUVRQ

(15)

SHQVDPHQWRV"6HIRURFDVRTXDLVVHULDPHVVHVHVWDGRVPHQWDLV"&RPRH[HPSORV GHSHQVDPHQWR/\QQH%DNHUFLWDFRPRYLPRVDVFUHQoDVRVGHVHMRVDVLQWHQo}HV DVHVSHUDQoDVRVPHGRVHWF4XDOVHULDRHVWDWXWRSRUH[HPSORGDVSHUFHSo}HV H VHQWLPHQWRV FRPR DOHJULD WULVWH]D H GRU Mi UHIHULGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH" 6HULDP HYHQWRV PHQWDLV PDV QmR SHQVDPHQWRV RX VHMD HVWDGRV LUUHGXWtYHLV DR ItVLFR PDVFRQIRUPHRVWHUPRVGDÀOyVRIDVHPFRQWH~GRSURSRVLFLRQDO"9HMDPRVVHp SRVVtYHOH[SOLFLWDUHVVHSRQWRFRPEDVHQDGHÀQLomRGH´FRQFHLWRµHGHVXDUHODomR FRPRSHQVDPHQWRSURSRVWRVSRU/\QQH%DNHUWHUFHLURDVSHFWRGDUHODomRHQWUH SHQVDPHQWRHOLQJXDJHPDVHUFRQVLGHUDGR

2VFRQFHLWRVVmRDSUHVHQWDGRVFRPRRVFRQVWLWXLQWHVIXQGDPHQWDLVGR SHQVDPHQWR -i QRWDPRV TXH RV FRQFHLWRV VmR GHÀQLGRV FRPR RV ´LWHQVµ TXH FRQVWLWXHPRVFRQWH~GRVSURSRVLFLRQDLVHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH²FRQVLGHUDQGRVH TXH´>@DLGHQWLGDGHGHXPSHQVDPHQWRGHSHQGHGDLGHQWLGDGHGHVHXFRQWH~GR SURSRVLFLRQDOµ²RVFRQFHLWRVFRQVWLWXHPRFRQWH~GRGRVSHQVDPHQWRV3RUpP DÀUPDUTXHRFRQFHLWRpR´LWHPµFRQVWLWXWLYRGRSHQVDPHQWRQmRpGL]HUWXGRR TXHpUHOHYDQWHDVHXUHVSHLWRLVWRpWHQGRHPYLVWDDVXDUHODomRFRPRFRQWH~GR GR SHQVDPHQWR GHYHVH H[SOLFDU DV FRQGLo}HV GHWHUPLQDQWHV GH VXD SRVVH H FRQWH~GRDVTXDLVFRPRYHUHPRVDVHJXLUHQYROYHPRDPELHQWHVRFLRFXOWXUDO

$ HVVH UHVSHLWR /\QQH %DNHU HQIDWL]D TXH R TXH ´>@ p VLJQLÀFDQWH D UHVSHLWRGRVFRQFHLWRVDOpPGRIDWRGHTXHHOHVFRPS}HPSHQVDPHQWRVpTXH HOHVWrPFRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomRGHÀQLWLYDPHQWHXPFRQFHLWRDSOLFDVHDDOJXPDV FRLVDVHGHÀQLWLYDPHQWHQmRVHDSOLFDDRXWUDVFRLVDVµ%$.(5ES $HVVHUHVSHLWRFRQIRUPH/\QQH%DNHUWHUXPFRQFHLWRpVHUFDSD]GHDSOLFiOR FRUUHWDPHQWHHPXPDDPSODYDULHGDGHGHFDVRVDLQGDTXHHPDOJXQVGHVVHVFDVRV RFRQKHFLPHQWRGDVFRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomRVHMDSDUFLDO(VVDWHVHpH[SOLFDGD H MXVWLÀFDGD QR FRQWH[WR GD DERUGDJHP H[WHUQDOLVWD VRFLDO VHQGR LQLFLDOPHQWH DSUHVHQWDGDHVTXHPDWLFDPHQWHSHODÀOyVRIDQRVVHJXLQWHVWHUPRV´3DUDTXDOTXHU 6VH6WHP&>RFRQFHLWR&@VHJXHVHTXHPDQWHQGRVHFRQVWDQWHVDKLVWyULDItVLFD HRVHVWDGRVLQWHUQRVItVLFRVGH6VH6HVWLYHVVHHPXPDFRPXQLGDGHFRPSUiWLFDV VRFLDLVHOLQJtVWLFDVUHOHYDQWHPHQWHGLIHUHQWHV6QmRWHULD&>@VHDOJXpPWHPRX QmRXPFRQFHLWR&GHSHQGHGDVSUiWLFDVVRFLDLVHOLQJtVWLFDVGHVXDFRPXQLGDGHµ %$.(5ES2XGHIRUPDPDLVDEUDQJHQWH

(16)

6HFDSD]GHDSOLFDU&FRUUHWDPHQWHHPXPVLJQLÀFDQWHQXPHURGHFDVRVHLL 6WHPDOJXPDWDOYH]SDUFLDOFRPSUHHQVmRGDVFRQGLo}HVHFRQVHTrQFLDVGD DSOLFDomRGH&%$.(5DS

9HPRVDVVLPTXHDVSUiWLFDVOLQJXtVWLFDVHVRFLDLVVHULDPRVGHWHUPLQDQWHV SDUDDSRVVHRXQmRGHXPFRQFHLWRHHVVDWHVHQmRVHUHVWULQJHFRPRVHSRGHULD SHQVDU j SULPHLUD YLVWD DSHQDV DR TXH FKDPDUHPRV GH FRQFHLWRV GH ´HVSpFLH FXOWXUDOµRXVHMDRVFRQFHLWRVVRFLDLVSROtWLFRVRXOHJDLVPDVWDPEpPDRTXHRV ÀOyVRIRVFKDPDPGHFRQFHLWRVGH´HVSpFLHQDWXUDOµ3URFXUDUHLLOXVWUDUHVVDWHVH HDSRQWDUDOJXPDVGHVXDVGLÀFXOGDGHVDSDUWLUGDDSUHVHQWDomRVXFLQWDGHDOJXQV GHQWUHRVH[HPSORVSURSRVWRVSRU/\QQH%DNHU&RPHoDUHLSRUXPFRQFHLWRGH HVSpFLHQDWXUDO, o conceito de rocha.

