ɋɌɈɊȱɇɄɂ
ȱɋɌɈɊȱȲ
ɆȿȾɂɑɇȱ
ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɂ
ɍȾɄɆȿɑɇɂɄɈȼɂɂɆȿȾɂɐɂɇȺ Ʌ.ɋ. ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜɚ,
ȿ.ȼ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɚ*
Ɂ
Ɂ
ɇ
ɇ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
ɑ
ɑ
ȿ
ȿ
ɇ
ɇ
ɂ
ɂ
ȿ
ȿ
ɇ
ɇ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
ɍ
ɍ
ɑ
ɑ
ɇ
ɇ
Ɉ
Ɉ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɇ
ɇ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
ɋ
ɋ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ȿ
ȿ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
ɂ
ɂ
ə
ə
ɂ
ɂ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ɖ
ɖ
ɂ
ɂ
ɂ
ɂ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ɖ
ɖ
ɂ
ɂ
ɑ
ɑ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
Ɇ
Ɇ
ȿ
ȿ
ɑ
ɑ
ɇ
ɇ
ɂ
ɂ
Ʉ
Ʉ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ȼ
ȼ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ə
ə
Ɋ
Ɋ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
Ɂ
Ɂ
ȼ
ȼ
ɂ
ɂ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ɂ
ɂ
ə
ə
Ɇ
Ɇ
ȿ
ȿ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
ɂ
ɂ
ɐ
ɐ
ɂ
ɂ
ɇ
ɇ
ɕ
ɕ
Ƚɍ «ȾɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹɆɁɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ»
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɭɥ. Ⱦɡɟɪɠɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, 9, Ⱦɧɟɩɪ, 49044, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ
Ʉɍ «ȼɟɪɯɧɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɚɹɐɊȻ» ȾɈɋ*
ɭɥ. Ƚɚɝɚɪɢɧɚ, 16, ȼɟɪɯɧɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤ, 51600, Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ SE «Dnipropetrovsk medical academy of Health Ministry of Ukraine»
Department of Social Medicine, Organization and Health Administration Dzerzhinsky str., 9, Dnipro, 49044, Ukraine
e-mail: lusiema777@gmail.com CE «Verkhnedneprovsk CRH» DOS *
Gagarin Str, 16, Verkhnedneprovsk, 51600, Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukraine
ɄɥɸɱɟɜɵɟɫɥɨɜɚɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ, ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ, ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ
.H\ZRUGV Mechnikov, medicine, infection, ageing
Ɋɟɮɟɪɚɬ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɞɤɭ ȱȱɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɢ ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜɚɅɋ ɇɿɤɨ ɥɚɽɜɚ2ȼȱɥɥɹ ȱɥɥɿɱɆɟɱɧɿɤɨɜ – ɜɢɞɚɬɧɢɣ ɜɱɟɧɢɣ – ɡɨɨɥɨɝ, ɚɧɚɬɨɦ, ɟɦɛɪɿɨɥɨɝ, ɦɿɤɪɨɛɿɨɥɨɝ, ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɨɥɨɝ, ɩɚ
-ɬɨɥɨɝ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɿɨɥɨɝ, ɮɿɡɿɨɥɨɝ, ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝ, ɿɦɭɧɨɥɨɝ. ȼɿɧ ɛɭɜ ɜɢɧɚɯɿɞɥɢɜɢɦ ɿ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɢɦ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɨɦ-ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧ
-ɬɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɬɜɨɪɰɟɦɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɚɪɧɨʀɬɟɨɪɿʀɿɦɭɧɿɬɟɬɭ. ɍ 1908 ɪ. ȱ.ȱ. Ɇɟɱɧɿɤɨɜɭ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɡɚɩɨɥɨɝɟɬɨɦ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɿɦɭɧɿɬɟɬɭ ɉɚɭɥɟɦ ȿɪɥɿɯɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɞɠɟɧɚ ɇɨɛɟɥɿɜɫɶɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɿɹ ɡ ɮɿɡɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɢ «Ɂɚ ɩɪɚɰɸ ɩɨ
ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿɦɭɧɿɬɟɬɭ». ɍ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ ɣɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɜɱɟɧɨɝɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ
ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶɞɥɹɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɢ.
$EVWUDFW 6LJQLILFDQFH RI 0HFKQLNRY¶V VFLHQWLILF LQKHULWDQFH IRU GHYHORSPHQW RI PHGLFLQH 6HPHQRYD /6 1\NRODHYD(9 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov is an outstanding scientist, zoologist, anatomist, embryologist, microbiologist, parasitologist, pathologist, bacteriologist, physiologist, cytologist, and immunologist. He was a resourceful and skilful biologist-experimenter, the author of the phagocytic theory of immunity. In 1908 I.I. Mechnikov together with the apologist of the humoral concept of immunity Paul Ehrlich was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine «for research in the theory of immunity». The paper tells about the life and research of this scientist, importance of his researches for modern medicine.