6XSRQKDPRV TXH XP VXMHLWR ´$µ DFUHGLWH TXH URFKDV VmR SHVDGDV H TXH´$µH[SUHVVHDVXDFUHQoDHPSRUWXJXrVQRFRQWH[WRGHVXDFRPXQLGDGH OLQJXtVWLFD ´;µ GL]HQGR ´5RFKDV VmR SHVDGDVµ 6XSRQKDPRV WDPEpP TXH H[LVWDRXWUDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD´<µTXHWHQKDXPDSDODYUDIRQRORJLFDPHQWH LQGLVWLQJXtYHOGDSDODYUD´URFKDµSURQXQFLDGDSRU´$µQDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD ´;µ FRP D GLIHUHQoD GH TXH QD FRPXQLGDGH OLQJXtVWLFD ´<µ D SDODYUD ´>@ LQFOXL VRPHQWH SHGUDV JUDQGHV HQFRQWUDGDV HP WHUUDV VHFDV HP FDPSRV RX PRQWDQKDVHQmRSHGUDVJUDQGHVHQFRQWUDGDVSHUWRGHRXHPOHLWRVGHiJXDµ %$.(5ES$WHVHGRH[WHUQDOLVPRVRFLDOpTXHVH´$µSURIHUHD SDODYUD´URFKDµQDVGXDVFRPXQLGDGHVOLQJXtVWLFDV´$µQmRFRPHWHULDXPHUUR FRQFHLWXDOQDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD´;µPDVVHIRVVHWUD]LGRUHSHQWLQDPHQWH SDUDDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD´<µHDtXWLOL]DVVHDSDODYUDTXHVRDFRPR´URFKDµ ² VHP TXH WLYHVVH WHPSR SRUWDQWR SDUD DSUHHQGHU D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH DV GXDV SDODYUDVQDVGXDVGLIHUHQWHVFRPXQLGDGHV²´$µFRPHWHULDXPHUURFRQFHLWXDO QDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD´<µ$OpPGLVVRHSRUFDXVDGLVVRQDFRPXQLGDGH OLQJXtVWLFD´;µ´$µWHULDDFUHQoD´5RFKDVVmRSHVDGDVµPDVQmRWHULDDPHVPD FUHQoDQDFRPXQLGDGH´<µ(DGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDVGXDVVHQWHQoDVDTXDOGDULDD HODVYDORUHVGHYHUGDGHGLVWLQWRVQmRHVWDULDQRVUHVSHFWLYRVVRQVSURIHULGRVRV TXDLVFRPRYLPRVVHULDPLGrQWLFRVPDVVLPHPVXDVUHIHUrQFLDVGLVWLQWDVHP VXDVGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomR'HVVHPRGRSUHVHUYDQGRVHDPHVPD

KLVWyULD ItVLFD H D PHVPD RUJDQL]DomR H FRQVWLWXLomR FRUSRUDOFHUHEUDO GH ´$µ QRSURIHULPHQWRGDPHVPDSDODYUD²VRQRUDPHQWHIDODQGR²QDVFRPXQLGDGHV ´;µ H ´<µ $ WHULD GLIHUHQWHV FUHQoDV $ÀQDO RV FRQFHLWRV VHULDP GLIHUHQWHV

$SUHVHQWRRH[HPSORUHIHULQGRPHjOtQJXDSRUWXJXHVDDRLQYpVGDOtQJXDLQJOHVDFLWDGDSHODÀOyVRID

3RGHVHFRQFHEHUIDFLOPHQWHTXHQRkPELWRGHXPDPHVPDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFDSRVVDKDYHU

(17)

´2VFRQFHLWRVH[SUHVVRVGHVVHPRGRGLIHUHPQDVGXDVFRPXQLGDGHVµ%$.(5 ES'RTXHIRLH[SRVWRDQWHULRUPHQWHSRGHVHFRQFOXLUTXHVH´$µ IRVVH FULDGR QD FRPXQLGDGH OLQJXtVWLFD ´<µ QD TXDO WHULD DSUHQGLGR D XVDU D SDODYUDIRQRORJLFDPHQWHLQGLVWLQJXtYHOGDSDODYUD´URFKDµDRXViODREHGHFHQGR jV´FRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomRµ´$µQmRHVWDULDFRPHWHQGRQHQKXPHUURFRQFHLWXDO 3UHVHUYDUVHLD GHVVH PRGR R YDORU GH YHUGDGH GH VXD FUHQoD ´5RFKDV VmR SHVDGDVµ 0RUDO GD KLVWyULD VHQWHQoDV IRQROyJLFD H VLQWDWLFDPHQWH LGrQWLFDV SRGHPH[SUHVVDUGLIHUHQWHVFUHQoDV

2 FRQFHLWR XWLOL]DGR QR H[HPSOR DQWHULRU SRGH VHU WRPDGR FRPR XP FRQFHLWRGHHVSpFLHFXOWXUDODLQGDTXHVHJXQGR/\QQH%DNHULQWXLWLYDPHQWHQmR R VHMD (QWHQGR TXH QmR p R FDVR QR PRPHQWR SRU QmR VHU UHOHYDQWH SDUD D TXHVWmRTXHFRQVLGHURFHQWUDOGLVFXWLUHPTXHPHGLGDRH[HPSORSURSRVWRpGH HVSpFLHFXOWXUDORXGHHVSpFLHQDWXUDO$ÀQDODÀOyVRIDGHIHQGHFRPRYHUHPRV TXHWRGRVRVFRQFHLWRVVmRGHFHUWRPRGRGHHVSpFLHFXOWXUDO(QIRFRDVHJXLU XPH[HPSORFRVWXPHLUDPHQWHFLWDGRFRPRVHQGRGHHVSpFLHQDWXUDO/HPEURTXH HVWRXDSUHVHQWDQGRRH[HPSORGH/\QQH%DNHUFRPFHUWDOLEHUGDGHGHVRUWHTXH PHSHUPLWDH[SULPLUPDLVFODUDPHQWHDPDQHLUDFRPRRFRPSUHHQGR7UDWDVHGH HQWHQGHUDSDUWLUGRH[WHUQDOLVPRVRFLDORVFRQFHLWRV´OLPHVWRQHµH´VDQGVWRQHµ RVTXDLVWUDGX]LUHLUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHSRU´FDOFiULRµH´DUHQLWRµ$SHQDVSDUDTXH RH[HPSORSRVVDVHUYLUDRSURSyVLWRGHLOXVWUDUDDERUGDJHPH[WHUQDOLVWDVRFLDO GDPHQWHVXSRQKDPRVTXHFDOFiULRHDUHQLWRWHQKDPDPERVXPDFRUDPDUHODGD HVHMDPWDPEpPÀVLFDPHQWHLGrQWLFRVHPRXWUDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPDFURItVLFDVGH WDOPDQHLUDTXHRREVHUYDGRUFRPXPQmRFRQVLJDGLVWLQJXLORVSHODYLVmRQDWXUDO PDVTXHVHMDPTXLPLFDPHQWHGLVWLQWRVRXVHMDTXHFDOFiULRVHMDFDUERQDWRGH FiOFLR&D&2HTXHDUHQLWRVHMDGLy[LGRGHVLOLFRQH6L2

&RQVLGHUDUHLDJRUDGXDVVLWXDo}HVGLVWLQWDV3ULPHLUDVLWXDomRXPVXMHLWR´$µ IRLFULDGRHYLYHQDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD´;µ´$µIDODDOtQJXDGHVVDFRPXQLGDGH QD TXDO H[LVWH FDOFiULR PDV QmR DUHQLWR (PERUD QXQFD WHQKD YLVWR FDOFiULR SHVVRDOPHQWH´$µFRQKHFHWXGRDUHVSHLWRGHVXDVSURSULHGDGHVPDFURItVLFDV² QmRFRQKHFHSRUWDQWRDVVXDVSURSULHGDGHVTXtPLFDV$GTXLULXHVVHFRQKHFLPHQWR SRUPHLRGRVOLYURVHGRVFROHJDVGHHVFROD$VVLP´$µWHPRFRQFHLWRFDOFiULR LVWRp´$µ´>@pFDSD]GHDSOLFDUFRUUHWDPHQWHRFRQFHLWRFDOFiULRH¶$·´WHP XPDFRPSUHHQVmRWDOYH]SDUFLDO>MiTXHQmRWHPRFRQKHFLPHQWRGDFRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD@GDVFRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomRGHFDOFiULRµ%$.(5ES

(18)

GRVFROHJDVGHHVFROD$VVLP´$µWHPRFRQFHLWRDUHQLWRRXVHMD´$µ´pFDSD] GHDSOLFDUFRUUHWDPHQWHRFRQFHLWRDUHQLWRH´$µ´>@WHPXPDFRPSUHHQVmR WDOYH] SDUFLDO >Mi TXH QmR WHP R FRQKHFLPHQWR GD FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD@ GDV FRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomRGHDUHQLWRµ%$.(5ES

,PDJLQHVHDJRUDRVHJXLQWHDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD´<µpXPDFySLD LGrQWLFDGDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD´;µWDQWRHPUHODomRjVSHVVRDVH[LVWHQWHV VXDKLVWyULDItVLFDHFXOWXUDOTXDQWRHPUHODomRjDSDUrQFLDHFRQVWLWXLomRItVLFD GDPDWpULDHREMHWRVH[LVWHQWHVPDVFRPXPD~QLFDGLIHUHQoD²DH[LVWrQFLDGH DUHQLWR DR LQYpV GH FDOFiULR /HPEUHPRV TXH HVVD GLIHUHQoD H[LVWH DSHQDV QR QtYHO PLFURItVLFR FRQVWLWXLomR TXtPLFD QmR VHQGR SRUWDQWR LGHQWLÀFDGD SRU ´$µTXHFRQKHFHDUHQLWRDSHQDVSRUVXDVSURSULHGDGHVPDFURÀVLFDV3HQVHPRV WDPEpPTXHDSDODYUD´FDOFiULRµWHQKDXPDFySLDIRQRORJLFDPHQWHLGrQWLFDHP ´<µDTXDOpXWLOL]DGDSDUD´GHVLJQDUµDUHQLWR6HJXQGRRH[WHUQDOLVPRVRFLDO ´$µ QmR WHULD HP ´<µ R FRQFHLWR ´FDOFiULRµ H VLP R FRQFHLWR ´DUHQLWRµ 8PD SDODYUDIRQRORJLFDPHQWHLGrQWLFDWHULDUHIHUrQFLDGLVWLQWDQDVGXDVFRPXQLGDGHV $FRQFOXVmRFRQIRUPHRVWHUPRVGH/\QQH%DNHUpDVHJXLQWH

O conceito *calcário* é um conceito diferente do conceito *arenito*. Os

GRLVFRQFHLWRVWrPFRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomRLQWHLUDPHQWHGLIHUHQWHV9DULDQGR VRPHQWH D FRPXQLGDGH GH $ QyV SRGHPRV YDULDU R FRQFHLWR TXH $ WHP

*calcário * ou *arenito* sem mudar nenhum de seus estados internos ou

QHQKXPDGDVSHVVRDVRXFRLVDVFRPDVTXDLVHOHLQWHUDJHRXTXDLVTXHUGDV PDQHLUDVQmRLQWHQFLRQDLVFRPDVTXDLVHOHLQWHUDJH$QHPPHVPRWHPIDOVDV FUHQoDV VREUH DV FRQGLo}HV GH DSOLFDomR GH XP RX GH RXWUR GRV FRQFHLWRV FDOFiULRRXDUHQLWRHOHQmRWHPIDOVDVFUHQoDVDUHVSHLWRGDFRPSRVLomR TXtPLFDGHFDGDXPGHOHVGHVGHTXHHOHQmRWHPFUHQoDVVREUHFRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD²QmRPDLVGRTXHQRVVRVDQFHVWUDLVRVTXDLVWLQKDPRFRQFHLWRGH FDOFiULR%$.(5ES

(19)

/\QQH%DNHUSURS}HGXDVUHVSRVWDVDHVVDREMHomR3ULPHLUDUHVSRVWDD ÀOyVRIDVDOLHQWDTXHQRH[SHULPHQWRGHSHQVDPHQWRWDOFRPRIRLDSUHVHQWDGR LQLFLDOPHQWH´$µDGTXLULXRVFRQFHLWRVGHFDOFiULRHDUHQLWRQDVSUiWLFDVVRFLDLV HOLQJXtVWLFDVRXVHMDDWUDYpVGRVOLYURVHGRVFROHJDVGDHVFRODQmRWHQGRWLGR TXDOTXHUWLSRGHLQWHUDomRGLUHWDFRPFDOFiULRHDUHQLWR(VVDUHVSRVWDPHSDUHFH LQVDWLVIDWyULDSRLVDLQGDTXHQDVLWXDomRSDUWLFXODUHVERoDGDSRVVDPRVFRQVLGHUDU TXH´$µQmRWHQKDLQWHUDJLGRGLUHWDPHQWHFRPWDLVHOHPHQWRVGDQDWXUH]DQDGD LPSHGH TXH RXWURV VXMHLWRV SRU H[HPSOR DTXHOHV TXH SURGX]LUDP RV OLYURV FRQVXOWDGRVSRU´$µWHQKDPWLGRHVVDLQWHUDomR3RGHUtDPRVVXEOLQKDUTXHVH HVVHIRVVHRFDVRRVFRQFHLWRV´FDOFiULRµH´DUHQLWRµVHULDPGH´HVSpFLHQDWXUDOµ HQmRGH´HVSpFLHFXOWXUDOµ"1mRpRTXHSHQVD/\QQH%DNHU$DXWRUDDÀUPD FRPRVHJXQGDUHVSRVWDjREMHomRH[WHUQDOLVWDQDWXUDOLVWDTXH´>@DH[LVWrQFLDGH DPRVWUDVGHHVSpFLHQDWXUDOQmRpnuncaVXÀFLHQWHSDUDDOJXpPWHURFRQFHLWRGD