ɂɥɶɹ ɂɥɶɢɱ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ± ɢɡ ɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝ ɡɨɨɥɨɝ ɢ ɷɦɛɪɢɨɥɨɝ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɦɛɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɮɚɝɨɰɢ ɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ± ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚɦ Ɉɧ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟɉɚɧɚɫɨɜɤɟɱɬɨɧɚɏɚɪɶɤɨɜɳɢɧɟɜɫɟɦɶɟ ɝɜɚɪɞɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚ ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɥɸɛɨɡɧɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤ ɪɚɧɨ ɩɨɬɹɧɭɥɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɢɜ ɯɚɪɶɤɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ʉɪɭɝ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɬɚɤɠɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɫɹɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ Ɂɨɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ² ɜɨɬ ɱɬɨɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɨɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨɭɱɟɧɨɝɨɈɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɫɬɢɩɟɧɞɢɚɬɨɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɂɥɶɹ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɭɟɡɠɚɟɬ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ ȼ ɇɟɚɩɨɥɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɟɝɨɫɜɨɞɢɬɫȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦɈɧɭ ɮɪɢɟɜɢɱɟɦ Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɦɡɨɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ ɥɟɧɢɹɜɧɚɭɤɟ²ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɷɦɛɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ
Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨɞɜɭɯɦɨɥɨɞɵɯɭɱɟɧɵɯɩɟɪɟɲɥɨ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɤɭɸ ɞɪɭɠɛɭ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɪɭ ɠɟɫɬɜɨɈɞɧɚɢɡɢɯɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɪɚɛɨɬɛɵɥɚɭɞɨ ɫɬɨɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ȼɷɪɚ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɫɹɢɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɡɚɦɟ ɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɂɆɋɟɱɟɧɨɜɵɦ
ȼ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɶɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɩɟɪɜɵɣɫɝɩɨ ɝ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɳɟɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨ ɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ± ɫ ɝ ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɂɥɶɢ ɂɥɶɢɱɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɬɨɥɨ ɝɢɢɂɥɶɹɂɥɶɢɱɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ©«ɫɜɟɪɲɢɥɫɹɩɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɜɦɨɟɣɠɢɡɧɢ±ɞɨɷɬɨɝɨɡɨɨɥɨɝɹɫɪɚɡɭɫɞɟɥɚɥɫɹ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɦ ə ɩɨɩɚɥ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɚɫɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɭɸɳɟɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢª>@
16/
Ɍɨɦ
XX
ȱ
/ 4
ɥɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɮɚɝɨɰɢ ɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɨɛ ɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟ ɥɟɣ²ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
ɂɥɶɹɂɥɶɢɱɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ȼ ɝɨɞɭ ɂɥɶɹ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ Ɉɞɟɫɫɟ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɇɎȽɚ ɦɚɥɟɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɤɰɢɧ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɨɤɩɪɨɬɢɜɛɟɲɟɧɫɬɜɚɛɨɪɶɛɨɣɫɫɚɪɚɧɱɨɣ ɢɬɞɄɪɚɛɨɬɟɭɱɟɧɵɣɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɝɪɭɩɩɭɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɫɬɨɜ ² ȾɄ Ɂɚɛɨɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɅȺɌɚɪɚɫɟ ɜɢɱɚ ɇɎȽɚɦɚɥɟɸ ɫɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɡɚ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɱɢɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɟɦɭ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɟɞɨ ɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ ɍ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɪɟɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ Ɉɞɟɫɫɭ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ȼ ɝ ɂɂ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɟɯɚɥ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɸ ɚ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ ɝ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ʌɭɢ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɟɯɚɥ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚ ɬɨɪɢɸɆɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɟɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɟɜɉɚɫɬɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɂɥɶɢ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ Ɉɧ ɛɵɥɢɡɛɪɚɧɱɥɟɧɨɦɦɧɨɝɢɯɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɣɢɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɦɱɥɟɧɨɦɉɟɬɟɪ
ɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɇ ɝ ɚ ɜ ɝ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɉɚɭɥɟɦɗɪɥɢɯɨɦɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɭɸɩɪɟɦɢɸ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɭ ɍɞɟɥɹɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɂɥɶɹ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɢɯɨɥɟɪɵ ɱɭɦɵ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɮɚ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɚ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɪɚɛɨɬɵɭɱɟɧɨɝɨɛɵɥɨɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɛɪɸɲ ɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɮɚ ȼɫɟɝɨ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɢɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɭɛ ɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɨɛ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɮɚɢɨɜɚɤɰɢɧɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɷɬɨɣɛɨɥɟɡɧɢɈɛɨɛ ɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɟɬ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɝɨɬɢɮɚ
©Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɫɵɪɨɣɜɨɞɵɢɫɵɪɨɣɩɢɳɢɢɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɱɢɫɬɨɬɵɤɭɲɚɧɢɣª>@