HVSpFLH3UiWLFDVVRFLDLVHOLQJXtVWLFDVVmRRVLQWHUPHGLiULRVUHTXHULGRVSDUDTXHVH FRPSDUWLOKHPRVFRQFHLWRVHPTXDOTXHUVLWXDomRµ%$.(5ES'H DFRUGRFRPDÀOyVRIDVHSRUXPODGRDVSUiWLFDVVRFLDLVHOLQJXtVWLFDVLQFOXHP DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGRDPELHQWHDRVTXDLVHODVVHUHIHUHPHPVXDVFRQGLo}HVGH DSOLFDomRSRURXWURDPHUDH[LVWrQFLDGRVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDLVFDOFiULRHDUHQLWRQD QDWXUH]DQmRVHULDVXÀFLHQWHSDUDDH[LVWrQFLDGRVFRQFHLWRV´FDOFiULRµH´DUHQLWRµ HPXPDFRPXQLGDGHTXHYLYHQHVVHDPELHQWH

eQHVVHPHVPRVHQWLGRTXH/\QQH%DNHULQWHUSUHWDRXWURH[HPSORRGR XVRGRVFRQFHLWRVGH´JROÀQKRµH´WXEDUmRµHUHIXWDREMHo}HVVHPHOKDQWHVjV DQWHULRUHV&RQWUDR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOSRGHUVHLDDOHJDUTXHWHURXQmRWHU RVFRQFHLWRVGH´JROÀQKRµRXGH´WXEDUmRµGHSHQGHDSHQDVGDVGLIHUHQoDVHQWUH DVHVSpFLHVQDWXUDLVHQmRGHSUiWLFDVOLQJXtVWLFDV'HVVHPRGRVHXPDSHVVRD VROLWiULD²D´VROLWiULD-{µ²YLYHVVHQXPDLOKDFHUFDGDSRUWXEDU}HVHODWHULDR FRQFHLWR GH ´WXEDUmRµ H VH IRVVH FHUFDGD SRU JROÀQKRV HOD WHULD R FRQFHLWR GH´JROÀQKRµ&RQWUDHVVDWHVH/\QQH%DNHUGHIHQGHSULPHLUDPHQWHTXHHP JHUDODVSHVVRDVQmRDGTXLUHPHVVHVFRQFHLWRVDSDUWLUGDLQWHUDomRGLUHWDFRP JROÀQKRVRXWXEDU}HVHVLPGDVSUiWLFDVOLQJXtVWLFDVHVRFLDLVGHVXDFRPXQLGDGH $OpPGLVVRDH[LVWrQFLDGHDPRVWUDVGHHVSpFLHQDWXUDOQmRVHULDVXÀFLHQWHSDUD VHWHURFRQFHLWRGDTXHODHVSpFLHDS(PFRQVRQkQFLDFRPHVVDLGHLD D ÀOyVRID DÀUPD TXH D SHVVRD VROLWiULD QD LOKD QmR DGTXLULULD RV FRQFHLWRV GH ´WXEDUmRµRXGH´JROÀQKRµ/\QQH%DNHUDUJXPHQWDgrosso modoTXHD6ROLWiULD

(20)

RXVHMDHODQmRWHULDFRPRÀ[DUDH[WHQVmRGRFRQFHLWRRTXDOVHULDHVWDEHOHFLGR SHODFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD

1LQJXpP WHP XP FRQFHLWR D QmR VHU TXH KDMD XPD GLIHUHQoD HQWUH DSOLFiOR FRUUHWDPHQWH H DSOLFiOR LQFRUUHWDPHQWH 1D DXVrQFLD GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH QmRKiQDGDTXHSRVVDWRUQDUFRUUHWRDSOLFDURVXSRVWRFRQFHLWRGHWXEDUmR GD 6ROLWiULD -{ FRPR RSRVWR D WXEDU}HV FDEHoDGHPDUWHOR RX WXEDU}HVRX JROÀQKRV 1mR Ki QDGD QR DPELHQWH GD 6ROLWiULD -{ TXH WRUQDULD LQFRUUHWR DSOLFDUVHXVXSRVWRFRQFHLWRDJROÀQKRVRXLPSHGLODGHDSOLFiORDWXEDU}HV WLJUHGRPDU$SHQDVDIDPLOLDULGDGHGD6ROLWiULD-{FRPWXEDU}HVMXQWRFRP RXWUDVFULDWXUDVGRPDUGLÀFLOPHQWHGiDHODRFRQFHLWRGHWXEDUmR([LVWHP HVSpFLHVGHWXEDU}HVTXHVmRUDGLFDOPHQWHGHVVHPHOKDQWHVHQWUHVL>@(X FRQFRUGRTXHVHUXPPHPEURGHXPDGHWHUPLQDGDHVSpFLHQDWXUDOLQGHSHQGH GDVSUiWLFDVVRFLDLVHOLQJtVWLFDVPDVHVWHSRQWRHLUUHOHYDQWH$TXHVWmRQmRGL] UHVSHLWRDVHUXPPHPEURGHXPDHVSpFLHQDWXUDOHODGL]UHVSHLWRjDTXLVLomR GRFRQFHLWRGHXPDHVSpFLHQDWXUDOWXEDUmR2TXHÀ[DDH[WHQVmRGHXP VXSRVWRFRQFHLWRGHXPDSHVVRDHPLVRODPHQWRXPDSHVVRDVHPXPDOLQJXDJHP QDWXUDOFRPRRLQJOrV"1DDXVrQFLDGDOLQJXDJHPRTXHIDULDFRPTXHTXDOTXHU GRVHYHQWRVPHQWDLVRXYRFDOL]Do}HVGD6ROLWiULD-{H[SUHVVDVVHPRFRQFHLWR WXEDUmR FRPR RSRVWR D WXEDUmR FDEHoDGHPDUWHOR WXEDUmR WLJUH GRPDUSHL[HRXPLOK}HVGHRXWUDVHVSpFLHVQDWXUDLVDVTXDLVXPWXEDUmR SDUWLFXODUSHUWHQFH"(PYLUWXGHGRTXHTXDOTXHUSHQVDPHQWRGD6ROLWiULD-{ FRQWHULDRFRQFHLWRWXEDUmRFRPRRSRVWRDRVFRQFHLWRVWXEDUmRFDEHoDGH PDUWHORRXTXDOTXHUGRVDOWHUQDWLYRV"%$.(5DS