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɭɱɟ ɧɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɮɢ ɥɢɫɚ ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ©Ɇɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɢɮɢɥɢɫɚª ɹɜ ɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɧɚɭɱɧɨɣɪɚɛɨɬɨɣɨɫɢɮɢɥɢɫɟ ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɢɫ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɂɂ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢɦɟɪɨ ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɂɥɶɹ ɂɥɶɢɱ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 6SLURFKDHWDSDOOLGDɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɥɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɟɟɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚ ɧɟɧɢɹɍɱɟɧɵɣɫɱɢɬɚɥɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ©« ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɞɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɫɬɚ ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣª>@
ȼɫɜɨɟɦɬɪɭɞɟ©ɇɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɜɢɧɮɟɤ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɯª ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɪɚɫ ɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧ ɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɨɤ
ɋɌɈɊȱɇɄɂ
ȱɋɌɈɊȱȲ
ɆȿȾɂɑɇȱ
ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɂ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɬɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵ ɬɢɸ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɹɞɪɚɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢª>@
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢ ɤɨɜɚɛɵɥɨɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹɍɱɟɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɞɢɫɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɧ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɚɭɬɨ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ>@
ɉɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɂɂ Ɇɟɱ ɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɭɯɭɞɲɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ Ɉɛɨ ɫɬɪɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɧɮɚɪɤɬɨɜɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚɩɪɢɜɟɥɚɭɱɟɧɨɝɨɤɫɦɟɪɬɢ
ɂɥɶɹ ɂɥɶɢɱ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɤɨɧɱɚɥɫɹ ɢɸɥɹ ɢɸɥɹɩɨɫɬɫɬɝɨɞɚɜɉɚɪɢɠɟɍɪɧɚɫɩɪɚ ɯɨɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ȼɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨɫɜɹ ɳɟɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɦɢ ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɩɪɨɞɥɢɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɫɚɥ ©ɇɚɭɤɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɨ ɞɨɛɵɬɵɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɲɢ ɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɨ ɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɹɡɧɶɸɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣɢɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦɧɚɲɟɝɨɛɟɫɫɢɥɢɹɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟɫɧɢɦɢª>@
Ɂɚɫɥɭɝɢ ɂɥɶɢ ɂɥɶɢɱɚ Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵ ɫɨɤɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ɉɧ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɨɦ ɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɨɦ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɍɧɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɒɜɟɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɱɥɟɧɨɦȺɤɚɞɟɦɢɢɧɚɭɤɎɪɚɧɰɢɢ
ɂɥɶɹɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɫɨɡɞɚɥɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸɲɤɨɥɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɨɜɢɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɨɜɫɪɟɞɢɟɝɨɭɱɟɧɢ ɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ² Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ Ȼɟɡɪɟɞɤɚ Ʌɟɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ Ɍɚɪɚɫɟɜɢɱ Ⱦɚɧɢɢɥ Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɥɨɜɢɱ Ɂɚɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ əɤɨɜ ɘɥɶɟɜɢɱ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯ ɢ ɞɪ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ ² ɧɚɭɱɧɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɢɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵɢɞɪ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɢɡɦɟ ɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸɧɚɭɤɢɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɰɢɥ ɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɝɧɨɬɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɡɦɚɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢ ɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɚɭɤɚɩɪɢɲɥɚɤɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɭɬɨɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɫɨɪɛɰɢɢɢɪɨɥɢɷɧɬɟɪɨɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɜɤɚɤɝɟɪɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɬɚ ɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜ ɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣɝɟɪɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ±ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨ ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ
ɋ
ɋ
ɉ
ɉ
ɂ
ɂ
ɋ
ɋ
Ɉ
Ɉ
Ʉ
Ʉ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ɂ
ɂ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ȿ
ȿ
Ɋ
Ɋ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ɍ
ɍ
Ɋ
Ɋ
ɕ
ɕ
ɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚɈɇ ɀɢɡɧɶ ɂɥɶɢ ɂɥɶɢɱɚ Ɇɟɱɧɢ
ɤɨɜɚ ɈɇɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɚ ±Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ƚɨɫɢɡɞɚɬ ± ɫ
ɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɂɂȺɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟɫɨɱɢ ɧɟɧɢɣ Ɍ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ± Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ ±ɫ
Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɂɂ ɇɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɧɮɟɤ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɯ ɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ɇɟɞ ɥɢɡ±ɫ
Ɇɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɂɂ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢɋɨɛɪɫɨɱɌɏȱɂɂɆɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ±Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ±ɫ
5
5
(
(
)
)
(
(
5
5
(
(
1
1
&
&
(
(
6
6
0HFKQLNRYD21>/LIHRI,O\D,O\LFK0HFKQLNRY@ 0RVNYD*RV,]G5XVVLDQ
0HFKQLNRY,,>$FDGHPLN&RPSRVLWLRQ@0RVNYD 0HGLVLQD5XVVLDQ
0HFKQLNRY ,, >8QSHUFHSWLRQ WR LQIHFWLRXV GLVHDVHV@0RVNYD0HGJL]5XVVLDQ
0HFKQLNRY ,, >&ROOHFWLRQ RI &RPSRVLWLRQ@ 0RVNYD0HGLVLQD;,5XVVLDQ