2 SRQWRFKDYH QD DUJXPHQWDomR GH /\QQH %DNHU p R SDSHO TXH D ´OLQJXDJHPS~EOLFDµWHPQRHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRGRVFRQFHLWRV6HPHVVDOLQJXDJHP RXUHGX]LGDjSRVVLELOLGDGHGHXPDGHÀQLomRRVWHQVLYDQmRVHWHULDPRV´UHFXUVRV GHVFULWLYRVµ QHFHVViULRV SDUD À[DU D H[WHQVmR GR FRQFHLWR GH XPD HVSpFLH GH WXEDUmRHGLIHUHQFLiORGDVRXWUDVHVSpFLHVSRUH[HPSOR(SRUQmRWHUWDPEpP RFRQFHLWRDEVWUDWRGH´HVSpFLHQDWXUDOµD6ROLWiULD-{QmRWHULDFRPRUHIHULUVH DXPDHVSpFLHGHWXEDUmRRTXHVHULDSRVVtYHOVH´>@KRXYHVVHDPHGLDomRGDV SUiWLFDVVRFLDLVHOLQJtVWLFDV>@µ%$.(5DS/\QQH%DNHUFRQFOXL UHVVDOWDQGRDLPSRUWkQFLDGDOLQJXDJHPSDUDRFRQWH~GRGRSHQVDPHQWRRX´YLGD LQWHULRUµGHXPDSHVVRD

(21)

­SULPHLUDYLVWDDVFRQVLGHUDo}HVDQWHULRUHVVXJHUHPTXHDRHQIDWL]DU D LPSRUWkQFLD GD FRPXQLGDGH OLQJXtVWLFD SDUD D SRVVH GH FRQFHLWRV /\QQH %DNHU HVWDULD SRVWXODQGR TXH D ´VROLWiULD -{µ WHULD YLGD LQWHULRU H[WUHPDPHQWH HPSREUHFLGD SHOR IDWR GH HOD QmR SHQVDU LVWR p GH QmR WHU FUHQoDV GHVHMRV RX LQWHQo}HV DV TXDLV QmR H[LVWLULDP VHP FRQWH~GR VHP FRQFHLWRV ´>@ WHU RV FRQFHLWRV p LPSRUWDQWH SRUTXH D FODVVH GH SHQVDPHQWRV TXH DOJXpP SRGH HQWUHWHUpOLPLWDGDSHORVFRQFHLWRVTXHHOHWHPµ%$.(5DS1HVVH VHQWLGR D ÀOyVRID HVWDULD UHGX]LQGR D YLGD LQWHULRU GD ´VROLWiULD -{µ TXDQGR PXLWRDH[SHULrQFLDVTXDOLWDWLYDVQmRPXLWRGLIHUHQWHVGDTXHODVTXHSRGHULDPVHU DWULEXtGDVDDOJXQVWLSRVGHDQLPDLV(VVDLQWHUSUHWDomRGRSHQVDPHQWRGH/\QQH %DNHUSDUHFHH[FHVVLYDGLDQWHGDGLVWLQomRTXHHODHVWDEHOHFHHQWUH´FRQGLo}HV GHLQGLYLGXDomRµH´FRQGLo}HVGHDTXLVLomRµGHXPFRQFHLWR$HVVHUHVSHLWRD ÀOyVRIDDUJXPHQWDVHPPDLRUHVHVFODUHFLPHQWRVTXHDVSUiWLFDVOLQJXtVWLFDVVmR FRQGLo}HVHVVHQFLDLVDSHQDVSDUDDDTXLVLomRGHFRQFHLWRVDVSHFWRTXHPDLVD LQWHUHVVDHGRTXDOHODVHRFXSDPDVQmRSDUDDVXDLQGLYLGXDomR

(X DGPLWR TXH RV FRQFHLWRV WXEDUmR H JROÀQKR VmR individuados

LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGHSUiWLFDVOLQJXtVWLFDVHVRFLDLV0DVR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDO FRPRHXRWHQKRIRUPXODGRQmRHVWiSUHRFXSDGRFRPFRPRRVFRQFHLWRVVmR LQGLYLGXDGRVPDVDQWHVFRPDVFRQGLo}HVVREDVTXDLVXPDSHVVRDWHPXPFHUWR FRQFHLWRHRVSHQVDPHQWRVFRQWHQGRR2IDWRGHTXHXPFRQFHLWRpLQGLYLGXDGR LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGHSUiWLFDVOLQJXtVWLFDVHVRFLDLVpLUUHOHYDQWHSDUDRIDWRGH HOH VHU RX QmR XP FRQFHLWR ([WHUQDOLVWD 6RFLDO 8P FRQFHLWR p XP FRQFHLWR ([WHUQDOLVWD6yFLDVHDOJXpPRWHPGHSHQGHGHSUiWLFDVVRFLDLVHOLQJXtVWLFDVD GHVSHLWRGHFRPRRFRQFHLWRpLQGLYLGXDGR%$.(5DS

&RPR HQWHQGHU HVVD GLVWLQomR HP HVSHFLDO R TXH HOD FRQFHEH FRPR ´FRQGLo}HVGHLQGLYLGXDomRµGHXPFRQFHLWR"(PRXWURWH[WRHVVDGLVWLQomRWDPEpP DSDUHFHHPERUDHPWHUPRVXPSRXFRGLIHUHQWHVPDVQmRPDLVHVFODUHFHGRUD

([WHUQDOLVPRpXVXDOPHQWHHQWHQGLGRFRPRXPDWHVHVREUHFRPRFRQWH~GRV GH SHQVDPHQWR VmR LQGLYLGXDGRV ([LVWHP GXDV PDQHLUDV GH HQWHQGHU HVVD WHVH²RXDQWHVGRLVPRGRVSHORVTXDLVDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGRDPELHQWHSRGHP FRQWULEXLU SDUD R FRQWH~GR GR SHQVDPHQWR GH XPD SHVVRD $ SULPHLUD LQWHUSUHWDomR IRFD QRpensamento TXDLV VmR DV FRQGLo}HV VRE DV TXDLV XP

SHQVDPHQWRWHPRFRQWH~GRSDUWLFXODUTXHHOHWHP"$VHJXQGDLQWHUSUHWDomR

foca no pensador 4XDLV VmR DV FRQGLo}HV VRE DV TXDLV XPD SHVVRDtem um

SHQVDPHQWRFRPXPFRQWH~GRSDUWLFXODU"%$.(5ES

(22)

SHOR PRGR FRPR HVVD FRPXQLGDGH R XWLOL]D -i D TXHVWmR GD LQGLYLGXDomR GD TXDODÀOyVRIDQmRVHRFXSDSDUHFHPHLPSRUWDQWHMXVWDPHQWHSRUDSRQWDUSDUD FRQGLo}HVSULPHLUDVVHPDVTXDLVRSHQVDPHQWRWDPEpPQmRVHULDSRVVtYHOTXHU GL]HUFRQGLo}HVQHFHVViULDVDLQGDTXHQmRVXÀFLHQWHVSDUDRVXUJLPHQWRGHXP FRQFHLWRQRkPELWRGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFD7UDWRGHFRQGLo}HVSULPHLUDV FRQVLGHUDQGRTXHWRGRFRQFHLWRWHPXPDKLVWyULDRXVHMDDSDUHFHXSULPHLUDPHQWH HP DOJXP PRPHQWR QR kPELWR GD FRPXQLGDGH 1mR PH SDUHFH TXH WHQKDP TXHWHUVXUJLGRFROHWLYDPHQWH(RTXHDPHXYHUpRPDLVLPSRUWDQWHQmRPH SDUHFH UD]RiYHO VXSRU TXH RV FRQFHLWRV SRU PDLV DEVWUDWRV TXH VHMDP SRVVDP VHUDGTXLULGRVVHPH[SHULrQFLDVTXDOLWDWLYDVLQGLYLGXDLVSRUH[HPSORSHUFHSo}HV H[WHUQDVRXLQWHUQDVWLGDVFRPRQmRFRQFHLWXDLVRXFRPRQmRSHQVDPHQWRSHOR ([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDO/HPEUDQGRWRGDDWUDGLomRHPSLULVWDQD)LORVRÀDFRPRVHULD SRVVtYHOKDYHUFRQFHLWRVGHGRUGHFRUVHPH[SHULrQFLDVVXEMHWLYDVTXHDQFRUHP HVVHVFRQFHLWRVDLQGDTXHHOHVQmRVHUHGX]DPRXQmRVHFRQIXQGDPFRPHODV" $TXHVWmRpVHVHULDSRVVtYHOWHUDVFRQGLo}HVGHDSOLFDomRTXHWRUQDPSRVVtYHO D DTXLVLomR LQGLYLGXDO GRV FRQFHLWRV ´JUDPDµ H ´YHUGHµ WDO FRPR DSDUHFHP QD FLWDomRTXHVHJXHVHPTXHRLQGLYtGXRWHQKDDVH[SHULrQFLDVTXDOLWDWLYDVLQGLYLGXDLV 3RGHULDPHVVDVH[SHULrQFLDVVHULQFOXtGDVGHQWUHDV´FRQGLo}HVGHLQGLYLGXDomRµGH XPFRQFHLWRQHFHVViULDVSDUDDVXDDTXLVLomRVHQGRHVVDSRUVXDYH]WHVWLÀFDGD SRUVXDDSURSULDGDDSOLFDomRWDOFRPRGHVFULWDDEDL[R

(X GLUHL TXH DOJXpP ´WHPµ XP FRQFHLWR VH DOJXpP p FDSD] GH HQWUHWHU SHQVDPHQWRV TXH WrP R FRQFHLWR FRPR XP FRQVWLWXLQWH 6H DOJXpP p FDSD] GH HQWUHWHU R SHQVDPHQWR $ JUDPD p YHUGH HVVH DOJXpP WHP RV FRQFHLWRV JUDPDHYHUGH5HFRQKHFLGDPHQWHJUDPDHYHUGHVmRDPERVFRQFHLWRV YDJRV SHOR IDWR GH DV FRQGLo}HV GH DSOLFDomR GH FDGD XP GHOHV GHL[DU FDVRV IURQWHLULoRV1RHQWDQWRH[LVWHPDOJXPDVFRQGLo}HVVREDVTXDLVFDGDXPDSOLFD VHGHÀQLWLYDPHQWHHDOJXPDVFRQGLo}HVVREDVTXDLVFDGDXPGHÀQLWLYDPHQWH QmRVHDSOLFD3DUDVHWHUXPFRQFHLWRQRVHQWLGRUHOHYDQWHVHGHYHVHUFDSD]GH DSOLFiORFRUUHWDPHQWHHPXPDYDULHGDGHGHFRQWH[WRV%$.(5S

(23)

4 CONCLUSÃO

$RÀQDOL]DUJRVWDULDGHGHVWDFDUDTXHOHVTXHSHQVRVHUHPRVSULQFLSDLV OLPLWHVGR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOHPUHODomRjVTXHVW}HVGDPHQWH$RSULYLOHJLDUD RULJHPH[WHUQDGRVFRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWRRXVHMDGRVFRQFHLWRVHDRGHÀQLU R SHQVDPHQWR HP WHUPRV GH DWLWXGHV SURSRVLFLRQDLV GHL[DVH GH ODGR DLQGD TXHQmRVHQHJXHDH[LVWrQFLDFRPRSURFXUHLPRVWUDURDVSHFWRTXDOLWDWLYRRX IHQRPrQLFRGDVH[SHULrQFLDVVXEMHWLYDVLQWUtQVHFRDRVVHQWLPHQWRVHVHQVDo}HV H[WHUQDV H LQWHUQDV 0DV QmR VHULDP RV VHQWLPHQWRV H VHQVDo}HV FRQVLGHUDGRV HP VHX FDUiWHU IHQRPrQLFR WDPEpP IRUPDV GH SHQVDPHQWR FRPR GHIHQGLD 'HVFDUWHV H QHVVH VHQWLGR LQVHSDUiYHLV GD LQWHQFLRQDOLGDGH" 1mR WHULD R SHQVDPHQWRFRQFHLWXDOWDPEpPXPFDUiWHUIHQRPHQDO"-XOJRDUHVSRVWDDHVVDV TXHVW}HVLPSRUWDQWHSRLVHQWHQGRFRPRMiRIULVHLQDLQWURGXomRGHVWHDUWLJR TXHHODVQRVUHPHWHPLQHYLWDYHOPHQWHDRVSUREOHPDVGDQDWXUH]DGDPHQWHHGH VXDUHODomRFRPRFRUSRFRPRUHYHODRH[HPSORSDUDGLJPiWLFRGH'HVFDUWHV

/\QQH %DNHU FULWLFD 'HVFDUWHV SHOR IDWR GH R ÀOyVRIR HP VXD YLVmR VROLSVLVWD QmR OHYDU HP FRQVLGHUDomR D H[LVWrQFLD GH FRPXQLGDGHV VRFLDLV H OLQJtVWLFDV VHP DV TXDLV QmR VHULD SRVVtYHO VHU XP LQGLYtGXR DXWRFRQVFLHQWH SHVVRDQRVWHUPRVGDÀOyVRIDRXVHMD´>@LQGLYtGXRVFDSD]HVGHUHÁHWLUVREUH VLPHVPRVFRPRVLPHVPRVµ%$.(5S(VWDQGRVR]LQKRQRPXQGR FRQWLQXD/\QQH%DNHU'HVFDUWHVQmRVHULDFDSD]GHWHUSHQVDPHQWRVDFHUFDGHVL PHVPRWDLVFRPRSHUJXQWDUVHHOHHVWDULDRXQmRVRQKDQGRRXVHQGRHQJDQDGR SRUXP*rQLR0DOLJQRSRLVQmRVHULDFDSD]GHWHUFRQFHLWRVFRQVWLWXWLYRVGHVHX SHQVDPHQWRWDLVFRPR´(Xµ´IRJRµH´UREHµ3DUD/\QQH%DNHU´>@DGHFLVmR GH'HVFDUWHVGHROKDUDVLPHVPRFRPRQmRWHQGR¶PmRVROKRVFDUQHVDQJXH VHQWLGRV·QmRpXPSHQVDPHQWRTXH'HVFDUWHVSRGHULDWHUWLGRVHHOHWLYHVVHVLGR YHUGDGHLURRIDWRGHHOHWHUWLGRDTXHOHSHQVDPHQWRJDUDQWLXTXHHOHHUDIDOVR 6ROLSVLVPRpXPDIDQWDVLDGRVÀOyVRIRVµ%$.(5S3RGHVHFRQVWDWDU TXHRIRFRSULQFLSDOGHVVDFUtWLFDD'HVFDUWHVUHVLGHQRPRGRGHDTXLVLomRGRV FRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWR8P´VROLWiULR'HVFDUWHVµQmRSRGHULDWHUSHQVDPHQWRV FRPRVFRQWH~GRVTXHHOHWHPLVWRpFRQFHLWRVRVTXDLVGHSHQGHULDPGHIDWRUHV H[WHUQRVDHOHRPXQGRH[WHUQRPDWHULDOHHPHVSHFLDOXPDSDUWHLPSRUWDQWH

desse mundo, a comunidade linguística.

(24)

PRGRVFRQVWLWXDDHVVrQFLDGRHVStULWRRXVXEVWkQFLDSHQVDQWHDPDLRUSDUWH GHVHXFRQWH~GRRXVHMDXPJUDQGHQ~PHURGHVXDLGHLDVSURYpPGDUHODomR FRP R FRUSR H DWUDYpV GR FRUSR GR PXQGR H[WHUQR 5HFRUGHPRV TXH SDUD

Descartes QyV WHPRV WUrV WLSRV GH LGHLDV DV LGHLDV LQDWDV TXHU GL]HU DTXHODV

TXHQRVVmRFRORFDGDVDRQDVFHUWDLVFRPRDSUySULDLGHLDGH'HXVHDVLGHLDV PDWHPiWLFDV DV LGHLDV DGYHQWtFLDV RX VHMD DTXHODV TXH DGYrP GD H[SHULrQFLD FRPRDLGHLDGHFDYDORHDLGHLDGHDVDHSRUÀPDVLGHLDVÀFWtFLDVLVWRpDTXHODV TXHVmRFRQVWUXtGDVSHORHVStULWRFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHVHXSHQVDPHQWRLPDJLQDWLYR DSDUWLUGDVLGHLDVSURYHQLHQWHVGDH[SHULrQFLDSRUH[HPSORDLGHLDGHFDYDOR DODGR&DEHREVHUYDUTXHWDQWRSDUD'HVFDUWHVTXDQWRSDUDRVUDFLRQDOLVWDVHP JHUDODWpPHVPRDVLGHLDVLQDWDVSUHFLVDPGDH[SHULrQFLDGRHVStULWRQRPXQGR SDUDVHWRUQDUHPFRQVFLHQWHV3DUHFHPHHQWmRGHDFRUGRFRPRTXHDÀUPHL TXH'HVFDUWHVFRUURERUDULDDWHVHH[WHUQDOLVWDVHJXQGRDTXDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GR DPELHQWH GR SHQVDGRU GHWHUPLQDULDP ´IUHTXHQWHPHQWHµ H ´HP SDUWHµ RV FRQWH~GRVGRSHQVDPHQWR0DVLVVRQmRVLJQLÀFDTXHSDUD'HVFDUWHVDDWLYLGDGH SHQVDQWH RX VHMD RV DFRQWHFLPHQWRV PHQWDLV VHMDP HQTXDQWR WDLV H[WHUQRV DR VXMHLWR SHQVDQWH 3HQVR VHU FODUR TXH SDUD 'HVFDUWHV RV FRQWH~GRV GRV SHQVDPHQWRV GD PHQWH GHYHP HP JHUDO VHU FRPSUHHQGLGRV UHODFLRQDOPHQWH LVWRpOHYDQGRVHHPFRQWDRFRUSRHRDPELHQWHH[WHUQRQDWXUDOHFXOWXUDOR TXHQmRVLJQLÀFDTXHRSHQVDPHQWRVHMDHPVLPHVPRXPDDWLYLGDGHH[WHUQDDR VXMHLWRSHQVDQWH&RPRVDEHPRVSDUD'HVFDUWHVRSHQVDPHQWRpXPDDWLYLGDGH VXEMHWLYDFRQVFLHQWHDLQGDTXHVHXVFRQWH~GRVDGYHQKDPHPJUDQGHSDUWHGDV FRQWLQJrQFLDVGDUHODomRHQWUHDOPDFRUSRHPXQGR

6HFRQIRUPHSURFXUHLPRVWUDUDLQGDTXHR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOHQIDWL]H RIDWRGHTXHRVFRQWH~GRVGHSHQVDPHQWRRVFRQFHLWRVGHSHQGHPGDUHODomR FRPIDWRUHVH[WHUQRVHPHVSHFLDOGDFRPXQLGDGHOLQJXtVWLFDLVVRQmRVLJQLÀFDD UHGXomRGDPHQWHQHPDRFRUSRQHPDIDWRUHVH[WHUQRVDHODHPXLWRPHQRVD VXDHOLPLQDomR&RPRIULVHLHPRXWUDRSRUWXQLGDGHUHIHULQGRPHjQHFHVVLGDGH GH VHSDUDU D TXHVWmR GD H[SOLFDomR GD RULJHP GR FRQWH~GR GR SHQVDPHQWR H GH VHX SDSHO FDXVDO QLQJXpP GXYLGD GH TXH R SHQVDPHQWR HP YLUWXGH GH VHX FRQWH~GR DIHWD R TXH ID]HPRV 7RGDYLD LVVR SRU VL Vy QmR FRQVWLWXL XPD VROXomRSDUDRSUREOHPDGDUHODomRPHQWHHFRUSRRTXDOGHULYDLQHYLWDYHOPHQWH GD GLVWLQomR PHQWH FRUSR H PXQGR SUREOHPD TXH DSHQDV VH FRORFD GHVGH R PRPHQWRHPTXHVHUHÁHWHDUHVSHLWRGDQDWXUH]DGRSHQVDPHQWRHVHRFRQVLGHUD FRPRGLVWLQWRGRItVLFRHDHOHLUUHGXWtYHO6HQGRRFDVRHPHSDUHFHVHUHVVDD

(VWRXDTXLFRQVLGHUDQGRRSHQVDPHQWRGH'HVFDUWHVUHVXOWDQWHGDVVHLVPHGLWDo}HVPHWDItVLFDV

(25)

SRVLomRGR([WHUQDOLVPR6RFLDOHVVDDERUGDJHPQmRGHYHULDVHUWRPDGDFRPR XPDDOWHUQDWLYDHÀFD]SDUDRHQIUHQWDPHQWRGHVVHVSUREOHPDVÀORVyÀFRV

&2(/+2 -RQDV *RQoDOYHV 6RFLDO H[WHUQDOLVP PLQG WKRXJKW DQG ODQJXDJHTrans/ Form/Ação0DUtOLDYQS-DQ$EULO

ABSTACT 0\ DLP LV WR VKRZ WKDW WKH H[WHUQDOLVW WKHVHV ´PHDQLQJV DUH QRW LQ WKH KHDGµ DQG

´WKRXJKWVDUHQRWLQWKHKHDGµGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\LPSO\WKHPRUHH[WUHPHWKHVLVWKDW´WKHPLQGLVQRW LQWKHKHDGµ,FRQVLGHUWKLVTXHVWLRQLQWHUPVRI WKHVRFLDOH[WHUQDOLVPDSSURDFKRI 7\OHU%XUJHDQG /\QQH%DNHUDUJXLQJWKDWWKHLPSRUWDQFHWKHVHWKLQNHUVDWWULEXWHWRODQJXDJHLQTXHVWLRQVUHODWLYHWR the mind does not mean either the reduction of the mind to language or the elimination of the mind. 0\FRQFOXVLRQLVWKDWVRFLDOH[WHUQDOLVPLVQRWDQHIÀFLHQWVWUDWHJ\IRUGHDOLQJZLWKSUREOHPVRI WKH QDWXUHRI WKHPLQGRUWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPLQGDQGERG\

KEYWORDSVRFLDOH[WHUQDOLVP/\QQH%DNHU7\OHU%XUJHPLQGWKRXJKWODQJXDJH

REFERÊNCIAS

%$.(5/\QQH5)LUVW3HUVRQ([WHUQDOLVP. The Modern Schoolman/;;;,9

-DQXDU\ 0DUFKD

BBBBBB6RFLDO([WHUQDOLVPDQG)LUVW3HUVRQ$XWKRULW\. ErkennE

BBBBBB +RZ WR KDYH 6HOI'LUHFWHG $WWLWXGHV ,Q 6&+0,' +DQV %HUQKDUG =,9 $QLWD .RQ]HOPDQQ */225 -XOLHWWH (GSelf-Evaluation: Individual and Collective.

6SULQJHU3XEOLVKLQJ)RUWKFRPLQJ

%85*(7\OHU,QGLYLGXDOLVPDQGWKH0HQWDO. 6WXGLHVLQ0HWDSK\VLFVMidwest Studies in Philosophy,9S

BBBBBBOther Bodies. Thought and Object(VVD\VRQ,QWHQWLRQDOLW\2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQS

BBBBBB,QGLYLGXDOLVPDQG3V\FKRORJ\. The Philosophical Review;&9Q-DQXDU\

BBBBBB,QGLYLGXDOLVPDQG6HOI.QRZOHGJHJournal of Philosophy

(26)

BBBBBBOrigins of objectivity. 1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

&2(/+2 -RQDV $ &DXVDomR 0HQWDO 6HJXQGR R 5HDOLVPR 3UiWLFR GH /\QQH 5XGGHU %DNHUCognitio-Estudos:5HYLVWD(OHWU{QLFDGH)LORVRÀD91GH]HPEUR

3871$0+LOODU\0HDQLQJDQG5HIHUHQFH. The Journal of Philosophy9ROQž

BBBBBBThe meaning of “Meaning”./DQJXDJH0LQGDQG.QRZOHGJH0LQQHVRWD0LQQHVRWD

8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVS

Referências

Documentos relacionados

&amp;RPSUHHQGHQGRHQWmRR(VWiJLR6XSHUYLVLRQDGRFRPRXPWHPSRGHVWLQDGR D XP SURFHVVR GH HQVLQR H DSUHQGL]DJHP RX DLQGD FRPR XPD DSUR[LPDomR GR HVWDJLiULR j UHDOLGDGH FRP D TXDO LUi

$ SUHVHQWH SHVTXLVD WHP SRU REMHWLYR DQDOLVDU GH TXH IRUPD D QRomR GH SHUWHQFLPHQWR WHP VLGR UHLYLQGLFDGD SRU GHVFHQGHQWHV GH SRORQHVHV H XFUDQLDQRV QD FLGDGH GH 3UXGHQWySROLV (VWDGR

$ IDPtOLD HVWi VHPSUH PRGLILFDQGRVH H D VXD HYROXomR DR ORQJR GR WHPSR GHVDJXRX HP XPD QRYD FRQFHSomR DFHUFD GR VHX LQVWLWXWR 'H XPD HQWLGDGH KLHUDUTXL]DGD SDWULDUFDO FHQWUDGD

1D FRQFHSomR OLEHUDO R GLUHLWR GD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH FLYLO EDVHLDVH QD RUJDQL]DomR GD JHVWmR GD FDXVDOLGDGH GR GDQR H GR SUHMXt]R YLYLGR SRU XP H SRU RXWUR D TXDO SHUPLWH LQVWLWXLU

The objectives of the present work were to prepare different types of CaP powders, to incorporate such powders into highly concentrated colloidal suspensions, to taylor

A legislação que enquadrou a elaboração do primeiro arrolamento eleitoral republicano, o de 1911 – que acabou por ser uma revisão a partir das informações

Para tanto, este projeto também criou novos modelos computacionais de interpretação de gestos musical, a fim de que o músico usuário possa utilizar esta interface gestual como um

The term “manage” is used here in very wide sense meaning dealing with the whole extent of information and engineering subjects, such as: data collection, measurement,